Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D251/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings
  • C07D251/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D251/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D251/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom
  • C07D251/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom to only one ring carbon atom
  • C07D251/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom to only one ring carbon atom with nitrogen atoms directly attached to the two other ring carbon atoms, e.g. guanamines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of encapsulation and controlled release.
• the present invention relates to compositions and methods useful for encapsulation and controlled release of guest molecules, such as drugs.
• Background of the Invention Encapsulation and controlled release of a substance or material may be achieved by a number of methods.
• a polymeric coating may be used to either surround a substance or to form a mixture with a substance.
• Another common approach uses macroscopic structures having openings or membranes that allow for release of a substance.
• Encapsulation and controlled release finds broad utility, but is particularly useful in the field of controlled release drug delivery. Many polymeric coatings operate to control release by swelling in the presence of water.
• Macroscopic structures such as osmotic pumps, control release by uptake of water from the environment into a chamber containing a substance that is forced from the chamber through a delivery orifice. This, however, requires a complex structure that needs to be prepared and filled with the substance that is to be delivered.
• Protection of a drug from adverse environmental conditions may be desirable in certain drug delivery applications.
• the gastrointestinal tract represents one example of an environment that can interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of a drug.
• the ability to selectively protect a drug from certain environmental conditions, such as the low pH of the stomach, and to also be able to selectively and controllably deliver the drug under other environmental conditions, such as the neutral pH of the small intestine, is highly desirable.
• Alteration of the rate at which the drug is released to a bioactive receptor i.e., sustained or controlled drug release
• This sustained or controlled drug release may have the desirable effects of reducing dosing frequency, reducing side effects, and increasing patient compliance.
• the present invention provides a composition for encapsulation and controlled release comprising a water-insoluble matrix comprising a host molecule that is non-covalently crosslinked by multi-valent cations, wherein the host molecule is non- polymeric, has more than one carboxy functional group, and has at least partial aromatic or heteroaromatic character.
• the composition is characterized in that a guest molecule may be encapsulated within the matrix and subsequently released.
• the present invention is a particulate composition
• particles comprising a water-insoluble matrix comprising a host molecule that is non- covalently crosslinked by multi-valent cations, wherein the host molecule is non- polymeric, has more than one carboxy functional group, and has at least partial aromatic or heteroaromatic character.
• the composition is characterized in that a guest molecule may be encapsulated within the matrix and subsequently released.
• the present invention can provide a matrix that will selectively protect a drug from certain environmental conditions and then controllably deliver the drug under other environmental conditions, h one aspect, the matrix will be stable in the acidic environment of the stomach and will dissolve when passed into the non-acidic environment of the intestine when administered to an animal.
• the matrix will protect a drug from enzymatic degradation.
• the present invention can also provide a matrix that will effectively isolate drug molecules in a particle, such that unfavorable interactions (e.g., chemical reactions) between different drugs in a combination dosage form, unfavorable changes in a single drug component (e.g., Ostwald ripening or particle growth, changes in crystalline form), and/or unfavorable interactions between a drug and one or more excipients can be avoided.
• the matrix of the present invention would allow two drugs that are ordinarily unstable in each other's presence to be formulated into a stable dosage form.
• the matrix of the present invention would allow a drug and excipient that are ordinarily unstable in each other's presence to be formulated into a stable dosage form.
• the present invention can also provide a method of preparing a matrix that will selectively protect a drug from certain environmental conditions by a process of directly mixing a host molecule, a guest molecule, and a multivalent crosslinking ion.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a water-insoluble matrix of the present invention further comprising an encapsulated guest molecule.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic showing dissociation of the constituents of the water- insoluble matrix and release of the guest molecule in the presence of univalent cations.
• the present invention provides a composition for encapsulation and controlled release comprising a water-insoluble matrix comprising a host molecule that is non- covalently crosslinked by multi-valent cations, wherein the host molecule is non- polymeric, has more than one carboxy functional group, and has at least partial aromatic or heteroaromatic character.
• the composition is characterized in that a guest molecule may be encapsulated within the matrix and subsequently released.
• FIG. la,b shows a schematic representation of an isolated host molecule 100 and an isolated multi-valent cation 200.
• the host molecule 100 has aromatic functionality 110 that is schematically represented as a planar or sheet-like area within the host molecule 100.
• the depicted host molecule 100 also has two carboxy functional groups 120 that are attached to the aromatic functionality 110.
• the multi-valent cation 200 is schematically represented by an oval.
• FIG. 2 shows one possible arrangement of a water-insoluble matrix 300.
• the aromatic functionality 110 of adjacent host molecules 100 form a layered stack of host molecules. These layered stacks have further interactions between their carboxy groups 120 and the multi-valent cations 200 which provides for linking between the layered stacks.
• the crosslinking of the layered stacks of host molecules is allowed because of the multiple valency of the cations.
• a divalent cation is able to create a non-covalent, bridging linkage between carboxy groups 120 on two different host molecules 100.
• additional valency of a cation would provide for additional non-covalent, bridging linkages between carboxy groups 120.
• the water-insoluble matrices of the present invention are characterized in that a guest molecule may be encapsulated within the matrix and subsequently released. Encapsulation of a guest molecule 600 is shown schematically in FIG. 3, where a single guest molecule 600 is encapsulated between each pair of host molecules 100. Although the depiction in FIG.
• the guest molecule is dispersed within the matrix such that it is encapsulated. As such, the guest molecule will be effectively isolated by the matrix from an outside environment. For example, a guest molecule that is ordinarily soluble in water may be prevented from dissolving into water, since it is encapsulated within a water-insoluble matrix. Likewise, guest molecules that are unstable in the presence of an acid may be effectively isolated by the matrix. Thus, they will not degrade while encapsulated within the matrix. In one aspect, (as shown in FIG. 3) the guest molecule is intercalated in the matrix.
• the guest molecule is present within the matrix as isolated molecules surrounded by the host molecules, rather than as aggregations of guest molecules dispersed within the matrix.
• this intercalation may take the form of an alternating structure of host and guest molecules.
• the guest molecule is substantially larger than a host molecule, several host molecules may surround a single guest molecule.
• the spacing of the matrix may be such that more than one guest molecule may be encapsulated between adjacent host molecules. More than one type of guest molecule may be encapsulated within the matrix. As shown in FIG.
• the water-insoluble matrix comprises a host molecule that is non-covalently crosslinked by multi-valent cations.
• water-insoluble it should be understood that the matrix is essentially not soluble in substantially pure water, such as deionized or distilled water.
• the matrix of the present invention will be in the form of a precipitate when present in an aqueous solution.
• the matrix may be in the form of a small particulate that may be suspended and/or uniformly dispersed within an aqueous solution, but this sort of dispersion is not to be equated with solubility.
