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Definitions

• the invention described herein relates to compounds having activity as inhibitors of heparan sulfate-binding proteins and as inhibitors of the enzyme heparanase.
• the invention is directed to sulfated oligosaccharide derivatives, although the scope of the invention is not necessarily limited thereto.
• the invention relates to polysulfated oligosaccharide derivatives, the derivatisation being preferably at C-l of the reducing end and/or C-6 of the non-reducing end monosaccharide unit.
• the invention also relates to methods for the preparation of the compounds, compositions comprising the compounds, and use of the compounds and compositions thereof for the antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticoagulant and/or antithrombotic treatment of a mammalian subject.
• the compounds and compositions thereof also have utility for lowering blood triglyceride levels and inhibiting cardiovascular disease in a mammalian subject.
• the compounds additionally have utility in the prevention of the foregoing disorders when administered to a mammalian subject.
• PI-88 The sulfated oligosaccharide agent known as PI-88 [1,2] (see compound 1 below) has been shown to be a promising inhibitor of tumour growth and metastasis [1,3] and is undergoing Phase II clinical trials in cancer patients [4].
• PI-88 exerts antiangiogenic effects by inhibiting the interactions of angiogenic growth factors (principally FGF-1, FGF-2 and NEGF) and their receptors with heparan sulfate [1,5].
• PI-88 is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme heparanase, a glycosidase that cleaves the heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans that are a major constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membranes surrounding tumour cells [1,2].
• Heparanase has been strongly implicated in angiogenesis: it is able to liberate active heparan sulfate-bound angiogenic growth factors from the ECM and is involved in the degradation of the ECM and subsequent tissue remodeling associated with the sprouting of new blood vessels [6].
• PI-88 inhibits the blood coagulation cascade by (i) inhibiting proteases in the intrinsic pathway, (ii) stimulating the release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and (iii) activating the heparin cofactor Il-mediated inhibition of thrombin.
• TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor
• PI-88 does not interact with AT III and thus shows no anti-Xa or AT Ill- mediated anti-IIa activity [8,9].
• PI-88 stimulate release of all heparan sulfate bound TFPI from the vascular cell wall [9].
• TFPI was recently shown to be an antiangiogenic agent [10] and an inhibitor of metastasis [11].
• PI-88 has also been shown to block vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal thickening [12], to inhibit herpes simplex virus (HSN) infection of cells and the cell-to-cell spread of HSN-1 and HSN-2 [13], and to inhibit proteinuria in passive Heymann nephritis [14].
• HSN herpes simplex virus
• PI-88 is a mixture of highly sulfated, monophosphorylated mannose oligosaccharides ranging in size from di- to hexasaccharide [15,16].
• PI-88 is prepared by exhaustive sulfonation [2,16] of the oligosaccharide phosphate fraction (2) (see formula I following this paragraph) obtained by mild, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the extracellular phosphomannan of the yeast Pichia (Hansenula) holstii ⁇ RRL Y-2448 [17,18].
• the object of the present invention is to create derivatives of PI-88 that have similar biological activities but with improved properties, for example, in their pharmacokinetic and/or ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) profiles.
• a further object of the invention is to provide compounds comprising a single carbon skeleton to facilitate their synthesis and characterization.
• a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition for the prevention or treatment in a mammalian subject of a disorder resulting from angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, coagulation/thrombosis, raised blood triglyceride levels, microbial infection and/or cardiovascular disease, which composition comprises at least one compound according to the first embodiment together with a pharmaceutically or veterinarially acceptable carrier or diluent for said at least one compound.
• a third embodiment of the invention comprises the use of a compound according to the first embodiment in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment in a mammalian subject of a disorder resulting from angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, coagulation/thrombosis, raised blood triglyceride levels, microbial infection and/or cardiovascular disease.
• a method for the prevention or treatment in a mammalian subject of a disorder resulting from angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, coagulation/thrombosis, raised blood triglyceride levels, microbial infection and/or cardiovascular disease comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one compound according to the first embodiment, or a composition comprising said at least one compound.
• a further embodiment of the invention comprises novel intermediates and the synthetic pathway resulting in the sulfated oligosaccharides of the first embodiment.
• Preferred compounds according to the invention, where the monosaccharide molecules are exclusively D-mannose and the glycosidic linkages are ⁇ -(l-»2) and ⁇ -(l- 3), are depicted in the following structure:
• These compounds have utility in the prevention or treatment in mammalian subjects of a disorder resulting from angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, coagulation, thrombosis, elevated blood triglyceride levels, microbial infection and/or cardiovascular disease.
