WO2005085759A1 - 半導体レーザを用いたジャイロ - Google Patents
半導体レーザを用いたジャイロ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005085759A1 WO2005085759A1 PCT/JP2005/003525 JP2005003525W WO2005085759A1 WO 2005085759 A1 WO2005085759 A1 WO 2005085759A1 JP 2005003525 W JP2005003525 W JP 2005003525W WO 2005085759 A1 WO2005085759 A1 WO 2005085759A1
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- semiconductor laser
- semiconductor
- laser
- layer
- active layer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C3/00—Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders
- G01C3/02—Details
- G01C3/06—Use of electric means to obtain final indication
- G01C3/08—Use of electric radiation detectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C19/00—Gyroscopes; Turn-sensitive devices using vibrating masses; Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses; Measuring angular rate using gyroscopic effects
- G01C19/58—Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses
- G01C19/64—Gyrometers using the Sagnac effect, i.e. rotation-induced shifts between counter-rotating electromagnetic beams
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C19/00—Gyroscopes; Turn-sensitive devices using vibrating masses; Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses; Measuring angular rate using gyroscopic effects
- G01C19/58—Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses
- G01C19/64—Gyrometers using the Sagnac effect, i.e. rotation-induced shifts between counter-rotating electromagnetic beams
- G01C19/66—Ring laser gyrometers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gyro using a semiconductor laser.
- an optical gyro has a feature of high accuracy.
- angular velocity is detected using the frequency difference between two laser beams traveling in opposite directions along an annular optical path.
- an optical gyro using a rare gas laser has been proposed (see, for example, JP-A-11-3511881).
- laser beams circling in the same path in opposite directions are extracted to form interference fringes.
- the general configuration of these optical gyros is shown in FIG. In the optical gyro of FIG. 16, the interference fringes are represented by the following equation (1).
- I is the light intensity of the laser light
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the laser light
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the laser light
- the percentage is the coordinate in the X direction shown in FIG.
- ⁇ is the frequency difference between the clockwise mode and the counterclockwise mode when the gyro is rotated, and t is the time.
- ⁇ is the area surrounding the ring shape, and L is the optical path length.
- ⁇ indicates the initial phase difference between the two laser beams.
- the rotation speed and the rotation direction of the gyro are detected by detecting the moving speed and the moving direction of the interference fringes.
- the optical gyro using the rare gas laser has a problem that a high voltage is required for driving and consumes a large amount of power, and a problem that the device is large and weak against heat.
- a gyro using a semiconductor ring laser provided with an annular (triangular annular or square annular) waveguide has been proposed (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-2). No. 30831).
- the semiconductor laser used in the gyro has an annular waveguide having a substantially constant width. Then, two laser lights circling in the annular waveguide in directions opposite to each other are taken out to detect the interference fringes.
- it is difficult to accurately detect interference fringes because the laser light confined using a narrow waveguide spreads greatly when it is emitted to the outside of the waveguide.
- a gyro that detects a beat frequency corresponding to a frequency difference between two laser beams from a voltage change between two electrodes of the semiconductor laser (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-174317). ), And a gyro that detects the beat frequency using evanescent light that exudes the end face force of the resonator (see, for example, JP-A-2000-121367).
- the present invention provides a semiconductor laser gyro that can detect rotation more accurately and easily than a conventional gyro using a semiconductor laser by using a semiconductor laser having a novel structure.
- One of the purposes is to provide
- the present inventors have found that a special laser beam can be excited by a semiconductor laser having a special structure.
- this semiconductor laser two laser beams traveling in opposite directions along a diamond-shaped path are excited. These two laser beams are emitted to the outside of the semiconductor laser in a well collimated state, and form clear interference fringes.
- the present invention is based on this new finding.
- a semiconductor laser gyro (or semiconductor laser gyro element) of the present invention is a semiconductor laser gyro including a semiconductor laser that emits first and second laser beams and a photodetector, wherein the photodetector is The semiconductor laser is disposed at a position where interference fringes are formed by the first and second laser beams, and the semiconductor laser includes an active layer and first and second electrodes for injecting carriers into the active layer.
- the first laser light is a laser light in which a part of a laser light (L1) orbiting on a polygonal path in the active layer is emitted, and the second laser light is Around the path in the opposite direction to the laser light (L1) A part of the rotating laser light (L2) is the emitted laser light.
- a highly accurate and small semiconductor laser gyro can be realized.
- a semiconductor laser having a special structure is used. From this semiconductor laser, two laser beams that travel in an annular optical path in opposite directions are emitted in a well-collimated state. Further, in this semiconductor laser, deterioration of laser light on the emission end face is small. Therefore, clear interference fringes are formed by the two laser beams, and the rotational speed (angular velocity) can be detected with high accuracy. Further, according to the gyro of the present invention, the rotation speed and the rotation direction can be easily calculated by observing the movement of the interference fringes with two or more light receiving elements. A circuit similar to a circuit used in a conventional optical gyro using a rare gas laser can be applied to these detections, so that the gyro of the present invention can be easily applied to various devices.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing one example of a semiconductor laser used in a semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the semiconductor laser shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing a planar shape of an active layer of the semiconductor laser shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating functions of the semiconductor laser shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing a band gap profile of a semiconductor layer of the semiconductor laser shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 6 is a view schematically showing a refractive index near an active layer of the semiconductor laser shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 7 is a plan view schematically showing an example of a first electrode.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing angle dependence of light intensity of laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 9 is a view showing interference fringes formed by two laser beams emitted from the semiconductor laser shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 10A is an overall oblique view schematically showing an example of the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention.