• an aqueous solution may contain free host molecules and and/or free multi-valent cations that are soluble in an aqueous solution when present as isolated, or free, molecules, but these free host molecules and/or free multi-valent cations will not be in the form of the water-insoluble matrix of the invention. Under certain conditions the matrix will dissolve in cation-containing aqueous solutions, as will be evident from the description below on release of guest molecules, but this dissolution in specific cation-containing aqueous solutions is not indicative of water solubility.
• the host molecule is non-polymeric, has more than one carboxy functional group, and has at least partial aromatic or heteroaromatic character. By non-polymeric, it is meant that the host molecule does not meet the standard definition of a polymer (see
• the term non-polymeric includes short chain oligomers, such as dimers, trimers, and tetramers.
• the host molecule consists of a single molecular unit, that is, it cannot be represented by repeating molecular units.
• Non-polymeric host molecules are typically of relatively low molecular weight when compared to typical high molecular weight polymers, and preferably have a molecular weight less than 2000 g/mol, more preferably less than 1000 g/mol, and most preferably less than 600 g/mol.
• the host molecule has more than one carboxy functional group, represented in its unionized form by the chemical structure -COOH.
• the host molecule may have several carboxy functional groups, for example two or three carboxy functional groups, and in many cases two carboxy functional groups.
• the carboxy groups may be attached to adjacent carbon molecules on the host molecule (i.e., HOOC-C-C-COOH), but are usually attached to carbon molecules that are separated by one or more intervening atoms.
• carboxy functional group is intended to encompass free ionized forms, such as the chemical structure -COO " , as well as salts of carboxy functional groups (i.e., carboxylates), including, but not limited to, for example, sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts.
• the host molecule is further defined in that it has at least partial aromatic or heteroaromatic character.
• partial aromatic character it is meant that at least one portion of the host molecule is characterized by a cyclic delocalized ⁇ -electron system. In general, these compounds all share the common characteristic that they have delocalized ⁇ -electrons that may be expressed by using multiple resonance structures with 4n+2 ⁇ -electrons.
• Aromatic as a term refers to ring structures containing only carbon, examples of which are phenyl or naphthyl groups.
• partial heteroaromatic character it is meant that at least one portion of the host molecule is characterized by a cyclic delocalized ⁇ -electron system as in the case of aromatic character, with the exception that the ring structure contains at least one atom other than carbon, for example nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen.
• heteroaromatic functionalities include pyrrole, pyridine, furan, thiophene, and triazine.
• Host molecules preferably have more than one aromatic or heteroaromatic functional group.
• the carboxy groups may be directly attached to an aromatic or heteroaromatic functional group (e.g., carboxyphenyl).
• an aromatic or heteroaromatic functional group e.g., carboxyphenyl
• the carboxy groups are arranged such that each aromatic or heteroaromatic group has no more than one carboxy group directly attached.
• host molecules include aurintricarboxylic acid, pamoic acid, 5- ⁇ 4-[[4-(3-carboxy-4- chloroanilino)phenyl](chloro)phenylmethyl]anilino ⁇ -2-chlorobenzoic acid, aluminon ammonium salt, and triazine derivatives described in U. S. Patent No.
• the host molecule contains at least one formal positive charge.
• the host molecule may be zwitterionic, that is, carrying at least one formal positive and one formal negative charge. Zwitterionic host molecules of the present invention will carry at least one negative charge.
• the negative charge will be carried through a carboxy group having a dissociated hydrogen atom, -COO " .
• the negative charge may be shared among the multiple carboxy functional groups present, such that a proper representation of the host molecule consists of two or more resonance structures. Alternatively, the negative or partial negative charges may be carried by other acid groups in the host molecule. Triazine derivatives with the structure below are preferred host molecules.
• Formula I above shows an orientation of the carboxy (-COOH) group that is para with respect to the amino linkage to the triazine backbone of the compound.
• the host molecule is neutral, but it may exist in alternative forms, such as a zwitterion or proton tautomer, for example where a hydrogen atom is dissociated from one of the carboxyl groups and is associated with one of the nitrogen atoms in the triazine ring.
• the host molecule may also be a salt.
• the carboxy group may also be meta with respect to the amino linkage, as shown in formula II below (or may be a combination of para and meta orientations, which is not shown).
• R 2 is independently selected from any electron donating group, electron withdrawing group and electron neutral group.
• R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. More preferably, R 2 is hydrogen, an unsubstituted alkyl group, or an alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy, ether, ester, sulfonate, or halide functional group. Most preferably R 2 is hydrogen.
• R 3 may be selected from the group consisting of: substituted heteroaromatic rings, unsubstituted heteroaromatic rings, substituted heterocyclic rings, and unsubstituted heterocychc rings, that are linked to the triazine group through a nitrogen atom within the ring of R .
• R 3 can be, but is not limited to, heteroaromatic rings derived from pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyrazole, rriazole, triazine, quinoline, and isoquinoline.
• R 3 comprises a heteroaromatic ring derived from pyridine or imidazole.
• a substituent for the heteroaromatic ring R 3 may be selected from, but is not limited to, any of the following substituted and unsubstituted groups: alkyl, carboxy, amino, alkoxy, thio, cyano, amide, sulfonate, hydroxy, halide, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, ether, and ester.
• the substituent for R 3 is preferably selected from alkyl, sulfonate, carboxy, halide, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, ether, and alkyl substituted with hydroxy, sulfonate, carboxy, halide, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, and ether.
• R 3 When R 3 is a substituted pyridine the substituent is preferably located at the 4-position. When R 3 is a substituted imidazole the substituent is preferably located at the 3-position.
• Suitable examples of R include, but are not limited to: 4-(dimethylamino)pyridium-l-yl, 3 -methylimidazolium- 1 -yl, 4-(pyrrolidin- 1 -yl)pyridium- 1 -yl, 4-isopropylpyridinium- 1 -yl, 4-[(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamino]pyridinium-l-yl, 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium-l-yl,
• heterocychc rings that R 3 may be selected from include, for example, morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, and piperazine.
• R 3 group shown in formula V above may also have a substituent group other than methyl attached to the imidazole ring, as shown below,
• R is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. More preferably, R 4 is hydrogen, an unsubstituted alkyl group, or an alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy, ether, ester, sulfonate, or halide functional group. Most preferably R is propyl sulfonic acid, methyl, or oleyl.
• the host molecule of formula I and II is neutral, however host molecules of the present invention may exist in an ionic form wherein they contain at least one formal positive charge. In one embodiment, the host molecule may be zwitterionic.
• R 3 is a pyridine ring linked to the triazine group through the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring.
• the pyridine nitrogen carries a positive charge and one of the carboxy functional groups carries a negative charge (and has a dissociated cation, such as a hydrogen atom), -COO " .
• triazine derivatives with formula I may be prepared as aqueous solutions, or may be prepared as salts which can later be re-dissolved to form an aqueous solution.