• This utility results from the ability of the compounds to block the binding of heparan sulfate-binding proteins to their receptors, or to inhibit the activity of the enzyme heparanase.
• Z can be, for example, any hexose or pentose and can be either a D or L isomer.
• hexoses include glucose, mannose, altrose, allose, talose, galactose, idose and gulose.
• pentoses include ribose, arabinose, xylose and lyxose.
• the glycosidic linkages of the monosaccharide units can be exclusively of one type or of different types in terms of configuration and linkage.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable cation M is preferably sodium. With regard to integer n, a preferred value is 3 so as to provide a compound which is a pentasaccharide.
• a preferred suitable R group is r ⁇ -octyl.
• alkyl when used alone or in compound words such as “arylalkyl” refers to a straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group, preferably C 1-20 , such as C 1-10 .
• arylalkyl refers to a straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group, preferably C 1-20 , such as C 1-10 .
• Ci-C ⁇ alkyl refers to a straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• C 1-6 alkyl examples include methyl, ethyl, iso-pmpyl, »-propyl, n- butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, ⁇ ?-pentyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethypropyl, rc-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2,2- dimethylbutyl, 3-methylpentyl and 2,3-dimethypropyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2,2- dimethylbutyl, 3-methylpentyl and 2,3 -dimethylbutyl.
• Examples of cyclic C 1-6 alkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl
• alkyl include: heptyl, 5-methylhexyl, 1-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 3,3-dimethylpentyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylpentyl, 1,4-dimethyl-pentyl, 1,2,3-trimethylbutyl, 1,1,2- trimethylbutyl, 1,1,3-trimethylbutyl, octyl, 6-methylheptyl, 1-methylheptyl, 1,1,3,3- tetramethylbutyl, nonyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- 6- or 7-methyl-octyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-ethylheptyl, 1-, 2- or 3-propylhexyl, dec
• an alkyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substituents as herein defined.
• the straight, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group (having at least 2 carbon atoms) may contain one, two or more degrees of unsaturation so as to form an alkenyl or alkynyl group, preferably a C 2-20 alkenyl, more preferably a C 2-6 alkenyl, or a C 2-20 alkynyl, more preferably a C 2-6 alkynyl.
• alkenyl or alkynyl group preferably a C 2-20 alkenyl, more preferably a C 2-6 alkenyl, or a C 2-20 alkynyl, more preferably a C 2-6 alkynyl.
• alkyl is taken to include alkenyl and alkynyl.
• aryl when used alone or in compound words such as “arylalkyl”, denotes single, polynuclear, conjugated or fused residues of aromatic hydrocarbons or aromatic heterocyclic (heteroaryl) ring systems, wherein one or more carbon atoms of a cyclic hydrocarbon residue is substituted with a heteroatom to provide an aromatic residue. Where two or more carbon atoms are replaced, this may be by two or more of the same heteroatom or by different heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include O, N, S and Se.
• aryl examples include phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, naphtyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracenyl, dihydroanthracenyl, benzanthracenyl, dibenzanthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, fluorenyl, pyrenyl, idenyl, azulenyl, chrysenyl, pyridyl, 4-phenylpyridyl, 3- phenylpyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, phenazinyl,
• Preferred hydrocarbon aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl.
• Preferred heterocyclic aryl groups include pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl.
• An aryl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substi uents as herein defined.
• acyl refers to a group -C(O)-R wherein R is an alkyl or aryl group.
• acyl examples include straight chain or branched alkanoyl such as acetyl, propanoyl, butanoyl, 2-methyl ⁇ ropanoyl, pentanoyl, 2,2-dimethylpropanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, undecanoyl, dodecanoyl, tridecanoyl, tetradecanoyl, pentadecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, heptadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, nonadecanoyl and icosanoyl; cycloalkylcarbonyl, such as cyclopropylcarbonyl cyclobutylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl and cyclohexylarbonyl; aroyl such as benzoyl, toluoy
• acyl is taken to refer to optionally substituted acyl.
• Optional substituents for alkyl, aryl or acyl include halo (bromo, fluoro, chloro, iodo), hydroxy, C 1-6 alkyl (e.g.
• a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl group includes aromatic 5-6-membered heterocyclic groups (heteroaryl) as described above and non aromatic 5-6-membered heterocyclic groups containing one or more heteroatoms (preferably 1 or 2) independently selected from O, N, S and Se. Examples thereof include dioxanyl, pyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidyl, morpholino, piperazinyl, thiomorpholino and saccharides.
