WO2005076371A1 - アバランシ・フォトダイオード - Google Patents
アバランシ・フォトダイオード Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005076371A1 WO2005076371A1 PCT/JP2005/001599 JP2005001599W WO2005076371A1 WO 2005076371 A1 WO2005076371 A1 WO 2005076371A1 JP 2005001599 W JP2005001599 W JP 2005001599W WO 2005076371 A1 WO2005076371 A1 WO 2005076371A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- light absorption
- low
- type
- thickness
- Prior art date
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- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910000530 Gallium indium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 244000202285 Acrocomia mexicana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003625 Acrocomia mexicana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002329 Inga feuillei Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005036 potential barrier Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H01L31/102—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/107—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier or surface barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiode
- H01L31/1075—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier or surface barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiode in which the active layers, e.g. absorption or multiplication layers, form an heterostructure, e.g. SAM structure
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ultrafast avalanche 'photodiode.
- Avalanche's photodiode is a device used as an optical receiver with low noise by multiplying carriers (electrons and holes) generated by light absorption by an avalanche mechanism and extracting the output current.
- the SAM Separatated Absorption and Multiplication
- an electric field control layer and a band gap gradient layer are provided between the light absorption layer and the avalanche multiplication layer in order to independently control the electric field strength.
- Avalanche 'photodiodes have been widely introduced in 2.5GbitZs systems and lOGbitZs systems, and are also being developed as elements for next-generation 40GbitZs systems.
- a hole injection layer using InP which is a structure conventionally typically used as a structure for relatively low-speed operation, is used as an avalanche multiplication layer.
- InP which is a structure conventionally typically used as a structure for relatively low-speed operation
- avalanche multiplication layer is used as an avalanche multiplication layer.
- types “electron injection type” avalanche photodiodes, which are advantageous from the viewpoint of high-speed operation, are attracting attention.
- Typical electron injection type avalanche photodiodes reported to date are avalanche photodiodes in which the light absorption layer is depleted InGaAs and the avalanche multiplication layer is InAlAs.
- FIG. 1 is a band diagram showing an operation state of such an electron injection type avalanche photodiode.
- 41 is an n-type electrode layer
- 42 is an avalanche multiplication layer (InAlAs)
- 43 is an electric field control layer
- 44 is a band gap gradient layer
- 45 is a low concentration light absorption layer (InGa As)
- 46 is p Reference numeral 47 denotes a p-electrode. Note that the light absorbing layer 45 is depleted over its entire area.
- the structure of such an "electron injection type" avalanche photodiode is advantageous for high-speed operation. is there.
- the band gap force of InAlAs used as the avalanche multiplication layer is larger than the band gap of InP that has been used as the avalanche multiplication layer of the ⁇ hole injection type '' avalanche photodiode.
- the ionization ratio in the state where the electric field strength is applied must be relatively low, and the operating voltage of the element increases.
- the light absorption layer is composed of a p-type neutral layer (non-depleted region) and a thin low-concentration layer (depleted region) adjacent to the p-type neutral layer.
- a structure of an “electron injection type” avalanche photodiode using a certain p-type neutral layer as a main light absorbing layer has also been reported (see Patent Document 1).
- FIG. 2 is a band diagram showing an operation state of such an electron injection type avalanche photodiode.
- 51 is an n-type electrode layer
- 52 is an avalanche multiplication layer
- 53 is an electric field control layer
- 54 is a band gap gradient layer
- 55 is a low concentration light absorption layer (low concentration layer)
- 56 is a P type light absorption layer.
- 57 is a p-type electrode layer
- 58 is a p-electrode.
- the P-type neutral layer which is a non-depleted region, is an InGaAs layer.
- the light absorption layer of the electron injection type avalanche photodiode having this structure is mostly occupied by the P-type light absorption layer 56 which is a non-depleted region. That is, this structure is “a structure in which the light absorbing layer is as p-type as possible”.
