WO2005068577A1 - 制振材料および制振金属板 - Google Patents
制振材料および制振金属板 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005068577A1 WO2005068577A1 PCT/JP2005/000603 JP2005000603W WO2005068577A1 WO 2005068577 A1 WO2005068577 A1 WO 2005068577A1 JP 2005000603 W JP2005000603 W JP 2005000603W WO 2005068577 A1 WO2005068577 A1 WO 2005068577A1
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- Prior art keywords
- damping
- sea
- island
- damping material
- vibration damping
- Prior art date
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- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 178
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 161
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 7
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002075 main ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/12—Bonding of a preformed macromolecular material to the same or other solid material such as metal, glass, leather, e.g. using adhesives
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Definitions
- the present invention belongs to a technical field related to a vibration damping material and a vibration damping metal plate.
- Structural materials typified by steel plates, aluminum plates, and industrial plastics have a high elastic modulus and are widely used to secure rigidity and strength required for structures.
- such materials have low vibration damping performance, especially in structures where quietness is required, such as automobiles, railway bodies and residential rooftops, because of the lack of vibration damping performance of the structural material itself.
- measures to impart vibration damping performance have been taken, such as attaching a vibration damping material to the surface of the structure.
- the first is that a damping material is stuck on the surface of a structural material, and a plate made of the same material as the structural material or a plate having rigidity near the damping material is laminated thereon.
- a constrained type because elongation deformation is restrained by a plate provided on it and shear deformation is easily caused.
- a plate provided on the damping material is called a restraint plate.
- the second method is to attach a damping material having an elastic coefficient as close as possible to the structural material to the surface of the structural material, and to restrict the elongation and deformation of the damping material compared to the first type. Because it does not, it is called unconstrained.
- the first type of the restraint type vibration damping material includes a product in which a vibration damping material is sandwiched between two elastic plates such as a steel plate, an aluminum plate, glass, and a hard resin.
- a vibration damping material is sandwiched between two elastic plates such as a steel plate, an aluminum plate, glass, and a hard resin.
- the steel sheet is made of steel or aluminum, it can be used as a structure by press-forming as it is because plastic casting is possible.
- the sandwich of the damping material between two steel sheets is widely recognized as a damping steel sheet.
- the vibration damping performance which is the original purpose, must be increased as much as possible. It is known that the damping effect of a damping material is maximized at its glass transition temperature, and the glass transition temperature of the damping material is adjusted to the operating temperature in accordance with the environment temperature. It is important to adjust to
- the elastic modulus of the elastic plate was set to the structure of the elastic plate adhesive-elastic plate as the constrained type and the shear modulus was adjusted when aluminum was used as the elastic plate. It was compared with the range (7X10 4 ⁇ (, ⁇ ) ⁇ 7X10 6 Pa, power, 0.5 tanS ⁇ 3.0).
- Hard dangling agent modified silicone 55% + calcium carbonate 40%
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a vibration damping material and a vibration damping metal plate having excellent vibration damping performance.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies to achieve the above object, and as a result, completed the present invention. According to the present invention, the above object can be achieved.
- the present invention completed in this way and achieving the above object relates to a damping material and a damping metal plate, and the damping material according to claim 117 of the claims (A damping material according to the seventeenth invention), a damping metal plate according to claim 8 (a damping metal plate according to the eighth invention), which has the following configuration.
- the vibration damping material according to claim 1 is a vibration damping material containing at least one kind of polymer material, wherein the polymer material has a sea-island structure, and forms a sea portion of the sea-island structure. Compared to the loss factor tan ⁇ of the polymer material to be formed.
- the loss factor tan ⁇ of the molecular material is large and the elasticity of the polymer material constituting the sea part is large.
- the vibration damping material is characterized in that the ratio of the elastic modulus of the polymer material constituting the island portion to the modulus is 0.1-2 [first invention].
- the vibration damping material according to claim 2 is the vibration damping material according to claim 1, wherein bubbles are present in the polymer material forming the sea part [second invention].
- the vibration-damping material according to claim 3 is characterized in that the polymer material constituting the island portion has a shear elastic modulus ⁇ force X 10 5 —4 X 10 9 Pa. With vibration damping material
- damping material according to claim 5 wherein the shear modulus ⁇ force X 10 6 of the polymeric material constituting the sea portion - more of claims 1 one 4 which is a 2 chi 10 9 Pa Crab described
- the vibration damping material according to claim 6 is the vibration damping material according to any one of claims 115, wherein the polymer material contained is two or more types [sixth invention].
- the vibration-damping metal plate according to claim 8 is a vibration-damping metal plate having a vibration-damping structure in which the vibration-damping material according to any one of claims 117 to 17 is attached to a metal plate [ invention ⁇ .