• the degree of sulfation of compounds according to the invention is typically at least 50%. That is, at least 50% of the R groups of an oligosaccharide derivative comprise SO 3 M. The degree of sulfation is typically from 70 to 100% and preferably is at least as high as 90%.
• the PI-88 derivatives of formula II can be made via a step wise synthetic route or by starting with the PI-88 backbone already in place (using the readily available compounds 8-11; see formula I above) and making the desired modifications thereto. The inventors determined from a consideration of the structure of PI-88 (1) and its precursor (2), that there are two preferred points of derivatisation: at the reducing end (A) and at the terminal 6-position at the non-reducing end (B) as illustrated in the following structural formula.
• di-, tri-, tetra- and pentasaccharide (and larger) derivatives all can be made by the same chemistry.
• the pentasaccharide derivatives are preferred since they are the most biologically active [1,2,5,8,13]. All the derivatives made are then subject to deprotection (typically, deacetylation with NaOMe) and the resulting polyol sulfonated with a sulfonating reagent such as sulfur trioxide pyridine complex or sulfur trioxide trimethylamine complex.
• the compounds according to the invention have utility in the prevention or treatment in mammalian subjects of a disorder resulting from angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, coagulation, thrombosis, elevated blood triglyceride levels, microbial infection or cardiovascular disease.
• the compounds have particular utility in the treatment of the foregoing disorders in humans.
• the compounds are typically administered as a component of a pharmaceutical composition as described in the following paragraphs. As will be illustrated below, the compounds show similar or superior activities to PI-88 itself.
• Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form.
• a tablet can include a solid carrier such as gelatine or an adjuvant or an inert diluent.
• Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally include a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, a mineral oil or a synthetic oil.
• Physiological saline solution, or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included.
• Such compositions and preparations will generally contain at least 0.1 wt% of the compound.
• Parenteral administration includes administration by the following routes: intravenously, cutaneously or subcutaneously, nasally, intramuscularly, intraocularly, transepithelially, intraperitoneally and topically.
• Topical administration includes dermal, ocular, rectal, nasal, as well as administration by inhalation or by aerosol means.
• compositions according to the invention can further include a pharmaceutically or veterinarially acceptable excipient, buffer, stabiliser, isotonicising agent, preservative or anti-oxidant or any other material known to those of skill in the art.
• compositions typically include such substances so as to maintain the composition at a close to physiological pH or at least within a range of about pH 5.0 to 8.0.
• compositions according to the invention can also include active ingredients in addition to the at least one compound.
• Such ingredients will be principally chosen for their efficacy as anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, antimicrobial and anti- thrombotic agents, and agents effective against elevated blood triglyceride levels and cardiovascular disease, but can be chosen for their efficacy against any associated condition.
• a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition according to the invention will be administered to a subject in either a prophylactically effective or a therapeutically effective amount as necessary for the particular situation under consideration.
• the actual amount of at least one compound administered by way of a composition, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of the condition being treated or the prophylaxis required.
• compositions for administration to a human subject will include between about 0.01 and 100 mg of the compound per kg of body weight and more preferably between about 0.1 and 10 mg/kg of body weight.
• the compounds can be included in compositions as pharmaceutically or veterinarially acceptable derivatives thereof.
• derivatives of the compounds includes salts, coordination complexes with metal ions such as Mn 2+ and Zn 2+ , esters such as in vivo hydrolysable esters, free acids or bases, hydrates, or prodrugs.
• Compounds having acidic groups such as phosphates or sulfates can form salts with alkaline or alkaline earth metals such as Na, K, Mg and Ca, and with organic amines such as triethylamine and Tris (2-hydroxyethyl) amine. Salts can also be formed between compounds with basic groups, such as amines, with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid, or organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, or tartaric acid. Compounds having both acidic and basic groups can form internal salts.
• Esters can be formed between hydroxyl or carboxylic acid groups present in the compound and an appropriate carboxylic acid or alcohol reaction partner, using techniques that will be well known to those of skill in the art.
• Prodrug derivatives of the compounds of the invention can be transformed in vivo or in vitro into the parent compounds. Typically, at least one of the biological activities of a parent compound may be suppressed in the prodrug form of the compound, and can be activated by conversion of the prodrug to the parent compound or a metabolite thereof.