- FIG. 10B is a perspective view of a main part of FIG. 10A.
- FIG. 11A is an overall perspective view schematically showing another example of the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention.
- FIG. 11B is a perspective view of a main part of FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 12A is an overall perspective view schematically showing another example of the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention.
- FIG. 12B is a perspective view of a main part of FIG. 12A.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing an optical path of laser light in the semiconductor laser gyro shown in FIG.
- FIG. 14A is an overall perspective view schematically showing another example of the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention.
- FIG. 14B is a perspective view of a main part of FIG. 14A.
- FIG. 15 is a perspective view schematically showing one example of a manufacturing process of a semiconductor laser used in the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram schematically showing a configuration of a conventional optical gyro.
- semiconductor laser gyro semiconductor laser gyro element
- semiconductor laser gyro element semiconductor laser gyro element
- a semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention includes a semiconductor laser that emits first and second laser beams, and a photodetector.
- the photodetector is arranged at a position where interference fringes are formed by the first and second laser beams.
- the semiconductor laser includes an active layer and first and second electrodes for injecting carriers into the active layer.
- the first laser beam is a laser beam from which a part of the laser beam (L1) orbiting on a polygonal path in the active layer is emitted
- the second laser beam is a laser beam on the path.
- a part of the laser light (L2) circulating in the opposite direction to the light (L1) is emitted laser light.
- the planar shape of the active layer is a shape that includes the polygon such that the corners of the path of the polygon are located at the outer edges.
- a current is injected into the active layer, light is generated, and this light is reflected at the end face of the active layer and causes stimulated emission.
- laser beams L1 and L2 that stably circulate a specific path are excited.
- the active layer functions as a resonator (cavity).
- the end face of the active layer functioning as a resonator is formed such that the generated light goes around a path having a predetermined shape.
- the active layer when exciting a laser beam orbiting a diamond-shaped path, the active layer has end faces (side faces) at positions corresponding to each of the four corners of the path (virtual diamond).
- the active layer and the cladding layer sandwiching the active layer are usually uniform layers, and a waveguide having a constant width corresponding to the above-mentioned path is not formed.
- the shape of the polygonal path can be changed depending on the shape of the active layer.
- the preferred shape of the polygonal path is a rhombus, but may be other squares or triangles.
- the active layer of the semiconductor laser preferably has an annular (polygonal annular) planar shape.
- the laser light confined in the annular thin waveguide spreads when emitted, so that clear interference fringes are not formed. Therefore, the planar shape of the active layer is preferably not substantially annular.
- carriers can be injected into the active layer to obtain a laser beam in a specific mode using the active layer as a resonator, specifically, a laser beam circulating in the active layer. it can.
- Laser light emitted from such an active layer is well collimated, and the half-width of the laser light intensity can be reduced to 10 ° or less (eg, 5 ° or less).
- the active layer is not substantially annular, that is, an active layer in which a waveguide having a substantially constant width is not annularly formed.
- the “planar shape” means the shape shown in FIG. 3, that is, the shape in the direction perpendicular to the laminating direction of the semiconductor layers.
- the planar shape force of the cavity (active layer) is a triangular or square annular shape corresponding to the laser light path. It is.
- the planar shape of the active layer of the present invention is two-dimensionally spread so as to include a path of the laser beam which is not a polygonal ring.
- the polygonal path is a rhombic path
- the active layer has first to fourth end faces formed at positions corresponding to first to fourth corners of the rhombic path. Is preferred. That is, on the first to fourth end faces, respectively, the first to fourth corners of the diamond-shaped path are provided. Is located.
- the laser beam (L1) is a laser beam that circulates on the rhombic route
- the laser beam (L2) is a laser beam that circulates on the rhombic route in the opposite direction to the laser beam (L1). Light.
- At least one selected electrode and a semiconductor layer forming the semiconductor laser contact each other along the diamond-shaped path (polygonal path). Current is injected through the area of contact. According to this configuration, carriers can be injected into the above-described diamond-shaped path portion of the active layer, and two laser lights (L1 and L2) orbiting the diamond-shaped path are easily excited.
- the at least one electrode contacts the semiconductor layer substantially corresponding to a diamond-shaped path (polygonal path). In these cases, the at least one electrode and the semiconductor layer may be in annular contact with each other.
- substantially correspond to the rhombic route means that the route corresponds to the rhombic route completely, and in addition to 50% or more (preferably, 70% or less) of the rhombic route. Above, more preferably 90% or more).
- ring-like contact means that the contact area does not have to be a completely continuous ring as long as the contact area substantially forms a ring! .
- the area of the region corresponding to the rhombic path is usually 50% or less, for example, 30% or less with respect to the area of the planar shape of the active layer.
- At least one electrode selected includes a first portion for injecting a current at which a gain is generated, and a second portion for injecting a smaller current than the first portion. May be included.
- a current required for laser oscillation is injected.
- the laser light traveling in a direction other than the rhombus-shaped optical path can be attenuated by injecting a current as weakly as possible without generating a gain.
