WO2004113890A1 - 時間分解測定装置および位置検出型電子増倍管 - Google Patents
時間分解測定装置および位置検出型電子増倍管 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004113890A1 WO2004113890A1 PCT/JP2004/009282 JP2004009282W WO2004113890A1 WO 2004113890 A1 WO2004113890 A1 WO 2004113890A1 JP 2004009282 W JP2004009282 W JP 2004009282W WO 2004113890 A1 WO2004113890 A1 WO 2004113890A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/244—Detectors; Associated components or circuits therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
- H01J43/24—Dynodes having potential gradient along their surfaces
- H01J43/246—Microchannel plates [MCP]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/244—Detection characterized by the detecting means
- H01J2237/2444—Electron Multiplier
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/26—Electron or ion microscopes
- H01J2237/28—Scanning microscopes
- H01J2237/2813—Scanning microscopes characterised by the application
- H01J2237/2817—Pattern inspection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a position-sensitive electron multiplier (PS_EMT) and a time-resolved measurement device using the position-sensitive electron multiplier.
- PS_EMT position-sensitive electron multiplier
- An object of the present invention is to improve time accuracy in time-resolved measurement.
- a time-resolved measurement apparatus of the present invention acquires position information and timing information of a quantum ray emitted by excitation of a sample.
- This device consists of a signal generator that generates a reference time pulse in synchronization with the excitation of the sample, and a position that corresponds to the detection position by detecting light.
- a detection device that generates a detection timing pulse synchronized with the signal and the detection timing, a position calculator that calculates a detection position using the position signal, a time difference measuring device that measures a time difference between the reference time pulse and the detection timing pulse,
- a data processing device for storing the detected position calculated by the position calculator and the time difference measured by the time difference measuring device in association with each other.
- the detection device has a position detection type electron multiplier.
- the electron multiplier has an entrance window through which quantum rays enter, an anode, and first and second microchannel plates sandwiched between the entrance window and the anode.
- the first microchannel plate has an input surface facing away from the force source and an output surface facing away from the second microchannel plate.
- the second microchannel plate has an input surface facing away from the output surface of the first microchannel plate, and an output surface facing away from the anode.
- the detection timing pulse is generated in response to a potential change when electrons multiplied by the microchannel plate are emitted from the output surface of the first microchannel plate, and is sent to the time difference measuring device.
- Quantum rays include charged particles such as electrons, ions, strings, and rays, photons such as ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays, and neutrons.
- Quantum radiation is generated by the excitation of the sample when atoms and molecules move from a low energy state to a higher energy state due to external stimuli such as heat, light, and radiation, and return to the original state. This is a phenomenon in which the difference between the energies of the two states is emitted as quantum rays such as light (see Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1).
- Semiconductor devices spontaneously
- the detection timing pulse taken out of the microchannel plate includes, in addition to the positive polarity component caused by the emission of multiplied electrons from the microchannel plate, the detection timing pulse in addition to the incidence of quantum rays on the microchannel plate.
- the plus component has a magnitude corresponding to the amount of electrons multiplied by the first and second micro-channel plates.
- the negative component has a size corresponding to the amount of electrons multiplied by the first microchannel plate.
- the first and second microchannel plates have multiplication fluctuations that have no correlation with each other. Therefore, the positive component and the negative component of the detection timing pulse have different ratios each time detection is performed. Therefore, the timing at which the detection timing pulse crosses the ground level, that is, the cross cross timing, also differs for each detection. As a result, the time difference between the reference time pulse and the detection timing pulse fluctuates, and the time accuracy of the time-resolved measurement decreases.
- the detection timing pulse is extracted from the first micro channel plate disposed in front of the second micro channel plate.
- the negative component of the detection timing pulse is generated in response to the incidence of a quantum ray on the first microphone channel plate. Therefore, the magnitude of the negative component is not affected by the electron multiplication by the first and second microchannel plates. Therefore, the negative component in the detection timing pulse is small. As a result, the fluctuation of the zero-cross timing of the detection timing pulse is suppressed, and the time accuracy of the time decomposition measurement is improved.
- the time-resolved measurement apparatus of the present invention comprises: a first microchannel plate; a first stack having one or more microchannel plates superimposed on an input surface of the first microchannel plate; 2 Multi-channel plate and 1st superimposed on the input surface of 2nd micro-channel plate
- the apparatus may further include a second stack having one or more microchannel plates opposed to the microchannel plate at a distance.
- the positive component of the detection timing pulse is formed by electrons multiplied by the plurality of microchannel plates in the first stack.
- the negative component is generated by the incidence of quantum rays on the first stack, and is not affected by electron multiplication by the microchannel plate in the first stack. Therefore, the minus component is much smaller than the plus component. Therefore, the fluctuation of the zero-cross timing of the detection timing path is further suppressed, and the time accuracy of the time-resolved measurement is improved.
- the first stack is opposed to the entrance window without sandwiching another microchannel plate between the entrance window and the first stack.