• prodrugs are glycolipid derivatives in which one or more lipid moieties are provided as substituents on the moieties, leading to the release of the free form of the compound by cleavage with an enzyme having phospholipase activity.
• Prodrugs of compounds of the invention include the use of protecting groups which may be removed in vivo to release the active compound or serve to inhibit clearance of the drug. Suitable protecting groups will be known to those of skill in the art and include an acetate group. As also indicated above, compounds according to the invention have utility in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment in a mammalian subject of a disorder resulting from angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, coagulation/thrombosis, microbial infection, elevated blood triglyceride levels and/or cardiovascular disease. Processes for the manufacture of such medicaments will be known to those of sldll in the art and include the processes used to manufacture the pharmaceutical compositions described above.
• R 1 will represent an ⁇ -(l- 3)-linked Man-t tetrasaccharide portion (with or without a terminal 6-O-phospho group), unless otherwise indicated.
• General Procedures Glycoside derivatives of PI-88 (O-, S- and C-glyc ⁇ sides) Glycoside derivatives can be readily prepared by activating the oligosaccharide (with or without a terminal 6-O-phospho group) for glycosylation and condensing it with an appropriate alcohol.
• a suitable method is the Lewis acid-catalysed or promoted reaction of a peracetylated sugar, e.g, 12, with an alcohol acceptor, e.g. to give 13 and 14. Where a more unreactive acceptor is required, a more reactive glycosyl donor needs to be prepared, e.g, the trichloroacetimidate 15 is used to prepare the PEGylated derivatives 16 and 17 (Scheme 1).
• donors e.g., thioglycosides, halides, n-pentenyl glycosides, selenoglycosides etc.
• S- and C-glycosides can be prepared by similar or related methods known in the literature, for example by using an appropriate thiol (or thiol derivative) or a known carbon nucleophile (e.g., allyltrimethylsilane or an appropriate phenol) with a suitably activated donor. The product can then easily be deacetylated and sulfonated.
• the product of the glycosylation may be a single anomer ( ⁇ or ⁇ ) or a mixture of both anomers. Both the pure ⁇ and ⁇ anomers and the anomeric mixture are suitable for subsequent transformations. This also applies to other derivatives obtained through manipulation of the anomeric centre described in subsequent sections. Therefore, where a single anomer is denoted it is implied that the opposite anomer or a mixture of the two anomers is also claimed. It will also be clear to those skilled in the art that the initially formed glycoside, depending on the nature of the aglycone, can be further derivatized. As an example, if one uses 2-bromohexanol as the alcohol, the product can be converted into an azide (18).
• Scheme 2 This is an extremely versatile compound (Scheme 2) and may further functionalized by, for example, cycloaddition with a compound containing a suitable dipolarophile.
• the azide can be reduced to an amine and then further functionalized, for example, by alkylation, acylation, a 4-component Ugi condensation etc.
• TMSN 3 Lewis acid catalysed reaction with TMSN 3 leads to the azide 19 (predominantly ⁇ ).
• the ⁇ -azide 20 can be formed exclusively by initial formation of the ⁇ -bromide followed by displacement with NaN 3 (Scheme 3).
• the bromide can also be used as an intermediate for the preparation of thioglycosides or isothiocyanates, for example.
• the azides can be deprotected and sulfonated as is, or can be reduced and acylated with various acid chlorides to provide a series of glycosyl amides (Scheme 3).
• Non-reducing end derivatives Derivatization can also be accomplished at the non-reducing end, for example, by the use of phosphorylated oligosaccharides (either individually or as a mixture) and derivatizing through the phosphate group, e.g., preparation of phosphate esters or phosphoramides. Indeed, suitable compounds can be prepared whereby the reducing end is also derivatized, with either a similar or different functional group. Having broadly described the invention, non-limiting examples of the compounds, their synthesis, and their biological activities, will now be given. Examples Neutral Manno-oligosaccharides (a) The manno-oligosaccharides (8) ⁇ -D-Man-(l ⁇ 2)-D-Man, (9) ⁇ -D-Man-(l-»3)- ⁇ -D-
• the ohgosaccharides 8-11 were synthesized in a step wise manner from monosaccharide building blocks as described in example 1 (see below).
• the neutral fraction was directly acetylated (excess Ac 2 O/pyridine) and the individual peracetylated ohgosaccharides isolated by flash chromatography (silica gel) and used in this form directly in the next step.
• the peracetylated mixture from (b) was used directly in the next step and the individual products were then isolated by flash chromatography.
• Example 1 total synthesis of neutral manno-oligosaccharides (8-11) from Pichia.