- the interior angles of the opposing first and second corners of the rhombus path are smaller than the interior angles of the third and fourth corners. It is also preferable that the first end face force formed at a position corresponding to the corner portion is also emitted. More specifically, the first and second laser beams are preferably emitted from one longitudinal end of the active layer functioning as a cavity. A diagonal line connecting the first corner and the second corner is not parallel to the first and second lasers.
- the active layer preferably satisfies the condition that the laser light (L1) and the laser light (L2) are totally reflected at the third and fourth end faces.
- the first to fourth end surfaces function as mirror surfaces, but the laser oscillation threshold value can be reduced by totally reflecting the laser light at the third and fourth end surfaces.
- the angle between the third and fourth end faces and the laser light (L1 and L2) incident thereon should be set to an angle equal to or less than a certain angle. Just fine.
- the angle required for total reflection is easily derived from the wavelength of the laser beam and the refractive index of the active layer.
- the angle between the end face of the active layer and the laser beam can be adjusted by changing the shape of the diamond-shaped path, that is, by changing the planar shape of the active layer.
- the preferred shape differs depending on the wavelength of the laser beam and the material of the active layer, the distance between the first corner and the second corner (the length of the longer diagonal of the diamond) and the distance between the third corner and the third corner are different.
- the ratio to the distance connecting the four corners is, for example, in the range of 600: 190—600: 30.
- the first end surface is a mirror surface, and is usually not subjected to a mirror coating process or the like so that a part of the laser light circulating in a certain active layer is emitted to the outside.
- the first end face may be subjected to a process for facilitating the emission of laser light to the outside.
- the end face of the active layer at the second corner is subjected to mirror coating.
- the first end surface of the active layer is preferably a curved surface.
- each of the first and second end surfaces is a curved surface that is convex outward. According to this configuration, it is possible to stably generate a laser beam orbiting the diamond-shaped path and emit the first and second laser beams stably with the first end face force.
- the two outwardly convex curved surfaces are preferably the same curved surfaces as a part of a virtual cylinder having a center on a diagonal line connecting the first and second corners of the rhombic path.
- At least one of the first and second end face forces, which is also selected, may be a flat surface or an inwardly convex curved surface.
- the radius of the above-described cylinder that is, the radius of curvature R1 of the first end surface and the radius of curvature R2 of the second end surface are both equal to or greater than the distance L between the first corner portion and the second corner portion. It is preferable that According to this configuration, the laser beams (L1 and L2) orbiting the diamond-shaped optical path can be excited stably.
- the upper limit of R1 and R2 is not particularly limited, but is, for example, not more than twice the distance L.
- the active layer preferably includes a first region including a rhombic path, and a second region adjacent to the first region.
- the planar shape of the first region is preferably a substantially rectangular shape, and more specifically, a shape in which the short side of the rectangle is a curved surface that is convex outward.
- a laser beam that travels along a rhombic optical path with the first region as a resonator is excited.
- laser light traveling in a direction other than the rhombic path can be attenuated by the second region.
- the planar shape of the active layer formed by the first region and the second region is preferably substantially H-shaped (more specifically, a shape obtained by extending H horizontally) (FIG. 3). reference).
- four second regions are adjacent to the first region.
- the length Ls (m) of the second region in a direction parallel to the diagonal line connecting the first corner and the second corner, and the distance between the first corner and the second corner L (m) preferably satisfies LZ4 and Ls.
- the length Ws (see FIG. 3) of the second region in a direction parallel to a diagonal line connecting the third corner and the fourth corner is, for example, the third corner and the fourth corner. And the distance between them is one to three times W.
- the semiconductor constituting the semiconductor laser of the present invention and the laminated structure are not particularly limited, and are selected according to the wavelength of laser light to be used and the like. There is no particular limitation on the wavelength of the laser light (L1 and L2), but the shorter the wavelength, the more accurate the angular velocity of rotation can be detected.
- the preferred wavelength is 1550 nm or less, particularly preferably 900 nm or less.
- a III-V compound semiconductor is given as an example of the material of the semiconductor layer.
- FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an example of the semiconductor laser
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view taken along line II in FIG.
- the drawings used in the description of the present invention are schematic, and the scale of each part is changed for easy understanding.
- the semiconductor laser 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes a substrate 11, a semiconductor layer 20 formed on the substrate 11, an insulating layer 12 and a first electrode 13 formed on the semiconductor layer 20, And a second electrode 14 formed on the entire surface on the rear surface side of the second electrode.
- semiconductor layer 20 includes buffer layer 21, buffer layer 22, graded layer 23, clad layer 24, graded layer 25, active layer 26, graded layer 27, clad layer 28 and cap layer 29.
- One insulating layer 12 is formed on top of the cap layer 29, One insulating layer 12 is formed.
- a first electrode 13 is formed on the insulating layer 12. Since a through hole is formed in the insulating layer 12, the first electrode 13 and the cap layer 29 are in contact with each other in a region 31 where the through hole is formed.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 show plan shapes of the active layer 26 of the semiconductor laser 10 when the upward force is also viewed.
- a portion of a region 31 where the first electrode 13 and the semiconductor layer 20 (cap layer 29) are in contact is shown by oblique lines. Note that the semiconductor layer 20 has the same planar shape as the active layer 26.
- active layer 26 is a thin film formed in a planar shape including rhombic paths 32. Of the first to fourth corners 32a-32d of the path 32, the first and second corners 32a and 32b are smaller in angle than the third and fourth corners 32c and 32d.