- the negative component of the detection timing pulse is not affected not only by the electron multiplication by the microchannel plate in the first stack but also by the electron multiplication by another microchannel plate. For this reason, the minus component of the detection timing pulse becomes extremely small. This increases the time accuracy of the time-resolved measurement.
- the first stack may have a higher photomultiplier than the second stack. This is advantageous in preventing electron ⁇ times saturation. As a result, photoelectrons are efficiently multiplied, and a position signal with a high SZN can be obtained. Since the magnitude of the minus component of the detection timing pulse is not affected by the electron multiplication by the first stack, the minus component is small regardless of the multiplication factor of the first stack. Therefore, both high position detection accuracy and high time accuracy can be achieved.
- the position detection type electron multiplier may further include a photocathode that converts quantum rays into photoelectrons by a photoelectric effect between the entrance window and the input surface of the first microchannel plate.
- the first microchannel plate is arranged opposite to the photo-force source, receives photoelectrons from the photo-cathode and generates and multiplies secondary electrons. In this case, photoelectrons enter the first microchannel plate.
- the negative component of the detection timing pulse has a magnitude corresponding to the amount of incident photoelectrons. Having.
- the plus component of the detection timing pulse has a magnitude corresponding to the amount of secondary electrons multiplied by the first microchannel plate. Therefore, the minus component is much smaller than the plus component. Therefore, the fluctuation of the zero-cross timing of the detection timing pulse is suppressed, and the time accuracy of the time-resolved measurement is improved.
- the position detection type electron multiplier of the present invention generates an electron at a position corresponding to the entrance window for taking into account the quantum line and the position of incidence of the quantum line on the entrance window, First and second microchannel plates that multiply electrons while maintaining, anodes facing the second microchannel plate, connected to the first microchannel plate and multiplied by the first microchannel plate
- a pulse readout circuit for acquiring a pulse signal from the first microchannel plate according to a potential change when electrons are emitted from the first microchannel plate.
- the first microchannel plate has an input surface facing away from the entrance window and an output surface facing away from the second microchannel plate.
- the second microchannel plate has an input surface facing away from the output surface of the first microchannel plate, and an output surface facing away from the anode.
- the noise readout circuit is connected to the output surface of the first micro channel plate.
- the pulse readout circuit is connected not to the second micro channel plate but to the first micro channel plate.
- the negative component of the pulse signal obtained by the pulse readout circuit is generated in response to the incidence of a quantum ray on the first microchannel plate. Therefore, the magnitude of the negative component is not affected by the electron multiplication by the first and second microchannel plates. As a result, the negative component in the pulse signal is small, and thereby the fluctuation of the zero cross timing of the detection timing pulse is suppressed. Therefore, if this pulse signal is used as a signal indicating the detection timing of a quantum ray, a time with high time accuracy can be obtained. Decomposition measurement is possible.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the time-resolved measurement device according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the photomultiplier according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a photomultiplier tube of a comparative example.
- FIG. 4A shows the temporal change of the potential at the electrode of the last MCP in the second stack
- FIG. 4B shows the detection timing pulse extracted from the electrode.
- FIG. 5 shows superposition of detection timing pulses obtained by a plurality of detections.
- Fig. 6A shows the temporal change of the potential at the electrode of the last MCP in the first stack
- Fig. 6B shows the superposition of detection timing pulses obtained by a plurality of detections.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of a photomultiplier tube according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of a photomultiplier tube according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the time-resolved measuring apparatus 100 according to the embodiment.
- the apparatus 100 detects the photons 15 emitted from the sample 10 and measures the two-dimensional position and timing of light emission.
- Equipment 1 ⁇ 0 is a semiconductor tester 12, a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PS-PMT)
- a position calculator 16 a position calculator 16
- a time-to-amplitude converter (T AC) 17 a data processor 18.
- the semiconductor tester 12 is an excitation device for giving an operation start pulse to the sample 10 to generate light.
- the tester 12 drives the IC by applying a drive voltage to the IC on the sample 10.
- the transistors included in I C emit light with a low probability during the switching operation. Therefore, the operation timing of the transistor can be analyzed by measuring the two-dimensional position and timing of light emission using the device 100.
- the tester 12 includes a signal generator 1′2a that generates a reference time pulse RT in synchronization with an operation start pulse given to the sample 10. This pulse RT is sent to the time-to-voltage converter 17.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the position detection type photomultiplier 14.
- the photomultiplier 14 converts the photons 15 emitted from the sample 10 into electrons, and amplifies the electrons while maintaining their two-dimensional position.
- the photomultiplier tube 14 includes an envelope 20 and a voltage division circuit 80 connected to the envelope 20.
- the envelope 20 houses a photo force sword 22, a microchannel plate (MCP) 23 to 27, and a resistive anode 28.
- MCP microchannel plate
- a resistive anode 28 At the front of the envelope 20, a transparent entrance window 29 is provided.
- the photo force sword 22 is formed on the inner surface of the entrance window 29.
- the photocathode 22 and the resist node 28 are arranged so as to be separated from each other and opposed to each other.
- the MCPs 23 to 27 are arranged between the photocathode 22 and the resistive anode 28.