• PdCl 2 40 mg was added to a solution of the allyl ether (24) (1.09 g, 0.97 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) and 1,2-DCE (10 mL) and the combined mixture was heated (70°, 40 min). After the time, the solvents were evaporated and the residue subjected to FC (20-30% EtOAc/hexanes) to yield the alcohol (25) as a colourless oil (0.96 g, 91%).
• total 16 x CO 136.1 (ipso-C 6 U 5 ), 128.5, 128.2 and 127.9 (o, m, p-C£l s ), 99.2 (2C), 98.9,
• 61.6 and 60.2 (26C, 25 x sugar carbons excluding 5 x sugar-Cl and benzyl CH 2 ), 20.9, 20.8(2), 20.8(0), 20.7(8), 20.7, 20.6, 20.5(4), 20.5(1), 20.4(9) and 20.4(6) (10C, 16 x Ac).
• Benzyl glycoside polysulfate (PG500) Compound 13 was deacetylated (HRMS calcd for polyol C 37 H 59 O 26 [M + H] + 919.3296, found 919.3279) and sulfonated according to the general procedures to give the product (PG500) as a white powder, 76.1 mg, 44%.
• Imidate 15 A mixture of the acetate (12) (68 mg, 51 ⁇ mol) and BnNH 2 (17 ⁇ L, 152 ⁇ mol) in THF (2 mL), was stirred (r.t.) during some time (2 d). The mixture was diluted with CHC1 3 (20mL) and subjected to work-up. The organic phase was evaporated and co-evaporated (2 x 10 mL MeCN) and used in the following reaction without further purification.
• PEG5000 polysulfate (PG504) (A) A mixture of the imidate 15 (33 mg, 20.2 ⁇ mol) and PEG 5 ooo-monomethyl ether (151 mg, 30.3 ⁇ mol) in 1,2-DCE (3 mL), was stirred in the presence of mol. sieves (50 mg of 3 A powder) under an atmosphere of argon (10 min). The mixture was cooled (-20 °C) with continued stirring (10 min) prior to the addition of TMSOTf (5 ⁇ L, 2.8 ⁇ mol). After some time (20 min), Et 3 N (10 ⁇ L) was introduced and the mixture was filtered.
• PG515 The tetrasaccharide 37 (12 mg, 15.3 ⁇ mol) was sulfonated according to the general procedures to yield 14 mg (38 % for 2 steps) of PG515 after lyophihsation. ! H NMR (500 MHz, D 2 O) ⁇ 7.47-7.37 (m, IH, ArH), 5.45-4.02 (m, 29H, Cl 1 ⁇ 1" TM S 1 ⁇ 1"1 ⁇ 1"1 ⁇ 1"1 ⁇ 1 -
• Methyl 3-0-(2,4,6-Tri-0-benzoyl- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl)-2,4,6-tri-0-benzoyl- ⁇ -D- mannopyranoside (39) A mixture of 3-O-allyl-2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl- ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl trichloro- acetimidate [26] (410 mg, 0.57 mmol) and methyl 2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl- ⁇ -D-mannopyranoside [26] (300 mg, 0.51 mmol) in 1,2-DCE (6 mL) in the presence of mol.
• Azide 18 (A) Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (257mg, 1.81 mmol) was slowly added to a solution of the peracetate 12 (700mg, 0.453mmol) and 6-bromo-l-hexanol (492.7mg, 2.721mmol) in DCE (20mL, 3A molecular sieves) and the mixture was stirred under argon at 60 °C for 72 h. The solution was cooled, neutralised with Et 3 N, diluted with DCM (30mL), washed with sat.
• PG514 (A) The azide 18 (21.1mg, 0.013 mmol) was deacetylated under standard Zemplen conditions (2 mL MeOH) to afford 12.6mg (0.013 mmol, 102%) of polyol 48. (B) The polyol 48 (12.6 mg, 13.2 ⁇ mol) was treated with SO 3 .trimethylamine according to the general sulfation procedure to yield PG514 as a colourless powder (18.4 mg, 54%).
• Binding affinities of ligands for the growth factors FGF-1, FGF-2 and NEGF were measured using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based solution affinity assay.
• SPR surface plasmon resonance
• the principle of the assay is that heparin immobilised on a sensorchip surface distinguishes between free and bound growth factor in an equilibrated solution of the growth factor and a ligand. Upon injection of the solution, the free growth factor binds to the immobilised heparin, is detected as an increase in the SPR response and its concentration thus determined.