- the active layer 26 has first to fourth end surfaces (mirror surfaces) 26a to 26d arranged so as to include the corners 32a to 32d.
- the first and second end surfaces 26a and 26b are curved surfaces convex outward.
- the third and fourth end surfaces 26c and 26d are flat planes.
- the active layer 26 has a first region 26 ⁇ and four second regions 26s adjacent to the first region.
- the planar shape of the first region 26f is a shape in which the short side of the rectangle is a curved surface that is convex outward.
- the path 32 is formed in the first region 26f.
- the active layer 26 composed of the first region 26f and the second region 26s has a substantially H-shaped shape (more specifically, a shape in which the H-shape is extended laterally).
- a region 31 where first electrode 13 and cap layer 29 are in contact is formed in a substantially rhombic shape so as to correspond to path 32.
- the reason that the region 31 does not completely correspond to the path 32 is that there is a limitation in a manufacturing process when a through hole is formed in the insulating layer 12. Although it is possible to form the area 31 in a diamond shape by a known method so as to completely correspond to the path 32, the manufacturing process becomes complicated.
- the end face 26b is mirror-coated with a dielectric multilayer film.
- the distance L (see FIG. 3) between the first corner 32a and the second corner 32b is 600 ⁇ m, and the distance between the third corner 32c and the fourth corner 32d. W is 60 ⁇ m.
- the laser beams (L1 and L2) are totally reflected at the end faces 26c and 26d.
- the four second regions 26s are formed in order to suppress the mode generated by the multiple reflection of the laser light generated in the first region 26f on the end surfaces 26c and 26d.
- the length Ls (see FIG. 3) of the second region 26s in the direction parallel to the diagonal line 32ab connecting the first corner 32a and the second corner 32b is 160 / zm. is there.
- LZ4 is 15 O / zm, and Ls is satisfied, so that the above mode is particularly suppressed.
- the length Ws of the second region 26s in the direction of the diagonal line 32cd connecting the third corner 32c and the fourth corner 32d is 70 ⁇ m.
- the shapes of the end faces 26a and 26b are each a part of the curved surface of the cylinder. Specifically, it has the same shape as a part of a curved surface of a cylinder having a central axis disposed on a diagonal line 32ab and perpendicular to the surface of the active layer 26.
- the radius of the cylinder that is, the radius of curvature R 1 (see FIG. 3) of the end face 26a is 600 ⁇ m, and the radius of curvature R2 (not shown) of the end face 26b is also 600 ⁇ m.
- the semiconductor laser 10 has a shape symmetrical with respect to the diagonal line 32ab and the diagonal line 32cd. It is a symmetric shape.
- the semiconductor laser of the present invention does not necessarily have to have a line symmetrical shape.
- the end face 26b may be a curved face having a different curvature from the end face 26a, or may be a flat curved face which may be a flat face. It may be.
- Table 1 shows materials and thicknesses of the substrate 11, the semiconductor layer 20, the insulating layer 12, the first electrode 13, and the second electrode 14. Table 1 also shows bandgap Eg, majority carriers and their concentrations for some semiconductor layers.
- Insulating layer 1 2 Si 3 N 4 or Si0 2 0.4 - - capping layer 29 Be de one doped p-type GaAs 0.2 1 .41 hole: 1 10 19 cladding layer 28 Be de one doped p-type AI 0 5 Ga 0. 5 As 1.5 2.0 Holes: 10 18 Graded layer 27 Be doped p-type Al x Ga 1 -x As 0.202
- Cladding layer 24 Si-doped n-type AI. 5 Ga. 5 As 1.5 2.0 electron: 10 18 graded layer 23 Si-doped n-type AlxGa ⁇ As 0.2 electron: 10 18
- Each of the layers constituting the first electrode 13 and the second electrode 14 may be alloyed by heat treatment. Further, the configuration shown in Table 1 is an example, and may be changed as appropriate according to the characteristics required for the semiconductor laser.
- the buffer layers 21 and 22 and the graded layer 23 are formed in order to obtain a high-quality group III-V compound semiconductor crystal.
- the aluminum composition ratio X of the graded layer 23 gradually increases from the buffer layer 22 side toward the cladding layer 24 side. Specifically, the yarn composition ratio X is 0.2 at the interface with the buffer layer 22 and 0.5 at the interface with the cladding layer 24.
- the concentration of Si as a dopant gradually decreases from the cladding layer 24 side toward the active layer 26 side. Specifically, it is about 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 at the interface with the cladding layer 24 and about 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm 3 at the interface with the active layer 26.
- the composition ratio X of aluminum in the graded layer 25 and the force on the cladding layer 24 also decrease in a parabolic manner toward the active layer 26. Specifically, the composition ratio X is 0.5 at the interface with the cladding layer 24 and 0.2 at the interface with the active layer 26.
- the concentration of Be as a dopant was It gradually increases toward the layer 28 side. Specifically, it is about 1 ⁇ 10 ′′ cm ⁇ 3 at the interface with the active layer 26 and about 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 at the interface with the cladding layer 28.
- the A1 of the graded layer 27 The composition ratio X and the power of the active layer 26 also increase in a parabolic manner toward the cladding layer 28. Specifically, the composition ratio X is 0.2 at the interface with the active layer 26, and It is 0.5 at the interface with 28.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows a band gap profile of the semiconductor layer 20.
- the band gap of the graded layer 25 decreases parabolically from the cladding layer 24 to the active layer 26 side to 1.7 eV from 2. OeV force.