- the photopower sword 22 receives the photons 15 transmitted through the entrance window 29 and converts them into photoelectrons by a photoelectric effect. Photopower sword 22 is sometimes referred to as the "photocathode.”
- Each of the MCPs 23 to 27 is a plate-shaped electron multiplier that generates and multiplies secondary electrons by receiving photoelectrons from the photo force sword 22.
- the planar shape of the MCP may be circular or rectangular.
- a conductive material is deposited on the front and rear surfaces of each MCP as electrodes.
- the front surface 23a to 27a of each MCP is an input surface for receiving photoelectrons or secondary electrons, and the rear surface 23b to 27b is an output surface for emitting secondary electrons.
- the photoelectrons first enter the frontmost MCP 23.
- the incident position of the photoelectrons corresponds to the incident position of the light 15 on the photo force sword 22.
- the MCP 23 generates a secondary electron at the incident position of the photoelectron, and multiplies the secondary electron while maintaining its two-dimensional position.
- the subsequent MCPs 24 to 27 also multiply the secondary electrons while maintaining the two-dimensional position.
- the MCPs 23 to 27 have a large number of channels for passing secondary electrons, and the secondary electrons are multiplied while moving in the channel. More specifically, MCP has a structure in which many very thin glass pipes are bundled. This glass pipe is the channel. Each channel functions as an independent multiplier.
- the inner wall of the channel is both an electrical resistor and an electron emitter. When a quantum (for example, a photoelectron in the present embodiment) to which the MCP responds enters the inner wall of one channel, one or more electrons are emitted from the inner wall.
- the electrons emitted from the inner wall of the channel in response to the incidence of the quantum on the input surface of the MCP are accelerated by the electric field generated by the voltage applied to both ends of the MCP, and draw a parabolic orbit. Impact on the other side of the wall. By this collision, secondary electrons are emitted from the inner wall. As a result of such electron emission being repeated many times along the channel, the electrons are multiplied and a large number of electrons are emitted from the output surface of the MCP.
- the two-dimensional position of the electrons is maintained by the channel.
- the MCPs 23 to 27 constitute first and second MCP stacks 30 and 32.
- the first stack 30 is a two-stage stack composed of two MCPs 23 and 24 superimposed on each other.
- the first stack 30 is directly opposed to the photo power sword 22 without sandwiching another MCP between the first power stack 30 and the photo power sword 22.
- 1 ⁇ ? 23 has input surfaces 23a and 24a, respectively, facing away from photopower sword 22.
- the output surface 23b of the MCP 23 is superimposed on the input surface 24a of the MCP 24.
- the output surface 24 b of the MCP 24 faces away from the input surface 25 a of the MCP 25.
- the second stack 32 is a three-stage stack composed of three MCPs 25 to 27 superimposed on each other.
- the output surface 25 c of the MC P 25 is superimposed on the input surface 26 a of the MCP 26, and the output surface 2 of the MCP 26
- the reason why the MCPs 23 to 27 are divided into two stacks 30 and 32 is for efficient multiplication of photoelectrons.
- photomultipliers concentrate on a small number of channels, so that the multiplication effect tends to saturate.
- the MCPs 23 to 27 are divided into two stacks 30 and 32, the electrons multiplied by the front stack 30 are emitted from the stack 30 and diffused toward the rear stack 32. . This diffusion will result in photoelectron multiplication in more channels in the rear stack 32. For this reason, saturation of the multiplication action can be prevented and photoelectrons can be multiplied efficiently.
- the MCPs are used in multiple stages, such as the stacks 30 and 32, it is preferable to arrange the MCPs such that the axis of the channel has an appropriate bias angle with respect to the vertical axis of the MCP.
- the MCPs By employing such an arrangement, it is possible to reduce noise due to ion feedback generated with an increase in gain, and to obtain a high gain.
- the multiplication factor of the second stack 32 may be lower than the multiplication factor of the first stack 30.
- the multiplication factor of the first stack 3 0 is about 1 0 s
- ⁇ of the second stack 3 2 is about 1 0 2.
- the resistive anode 28 is a kind of position detection type anode.
- the lead 28 is a conductor plate provided with a uniform resistance layer on one side.
- Signal reading electrodes 28 a are provided at four locations on the periphery of the node 28. These electrodes 28a are electrically connected to a position calculator 16 via a preamplifier 40, as shown in FIG. For simplicity of the drawing, only two of the four electrodes 28a are shown in the drawing. Also, in the drawing, the position of the electrode 28a is drawn closer to the center of the resistive anode 28 than the actual position.
- these readout electrodes 28a output charge pulses. The two-dimensional position of the secondary electrons incident on the resistive anode 28 can be determined according to the charge amount of these charge pulses.
- each electrode 28 a of the resistive anode 28 generates a signal DP corresponding to the detection position of the photon 15 and sends it to the position calculator 16.
- the photopower source 22, the first and second MCP stacks 30 and 32, and the resistive anode 28 are connected to a voltage dividing circuit 80.