• a typical synthetic route for the triazine molecules shown in I above involves a two-step process.
• Cyanuric chloride is treated with 4-aminobenzoic acid to give 4- ⁇ [4-(4-carboxyanilino)-6-chloro-l,3,5-triazin- 2-yl] amino ⁇ benzoic acid.
• This intermediate is treated with a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocycle.
• the nitrogen atom of the heterocycle displaces the chlorine atom on the triazine to form the corresponding chloride salt.
• the zwitterionic derivative such as that shown in formula III above, is prepared by dissolving the chloride salt in ammonium hydroxide and passing it down an anion exchange column to replace the chloride with hydroxide, followed by solvent removal.
• the molecules that are non-covalently crosslinked are capable of forming either a chromonic phase or assembly when dissolved in an aqueous solution before they are in the presence of multi-valent cations (i.e., before they are crosslinked).
• the molecules that are non-covalently crosslinked are capable of forming either a chromonic phase or assembly when dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution before they are in the presence of multi-valent cations (i.e., before they are crosslinked). Chromonic phases or assemblies are well known (see, for example,
• the molecules that are non-covalently crosslinked are host molecules that will form either a chromonic M or N phase in aqueous solution before they are in the presence of multi-valent cations (i.e., before they are crosslinked).
• the molecules that are non-covalently crosslinked are host molecules that will form either a chromonic M or N phase in an alkaline aqueous solution before they are in the presence of multi-valent cations (i.e., before they are crosslinked).
• the chromonic M phase typically is characterized by ordered stacks of molecules arranged in a hexagonal lattice.
• the chromonic N phase is characterized by a nematic array of columns, that is, there is long range ordering along the columns characteristic of a nematic phase, but there is little or no ordering amongst the columns, thus it is less ordered than the M phase.
• the chromonic N phase typically exhibits a schlieren texture, which is characterized by regions of varying index of refraction in a transparent medium.
• the water-insoluble matrix of the present invention is comprised of host molecules that are non-covalently crosslinked by multi-valent cations. This crosslinking forms a three-dimensional matrix that is insoluble in water. By non-covalent, it is meant that the crosslinking does not involve permanently formed covalent (or chemical) bonds.
• the crosslinking does not result from a chemical reaction that leads to a new, larger molecule, but rather results from associations of the cations with the host molecules that ) are strong enough to hold them together without undergoing a chemical reaction.
• These interactions are typically ionic in nature and can result from interaction of a formal negative charge on the host molecule with the formal positive charge of a multi-valent cation. Since the multi-valent cation has at least two positive charges, it is able to form an ionic bond with two or more host molecules, that is, a crosslink between two or more host molecules.
• the crosslinked, water-insoluble matrix arises from the combination of direct host molecule-host molecule interactions and host molecule-cation interactions. Divalent and/or trivalent cations are preferred.
• the host molecules may form columns created from layered stacks of host molecules.
• the multi-valent cations provide crosslinks between these columns.
• a multi-valent cation may associate with two or more host molecules, which in the case of a divalent cation forms a "dimer” that precipitates from solution and the precipitated "dimers” interact with each other through the host molecule functionality to form a water-insoluble matrix.
• the composition is characterized in that a guest molecule may be encapsulated and released.
• useful guest molecules include dyes, cosmetic agents, fragrances, flavoring agents, and bioactive compounds, such as drugs, herbicides, pesticides, pheromones, and antifungal agents.
• a bioactive compound is herein defined as a compound intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or function of a living organism.
• Drugs are particularly useful guest molecules, which are intended to have a therapeutic effect on an organism.
• herbicides and pesticides are examples of bioactive compounds intended to have a negative effect on a living organism, such as a plant or pest.
• particularly suitable drugs include those that are relatively unstable when formulated as solid dosage forms, those that are adversely affected by the low pH conditions of the stomach, those that are adversely affected by exposure to enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, and those that are desirable to provide to a patient via sustained or controlled release.
• Suitable drugs include antiinflammatory drugs, both steroidal (e.g., hydrocortisone, prednisolone, triamcinolone) and nonsteroidal (e.g., naproxen, piroxicam); systemic antibacterials (e.g., erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamycin, sulfathiazole, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, penicillins such as penicillin V, cephalosporins such as cephalexin, and quinolones such as norfioxacin, flumequine, ciprofloxacin, and ibafloxacin); antiprotazoals (e.g., metronidazole); antifungals (e.g., nystatin); coronary vasodilators; calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine, diltiazem); bronchodilators (e.g., theophylline, pirbute
• Proteins and peptides are particularly suitable for use with compositions of the present invention. Suitable examples include erythropoietins, interferons, insulin, monoclonal antibodies, blood factors, colony stimulating factors, growth hormones, interleukins, growth factors, therapeutic vaccines, and prophylactic vaccines.
• the amount of drug that constitutes a therapeutically effective amount can be readily determined by those skilled in the art with due consideration of the particular drug, the particular carrier, the particular dosing regimen, and the desired therapeutic effect.
• the amount of drug will typically vary from about 0.1 to about 70% by weight of the total weight of the water- insoluble matrix.
• the drug is intercalated in the matrix.
• the guest molecule can be an antigen that may be used as a vaccine.
• the guest molecule can be an immune response modifier compound.
• both an antigen and an immune response modifier are present as guest molecules, whereby the immune response modifier compound can act as a vaccine adjuvant by activating toll-like receptors.
• immune response modifiers include molecules known to induce the release of cytokines, such as, e.g., Type I interferons, TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IP-10, MIP-1, MIP-3, and/or MCP-1, and can also inhibit production and secretion of certain TH-2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-5.
• Some JJ M compounds are said to suppress IL-1 and TNF (U.S.
• Suitable immune response modifiers include imidazoquinolines, such as imiquimod, resiquimod, 4-amino-alpha,alpha,2-trimethyl-lH- imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-l-ethanol hydrochloride, and compounds described in U.S. Patent
• the LRM compound(s) used as guest molecules may either be so-called small molecule IRMs, which are relatively small organic compounds (e.g., molecular weight under about 1000 daltons, preferably under about 500 daltons), or larger biologic molecules, such as oligonucleotide (e.g., CpG) type of IRMs. Combinations of such compounds may also be used.
• small molecule IRMs which are relatively small organic compounds (e.g., molecular weight under about 1000 daltons, preferably under about 500 daltons), or larger biologic molecules, such as oligonucleotide (e.g., CpG) type of IRMs. Combinations of such compounds may also be used.
• Many IRM compounds include a 2-aminopyridine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocychc ring.
• IRM compounds include, but are not limited to, derivatives of imidazoquinoline amines including but not limited to amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocychc ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines; tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines including but not limited to amide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines;
• Additional examples of small molecule IRMs said to induce interferon include purine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,376,501, and 6,028,076), imidazoquinoline amide derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent No.