- the vibration damping material according to the present invention has excellent vibration damping performance, and according to this, the vibration damping property of a structural material or the like can be improved.
- the vibration damping metal plate according to the present invention has excellent vibration damping properties.
- Vibration-damping material (sea-like resin with loss coefficient tan ⁇ : 0.1 and island-like resin in volume content of 50
- the vertical axis is the tan ⁇ of the island-shaped resin, and the curve in the figure is the loss coefficient t of the damping material.
- the vertical axis is the tan ⁇ of the island-shaped resin, and the curve in the figure is the loss coefficient t of the damping material.
- Vibration damping material (sea-based resin with a loss factor tan ⁇ of 0.5 and island-shaped resin in volume content of 30
- the horizontal axis is the rigidity ratio / ⁇
- the vertical axis is the tan ⁇ of the island-shaped resin.
- the curve in the figure shows the contour of the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the damping material.
- the inventors of the present invention do not provide adhesive strength to a vibration damping resin having high vibration damping performance, but use a low vibration damping adhesive having high adhesive strength to provide a high vibration damping performance.
- a new idea is to form a sea-island structure in which the vibration damping material floats in an island shape, thereby ensuring both adhesive strength and improved vibration damping performance.
- the island-like resin constituting the island portion with respect to the elastic modulus of the sea-like resin (the polymer material constituting the sea portion). If the ratio of the elastic moduli of the polymer material (the elastic modulus is equal to the ratio of the shear modulus and the ratio of the rigid modulus) is 0.1-2.0, the blend type The loss factor tan ⁇ of the damping material is
- the elastic modulus ratio be 0.1-0.6, and more preferably 0.1-0.4. In this case, a higher level loss coefficient tan S That we can secure.
- the sea-island structure refers to a state in which two or more types of polymer materials that are incompatible with each other are mixed, and when one polymer is compared with the sea, the other polymer is phase-separated in an island shape.
- the copolymers obtained by adding a curing agent or copolymerizing the polymer to be mixed called a compatibilizer
- the sea-island structure can be fixed by methods such as the addition of iron.
- the sea-island structure in the present invention means that in a multi-component polymer material made of an incompatible polymer, a continuous phase (sea portion: matrix phase) in which one component force is also present in the other component.
- the sea part in the present invention refers to a phase of the sea-island structure that has a higher area ratio to the entire cross section when observed by a scanning or transmission electron microscope (SEM, TEM) or the like.
- the term “island” means a dispersed phase having a low area ratio when observed as described above.
- the average dispersed particle diameter is several / zm to several hundred / zm.
- a block copolymer or a da- raft copolymer obtained by copolymerizing two or more types of monomers may be used alone in an island portion having a size of the order of Angstrom (for example, about several tens of amperes). Is known to form, in particular, microphase separation. In this case, only one type of polymer material is used. In the present invention, the term “sea-island structure” including microphase separation is used.
- the shear elastic modulus of the blend-based vibration damping material be adjusted to set the viscoelastic property in the above-described appropriate range, but also the islands are formed by the bubbles. It was also found that the shear strain energy of the state-of-the-art resin (island-like damping material) increased, and the loss factor tan ⁇ (damping performance) of the blend-based damping material increased.
- the vibration damping material of the present invention includes, in addition to the polymer material, constituent components used in ordinary polymer compositions, such as various fillers and pigments, as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. , A coupling agent, a leveling agent, a viscosity modifier and the like.
- the present invention has been completed based on such knowledge and the like, and has a vibration-damping material having the above-described configuration and a metal plate to which the vibration-damping material is adhered.
- the vibration damping material according to the present invention completed in this way is a vibration damping material containing at least one kind of polymer material, wherein the polymer material has a sea-island structure, Compared to the loss factor tan ⁇ of the polymer material constituting the sea part of the sea-island structure,
- the loss factor tan ⁇ of the polymer material forming the island portion is large and the sea portion is formed.
- a vibration-damping material wherein the ratio of the elastic modulus of the polymer material forming the island portion to the elastic modulus of the polymer material is 0.1 to 1 [first invention].
- the vibration damping performance is excellent. That is, while having a sea-island structure, the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the polymer material forming the island portion of the sea-island structure is larger than the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the polymer material forming the sea portion of the sea-island structure, and Since the ratio of the elastic modulus of the polymer material constituting the island portion to the elastic modulus of the polymer material constituting the sea portion is 0.1-2, the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the damping material can be significantly improved. , So it has excellent vibration suppression performance
- the vibration damping material according to the present invention has excellent vibration damping performance, and according to this, the vibration damping property of the structural material can be improved.
- the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the vibration damping material is used.