• Heparin has also been immobilised via aldehyde coupling using either adipic acid dihydrazide or 1,4-diaminobutane.
• solutions were prepared containing a fixed concentration of protein and varying concentrations of the ligand in buffer.
• Ligands binding to FGF-1 and NEGF were measured in HBS-EP buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 3.0 mM EDTA and 0.005% (v/v) polysorbate 20), while binding to FGF-2 was measured in HBS-EP buffer containing 0.3 M NaCl.
• HBS-EP buffer 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 3.0 mM EDTA and 0.005% (v/v) polysorbate 20
• binding to FGF-2 was measured in HBS-EP buffer containing 0.3 M NaCl.
• the K d values given are the values fit, using the binding equation, to a plot of [P] versus Where K d values were measured in duplicate, the values represent the average of the duplicate measurements. It has been shown that GAG mimetics that bind tightly to these growth factors, e.g., PI-88, elicit a biological response in vivo.
• PI-88 growth factor
• Heparanase Inhibition Assays The heparanase assays were performed using a Microcon ultrafiltration assay. The assays rely on the principle of physically separating heparan sulfate (HS) that has been digested by heparanase from native HS to determine heparanase activity.
• HS heparan sulfate
• the assay uses ultrafiltration devices (Microcon YM-10) to separate the smaller heparanase-cleaved HS fragments from native HS.
• a reaction was set up with a volume of 90 ⁇ L, 40 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) O.l mg/mL BSA 90 ng heparanase 2.5 ⁇ M 3 H labelled HS various concentrations of inhibitors.
• the reactions were set up with all components except the 3 H labelled HS and allowed to equilibrate for 10 min at 22 °C.
• the antiviral assays on the compounds were performed as described by Nyberg et al.[13] Briefly, the effects of the compounds on the infection of cells by exogenously added virus were tested by mixing serial fivefold dilutions of compound (at 0.032-20 ⁇ M) with approximately 200 plaque forming units of the virus. Following incubation of the virus and compound for 10 min at room temperature, the mixture was added to the cells and left on the cell monolayer for 2 h at 37 °C. Subsequently, the inoculum was aspirated and replaced with an overlay medium of 1% methylcellulose solution in Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM). The viral plaques that developed after incubation of cells for 3 days at 37 °C were stained with 1% crystal violet solution and counted.
• EMEM Eagle's minimum essential medium
• Rats Male Sprague Dawley rats (250-350 g) were used. The animals were allowed free access to food and water before and during the experiments, during which they were maintained unrestrained in metabolism cages. Rats were anaesthetized with isoflurane (Forthane ® ). A catheter was inserted in the external jugular vein via an incision in the neck, and was passed under the skin to a second incision in the skin of the back (midline vicinity of the scapulae). This was then exteriorised with the protection of a light metal spring. The incision was closed and the spring fixed to the skin with Michel sutures so that the rats had full range of movement. The animals were carefully monitored during recovery (1-4 h).
• Stock dosing solutions were prepared by mixing appropriate amounts of unlabelled and radiolabelled drug (dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline) to give a total drug concentration of 1.25 mg/mL. All doses were administered as a bolus intravenous injection of 2.5 mg/kg in a dose volume of 2 mL/kg. The total amount of radioactivity administered to each rat was 0.5-10 ⁇ Ci. The dose level used in this study is 10-fold lower than the no-effect dose previously established for acute toxicity of PI-88. Blood samples (-250 ⁇ L) were collected predose and at 5, 15, 30, 45 min, and 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after dosing. The blood samples were immediately centrifuged and the plasma collected.
• Faeces collected during each time period were weighed and homogenised in 4 volumes of deionised water using a mechanical homogeniser. Approximately 1 g (accurately weighed) of this slurry was transferred to a 20 mL glass scintillation vial, 2 mL of tissue solubiliser added and the vials capped and incubated at 60 °C for at least 24 h. Radioactvity was measured following mixing of samples with Packard Ultima Gold liquid scintillation counting cocktail (2.0 mL for plasma and dose, 5.0 mL for urine and cage washings, 10 mL for faeces). Counting was conducted on a Packard Tr-Carb liquid scintillation counter.
• Plasma, urine and cage washings were counted in triplicate within 5 days of collection and were not corrected for radiochemical decay. Faeces were processed as a batch at the completion of the study and the counts from these samples were corrected for radiochemical decay. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using PK Solutions 2.0 software (Summit Research Services, Ohio) and are presented in Table 3.

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