- the circuit 80 applies a voltage between the power source 22 and the anode 28 and divides the voltage and applies the divided voltage to the first and second MCP stacks 30 and 32.
- the circuit 80 receives a signal DP corresponding to the detection position of the photon 15 from the resistive anode 28, amplifies the signal DP, and sends the amplified signal DP to the position calculator 16. Further, the circuit 80 also functions as a pulse reading circuit that acquires a pulse signal indicating the detection timing of the photon 15.
- the MCP 23 Annular electrodes 33 and 34 are attached to the periphery of the input surface 23a and the periphery of the output surface 24b of the MCP 24, respectively, and these electrodes are connected to a high-voltage power supply 42 by lead wires.
- annular electrodes 35 and 37 are attached to the periphery of the input surface 25a of the MCP 25 and the periphery of the output surface 27b of the MCP 27, respectively. It is connected to a high voltage power supply 42 by a lead wire.
- the high voltage power supply 42 is also connected to the photo power source 22 and the resistive anode 28.
- the high voltage power supply 42 applies a voltage to the photo-force source 22, the first stack 30, the second stack 32, and the resistive anode 28, and forms an electric potential gradient therebetween. Due to this potential gradient, a higher potential is applied in the order of the resistive anode 28, the second stack 32, the first stack 30, and the photo-force source 22. A potential gradient is also formed in each MCP stack. In the first stack 30, a higher potential is applied to a position closer to the output surface 24b of the MCP 24. In the second stack 32, a higher potential is applied to a position closer to the output surface 27b of the MCP 27. [0039] More specifically, resistors 81 to 85 are connected in series between the photo-sword 22 and the high-voltage power supply 42.
- the photocathode 22 and the electrode 33 are connected to both ends of the resistor 81, whereby a potential gradient is formed between the two.
- Electrodes 33 and 34 are connected to both ends of the resistor 82, thereby forming a potential gradient between the input surface 23 a and the output surface 24 b of the first MCP stack 30.
- Electrodes 34 and 35 are connected to both ends of the resistor 83, whereby a potential gradient is formed between the first MCP stack 30 and the second MCP stack 32.
- Electrodes 35 and 37 are connected to both ends of the resistor 84, thereby forming a potential gradient between the input surface 25a and the output surface 27b of the second MCP stack 32.
- the pulse signal DT is generated on the output surface 24b of the MCP 24 in synchronization with the photon detection timing.
- this pulse signal DT is referred to as a “detection timing pulse”.
- the electrode 34 provided on the output surface 24 b of the MCP 24 is connected to the time-to-voltage converter 17 via the voltage dividing circuit 80.
- the detection timing pulse DT is sent to the time-to-voltage converter 17 through the electrode 34 and the circuit 80.
- the circuit 80 has a resistor 86 and a high-voltage blocking capacitor 87 connected in series with each other to obtain the detection timing pulse DT. Electrode 34 is connected between resistor 86 and capacitor 87. Capacitor 87 is connected to preamplifier 41, amplifiers 43 and 44, CFD45 and TA
- the position calculator 16 is electrically connected to the resistive anode 28 of the photomultiplier tube 14.
- the position calculator 16 calculates the detection position of the photon 15 using the position signal DP sent from the resistive anode 28.
- the output terminal of the position calculator 16 is connected to the latch circuit 49. The calculated detection position is sent to the latch circuit as digital data.
- the time-voltage converter (TAC) 17 is a time difference measuring device that measures the time difference between two input signals.
- the TAC 17 is electrically connected to both the signal generator 12 a in the tester 12 and the photomultiplier tube 14.
- the start terminal of TAC 17 is connected to electrode 34 on MCP 24 via preamplifier 41, amplifiers 43 and 44, and constant fraction discriminator (CFD) 45.
- T AC 17 receives the detection timing pulse DT from the photomultiplier tube 14 at the start terminal.
- the stop terminal of the TAC 17 is connected to the tester 12 via the amplifier 46 and the delay circuit 47.
- the TAC 17 receives the reference time pulse RT from the signal generator 12a in the tester 12 at the stop terminal.
- TA C17 generates an analog voltage signal having a wave height corresponding to the time difference between the reference time pulse RT and the detection timing pulse DT. This time difference indicates the detection time of the photon 15 based on the reference time pulse.
- the output terminal of the TAC 17 is connected to the latch circuit 49 via the A / D converter 48.
- the analog signal indicating the detection time is sent to the AZD converter 48, where it is converted into digital data. This data indicating the detection time is sent to the latch circuit 49.
- the latch circuit 49 receives the detected position data from the position calculator 16 and the detected time data from the TAC 17, and transfers the data to the data processing device 18 as a set of data.
- the data processing device 18 receives data from the latch circuit 49 and stores the data.
- the processing device 18 is, for example, a personal computer.
- the processing device 18 has a CPU, a storage device, a hard disk, a keyboard and a mouse, and a display.
- the storage device stores programs and data necessary for data processing.
- the detection position and the detection time sent from the latch circuit 49 are stored in this storage device in association with each other.