• Benzimidazole derivatives such as those described in U.S. Patent 6,387,938)
• lH-imidazopyridine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent 6,518,265) are said to inhibit TNF and IL-1 cytokines.
• Other small molecule IRMs said to be TLR 7 agonists are shown in U.S. 2003/0199461 Al. Examples of small molecule IRMs that include a 4-aminopyrimidine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocychc ring include adenine derivatives (such as those described in U. S. Patent Nos.
• IRM compounds include large biological molecules such as oligonucleoti.de sequences.
• Some IRM oligonucleotide sequences contain cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,194,388; 6,207,646; 6,239,116; 6,339,068; and 6,406,705.
• CpG-containing oligonucleotides can include synthetic immunomodulatory structural motifs such as those described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,426,334 and 6,476,000.
• CpG7909 is a specific example.
• Other IRM nucleotide sequences lack CpG and are described, for example, in International Patent Publication No. WO 00/75304.
• the combination of antigen and immune response modifier in compositions of the present invention, with one or the other or both present as guest molecules, may lead to improved vaccine efficacy or response.
• the combination of antigen and immune response modifier in compositions of the present invention leads to improved vaccine efficacy or response of therapeutic vaccines which require Thl or CTL proliferation.
• improved vaccine efficacy or response may be provided by enhancing antigen presentation (e.g., via aggregated epitopes).
• improved vaccine efficacy or response may be provided by a depot effect.
• compositions of the present invention may be of a size comparable in dimension to pathogens that the immune system has evolved to combat and may thus be naturally targeted for uptake by antigen presenting cells.
• compositions of the present invention may be delivered by a targetted means so as to achieve a localized delivery to a draining lymph node.
• Phagocytosis of a particle containing both antigen and immune response modifier may allow for simultaneous delivery of immune response modifier and antigen to the same cell. This may enhance cross-presentation of an otherwise extracellular antigen as though it were an intracellular antigen (like a cancer or viral antigen). This may lead to improved antigen recognition, and CTL activation and proliferation, and allows for an efficient attack against infected cells.
• the host molecule When the guest molecule is a drug, the host molecule is generally non-therapeutic. Where the host molecule is present as a crosslinked, water-insoluble matrix it can modulate or control the release of the encapsulated drug, which will generally affect the therapeutic activity of the drug. Although this affect on therapeutic activity may be a direct result of the function of the host molecule in the present invention, the host molecule itself is usually non-therapeutic once it is released from the water-insoluble matrix. Thus, by non-therapeutic it is meant that the host-molecule has substantially no therapeutic activity when delivered to an intended organism (e.g., such as a person, mammal, fish, or plant) in the form of isolated molecules.
• an intended organism e.g., such as a person, mammal, fish, or plant
• the host molecule is preferably largely inert in relation to biological interactions with the organism and will thus serve as a carrier for the drug and as a means to control the release of the drug.
• the host molecule is preferably non-toxic, non-mutagenic, and non-irritating when provided in suitable amounts and dosage forms delivered to the organism.
• the present invention can provide a particulate composition comprising particles comprising a water-insoluble matrix comprising a host molecule that is non-covalently crosslinked by multi-valent cations, wherein the host molecule is non- polymeric, has more than one carboxy functional group, and has at least partial aromatic or heteroaromatic character.
• the composition is characterized in that a guest molecule may be encapsulated within the matrix and subsequently released.
• the appropriate size and shape of the particles will vary depending on their intended use.
• the appropriate size and shape of the particles will vary depending on the type and amount of drug dispersed within the matrix, the intended route of delivery of the particles and the desired therapeutic effect.
• large particles e.g., on the order of several millimeters in diameter
• the mass median diameter of particles of the present invention is typically less than 100 ⁇ m in size, usually less than 25 ⁇ m in size, and in some cases less than 10 ⁇ m in size. In certain instances it may be desired to have particles less than 1 ⁇ m in size. hi particular, these particle sizes may be desirable for oral delivery of drugs that are unstable in the intestine due to the presence of certain enzymes.
• drugs include proteins, peptides, antibodies, and other biologic molecules that may be particularly sensitive to the body's enzymatic processes.
• these small particles may be taken up into the intestinal wall directly, such that the particle primarily dissolves after passing the intestinal barrier, so that the amount of the sensitive drug exposed to the intestinal environment is minimized.
• Particles are typically spherical in their general shape, but may also take any other suitable shape, such as needles, cylinders, or plates.
• the particles are dissolvable in an aqueous solution of univalent cations or other non-ionic compounds, such as surfactants. Typical univalent cations include sodium and potassium.
• the concentration of univalent cations needed to dissolve the particles will depend on the type and amount of the host molecules within the matrix, but for complete dissolution of the particles there should generally be at least a molar amount of univalent cations equivalent to the molar amount of carboxy groups in the matrix. In this way, there will be at least one univalent cation to associate with each carboxy group.
• the rate at which a particle dissolves may also be adjusted by adjusting the type and amount of multi-valent cation used for crosslinking. Although divalent cations will be sufficient to crosslink the matrix, higher valency cations will provide additional crosslinking and lead to slower dissolution rates. In addition to valency, dissolution rate will also depend on the particular cation type.
• a non-coordinating divalent cation such as magnesium
• a coordinating divalent cation such as calcium or zinc
• Different cation types may be mixed so as to give an average cation valency that is not an integer.
• a mixture of divalent and trivalent cations will generally cause a slower dissolution rate than a like matrix where all of the cations are divalent, hi one aspect, all of the guest molecules will be released over time, but it may be desired in certain applications to have only a portion of the guest molecules be released.
• the type or amount of host molecule and multivalent cation may be adjusted such that the total amount of guest molecules that are released will vary depending on the environment into which they are placed.
• the particles will not dissolve in an acidic solution, thus protecting acid sensitive guest molecules from degradation, hi another, the particles will not dissolve in an acidic solution containing univalent cations, thus protecting acid sensitive guest molecules from degradation.
• the guest molecule is a drug
• two common types of general release profiles that are desired are immediate or sustained. For immediate release use it is typically desired that most of the drug will be released in a time period of less than about 4 hours, generally less than about 1 hour, often less than about 30 minutes, and in some cases less than about 10 minutes.
• sustained release uses it is typically desired that most of the drug will be released over a time period greater than or equal to about 4 hours. Periods of one month or more may be desired, for example in various implantable applications. Oral sustained release dosages will generally release most of the drug over a time period of about 4 hours to about 14 days, sometimes about 12 hours to about 7 days, h one aspect it may be desired to release most of the drug over a time period of about 24 to about 48 hours.
• a combination of immediate and sustained release may also be desired, where for instance, a dosage provides an initial burst of release to rapidly alleviate a particular condition followed by a sustained delivery to provide extended treatment of the condition.