- the avalanche photodiode having the structure shown in this figure is an effective structure mainly for reducing the power operating voltage, which is intended to reduce dark current.
- the thickness of the light absorption layer is designed to be as thick as possible in the range of the frequency response band to be secured.
- the upper limit of the thickness of the p-type neutral InGaAs layer is larger than the upper limit in the case of using a depleted InGaAs layer. This is due to thinning.
- the avalanche photodiode can be considered as a structure in which a relatively thin avalanche multiplication layer is connected to a pin-type photodiode.
- the band gradually decreases from the intrinsic band (intrinsic 3dB band) operating as a pin photodiode to a line with a constant gain band product.
- intrinsic 3dB band operating as a pin photodiode to a line with a constant gain band product.
- the intrinsic 3dB band during pin operation is dominated by the carrier transit time in the light absorption layer and the multiplication layer.
- the multiplication layer is much thinner than the light absorption layer, so the carrier transit time in the light absorption layer is the dominant factor for determining the characteristics. .
- the electric field strength must be 50 kVZcm or more, that is, the voltage must be at least 6 V or more. Therefore, the electric field strength of the light absorption layer at the time of avalanche multiplication is usually designed to be about 100 kVZcm, and the voltage drop of the light absorption layer is considerably large at 12 V.
- ⁇ is determined by the electron diffusion time. Since the holes generated in the ⁇ -type light absorbing layer are majority carriers, they respond not as hole motion but as hole current to maintain charge neutrality. Therefore, the hole transport properties do not directly affect the response speed. Assuming that the electron diffusion coefficient is D, the carrier transit time ( ⁇ ) is
- the electron mobility is 6, OOOcm Vs and the diffusion coefficient is about 150 cm 2 Zs.
- the thickness of the light absorption layer is 0.6 m, which is about half the thickness of the depleted light absorption layer, so the quantum efficiency in the 1.5 m band is less than 50%, realizing a highly sensitive avalanche photodiode. It becomes difficult to do.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent No. 3141847
- the present invention has been made in view of such a problem, and an object of the present invention is to provide an ultra-high-speed avalanche capable of simultaneously realizing a low operating voltage and a high quantum efficiency in a used band. Provide a photodiode.
- the invention according to the first embodiment includes an n-type electrode layer, an avalanche multiplication layer, an electric field control layer, a band gap gradient layer, Layer thickness W
- An avalanche photodiode including a laminated body in which a light absorbing layer of A and a p-type electrode layer are sequentially laminated, wherein the light absorbing layer is provided on the p-type electrode layer side.
- It is configured by bonding with a low-concentration layer having a layer thickness W provided on the band gap gradient layer side.
- each of the p-type layer and the low-concentration layer is different from that of the p-type layer except for a region near a junction interface with the low-concentration layer in the element operation state. !, While maintaining the p-type neutral state, the low-concentration layer is determined to be depleted, and the thickness W of the P-type layer and the thickness of the low-concentration layer are determined. The ratio with W
- ⁇ ⁇ is the delay time of the device response due to the traveling of carriers generated in the light absorption layer due to light absorption.
- the delay time due to the ⁇ -type layer is N2
- the delay time due to the low concentration layer is ⁇
- the delay time when the entire area of the light absorption layer is the low concentration layer is ⁇ .
- the invention according to the second embodiment is directed to the avalanche photodiode according to the first embodiment, wherein the ratio of the layer thickness W of the ⁇ -type layer to the layer thickness W of the low-concentration layer is , [(W
- the invention according to the third embodiment is based on the avalanche 'photodiode according to the first embodiment.
- the p-type layer and the low-concentration layer are made of an InGaAsP mixed crystal semiconductor, and the depletion thickness of the low-concentration layer during operation of the device is greater than 0.3 m (W> 0.3 / zm).
- the operating voltage can be significantly reduced as compared with the conventional avalanche photodiode, and a more reliable element can be realized and the power of the optical receiver can be reduced. it can.