- the data processing device 18 also functions as a control device of the time-resolved measurement device 100.
- the position calculator 16 receives the position signal DP from the resistive anode 28 via the preamplifier 40, calculates the detection position of the photon 15, converts it into a digital signal, and sends it to the latch circuit 49.
- the device 18 sends a high-voltage control signal to the position calculator 16.
- the position calculator 16 is connected to the high-voltage power supply 42, and causes the high-voltage power supply 42 to generate an output voltage in response to the high-voltage control signal, or stop the generation.
- the device 18 sends a time constant control signal to the TAC 17.
- the TAC 17 sets the time constant of the time-to-amplitude conversion in response to the IS signal.
- the device 18 sends a delay control signal to the delay circuit 47.
- the delay circuit 47 sets a delay in response to this signal.
- Photomultiplier Tube 14 receives photons 15 at photocathode 22.
- Photopower sword 22 converts photons 15 into photoelectrons by the photoelectric effect.
- the photoelectrons enter the input surface 23a of the MCP 23 due to a potential gradient between the photo-force node 22 and the first stack 30.
- MC P 23 and 24 in the stack 30 multiply the photoelectrons about 106-fold.
- the multiplied electrons reach the output surface 24 b of the MCP 24 due to the potential gradient in the stack 30.
- the electrons are emitted from the output surface 24b of the MCP 24 by the potential gradient between the first and second stacks 30 and 32, and are incident on the input surface 25a of the MCP 25.
- MCP. 25 to in the stack 32 27 ⁇ approximately 10 doubles electrons.
- the electrons reach the output surface 27 b of the MCP 27 due to the potential gradient in the stack 32.
- the electrons are then emitted from the output surface 27b of the MCP 27 by the potential gradient between the second stack 32 and the resistive anode 28 and collected at the resistive anode 28.
- the resistive anode 28 sends a charge pulse DP corresponding to the two-dimensional position of the electrons from the four electrodes 28a to the position calculator 16.
- the position calculator 16 receives these charge pulses DP and calculates the two-dimensional position of the electrons by detecting the center of gravity. This two-dimensional position is the position of photon 15 detection ⁇ :, and corresponds to the light emission position on sample 10. The calculated detection position is sent to the data processing device 18.
- the photomultiplier 14 generates a pulse in synchronization with the detection timing of the photon 15.
- the detection timing pulse DT is extracted from the MCP 24 by the voltage dividing circuit 80.
- the potential instantaneously increases at the output surface 24b of the MCP 24.
- electrons flow from the high-voltage power supply 42 into the MCP 24, and the potential of the output surface 24b is returned to a predetermined steady potential. This flow of electrons is called charge current.
- the charge current flows from the high voltage power supply 42 through the resistors 83-85 to the electrode 34 of the MCP 24.
- a resistor 86 is arranged between the electrode 34 and the resistor 83.
- the impedance is increased.
- the electron inflow amount per unit time is reduced.
- the path including the capacitor 87 has a lower impedance than the path including the resistors 83 to 86. Therefore, electrons instantaneously flow into the electrode 34 from one end of the capacitor 87. Since the other end of the capacitor 87 is connected to the CFD 45 via the amplifier, the flow of electrons to the electrode 34 flows into the CFD 45 as a current pulse.
- This current pulse is the detection timing pulse DT.
- the circuit 80 can extract the detection timing pulse DT in synchronization with the instantaneous potential rise of the output surface 24b of the MCP 24.
- This detection timing pulse DT is sent to TAC17 through CFD45.
- the TAC 17 receives the reference time pulse RT synchronized with the driving of the IC on the sample 10 from the tester 12, and receives the detection timing pulse DT from the CFD 45.
- the TAC 17 measures the time difference between the reference time pulse RT and the detection timing pulse DT. As described above, this time difference indicates the detection time of the photon 15 based on the reference time pulse RT. This detection time is sent to the data processing device 18.
- the data processing device 18 receives the detection position and the detection time, and stores them in the storage device in association with each other. Since the probability that the transistor on the sample 10 emits light at the time of switching is very small, the sample 10 is repeatedly excited, and the detection position and the detection time are accumulated in the data processing device 18.
- the stored data can be used in various ways. For example, the data processing device 18 counts the number of times of light emission for each detection position over a specific time period, and generates a two-dimensional image in which luminance according to the obtained count number is assigned to pixels corresponding to the detection position. Can be. In addition, the data processing device 18 can create a histogram of the detection time at a specific detection position using the accumulated detection time.
- the horizontal axis is the detection time
- the vertical axis is the number of times of light emission.
- the peak of the histogram indicates the time at which light emission was detected with high frequency at a specific detection position. Therefore, The detection time corresponding to the peak can be regarded as the timing at which the transistor corresponding to the detection position switches.
- the detection timing pulse DT is read from the MCP 24 located at the rearmost position of the front stack 30. In the following, this point will be described in detail with comparison with the conventional technology.
- the detection timing pulse is obtained from the output surface of the MCP that directly faces the anode.