• a dosage may be desirable to have a pulsatile or multi-modal release of drug, such that the rate of release varies over time, for instance increasing and decreasing to match the circadian rhythm of an organism.
• it may be desirable to provide a delayed release of drug such that a dosage may be administered at a convenient time, such as just before going to sleep, but prevent release of the drug until a later time when it may be more efficacious, such as just before waking.
• One approach for achieving pulsatile, multi-modal, or delayed release profiles may be to mix two or more types of particles having different drug release characteristics.
• particles may be formed having two or more distinct phases, such as a core and shell, having different drug release characteristics.
• Particles of the present invention that encapsulate a drug find particular use in oral dosage drug delivery.
• Typical oral dosage forms include solid dosages, such as tablets and capsules, but may also include other dosages administered orally, such as liquid suspensions and syrups.
• the compositions of the present invention will be particles that are stable in acidic solution and that will dissolve in an aqueous solution of univalent cations.
• the particles will be stable in the acidic environment of the stomach and will dissolve when passed into the non-acidic environment of the intestine when administered to an animal.
• the particles may generally be stable for periods of time longer than 1 hour, sometimes more than 12 hours, and may be stable for more than 24 hours when present in an acidic environment with a pH less than 7.0, for example less than about 5.0, and in some cases less than about 3.0.
• particles of the present invention can protect penicillin G from degradation in acidic environments. When exposed to an acidic environment, such as a solution with pH less than about 5.0, penicillin G is rapidly degraded.
• Penicillin G placed in a solution with a pH of about 2.0 and stored for 2 hours at 37°C is almost completely degraded.
• Penicillin G may be encapsulated in particles of the present invention, such as those comprising triazine derivatives of formula I, and protected from degradation in acidic environment.
• penicillin G encapsulated in crosslinked particles comprising 4- ⁇ [4-(4-carboxyanilino)-6-(3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium-l-yl)-l,3 ; ,5-triazin-
• the mass median aerodynamic diameter of drug-containing particles is often less than 10 ⁇ m and in some cases less than 5 ⁇ m, such that the particles are respirable when delivered to the respiratory tract of an animal via the inhalation route of delivery. Delivery of particles by inhalation is well known and may be accomplished by various devices, including pressurized meter dose inhalers, for example, those described in U. S. Patent No.
• respirable particles of the present invention may be incorporated into an inhalation dosage form using methods and processes available to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• Drug-containing particles of the present invention may find further use in drug delivery dosages other than oral or inhalation, for example, by intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection, such as aqueous or oil solutions or suspensions; by subcutaneous injection; or by incorporation into transdermal, topical, or mucosal dosage forms, such as creams, gels, adhesive patches, suppositories, and nasal sprays.
• Compositions of the present invention may also be implanted or injected into various internal organs and tissues, for example, cancerous tumors, or may be directly applied to internal body cavities, such as during surgical procedures.
• the present invention comprises medicinal suspension formulations comprising particles of the present invention and a liquid.
• Particle suspensions in propellants such as hydrofluorocarbons or other suitable propellants may find use in pressurized meter dose inhalers used for inhalation or nasal drug delivery.
• Particle suspensions in aqueous based media may find use in nebulizers used for inhalation or nasal drug delivery.
• particle suspensions in aqueous media may also find utility in intravenous or intramuscular delivery.
• Particles may be prepared by mixing host molecules with multi-valent cations.
• aqueous solution preferably aqueous solution of dissolved host molecules to a solution of multi-valent cations.
• Drugs may be dispersed or intercalated in the matrix by adding drug to either the aqueous solution of host molecules or the multivalent cation solution prior to precipitation.
• a drug may be dispersed or dissolved in another excipient or vehicle, such as an oil or propellant, prior to mixing with the host molecules or multi-valent cation solutions.
• Particles may be collected by, for example, filtration, spraying, or other means and dried to remove the aqueous carrier.
• a guest molecule such as a drug
• Suitable surfactants include, for example, long chain saturated fatty acids or alcohols and mono or poly-unsaturated fatty acids or alcohols.
• Oleyl phosphonic acid is an example of a suitable surfactant.
• an alkaline compound is added to the guest molecule solution prior to introduction of the host molecule.
• an alkaline compound may be added to a host molecule solution prior to mixing the guest molecule and host molecule solutions.
• suitable alkaline compounds include ethanolamine, sodium or lithium hydroxide, or amines such as mono, di, triamines or polyamines.
• the present invention provides a method for preparing a composition for encapsulation and controlled release comprising combining an aqueous solution and an at least partially aromatic or heteroaromatic compound comprising more than one carboxy functional group to form a solution having a chromonic phase, and combining the solution having a chromonic phase with a solution of multi-valent ions to form a precipitated composition for drug delivery.
• compositions of the present invention may be prepared as films, coatings, or depots directly in contact with a patient.
• the multi-valent cations and the non-polymeric host molecule may be mixed together or applied consecutively to a particular site on a patient thus forming a coating or depot at the site depending on the method of application.
• a topical coating by independently applying the multi-valent cations and the non-polymeric host molecule to the skin of a patient and allowing them to remain in contact for sufficient time to form a crosslinked matrix.
• Another example is to independently inject multi-valent cations and the non-polymeric host molecules into a body tissue or organ, such as a cancerous tumor, and allowing them to remain in contact for sufficient time to form a crosslinked matrix.
• the invention comprises a kit for treating a patient with a composition for encapsulation and comprising a crosslinking agent comprising multi-valent cations; a host molecule agent comprising a non-polymeric host molecule having more than one carboxy functional group and at least partial aromatic or heteroaromatic character; and a drug.
• the kit may further comprise an applicator for applying the host molecule to the patient; an applicator for applying the crosslinking agent to the patient; and an applicator for applying the drug to the patient.
• the applicator for applying the host molecule, the crosslinking agent, and the drug to the patient are characterized in that the host molecule, the crosslinking agent, and the drug form a non-covalently crosslinked, water-insoluble matrix characterized in that the drug is encapsulated within the matrix and subsequently released.
• the crosslinking agent, host molecule agent, and drug may be present in any form suitable for being applied to a patient. Typical forms include dried or powdered, as a solution of multi-valent cations, for example as an aqueous solution, or as a cream or gel.
• the host molecule agent and the drug are present as a mixture, for instance, as a mixture in an aqueous solution.
• the applicator for applying the host molecule agent to the patient, the applicator for applying the crosslinking agent to the patient, and the applicator for applying the drug to the patient may be independently selected from any method suitable for bringing each component into contact with the patient. Suitable applicators include, for example, syringes, spray pumps, brushes, roll-on applicators, and metered dose inhalers.
• the applicator for applying the host molecule to the patient is a syringe
• the applicator for applying the crosslinking agent to the patient is a syringe
• the applicator for applying the drug to the patient is a syringe.
• a single applicator may be used to apply one or more of the host molecule agent, the crosslinking agent, and the drug.