- the band gap of the graded layer 27 increases parabolically from 1.7 eV to 2. OeV from the active layer 26 toward the cladding layer 28 side.
- the semiconductor laser 10 is a so-called single quantum well type laser. Carriers injected from two electrodes are confined in the active layer 26 and laser oscillation starts at a low threshold current.
- the active layer 26 may have another form such as a multiple quantum well type.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a change in the refractive index from the cladding layer 24 to the cladding layer 28.
- the cladding layer 24, the graded layer 25, the graded layer 27, and the cladding layer 28 also have a material power whose refractive index is lower than that of the active layer 26 in order to confine light in the active layer 26. Since the active layer 26 has the highest refractive index, light generated in the active layer 26 is mainly confined in the active layer 26.
- the first electrode 13 of the semiconductor laser 10 may include a first portion for injecting a current at which a gain is generated, and a second portion for injecting a smaller current than the first portion.
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the shape of the region where such an electrode contacts the semiconductor layer 20 (cap layer 29), the planar shape of the active layer 26, and the path 32.
- a region 3 la where the first portion contacts the cap layer 29 and a region 3 lb where the second portion contacts the cap layer 29 are indicated by hatching.
- the region 31a is formed at a position corresponding to one side of the path 32, and the region 31b is formed at a position corresponding to the other three sides.
- Such an electrode can be easily formed by changing the shape of the insulating layer 12.
- the semiconductor laser 10 starts single-mode oscillation when the injected current exceeds the threshold current. Then, as the injected current further increases from the threshold current, the mode of oscillation changes in the order of single mode, twin mode, and locking mode.
- the single mode the first and second laser beams 35 and 36 are emitted as shown in FIG. Fired.
- twin mode two laser beams are emitted alternately periodically.
- the locking mode only one of the two laser beams is emitted. Therefore, in the present invention, the semiconductor laser 10 is usually operated in the single mode. Specifically, for example, a laser may be oscillated by flowing a current of 200 mA between the first electrode 13 and the fourth electrode 14. In the gyro of the present invention, a special function may be provided by utilizing the fact that the mode of oscillation can be changed by the injected current.
- FIG. 8 shows the results of measuring the angle dependence of the light intensity of the laser light when the semiconductor laser 10 is oscillated in the single mode at a distance of about 300 mm from the first end face 26a.
- two laser beams having substantially the same intensity were emitted in a direction in which the angles from the 0 ° direction (the direction of the diagonal line 32ab) were substantially the same.
- the wavelengths of the two laser beams were 862 nm.
- the half width of the intensities of the two laser beams was 4.2 °.
- the angle between the two laser beams and the direction of the diagonal line 32ab was about 19.2 °.
- the semiconductor laser 10 emitted two well-collimated laser beams having almost the same intensity in the direction symmetric with respect to the diagonal 32ab.
- the angle ⁇ formed by the diagonal line 32ab and the first laser light (or the second laser light) is generally considered to be represented by the following equation (2).
- N is the effective refractive index of the cladding layer 24—the cladding layer 28 for confining light,
- the emission angles of the first and second laser beams 35 and 36 can be controlled by changing the refractive index of the active layer and the ratio between L and W.
- the gyro of the present invention includes a photodetector arranged at a position where interference fringes are formed by the i-th and second lasers.
- the photodetector is not particularly limited as long as it can detect the movement of interference fringes.
- a semiconductor light receiving element such as a photodiode or a phototransistor is used.
- the photodetector outputs a signal corresponding to the intensity of the interference fringe.
- the interference fringes move, the amount of light input to the photodetector periodically changes, so that the moving speed of the interference fringes can be calculated.
- the photodetector may be a two-channel photodetector including a plurality of light receiving elements. By arranging two or more light receiving elements in the moving direction of the interference fringes, the moving direction of the interference fringes can be detected in addition to the moving speed of the interference fringes. By detecting the moving speed and moving direction of the interference fringes, the rotating direction and the rotating speed of the semiconductor laser gyro can be calculated.
- the semiconductor laser and the photodetector may be formed monolithically.
- the semiconductor laser and the photodetector for example, a photodiode
- the semiconductor laser and the photodetector can be formed simultaneously in a series of processes for manufacturing a semiconductor device. Therefore, manufacture is easy, and the semiconductor laser and the photodetector can be formed in an accurate arrangement.
- the gyro of the present invention may further include a lens.
- the photodetector is arranged at a position where interference fringes are formed by the first and second laser beams transmitted through the lens.
- the semiconductor layer of the semiconductor laser and the lens may have the same laminated structure.
- the lens in this case is, for example, a lens having a semicircular planar shape, and a portion functioning as a lens has the same semiconductor power as the active layer of the semiconductor laser. Therefore, the light incident on the lens is absorbed and attenuated by the lens having the semiconductor power. In order to suppress such attenuation, a current may be applied to the stacked semiconductor layers constituting the lens.
- the semiconductor laser and the lens, including the electrodes must have exactly the same laminated structure. It is desirable that the flowing current is smaller than the current that causes laser oscillation. By flowing a current, light attenuation due to the lens can be suppressed. Further, in order to suppress the attenuation of light by the lens, the lens may be formed of a material that absorbs less laser light, for example, silicon oxide. So Even in this case, the manufacturing process can monolithically form the power lens and the semiconductor laser by a known method.
- the gyro of the present invention may further include a prism.