- the potential rise pulse generated when electrons are emitted from the output surface of the last MCP disposed rearmost toward the anode is read out as the detection timing pulse.
- the amount of potential rise is proportional to the amount of charge released, and the amount of charge is maximum at the final MCP. Therefore, a high S / N detection timing pulse can be read from the last MCP.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 show the photomultiplier tube 14a from which the detection timing pulse DT is read from the electrode 37 on the final MCP 27. It is the schematic which shows a structure.
- the electrode 37 is connected to the TAC 17 via an amplifier and a constant fraction discriminator, like the electrode 34 in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 4A shows a change with time in the potential of the electrode 37
- FIG. 4B shows a timing pulse DT extracted from the electrode 37.
- a potential rising pulse 60 appears on electrode 37 as shown in FIG. 4A.
- the potential rise pulse 60 is generated each time a photon is detected.
- three potential rising pulses 60a to 60c are generated as shown in FIG. 4A.
- the multiplication factors of the first and second MCP stacks 30 and 32 have some fluctuation.
- the potential rising pulses 60a to 60c have various wave heights according to such multiplication fluctuation.
- the present inventor has found that another pulse 62 a to 62 c appears on the electrode 37 immediately before the potential rising pulse 60 a to 60 c.
- the panoles 62 is due to the photomultiplier tube 14 having two MCP stacks 30 and 32 spaced apart from each other.
- the electrons multiplied by the first stack 30 are emitted from the output surface of the MCP 24, and the MCP located at the input surface of the second stack 32, that is, the foremost position in the second stack 32. It is incident on the input surface 25 a of 25. At this time, capacitive coupling between the electrode 35 on the input surface 25a and the electrode 37 on the output surface 27b of the second stack 32 generates a pulse 62 on the electrode 37.
- this pulse 62 is referred to as an “electronic input pulse”.
- the wave height of the electronic input pulse 62 depends on the multiplication factor of the first stack 30.
- the electron input pulses 62 a to 62 c have various wave heights according to the multiplication fluctuation of the first stack 30.
- the potential rising pulse 60 has a positive polarity, and the electron input pulse 62 has a negative polarity.
- the injection of electrons from the first stack 30 to the second stack 32 generates an electron input pulse 62, and after multiplication of the electrons by the second stack 32, a potential rising pulse 60 is generated. Therefore, the potential rising pulse 60 Appearing on the electrode 37 about 300 psec later than the child input pulse 62.
- Pulses 60 and 62 partially overlap and are read from electrode 37 as one pulse 70 as shown in FIG. 4B. This pulse 70 is the above-mentioned detection timing pulse DT.
- the potential Rise Pulse 6 0 has a height of 1 0-1 0 0 times the electron input pulse 6 2.
- the wave height of the potential rise pulse 60 is affected by the ⁇ -fold fluctuation of both the stacks 30 and 32, whereas the wave height of the electronic input pulse 62 is only from the ⁇ -fold fluctuation of the stack 30. Not affected. Therefore, the pulse heights of these pulses 60 and 62 have fluctuations that are not correlated with each other. Therefore, the positive potential rising pulse 60 and the negative electron input pulse 62 are combined at a different crest ratio every time a photon is detected to form a detection timing pulse.
- the CFD 45 determines the timing 71 when the pulse 70 crosses the ground level. This is called zero cross timing.
- the TAC 17 treats this zero-cross timing as the reception timing of the path 70. Since Panores 70 has a negative component corresponding to the electron input pulse 62, the zero-cross timing 71 is delayed as compared with the timing 72 at which photoelectrons enter the second stack 32. Since the potential rising pulse 60 and the electron input pulse 62 have different peak ratios each time a photon is detected, the delay time of the zero cross timing 71 from the electron incidence timing 72 is not constant. This is all the more evident when referring to FIG. 5, which shows the detection timing pulses for multiple photon detection superimposed. Due to such non-uniform delay of the zero cross timing 71, a fluctuation (jitter) of 200 psec or more occurs at the detection time, and the time accuracy is reduced.
- the detection timing pulse is read from the last MCP 24 of the first stack 30. Incident on the first stack 30 are photoelectrons converted from one photon, Not multiplied. Therefore, the electron input pulse generated at the electrode 34 of the MCP 24 is very small. As shown in FIG. 6A, only the potential rising pulse 64 appears on the electrode 34 on the MCP 24. Therefore, as is clear from FIG. 6B, which shows detection timing pulses in a plurality of photon detections superimposed, fluctuation of the zero-cross timing can be suppressed. Photoelectrons are multiplied by 10 s by the first stack 30 and then emitted from the MCP 24 force.
- the charge amount of these photons is about lZ100 of the charge amount released from the final MCP 27, but it is still possible to generate a potential rising pulse 64 having a sufficient peak. Therefore, a decrease in the S / N and time accuracy of the detection timing pulse is prevented. As a result, good time accuracy of about 60 psec can be obtained.
- the number of output terminals electrically connected to the electrode 34 for obtaining the detection timing pulse is not limited to one, and a plurality of output terminals may be provided. In this case, the plurality of output terminals preferably have the same length.