• the applicator for applying both a mixture of host molecule agent and the drug, and the crosslinking agent is a dual barrel syringe.
• the dual barrel syringe is adapted to mix the mixture of host molecule agent and the drug, and the crosslinking agent as they are applied to the patient, h another aspect, the dual barrel syringe is adapted to independently apply the mixture of host molecule agent and the drug, and the crosslinking agent to the patient.
• compositions of the present invention can optionally include one or more additives such as, for example, initiators, fillers, plasticizers, cross-linkers, tackifiers, binders, antioxidants, stabilizers, surfactants, solubilizers, permeation enhancers, adhesives, viscosity enhancing agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and mixtures thereof.
• the present invention comprises a method for drug delivery to an organism, such as a plant or animal. The method comprises providing a composition comprising a water-insoluble matrix comprising a host molecule that is non-covalently crosslinked by multi-valent cations and a drug encapsulated within the matrix.
• the host molecule is non-polymeric, has more than one carboxy functional group, and has at least partial aromatic or heteroaromatic character.
• the composition is delivered to an organism such that it comes into contact with univalent cations and releases the encapsulated drug and the released drug is allowed to remain in contact with a part of the organism for a period of time sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
• the composition is delivered to an animal orally. In another, the composition will not release the encapsulated drug until it has passed into the intestine.
• the encapsulated drug may be released immediately upon passing into the intestine or it may be released in a sustained fashion while residing within the intestine, h some instances, the encapsulated drug may also pass into or across the intestinal membrane and release the drug elsewhere in the animal, such as in the circulatory system.
• the composition is delivered via oral or nasal inhalation.
• Example 1 A mixture was prepared by adding 6.5046 g of purified deionized water and 2.0087 g of l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride to a glass container and mixing for approximately 5 minutes.
• the resulting mixture consisted of small, precipitated beads in a clear solution. No Evan's Blue was visible in solution. The mixture was allowed to rest for 20 minutes after addition of the Evan's Blue solution, following which the solution was decanted and the beads were rinsed twice with approximately 10 ml of purified deionized water. The beads were then transferred to an empty glass vial.
• Example 2 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 1 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution also contained 0.1% aluminum lactate (w/w).
• Example 3 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 1 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution also contained 1.0% aluminum lactate (w/w).
• Example 4 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 1 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution was replaced by a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w).
• Example 5 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 4 with the exception that the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) also contained 0.1% aluminum lactate.
• Example 6 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 4 with the exception that the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) also contained 1.0% aluminum lactate.
• Example 7 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 4 with the exception that a 20% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) was used. Release of Evan's Blue from the beads prepared in Examples 1 to 7 was measured by adding 20 mL of sodium chloride buffer solution (pH approx. 7.5) to the vial with the beads and observing the color of the resulting solution as a function of time. The % release at selected time points was estimated by comparing the solution color to the color standards prepared above and is reported in Table 1.
• Example 8 A mixture was prepared by adding 5.9907 g of purified deionized water and 1.9938 g of 1 -[4,6-bis(4-carboxyamlino)-l ,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride to a glass container and mixing for approximately 5 minutes. To this mixture, 0.5006 g of IN ethanolamine was added and stirred for approximately 5 minutes. To this mixture, 0.5163 g ammonium chlorate was added and stirred until the l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)- l,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride was fully dissolved.
• Example 9 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 8 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution also contained 0.1% aluminum lactate (w/w).
• Example 10 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 8 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution also contained 1.0% aluminum lactate (w/w).
• Example 11 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 8 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution was replaced by a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w).
• Example 12 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 11 with the exception that the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) also contained 0.1% aluminum lactate.
• Example 13 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 11 with the exception that the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) also contained 1.0% aluminum lactate.
• Example 14 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 11 with the exception that a 20% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) was used. Release of Evan's Blue from the beads prepared in Examples 8 to 14 was measured by adding 20 mL of sodium chloride buffer solution (pH approx. 7.5) to the vial with the beads and observing the color of the resulting solution as a function of time. The % release at selected time points was estimated by comparing the solution color to the color standards prepared above and is reported in Table 2.
• Example 15 A mixture was prepared by adding 6.5046 g of purified deionized water and 2.0087 g of l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride to a glass container and mixing for approximately 5 minutes. To this mixture, 0.5047 g of IN ethanolamine was added and stirred until the l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)-l,3,5- triazi ⁇ -2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride was fully dissolved.
• Example 16 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 15 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution also contained 0.1% aluminum lactate (w/w).
• Example 17 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 15 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution also contained 1.0% aluminum lactate (w/w).
• Example 18 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 15 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution was replaced by a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w).
• Example 19 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 18 with the exception that the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) also contained 0.1% aluminum lactate.
• Example 20 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 18 with the exception that the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) also contained 1.0% aluminum lactate.
• Example 21 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 18 with the exception that a 20% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) was used. Release of Evan's Blue from the beads prepared in Examples 15 to 21 was measured by adding 20 mL of sodium chloride buffer solution (pH approx. 7.5) to the vial with the beads and observing the color of the resulting solution as a function of time. The % release at selected time points was estimated by comparing the solution color to the color standards prepared above and is reported in Table 3.
• Example 22 A mixture was prepared by adding 5.9907 g of purified deionized water and 1.9938 g of l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride to a glass container and mixing for approximately 5 minutes. To this mixture, 0.5006 g of IN ethanolamine was added and stirred for approximately 5 minutes. To this mixture, 0.5163 g ammonium chlorate was added and stirred until the l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)- l,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride was fully dissolved.
• Example 23 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 22 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution also contained 0.1 % aluminum lactate (w/w).
• Example 24 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 22 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution also contained 1.0% aluminum lactate (w/w).
• Example 25 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 22 with the exception that the 35% magnesium chloride hexahydrate in water solution was replaced by a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w).
• Example 26 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 25 with the exception that the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) also contained 0.1%) aluminum lactate.
• Example 27 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 25 with the exception that the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) also contained 1.0% aluminum lactate.
• Example 28 Precipitated beads were prepared as in Example 25 with the exception that a 20% calcium chloride dihydrate solution in water (w/w) was used. Release of Evan's Blue from the beads prepared in Examples 22 to 28 was measured by adding 20 mL of sodium chloride buffer solution (pH approx. 7.5) to the vial with the beads and observing the color of the resulting solution as a function of time. The % release at selected time points was estimated by comparing the solution color to the color standards prepared above and is reported in Table 4.
• Example 29 Pamoic acid, disodium salt (3.079 g) and purified deionized water (12.000 g) were added to a container and stirred for several minutes until the solid compound was fully dispersed. Ethanolamine, 1 N (5.031 g) was added until the solid compound was completely dissolved. The resulting solution was yellow. Evan's Blue Dye (0.0345 g) was added and the mixture was stirred until the dye fully dissolved. The resulting intermediate solution was purple. Five drops of the intermediate solution were added to a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution forming light blue beads. After 30 minutes, the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was clear. The 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was decanted and replaced with purified deionized water.