- the bubbles when bubbles exist in the polymer material constituting the sea part, as can be understood from the above findings, the bubbles reduce the shear modulus of the vibration damping material. It is not only possible to adjust the viscoelastic properties to the appropriate range described above, but also to increase the shear strain energy of the polymer material constituting the island by this bubble, and to reduce the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the damping material. It is possible to further improve the vibration control performance.
- the air bubbles are not limited to those already existing at the time when the material constituting the sea part and the material constituting the island part are mixed to produce the damping material, and are generated after the damping material is produced. Also (or generated) bubbles may be used. In other words, the existence time of the bubble is not limited, and it is sufficient that the bubble exists at the time of producing the vibration damping material or thereafter.
- the vibration damping performance can be improved and a higher level of vibration damping performance can be obtained [third invention].
- the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the polymer material forming the island portion is 0.1 to 10.
- the loss factor tan ⁇ of the layered damping material can be improved, and a higher level
- the shear modulus of the polymer material constituting the sea part is ⁇ force X 10 6 — 2 X 10 9 Pa
- the vibration-damping metal plate according to the present invention is a vibration-damping metal plate having a vibration-damping structure in which any of the vibration-damping materials according to the seventeenth invention is adhered to the metal plate. You.
- This damping metal plate has excellent damping properties, and according to this, the damping properties of structural materials and the like can be improved. [Eighth invention].
- the metal plate constituting the vibration-damping metal plate is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used as a structural material, and specifically, for example, an aluminum alloy, a steel plate, a titanium plate, and the like. And so on.
- the loss coefficient tan ⁇ is one of indexes indicating the magnitude of the vibration damping performance of a material, and is the tangent of the phase difference ⁇ between the stress F acting on the material and the strain D. (tan).
- tan ⁇ is a loss coefficient of the damping material having the sea-island structure
- tan ⁇ is the damping material
- I is the loss factor of the island portion of the damping material.
- the shear modulus of elasticity can be measured, for example, by the following measurement method.
- a strip-shaped sample was prepared from the target damping material (polymer material constituting the sea part, polymer material constituting the island part, blend-based vibration damping material), and a U-shaped jig was formed.
- the sample and the flat jig sample are placed on top of each other in this order, and the U-shaped jig and the sample, and the sample and the flat jig are closely attached and fixed.
- one of the two jigs is fixed, and the other is vibrated so as to generate shear deformation in the sample, and the time waveform of the stress F and the displacement D and the phase difference ⁇ at that time are measured.
- the dynamic complex shear modulus can be determined from the following equation.
- the dynamic complex shear modulus can be obtained from
- tan ⁇ (also expressed as 7?) Is obtained from the above dynamic complex shear modulus.
- Example 1 Examples of the present invention and comparative examples will be described below. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to this embodiment, but can be implemented with appropriate modifications within a range that can conform to the gist of the present invention. include.
- Example 1 Example 1
- j is the imaginary unit
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a result of calculating the loss coefficient tan ⁇ .
- the vertical axis is the loss factor (tan ⁇ ) of the island-shaped resin (the polymer material constituting the island portion of the sea-island structure), and the horizontal axis is the sea-shaped resin.
- the ratio of the shear modulus I of the island-shaped resin to ⁇ (shown as rigidity in the figure) is I I (same as the elastic modulus ratio and the rigidity ratio).
- the curve in the figure is the contour line of the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the damping material.
- the number given indicates the value of the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the damping material. For example, 0.5 and
- Fig. 1 shows the results when seawater resin having a loss coefficient tan ⁇ of 0.1 was mixed with island-shaped resin at a volume content of 50%.
- Fig. 2 shows the results when seawater resin with a loss factor tan ⁇ of 0.1 was mixed with island-shaped resin at a volume content of 30%.
- the volume content of these island-shaped resins The ratio is the ratio (percentage) of the volume occupied by the island-shaped resin to the total volume occupied by the damping material having a sea-island structure.
- volume content ratio in a broad sense, including its ratio to the total volume, will be used.
- the loss factor tan ⁇ of the damping material is 0.5 or more for the sea-like resin.
- the rigidity ratio / IX of the island-shaped resin is in the range of 0.1 to 2.0.
- the rigidity ratio / ⁇ is in the range of 0.1-0.4.
- the loss coefficient tan ⁇ of the damping material is 0.5 or more for the sea-like resin.
- the rigidity ratio / IX of the island-shaped resin is in the range of 0.1-0.6.
- the loss coefficient of the damping material when the rigidity ratio Z of the island-shaped resin to the sea-shaped resin is 0.1-2.0.
- a blend-based vibration damping material having a sea-island structure formed by the same method as in Example 1 was manufactured, and similar measurements and investigations were performed. However, for some of them, bubbles were generated in the sea-like resin.
- FIG. 3-4 An example of the result is shown in Fig. 3-4.
- the ordinate and abscissa indicate the same as in the case of FIG.