- the time-resolved measurement apparatus of the present embodiment has a configuration in which another photomultiplier tube 90 is installed instead of the photomultiplier tube 14 in the apparatus 100 of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the position detection type photomultiplier tube 90 used in the present embodiment.
- the photomultiplier tube 90 has a voltage division circuit 92 different from the photomultiplier tube 14 of the first embodiment.
- the circuit 92 differs from the voltage dividing circuit 80 of the first embodiment in the configuration for acquiring the detection timing pulse DT from the MCP 24. That is, the circuit 92 has a high-voltage blocking capacitor 88 and a coaxial cable 94 in addition to the resistor 86 and the capacitor 87 connected to the electrode 34 of the MCP 24.
- the coaxial cable 94 has an inner conductor (core wire) 94a and a cylindrical outer conductor 94b coaxially surrounding the inner conductor 94a.
- One end of the inner conductor 94a is connected to one end of a resistor 86 via a capacitor 87, and the other end of the inner conductor 94a is 41, connected to C FD 45 and TAC 17 via amplifiers 43 and 44.
- the outer conductor 94b is connected to the other end of the resistor 86 via the capacitor 88 and is grounded.
- the potential instantaneously increases at the output surface 24b of the MCP 24.
- a charge current is supplied from the high voltage power supply 42 to the MCP 24.
- the impedance between the high-voltage power supply 42 and the MCP 24 is increased by the resistor 86. Therefore, in the high frequency region, the path including the capacitors 87 and 88 and the coaxial cable 94 has a lower impedance than the path including the resistor 86. Therefore, at a moment, electrons flow into the electrode 34 from the path including the coaxial cable 94.
- the CFD 45 is connected to an end of the coaxial cable 94 opposite to the end connected to the capacitor 87.
- the flow of electrons to the electrode 34 flows into the CFD 45 as a current pulse.
- This current pulse is the detection timing pulse DT.
- the circuit 92 can extract the detection timing pulse DT in synchronization with the instantaneous potential rise of the output surface 24b of the MCP 24.
- This embodiment has the same advantages as the first embodiment. Further, since the detection timing pulse DT is transmitted by the coaxial cable 94, the waveform of the pulse D is hardly deteriorated. Therefore, the time accuracy of the time-resolved measurement can be further improved.
- the time-resolved measurement device of the present embodiment also has a configuration in which another photomultiplier tube 95 is provided instead of the photomultiplier tube 14 in the device 100 of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the position detection type photomultiplier tube 95 used in the present embodiment.
- the photomultiplier tube 95 has a voltage division circuit 96 different from the photomultiplier tube 14 of the first embodiment.
- the circuit 96 is different from the voltage division circuits 80 and 92 of the first and second embodiments in the configuration for acquiring the detection timing pulse DT from the MCP 24. That is, the circuit 96 includes a high-frequency transformer 98 instead of the resistor 86 and the capacitors 87 and 88 in the voltage dividing circuit 92.
- the transformer 98 is connected between the electrode 34 of the MCP 24 and the coaxial cable 94. Transformer 98 separates CFD 45 and TAC 17 from high voltage power supply 42
- Electrode 34 is connected to the primary side of the transformer, and coaxial cable 94 is connected to the secondary side of the transformer. More specifically, one end of the primary coil 98a is connected to the electrode 34, and the other end is connected between the resistors 82 and 83. Also, the secondary coil
- One end of 98b is connected to the inner conductor 94a of the coaxial cable 94, and the other end is the outer conductor
- This embodiment has the same advantages as the first embodiment. Furthermore, since the detection timing pulse DT is transmitted by the coaxial cable 94, the pulse D Less deterioration of waveform. Therefore, the time accuracy of the time-resolved measurement can be further improved.
- a "photomultiplier tube (PMT)” is one embodiment of an “electron multiplier tube (EMT)".
- EMT electron multiplier tube
- PS- ⁇ position detection type photomultiplier tube
- any other position detecting electron multiplier (PS- S) can be used depending on the type of quantum ray emitted from the sample.
- the microphone channel plate is directly sensitive not only to electron beams but also to other quantum rays such as ultraviolet rays (UV and VUV), X-rays, ⁇ -rays, charged particles, and neutrons. I have.
- UV and VUV ultraviolet rays
- X-rays X-rays
- ⁇ -rays charged particles
- neutrons charged particles
- the resistive node 28 is used as the position detection type anode.
- any other position sensitive anode such as a multi-anode, a CR chain anode, a cross-wire anode, or a semiconductor position sensitive element (PSD) may be used.
- a fluorescent plate that converts photoelectrons into an optical image may be used as an anode, and the position of the photoelectrons may be measured by capturing the optical image using an image sensor.
- the fluorescent plate and the image sensor may be fiber-coupled via a fiber plate.
- the operation analysis of the semiconductor integrated circuit is taken.
- the time-square-angle detection according to the present invention can use the time-square-angle detection according to the present invention.
- the present invention can be applied to secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), atom probe, and the like.
- SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry
- ISS ion scattering spectroscopy
- atom probe atom probe
- the detection timing pulse DT is transmitted using the coaxial cable 94.
- the transmission distance of the detection timing pulse DT is short, use two parallel signal lines corresponding to the core wire of the coaxial cable 94 and the outer conductor instead of the coaxial cable 94. Can be.
- the time-resolved measurement device of the present invention reads out the detection timing pulse not from the last micro-channel plate directly facing the anode, but from the micro-channel plate located further forward. This makes it possible to reduce the negative component included in the detection timing pulse and improve the time accuracy of the time-resolved measurement.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
- Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)
- Testing Or Measuring Of Semiconductors Or The Like (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP04746751.9A EP1640712B1 (en) | 2003-06-25 | 2004-06-24 | Time-resolved measurement device and position-sensitive electron multiplier tube |
US10/561,917 US7619199B2 (en) | 2003-06-25 | 2004-06-24 | Time-resolved measurement apparatus and position-sensitive election multiplier tube |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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JP2003181546A JP4268463B2 (ja) | 2003-06-25 | 2003-06-25 | 時間分解測定装置および位置検出型電子増倍管 |
JP2003-181546 | 2003-06-25 |
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WO2004113890A1 true WO2004113890A1 (ja) | 2004-12-29 |
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PCT/JP2004/009282 WO2004113890A1 (ja) | 2003-06-25 | 2004-06-24 | 時間分解測定装置および位置検出型電子増倍管 |
Country Status (7)
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US (1) | US7619199B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1640712B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4268463B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101067933B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100476408C (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI333057B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004113890A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
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CN103163549A (zh) * | 2011-12-19 | 2013-06-19 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | 一种基于微通道板拼接的大面积x射线脉冲探测装置 |
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JP5159393B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-31 | 2013-03-06 | サイエナジー株式会社 | 電子増幅器及びこれを使用した放射線検出器 |
EP2199830B1 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2014-07-02 | Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie | A position resolved measurement apparatus and a method for acquiring space coordinates of a quantum beam incident thereon |
EP2202777A1 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2010-06-30 | Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie | A time resolved measurement apparatus and a time sensitive detector with improved time measurement |
EP2278609B1 (en) * | 2009-07-21 | 2012-12-05 | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) | Microchannel plate and its manufacturing method |
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WO2013081195A1 (ko) * | 2011-11-28 | 2013-06-06 | 한국기초과학지원연구원 | 냉전자를 이용한 음이온 발생 및 전자포획 분해장치 |
US9425030B2 (en) * | 2013-06-06 | 2016-08-23 | Burle Technologies, Inc. | Electrostatic suppression of ion feedback in a microchannel plate photomultiplier |
JP6169451B2 (ja) * | 2013-09-13 | 2017-07-26 | 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ | 荷電粒子線装置および荷電粒子線の計測方法 |
US9524855B2 (en) * | 2014-12-11 | 2016-12-20 | Thermo Finnigan Llc | Cascaded-signal-intensifier-based ion imaging detector for mass spectrometer |
JP6416544B2 (ja) * | 2014-08-27 | 2018-10-31 | 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ | 荷電粒子ビーム装置 |
US9966224B2 (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2018-05-08 | Sciencetomorrow Llc | Quantitative secondary electron detection |
JP6289339B2 (ja) * | 2014-10-28 | 2018-03-07 | 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ | 荷電粒子線装置及び情報処理装置 |
US9568612B1 (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2017-02-14 | King Saud University | 3D image generation with position-sensing gamma probe |
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CN106970412A (zh) * | 2017-04-07 | 2017-07-21 | 西北核技术研究所 | 一种基于聚乙烯的mcp中子探测器 |
CN110416056B (zh) * | 2019-07-11 | 2021-10-22 | 西北核技术研究院 | 一种基于微通道板的高增益混合型光电倍增管 |
CN110608802B (zh) * | 2019-09-23 | 2021-07-02 | 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 | 一种微通道板日盲紫外波段光谱灵敏度测量装置及方法 |
US20230197427A1 (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2023-06-22 | Shimadzu Corporation | Ion analyzer |
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- 2004-06-24 EP EP04746751.9A patent/EP1640712B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-06-24 US US10/561,917 patent/US7619199B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-06-24 WO PCT/JP2004/009282 patent/WO2004113890A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2004-06-24 TW TW093118221A patent/TWI333057B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20060024367A (ko) | 2006-03-16 |
EP1640712A4 (en) | 2012-05-30 |
JP2005019635A (ja) | 2005-01-20 |
US7619199B2 (en) | 2009-11-17 |
EP1640712B1 (en) | 2013-06-19 |
TW200506344A (en) | 2005-02-16 |
CN1809742A (zh) | 2006-07-26 |
US20070263223A1 (en) | 2007-11-15 |
TWI333057B (en) | 2010-11-11 |
EP1640712A1 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
CN100476408C (zh) | 2009-04-08 |
KR101067933B1 (ko) | 2011-09-26 |
JP4268463B2 (ja) | 2009-05-27 |
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