• Example 30 5 - ⁇ 4- [ [4-(3 -carboxy-4-chloroanilino)phenyl] (chloro)phenylmethyl] anilino ⁇ -2- chlorobenzoic acid (3.0020 g) and purified deionized water (12.0176 g) were added to a container and stirred for several minutes until the solid compound was fully dispersed.
• Ethanolamine, 1 N (1.1840 g) was added until the solid compound was completely dissolved. The resulting solution was dark blue/green.
• Evan's Blue Dye (0.0333 g) was added and the mixture was stirred until the dye fully dissolved. The resulting intermediate solution remained dark blue/green.
• Five drops of the intermediate solution were added to a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution forming dark blue/green beads. After 30 minutes, a small amount of blue dye was observable in the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution.
• the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was decanted and replaced with purified deionized water. After 30 minutes, the water was clear. The purified deionized water was then decanted and replaced with 1% sodium chloride solution. The beads dissolved and the solution turned dark blue/green.
• Example 31 Hematoporphyrin (3.011 g) and purified deionized water (12.037 g) were added to a container and stirred for several minutes until the solid compound was fully dispersed.
• Ethanolamine, 1 N (0.3945 g) was added until the solid compound was completely dissolved.
• the resulting solution was brown/black.
• Evan's Blue Dye (0.033 g) was added and the mixture was stirred until the dye fully dissolved.
• the resulting intermediate solution was black.
• Five drops of the intermediate solution were added to a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution forming brown beads. After 30 minutes, the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was clear. The 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was decanted and replaced with purified deionized water. After 30 minutes, the water was clear. The purified deionized water was then decanted and replaced with 1% sodium chloride solution. The beads dissolved and the solution turned brown.
• Example 32 Aluminon ammonium salt (3.0069 g) and purified deionized water (12.0264 g) were added to a container and stirred for several minutes until the solid compound was fully dissolved. The resulting solution was red. Evan's Blue Dye (0.0337 g) was added and the mixture was stirred until the dye fully dissolved. The resulting intermediate solution was dark red. Five drops of the intermediate solution were added to a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution forming red beads. After 30 minutes, the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was light red. The 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was decanted and replaced with purified deionized water. After 30 minutes, the water was red.
• the purified deionized water was then decanted and replaced with 1% sodium chloride solution.
• the beads dissolved and the solution turned dark red/purple.
• Example 33 Aurintricarboxylic acid (3.0006 g) and purified deionized water (12.0209 g) were added to a container and stirred for several minutes until the solid compound was fully dispersed. Ethanolamine, 1 N (0.5972 g) was added until the solid compound was completely dissolved. The resulting solution was red. Evan's Blue Dye (0.0389 g) was added and the mixture was stirred until the dye fully dissolved. The resulting intermediate solution was dark red. Five drops of the intermediate solution were added to a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution forming red beads. After 30 minutes, the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was a transparent red in appearance. The 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was decanted and replaced with purified deionized water. After 30 minutes, the water remained transparent red in appearance. The purified deionized water was then decanted and replaced with 1% sodium chloride solution. The beads dissolved and the solution turned dark red/purple.
• Example 35 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dipotassium salt (3.0129 g) and purified deionized water (12.0263 g) were added to a container and stirred for several minutes until the solid compound was fully dissolved. The resulting solution was white. Evan's Blue Dye (0.0339 g) was added and the mixture was stirred until the dye fully dissolved. The resulting intermediate solution was dark blue. Five drops of the intermediate solution were added to a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution forming light blue/gray beads. After 30 minutes, the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was clear. The 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was decanted and replaced with purified deionized water. After 30 minutes, the water was light blue. The purified deionized water was then decanted and replaced with 1% sodium chloride solution. The beads dissolved and the solution turned dark blue.
• Example 36 Pamoic acid (3.2300 g) and purified deionized water (12.5899 g) were added to a container and stirred for several minutes until the solid compound was fully dispersed. Ethanolamine, 1 N (0.1737 g) was added until the solid compound was completely dissolved. The resulting solution was white. Evan's Blue Dye (0.0375 g) was added and the mixture was stirred until the dye fully dissolved. The resulting intermediate solution was dark blue. Five drops of the intermediate solution were added to a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution forming blue beads. After 30 minutes, the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was light blue. The 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was decanted and replaced with purified deionized water. After 30 minutes, the water was very light blue. The purified deionized water was then decanted and replaced with 1% sodium chloride solution. The beads dissolved and the solution turned dark blue.
• Example 37 Alizarin complexone dihydrate (0.3433 g) and purified deionized water (1.7399 g) were added to a container and stirred for several minutes until the solid compound was fully dispersed. Ethanolamine, 1 N (0.2717 g) was added until the solid compound was completely dissolved. The resulting solution was orange. Evan's Blue Dye (0.0339 g) was added and the mixture was stirred until the dye fully dissolved. The resulting intermediate solution was dark purple. Five drops of the intermediate solution were added to a 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution forming blue beads. After 30 minutes, the 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was light purple. The 10% calcium chloride dihydrate solution was decanted and replaced with purified deionized water. After 30 minutes, the water remained light purple. The purified deionized water was then decanted and replaced with 1% sodium chloride solution. The beads dissolved and the solution turned dark red/purple.
• Example 38 Penicillin G, potassium salt (0.8089 g), l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin- 2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride (2.0018 g), 1 N ethanolamine, (0.4705 g), and purified deionized water (6.0153 g) were mixed together to form a stock solution. Approximately 20 mL of a crosslinking solution of 35% magnesium chloride/0.5% aluminum lactate in purified deionized water was prepared in a glass vial. An aliquot of 0.3057 g of the stock solution was added dropwise to the crosslinking solution causing beads to form in the crosslinking solution.
• the total amount of penicillin G, potassium salt contained in the stock solution added to the crosslinking solution was 26.6 mg.
• the remaining liquid in the crosslinking solution was decanted 5 minutes after addition of the stock solution to the crosslinking solution.
• the decanted liquid was filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter and analyzed for penicillin G and benzylpenillic acid (BPA), a known degradant of penicillin-G. This is reported in Table 5 as the "Amount in Crosslinking Solution”.