- the present invention provides an ultra-high-speed avalanche photodiode capable of simultaneously realizing a low operating voltage and a high quantum efficiency in a used band.
- the present invention provides a 10 GbitZs region. And contributes to the stabilization and high performance of ultra-high-speed optical receivers including Brief Description of Drawings
- FIG. 1 is a band diagram of a conventional typical electron injection type avalanche photodiode during operation.
- FIG. 2 is a band diagram of the electron injection avalanche 'photodiode disclosed in Patent Document 1 during operation.
- FIG. 3A is a schematic view of a cross-sectional structure of an avalanche photodiode of the present invention.
- FIG. 3B is a band diagram of the avalanche photodiode of the present invention during operation.
- Figure 4 shows the delay time ( ⁇ ) of the element response due to carrier travel and the neutralization light in the 3 dB band.
- a AD AN A AD AN
- FIG. 1 A first figure.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for describing an example of calculating f and f in the case of a structure of GHz.
- FIG. 3A and 3B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of an avalanche photodiode of the present invention
- FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view
- FIG. 3B is a band diagram during operation.
- 11 is an 11-type 11 ⁇ 11-type electrode layer
- 12 is an avalanche multiplication layer of InP
- 13 is an InP electric field control layer
- 14 is an InGaAsP band gap gradient layer
- 15 is a low-concentration InGaAs
- 16 is a p-type InGaAs p-type light absorption layer
- 17 is a p-type InGaAsP p-type electrode layer
- 18 and 19 are metal electrodes, which are an n-electrode and a p-electrode, respectively.
- the p-type light absorbing layer 16 and the low-concentration light absorbing layer 15 are not limited to InGaAs, but may be InGaAsP mixed crystal semiconductor
- the p-type light absorbing layer 16 keeps P-type neutral (non-depleted light absorbing layer) except for a part thereof, and has a low concentration of light absorption.
- the doping concentration distribution of each light absorbing layer is determined so that the layer 15 is depleted (depleted light absorbing layer).
- the voltage drop in the light absorbing layer occurs only in the depleted low-concentration light absorbing layer 15. Therefore, if a similar avalanche multiplication layer is used, the voltage required for operation is lower than that of a conventional avalanche photodiode in which the light absorption layer is completely depleted.
- the voltage drop in the light absorption layer is typically used in a conventional structure in which depletion is performed over the entire light absorption layer. Is about 12V.
- the electric field of the light absorption layer during the avalanche multiplication operation is 1
- the “structure in which the light absorbing layer is as p-type as possible” shown in FIG. 2 is suitable for reducing the operating voltage, but as described above, the When securing (eg, lOGbitZs operation), it is not possible to avoid the restriction that the efficiency is reduced.
- FIG. 4 shows the delay time (te) of the device response due to carrier traveling and the 3 dB band of the avalanche photodiode of the present invention when the total thickness of the light absorbing layer is 1.2 m.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for describing a calculation example of the thickness (W) dependency of the light absorption layer. From this figure,
- the operating voltage can be reduced by 5 V while maintaining the same quantum efficiency and operating speed as the conventional APD.
- the operating speed as described in detail in the following ⁇ Second Embodiment, '' the ⁇ depleted light absorbing layer and the P-type light absorbing layer were combined under the condition of a constant light absorbing layer thickness.
- the “structure” there is always a range of parameters that can realize a higher bandwidth than the conventional avalanche photodiode.
- the avalanche photodiode described in Patent Literature 1 has the effect of minimizing the surface area by "reducing the thickness of the light absorbing layer to be depleted”. This suppresses the “aging of the dark current over time”, and achieves stable dark current characteristics and high reliability.
- the present invention determines "the thickness of the depletion region and the non-depletion region so as to minimize the total transit time of carriers", thereby achieving "low voltage and high quantum Realization of both efficiency and efficiency ”is possible.
- the thicknesses of the depleted region and the non-depleted region are determined independently.