- the photodetector is arranged at a position where interference fringes are formed by the first and second laser beams transmitted through the prism.
- the semiconductor laser and the prism may be formed monolithically. Further, the semiconductor laser, the prism and the photodetector may be formed monolithically. According to these configurations, each element can be accurately formed at a predetermined position and shape. Further, in this case, the semiconductor layer of the semiconductor laser and the prism may have the same laminated structure. Further, the semiconductor layer of the semiconductor laser, the semiconductor layer of the photodetector (for example, a photodiode), and the prism may have the same laminated structure. According to this configuration, the photodetector and the Z or prism can be formed in a series of processes for manufacturing a semiconductor laser.
- the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser is incident on the semiconductor prism and attenuated.
- a current may be supplied to the stacked semiconductor layers forming the prism.
- the semiconductor laser and the prism including the electrodes may have exactly the same laminated structure. It is desirable that the flowing current is smaller than the current that causes laser oscillation. By flowing the current, the attenuation of light by the prism can be suppressed.
- the prism may be formed of a material that absorbs less laser light, for example, silicon oxide. Even in that case, the manufacturing process can increase the number of force prisms and semiconductor lasers to be monolithic by a known method.
- the principle of the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention utilizing the Sagnac effect will be briefly described.
- the time required for the laser light L1 and the laser light L2 to make one round of the optical path of the path 32 changes. Since the speed of light is constant, when the semiconductor laser 10 rotates, a frequency difference occurs between the laser light L1 and the laser light L2, and the interference fringes move at a speed corresponding to the frequency difference. Interference fringe The moving direction changes according to the rotation direction of the semiconductor laser 10.
- the rotational speed (angular velocity) of the semiconductor laser 10 can be calculated by measuring the moving speed of the interference fringes, and the rotational direction of the semiconductor laser can be detected by detecting the moving direction of the interference fringes. More specifically, the rotation direction and rotation speed in a plane parallel to the surface of active layer 26 can be calculated.
- the principle of such an optical gyro is a known principle, and is used in an optical gyro using a rare gas laser. Therefore, the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention can be driven by a known driving circuit, and information obtained by the gyro can be processed by a known method.
- the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention will be described with reference to examples.
- the first electrode 13 is the electrode shown in FIG. 7.
- the first electrode 13 may be the electrode shown in FIGS. 1 and 4.
- Embodiment 1 describes an example of a semiconductor laser gyro in which a semiconductor laser and a photodetector are formed monolithically.
- FIG. 10A is a perspective view of the gyro 101 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the substrate 11 on which the semiconductor laser 10 and the photodetector 113 (light receiving elements 113a and 113b) of the semiconductor laser gyro 101 are monolithically formed. Note that FIG. 10A shows a state in which a part of the cover 111 is cut and the inside is opened! /, (The same applies to the following figure).
- the main part of gyro 101 is packaged by cover 111 and stem 112 (so-called CAN package).
- the gyro 101 includes a stem 112 and a substrate 11 arranged on the stem 112.
- the semiconductor laser 10 and the light receiving elements 113a and 113b are formed monolithically by sharing the substrate 11.
- the stem 112 is supported by five electrodes 114. Four of the five electrodes are connected to the first portion 13a, the second portion 13b, the light receiving element 113a, and the light receiving element 113b of the first electrode 13 of the semiconductor laser 10, respectively.
- the other one of the five electrodes is a ground electrode paired with the above four electrodes.
- the connection method of the electrodes 114 is an example, and the present invention is not limited to this.
- the diameter of the circular stem 112 is not limited, but the size determined by the standard, such as The diameter can be 5.6 mm.
- the light receiving elements 113a and 113b are photodiodes and have the same laminated structure as the semiconductor laser 10.
- the light receiving elements 113a and 113b are formed together with the semiconductor laser 10 in a manufacturing process for forming the semiconductor laser 10.
- Light receiving elements 113a and 113b are arranged close to first end face 26a from which laser light is emitted in order to detect the moving direction and moving speed of the interference fringes as shown in FIG.
- the size of the light receiving area of the photodetector is determined in consideration of the cycle length of the interference fringes and the light receiving sensitivity of the photodetector. Usually, it is preferable that the size of the light receiving area is about one fifth or less of the period length of the interference fringes.
- the semiconductor laser gyro 101 of the first embodiment has an advantage that no optical element such as a prism or a lens is required. On the other hand, to obtain the semiconductor laser gyro 101, it is necessary to form fine light receiving elements 113a and 113b.
- FIG. 11A is a perspective view of the gyro 102 according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 11B is a perspective view of the semiconductor laser 10 used in the gyro 102.
- the gyro 102 includes the semiconductor laser 10, a spherical lens 115, and a photodetector 116.
- the photodetector 116 is a two-channel photodetector having two light receiving elements. Gyro 1
- the 02 has five electrodes 114.
- the electrode 114 is connected similarly to the gyro 101.
- the spherical lens 115 is arranged so that its focal point is located near the laser beam emission part (end face 26a). Further, the photodetector 116 is disposed at a position apart from the end face 26a by a certain distance (for example, several centimeters). Therefore, an example size of the gyro 102 is about 3 cm ⁇ 2 cm ⁇ 1 cm.
- the two laser beams emitted from the end face 26a become substantially parallel light by the spherical lens 115, and overlap to generate interference fringes.