- the line in the figure is the contour line of the loss coefficient ta ⁇ ⁇ of the damping material, as in the case of FIG. Figure 3 shows that seawater resin with a loss factor tan ⁇ of 0.5
- the loss factor tan ⁇ of the island-shaped resin is up to 5.5.
- the coefficient tan ⁇ can be increased to 1.0.
- the bubbles as described above are obtained by mixing gas-like particles inside the sea-like resin with the sea-like resin before mixing the sea-like resin with the island-like resin. It may be produced by mixing a fat and island-shaped resin to produce a damping material.
- a foaming agent which is vaporized by heating to form air bubbles is previously mixed with the sea-like resin, and a damping material is manufactured. Then, the damping material is used as a damping structure. Before heating, for example, after attaching the damping material to the metal plate and before using it as a product, or before applying the damping material to the metal plate and forming it before using it as a product, It may be a method of generating bubbles.
- the elastic coefficient of the sea-like resin can be set to be high, and it is generated around the bubbles inside the sea-like resin at the time of molding. As a result, it is possible to prevent the stress concentration from occurring, so that the adhesive strength can be increased. Then, before the product is used as a product, it is heated to generate bubbles, whereby the elastic coefficient of the vibration damping material can be set in the above-mentioned appropriate range and the loss coefficient tan ⁇ can be further improved. That is, as a product
- the selection range of the polymer material used for the seawater resin can be expanded, and further, the adhesive strength can be improved.
- the vibration damping material according to the present invention is excellent in vibration damping performance, and according to this, the vibration damping performance of the structural material can be improved, so that the noise due to the insufficient vibration damping performance of the structural material can be reduced. Therefore, it can be suitably used as a structural material for which it is desired to impart vibration damping performance.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05703840A EP1707608A4 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2005-01-19 | DAMPER AND STEAMING SHEET |
US10/581,443 US20070078227A1 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2005-01-19 | Damping material and damping metal sheet |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004012330 | 2004-01-20 | ||
JP2004-012330 | 2004-01-20 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2005068577A1 true WO2005068577A1 (ja) | 2005-07-28 |
Family
ID=34792371
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2005/000603 WO2005068577A1 (ja) | 2004-01-20 | 2005-01-19 | 制振材料および制振金属板 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070078227A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1707608A4 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100834593B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1910251A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005068577A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR3004988B1 (fr) * | 2013-04-26 | 2015-04-03 | Arkema France | Structure multicouche comportant une couche de materiau supramoleculaire et son procede de fabrication |
WO2015125932A1 (ja) * | 2014-02-20 | 2015-08-27 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 合わせガラス用中間膜及び合わせガラス |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0439360A (ja) * | 1990-06-05 | 1992-02-10 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 複合型制振金属板用芯材樹脂、複合型制振金属板および複合型制振金属板の製造方法 |
JP2000169614A (ja) * | 1998-12-08 | 2000-06-20 | Tokai Rubber Ind Ltd | 高減衰発泡材料組成物 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2613502B2 (ja) * | 1991-05-31 | 1997-05-28 | 東洋紡績株式会社 | 制振材料用粘弾性樹脂組成物 |
JPH0544776A (ja) * | 1991-07-25 | 1993-02-23 | Meiji Rubber & Chem Co Ltd | 防振ゴム用組成物 |
WO1998010160A1 (en) * | 1996-09-04 | 1998-03-12 | The Dow Chemical Company | Floor, wall or ceiling covering |
JP3693499B2 (ja) * | 1998-06-05 | 2005-09-07 | 東海ゴム工業株式会社 | 防振ゴム組成物の製造方法、防振ゴム組成物及び防振ゴム部材 |
JP3702417B2 (ja) * | 2000-12-05 | 2005-10-05 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 選択的相溶性を利用した新規な制振材料 |
-
2005
- 2005-01-19 KR KR1020067014451A patent/KR100834593B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-01-19 CN CNA2005800028627A patent/CN1910251A/zh active Pending
- 2005-01-19 WO PCT/JP2005/000603 patent/WO2005068577A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-01-19 EP EP05703840A patent/EP1707608A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-01-19 US US10/581,443 patent/US20070078227A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0439360A (ja) * | 1990-06-05 | 1992-02-10 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 複合型制振金属板用芯材樹脂、複合型制振金属板および複合型制振金属板の製造方法 |
JP2000169614A (ja) * | 1998-12-08 | 2000-06-20 | Tokai Rubber Ind Ltd | 高減衰発泡材料組成物 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1707608A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1910251A (zh) | 2007-02-07 |
KR20070029653A (ko) | 2007-03-14 |
KR100834593B1 (ko) | 2008-06-02 |
EP1707608A1 (en) | 2006-10-04 |
EP1707608A4 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
US20070078227A1 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
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