- the thicknesses of the depleted region and the non-depleted region are minimized under the condition that the total thickness of the light absorbing layer formed by these regions is constant.
- the thickness of the depleted region and the non-depleted region is determined (optimized) so that
- the depletion light absorption layer of the avalanche photodiode of the present invention is thicker. Thickness can cause an increase in dark current. Such dark current can be avoided as an avalanche photodiode provided with a guard ring structure to reduce the electric field intensity on the surface.
- the equations (1) and (1) are basically obtained.
- V3D is obtained.
- the avalanche layer is so thin that its influence is ignored.
- T D AQ D / AI D
- T N AQ N / AI N (6)
- a AD AN A AD AN
- the total carrier transit time ⁇ is generally not a simple sum ( ⁇ + ⁇ ).
- T Dl (AO m + AO m ) / M D
- ⁇ ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ 6> ⁇ 2 + ⁇ 02 ) / ⁇ ⁇ (7)
- the change is AQ + AQ
- the avalanche of the present invention is optimized by defining W and w.
- [0063] takes a minimum value at which ⁇ increases and f decreases.
- a AD AN A AD AN
- the band is increased by adopting a structure combining the chemical light absorption layer and the P-type light absorption layer.
- all the minimal points are obviously monotonically increasing functions with respect to W, the total
- AD total 3dB It can be seen that the maximum value is 55GHz. That is, f in the structure with only the p-type light absorbing layer
- the expected increase in bandwidth is expected.
- the operation of the avalanche photodiode is limited by the gain bandwidth product, and the limit is considered to be approximately 200 GHz.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining an example of calculating ⁇ and f in the case of a structure having the following structure. From this figure, total 3dB
- the thickness of the depleted light absorption layer that is practically significant for the operation of the photodiode is W
- the description has been given based on the charge control model in order to avoid complication of the description.
- the charge control model is required. It goes without saying that techniques other than the model can be applied. For example, by using a method based on a continuous equation using the velocity electric field characteristics of the carriers in the device or a method based on Monte Carlo mouth calculation, there is no guideline for the method of constructing the avalanche photodiode which is the basis of the present invention. Structural optimization with higher accuracy is possible without making changes.
- a pseudo electric field is applied to a power band in which the electron transport in the p-type light absorbing layer is handled based on the diffusion mechanism with an inclination.
- the structure is also effective in shortening the carrier running time. Optimal W and W for this structure
- the ratio of D is different from the case where the electron transport in the p-type light absorbing layer is only diffusion, the basic idea of the present invention is to ⁇ minimize the total transit time of carriers '' t. Based on V, the device can be designed.
- the present invention makes it possible to provide an ultra-high-speed avalanche photodiode capable of simultaneously realizing a low operating voltage and a high quantum efficiency in a used band.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05709692.7A EP1713133A4 (en) | 2004-02-03 | 2005-02-03 | Avalanche photodiode |
US10/587,818 US7557387B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 | 2005-02-03 | Avalanche photodiode |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004027302A JP2005223022A (ja) | 2004-02-03 | 2004-02-03 | アバランシ・フォトダイオード |
JP2004-027302 | 2004-02-03 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2005076371A1 true WO2005076371A1 (ja) | 2005-08-18 |
Family
ID=34835884
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2005/001599 WO2005076371A1 (ja) | 2004-02-03 | 2005-02-03 | アバランシ・フォトダイオード |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7557387B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1713133A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2005223022A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100495741C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005076371A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4234116B2 (ja) | 2005-06-27 | 2009-03-04 | Nttエレクトロニクス株式会社 | アバランシ・フォトダイオード |