- the use of the spherical lens 115 can increase the period length of the interference fringes, so that the gyro 102 can accurately measure the movement of the interference fringes.
- the spherical lens 115 is not limited to a spherical shape, but may have another shape such as a thin film.
- a thin-film lens having a semicircular planar shape may be used.
- a lens material use a transparent material such as SiO.
- the semiconductor layer of the semiconductor laser and the lens may have the same laminated structure.
- FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a gyro 103 according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 12B is a perspective view of the substrate 11 on which the semiconductor laser 10 and the prism 117 are formed.
- the gyro 103 includes a stem 112, a semiconductor laser 10 and a two-channel photodetector 116 disposed on the stem 112, and a prism 117 formed on the substrate 11.
- the prism 117 has the same laminated structure as the semiconductor layer 20 of the semiconductor laser 10 and is formed monolithically with the semiconductor laser 10. Therefore, the prism 117 can be formed at the same time when the semiconductor layer 20 is formed.
- FIG. 13 schematically shows the optical paths of the two laser beams in the gyro 103.
- the two laser beams emitted from the semiconductor laser 10 are superimposed on each other by the prism 117 to generate interference fringes.
- the movement of the interference fringes is observed by the two light receiving elements 116a and 116b of the photodetector 116.
- the interference fringes move in the direction of the arrow at a speed corresponding to the rotation speed of the gyro 103.
- the moving direction of the interference fringes changes according to the rotation direction of the gyro 103.
- the shape of the prism 117 is determined according to conditions such as the angle and interval between the two incident laser beams and the distance from the photodetector 116. In order to increase the period length of the interference fringes, it is preferable that the largest angle of the triangle which is the cross-sectional shape of the prism 117 is slightly larger than 90 ° (0.5 ⁇ radian). Assuming that the angle is (0.5 ⁇ + ⁇ ) radians, ⁇ is preferably 0.5 radians or less.
- FIG. 14A is a perspective view of the gyro 104 according to the fourth embodiment
- FIG. 14B is a perspective view of a main part.
- the semiconductor laser 10, the prism 117, the photodetector 113 (the light receiving elements 113a and 113b) Is monolithically formed on the substrate 11.
- an interference fringe is formed by two laser beams traveling in the same optical path as in FIG.
- the semiconductor layer 20 of the semiconductor laser 10, the semiconductor layers of the light receiving elements 113a and 113b, and the prism 117 have the same laminated structure. Since these can be formed simultaneously in the process of forming the semiconductor layer 20, the manufacture is easy. In addition, since they can be formed by a semiconductor process, they can be formed in accurate positions and shapes. It is to be noted that only the prism 117 can be formed of another material, for example, SiO.
- the semiconductor laser used in the gyro of the present invention can be manufactured by a known semiconductor manufacturing technique without limitation. Further, the gyro of the present invention can be easily manufactured by assembling a semiconductor laser and other members by a known technique. Hereinafter, an example of a method for manufacturing the semiconductor laser 10 will be described.
- FIG. 15 (a)-(h) schematically shows the manufacturing process. 15A to 15H, the surface of the insulating layer 12 is hatched to facilitate understanding of the state of formation of the insulating layer 12.
- a semiconductor layer 20a composed of a plurality of semiconductor layers and an insulating layer 12a having a thickness of 0.4 m are formed on a substrate 11.
- the semiconductor layer 20a is a layer that becomes the semiconductor layer 20 (see FIG. 2 and Table 1) by etching.
- Each layer constituting the semiconductor layer 20a can be formed by a general method, for example, an MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) method or a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method.
- the insulating layer 12a is made of, for example, SiN or SiO.
- the insulating layer 12a can be formed by a method such as a sputtering method or a CVD method.
- a patterned resist film 151 is formed on the insulating layer 12a.
- the resist film 151 is patterned in the shape of the active layer 26 shown in FIG.
- the insulating layer 12a, the semiconductor layer 20a, and a part of the substrate 11 are etched, and then the resist film 151 is removed.
- the etching is performed by the RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) method, and the etching is performed to at least the depth of the cladding layer 24.
- the insulating layer 12 and the semiconductor layer 20 having a predetermined shape are formed.
- the etching is performed under such conditions that the verticality and the smoothness of the side surface of the semiconductor layer 20 are improved. Such conditions are commonly employed in semiconductor manufacturing processes. It is. Due to the etching, the planar shape of all the semiconductor layers constituting the semiconductor layer 20 becomes the same as the planar shape of the active layer 26 shown in FIG. Further, the side surface of the semiconductor layer 20 functions as a mirror surface.
- a substantially rhombic through hole 12h is formed in the insulating layer 12 so as to correspond to the region 31 (see FIGS. 2 and 4).
- the through hole 12h can be formed by a general photolithography etching process.
- a resist film 152 is formed so as to cover the entire surface of the substrate 11.
- the resist film 152 in order to fill a step between the surface of the substrate 11 and the surface of the insulating layer 12, the resist film 152 preferably has a two-layer strength of a resist layer 152a and a resist layer 152b.
- the resist film 152 can be formed by applying the resist layer 152a over the entire surface of the substrate 11 to fill the steps, and then applying the resist layer 152b. According to this method, the resist film 152 having high surface flatness can be formed.
- the resist film 152 is patterned to form through holes 152h in the resist film 152.
- the through-hole 152h is formed in a shape corresponding to a region where the first electrode 13 is formed.