• BPA benzylpenillic acid
• Approximately 20 mL of purified deionized water was added to the beads remaining in the glass vial and gently stirred for approximately 30 seconds. The water was decanted off and filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter and analyzed for penicillin G and
• Particle dissolution results are reported in Table 6 as the time (in minutes) at which each stage of disintegration was first reached. After shaking for 60 minutes, the solution was filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter and analyzed for penicillin G and BPA. This is reported in Table 5 as the "Amount in Sodium Chloride Solution”. The total amount of penicillin G and BPA recovered and analyzed from the 3 solutions above was divided by the total amount of penicillin G contained in the stock solution added to the crosslinking solution and reported in percentage as the "Mass Balance”. The "Amount in Sodium Chloride Solution” was divided by the total amount of penicillin G and BPA recovered and analyzed from the 3 solutions above and reported in percentage as the "Encapsulation Efficiency".
• Example 39 A stock solution and crosslinking solution were prepared as described in Example 38. An aliquot of 0.2933 g of the stock solution was added dropwise to the crosslinking solution causing beads to form in the crosslinking solution. The total amount of penicillin G, potassium salt contained in the stock solution added to the crosslinking solution was
• the remaining liquid in the crosslinking solution was decanted 15 minutes after addition of the stock solution to the crosslinking solution
• the decanted liquid was filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter and analyzed for penicillin G and benzylpenillic acid (BPA), a known degradant of penicillin-G. This is reported in Table 5 as the "Amount in Crosslinking Solution”.
• BPA benzylpenillic acid
• Approximately 20 mL of purified deionized water was added to the beads remaining in the glass vial and gently stirred for approximately 30 seconds.
• the water was decanted off and filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter and analyzed for penicillin G and BPA. This is reported in Table 5 as the "Amount in Water Rinse”.
• Example 40 Penicillin G, potassium salt (0.8149 g), l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin- 2-yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride (2.0055 g), ethanolamine, 1 N (0.4741 g), asparagine (0.757 g), and purified deionized water (6.0298 g) were mixed together to form a stock solution. Approximately 20 mL of a crosslinking solution of 35% magnesium chloride/0.5% aluminum lactate in purified deionized water was prepared in a glass vial.
• Example 41 A stock solution and crosslinking solution were prepared as described in Example 40. An aliquot of 0.3036 g of the stock solution was added dropwise to the crosslinking solution causing beads to form in the crosslinking solution. The total amount of penicillin
• Example 42 A stock solution was prepared by adding deionized water (18 g), l-[4,6-bis(4- carboxyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-4-(dimethyla ⁇ nino)pyridinium chloride (2 g), and N- ethyl diisopropylamine (0.05 g) to a glass vial and mixing. An additional drop of N-ethyl diisopropylamine was added to the vial and the mixture was stirred until all of the solids dissolved. The pH of the stock solution was adjusted to 7.4 by addition of hydrochloric acid.
• Phosphate buffer (20 mL, pH of 7.0 with 0.15 M NaCl) was added to the vial with the remaining beads and the vial was agitated on a wrist action shaker for one hour to dissolve the beads. The resulting solution was filtered through a
• Adenosine deaminase activity was determined by mixing the filtered solution with 1.35 mM adenosine solution (pH of 7.0) in a 1:1 ratio and then incubating in a 30°C water bath for 2 minutes.
• the inosine peak area was 733 units.
• the other portion of the beads was added to a vial containing 20 mL of deionized water (pH approx. 7.5). The beads were exposed to the water solution for two hours. The water was then decanted and discarded.
• Phosphate buffer (20 mL, pH of 7.0 with 0.15 M NaCl) was added to the vial with the remaining beads and the vial was agitated on a wrist action shaker for one hour to dissolve the beads. The resulting solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m poly(vinylidene fluoride) filter. Adenosine deaminase activity was determined as described above. The inosine peak area was 812 units.
• Adenosine deaminase was added to a 20 mL of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water (pH of 2.0) solution to prepare an acidic test solution with a concentration of approximately 110 ⁇ g/mL adenosine deaminase.
• the solution was stored at room temperature for 2 hours and subsequently adjusted to a pH of 7.0 by addition of 1 N sodium hydroxide.
• Adenosine deaminase activity was determined as described above. The inosine peak area was 5 units.
• Example 43 All glassware and stir bars used were passivated by treating for ten minutes with an insulin solution (0.001 g insulin per 100 g purified deionized water).
• Bovine insulin (0.143 g, Sigma Aldrich Company) was added to purified deionized water (8.0113 g) containing oleyl phosphonic acid sodium salt (0.005 g) and ethanolamine (0.023 g) and mixed for 10 minutes.
• 1.0051 g of l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3- methyl- lH-imidazol-3-ium was added, followed by 0.1012 g ethanolamine to prepare a chromonic solution.
• a crosslinking solution was prepared by adding calcium chloride (0.9973 g) and zinc chloride (0.0049 g) to purified deionized water (9.0018 g). Drops of the insulin solution were released into the crosslinking solution forming beads. The formed beads were left to further crosslink for 30 minutes. The solution was decanted from the beads and analyzed to determine the concentration of insulin that was not contained within the beads. The remaining amount of insulin is reported as the amount encapsulated within the beads.
• the amount encapsulated divided by the total amount added is reported as the encapsulation efficiency.
• the encapsulation efficiency was 93%.
• the beads were resuspended in Tris buffer, micronized with a tissue tearer for 30 seconds at high speed, and then allowed to sit for 1 hour at which time the solution was centrifuged and the supernatant analyzed for insulin concentration.
• the micronized beads were again resuspended in Tris buffer and this process was repeated at time points of 2, 3, and 4 hours to measure insulin release. At each time point, the sample was centrifuged before decanting the solution for analysis.
• Example 44 A solution was prepared by mixing l-[4,6-bis(4-carboxyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin-2- yl]-3-methyl-lH-imidazol-3-ium chloride (1.0 g) with ethanolamine (0.12 g) and purified deionized water (9.0 g) . To this solution, an IRM compound 4-amino-alpha,alpha,2- trimethyl-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-l-ethanol hydrochloride (0.05 g) and ovalbumin (10 mL of 50mg/mL solution, 0.5 g solids) were added and stirred until the IRM and ovalbumin dissolved.
• the resulting IRM-ovalbumin solution had a chromonic phase.
• a crosslinking solution was prepared by adding magnesium chloride hexahydrate (7.0 g) to purified deionized water (13.0 g). Drops of the IRM-ovalbumin solution (0.537 g total) were released into 15 mL of crosslinking solution thereby forming beads. The formed beads were left to further crosslink for 30 minutes. The liquid from the solution with beads was decanted and analyzed for IRM and ovalbumin content. The results are reported in Table 8 below as "step 1" content. The beads were subsequently washed with 10 L purified deionized water. The wash fluid was decanted from the beads and analyzed for IRM and ovalbumin content.
• Ovalbumin concentration was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (Column: Tosoh SW2000 aqueous GPC, 300 x 4.6 mm; Mobile phase, isocratic 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 0.15 M NaCl ; Flow Rate: 0.35 mL/min; Detector: UV at 215 nm; Injection Volume: 10 ⁇ L; Run time: 30 minutes).

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