WO2009139936A2 (en) * | 2008-02-14 | 2009-11-19 | California Institute Of Technology | Single photon detection with self-quenching multiplication |
US7720342B2 (en) * | 2008-04-15 | 2010-05-18 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Optical device with a graded bandgap structure and methods of making and using the same |
TW201001736A (en) * | 2008-06-19 | 2010-01-01 | Univ Nat Central | A high-speed avalanche photodiode |
JP4728386B2 (ja) | 2008-12-17 | 2011-07-20 | Nttエレクトロニクス株式会社 | アバランシ・フォトダイオード |
EP2556540B1 (en) * | 2010-04-08 | 2020-09-16 | BAE Systems Information and Electronic Systems Integration Inc. | Avalanche photodiode operating voltage selection algorithm |
US8461624B2 (en) | 2010-11-22 | 2013-06-11 | Intel Corporation | Monolithic three terminal photodetector |
JP2015520950A (ja) * | 2012-05-17 | 2015-07-23 | ピコメトリクス、エルエルシー | 平面のアバランシェ・フォトダイオード |
JP6036197B2 (ja) * | 2012-11-13 | 2016-11-30 | 三菱電機株式会社 | アバランシェフォトダイオードの製造方法 |
JP6121343B2 (ja) * | 2014-02-05 | 2017-04-26 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | アバランシ・フォトダイオード |
EP3229279B1 (en) | 2014-12-05 | 2020-10-28 | Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation | Avalanche photodiode |
JP6705762B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-14 | 2020-06-03 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | アバランシェフォトダイオード |
US10490687B2 (en) | 2018-01-29 | 2019-11-26 | Waymo Llc | Controlling detection time in photodetectors |
JP7045884B2 (ja) * | 2018-03-09 | 2022-04-01 | 日本ルメンタム株式会社 | 半導体受光素子、光受信モジュール、光モジュール、及び光伝送装置 |
CN111403540B (zh) * | 2020-01-15 | 2022-02-15 | 华中科技大学 | 一种雪崩光电二极管 |
CN111211196B (zh) * | 2020-02-15 | 2022-06-17 | 北京工业大学 | 一种高灵敏度高线性度探测器 |
US11342472B2 (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2022-05-24 | Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Lp | Temperature insensitive optical receiver |
US11450782B2 (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2022-09-20 | Marvell Asia Pte Ltd. | Germanium-on-silicon avalanche photodetector in silicon photonics platform, method of making the same |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61198688A (ja) * | 1985-02-27 | 1986-09-03 | Nec Corp | 半導体受光素子 |
JP2000022197A (ja) * | 1998-07-03 | 2000-01-21 | Nec Corp | アバランシェフォトダイオード |
JP2004031707A (ja) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-01-29 | Ntt Electornics Corp | アバランシ・フォトダイオード |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030111675A1 (en) * | 2001-11-27 | 2003-06-19 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Doped absorption for enhanced responsivity for high speed photodiodes |
-
2004
- 2004-02-03 JP JP2004027302A patent/JP2005223022A/ja active Pending
-
2005
- 2005-02-03 EP EP05709692.7A patent/EP1713133A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-02-03 CN CNB2005800039138A patent/CN100495741C/zh active Active
- 2005-02-03 WO PCT/JP2005/001599 patent/WO2005076371A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-02-03 US US10/587,818 patent/US7557387B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61198688A (ja) * | 1985-02-27 | 1986-09-03 | Nec Corp | 半導体受光素子 |
JP2000022197A (ja) * | 1998-07-03 | 2000-01-21 | Nec Corp | アバランシェフォトダイオード |
JP2004031707A (ja) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-01-29 | Ntt Electornics Corp | アバランシ・フォトダイオード |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
MURAMOTO Y. ET AL: "InP/InGaAs pin photo structure maximising bandwidth and efficiency.", ELECTRONICS LETTERS., vol. 39, no. 24, 2003, pages 1749 - 1750, XP006024476 * |
See also references of EP1713133A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1914741A (zh) | 2007-02-14 |
EP1713133A1 (en) | 2006-10-18 |
EP1713133A4 (en) | 2017-10-18 |
CN100495741C (zh) | 2009-06-03 |
JP2005223022A (ja) | 2005-08-18 |
US7557387B2 (en) | 2009-07-07 |
US20070200141A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
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