- the surface of the semiconductor layer 20 (cap layer 29) in the through-hole 152h is so formed that a good contact is obtained between the semiconductor layer 20 (cap layer 29) and the first electrode 13. Is etched to about 0.01 ⁇ m—0.02 ⁇ m.
- the first electrode 13 is formed.
- the first electrode 13 can be formed by a lift-off method. Specifically, first, using the resist film 152 as a mask, a plurality of metal layers forming the first electrode 13 are sequentially formed by an electron beam method. After that, the resist film 152 is removed with acetone. Thus, the first electrode 13 having a predetermined shape can be formed. The first electrode 13 is in contact with the semiconductor layer 20 (cap layer 29) via a through hole 12h formed in the insulating layer 12.
- the thickness of the substrate 11 is set to 100 to 150 ⁇ m in order to facilitate cleavage of the substrate 11. It is preferable to polish the back surface of the.
- a plurality of metal layers are sequentially formed on the back surface side of the substrate 11 by a vapor deposition method to form the second electrode 14.
- the first electrode 13 and the second electrode 14 are configured.
- Heat treatment at 400-450 ° C to alloy the resulting metal layer.
- the substrate 11 is cleaved for each semiconductor laser.
- the semiconductor laser 10 is formed.
- the resist films 151 and 152 are formed so as to correspond to the portion forming the semiconductor laser and the portion forming the photodiode. Just putter jung.
- the resist film 151 is patterned to correspond to the portion where the semiconductor laser is formed and the portion where the prism is formed. Just fine.
- optical elements and electronic components other than the photodetector and the prism may be formed on the substrate 11.
- a driver circuit for driving a semiconductor laser or a circuit for processing a signal output from a photodetector may be formed.
- a known technique used for a conventional gyro may be further applied to the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention.
- the semiconductor laser gyro of the present invention can be applied to various devices that need to detect rotation of an object. As a typical example, it can be used for a posture control device, a navigation device, and a camera shake correction device. Specifically, the gyro of the present invention can be used for an aircraft such as a rocket and an airplane, and a transportation means such as an automobile and a motorcycle. In addition, the gyro of the present invention can be used for portable information terminals such as mobile phones and small personal computers, toys, cameras, and the like, taking advantage of the fact that the gyro is ultra-small and easy to handle.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Gyroscopes (AREA)
- Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/591,453 US7835008B2 (en) | 2004-03-03 | 2005-03-02 | Gyro employing semiconductor laser |
KR1020067018118A KR101109908B1 (ko) | 2004-03-03 | 2005-03-02 | 반도체 레이저를 이용한 자이로 |
EP05719840A EP1724552B1 (en) | 2004-03-03 | 2005-03-02 | Gyro employing semiconductor laser |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004-059402 | 2004-03-03 | ||
JP2004059402A JP2005249547A (ja) | 2004-03-03 | 2004-03-03 | 半導体レーザジャイロ |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2005085759A1 true WO2005085759A1 (ja) | 2005-09-15 |
Family
ID=34917973
Family Applications (1)
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PCT/JP2005/003525 WO2005085759A1 (ja) | 2004-03-03 | 2005-03-02 | 半導体レーザを用いたジャイロ |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7835008B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1724552B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2005249547A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101109908B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100561127C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005085759A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2005249547A (ja) * | 2004-03-03 | 2005-09-15 | Advanced Telecommunication Research Institute International | 半導体レーザジャイロ |
JP2006138694A (ja) * | 2004-11-11 | 2006-06-01 | Advanced Telecommunication Research Institute International | 半導体レーザジャイロ |
JP2006196844A (ja) * | 2005-01-17 | 2006-07-27 | Advanced Telecommunication Research Institute International | 半導体レーザジャイロ |
JP2007266270A (ja) * | 2006-03-28 | 2007-10-11 | Advanced Telecommunication Research Institute International | 半導体レーザ装置 |
JP2007266269A (ja) * | 2006-03-28 | 2007-10-11 | Advanced Telecommunication Research Institute International | 半導体レーザ装置 |
JP2007317804A (ja) * | 2006-05-24 | 2007-12-06 | Advanced Telecommunication Research Institute International | 半導体レーザ装置およびその製造方法ならびにそれを用いた半導体レーザジャイロ |
US9384985B2 (en) * | 2014-07-18 | 2016-07-05 | United Microelectronics Corp. | Semiconductor structure including silicon and oxygen-containing metal layer and process thereof |
US9212912B1 (en) | 2014-10-24 | 2015-12-15 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ring laser gyroscope on a chip with doppler-broadened gain medium |
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- 2004-03-03 JP JP2004059402A patent/JP2005249547A/ja active Pending
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- 2005-03-02 US US10/591,453 patent/US7835008B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-02 WO PCT/JP2005/003525 patent/WO2005085759A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-03-02 CN CNB2005800068624A patent/CN100561127C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-02 EP EP05719840A patent/EP1724552B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20070019699A (ko) | 2007-02-15 |
KR101109908B1 (ko) | 2012-01-31 |
EP1724552A4 (en) | 2010-03-03 |
EP1724552A1 (en) | 2006-11-22 |
US20080037027A1 (en) | 2008-02-14 |
CN1934414A (zh) | 2007-03-21 |
CN100561127C (zh) | 2009-11-18 |
JP2005249547A (ja) | 2005-09-15 |
EP1724552B1 (en) | 2012-05-09 |
US7835008B2 (en) | 2010-11-16 |
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