Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
  • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/38—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
  • C07D333/62—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
  • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/30—Hetero atoms other than halogen
  • C07D333/34—Sulfur atoms

Definitions

• This invention relates to fluoro- and trifluoroalkyl-containing heterocyclic sulfonamide inhibitors of beta amyloid production and derivatives thereof, to processes for their preparation, compositions comprising them, and methods of treatment employing them In particular, these inhibitors have utility in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
• AD Alzheimer's Disease
• the main pathological lesions of AD found in the brain consist of extracellular deposits of beta amyloid protein in the form of plaques and angiopathy and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
• beta amyloid levels in brain not only precede tau pathology but also correlate with cognitive decline.
• recent studies have shown that aggregated beta amyloid is toxic to neurons in cell culture.
• Beta amyloid protein is composed mainly of 39 to 42 arnino acid peptides and is produced from a larger precursor protein called amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the sequential action of the proteases beta and gamma secretase.
• APP amyloid precursor protein
• APP amyloid precursor protein
• cases of early onset AD have been attributed to genetic mutations in APP that lead to an overproduction of either total beta amyloid protein or its more aggregation-prone 42 amino acid isoform.
• people with Down's Syndrome possess an extra chromosome that contains the gene that encodes APP and thus have elevated beta amyloid levels and invariably develop AD later in life.
• compositions useful in inhibiting beta amyloid production and in the treatment of the effects of conditions associated therewith are useful for the treatment of conditions in which beta amyloid levels are elevated (e.g., AD, Down's Syndrome).
• beta amyloid levels e.g., AD, Down's Syndrome.
• Systemic administration of these compounds to subjects at risk of, or suffering from, these diseases lowers beta amyloid protein levels with subsequent reduction in the toxic beta amyloid aggregates in the brains of these patients.
• the trifluoro alkyl- and fluoro-containing heterocyclic sulfonamide compounds within formula (I) have been found to have unexpectedly good beta-amyloid inhibitory activity.
• the compounds of formula (I) are characterized by increased stability against oxidation (Phase 1 metabolic stability), as compared to the corresponding compounds without the trifluoroalkyl or fluoro groups.
• compounds within formula (I) as identified herein have been found to have increased metabolic stability and circulating half-life, and thus, enhanced bioactivity as compared to the corresponding compound without the trifluoroalkyl or fluoro groups.
• trifluoroalkyl- and fluoro-containing compounds within formula (I) have been found to have increased potency as compared to the corresponding unfluorinated compounds.
• the compounds of the invention are anticipated to be useful in lower doses than prior art compounds.
• the invention discloses compounds of Formula (I), their pharmaceutical formulations, and their use in modulating beta amyloid production in subjects at risk for, or suffering from, AD or other diseases resulting from elevated levels of beta amyloid protein in the brain.
• the present invention therefore provides compounds of Formula (I):
• T is selected from the group consisting of CHO, COR 8 , and C(OH)RiR 2 ;
• R r and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, CF 3 , alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and substituted lower alkyl
• W, Y and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of C, CR 5 and N with the proviso that at least one of W or Y or Z must be C;
• Re is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, and substituted lower alkyl;
• X is selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO 2 , and NR ;
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, phenyl, and substituted phenyl;
• R 8 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, CF 3 , phenyl, and substituted phenyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or hydrates or prodrugs thereof Of these compounds, the preferred members are those in which j is
• (CF 3 ) radicalalkyl, such as CF 3 , CF 3 CH 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CF 3 , CH(CH 2 CF 3 ) 2 , or CH(CF 3 ) 2 .
• Rj is (F) n cyclo alkyl, preferably, (F) 2 cyclo alkyl, more preferably (F) 2 cyclohexane and bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, and most preferably 4,4-difluoro-cyclohexane and 4,4-difluorobicyclo[3.1.0]-3-hexane.
• T is C(OH)R ⁇ R 2
• Ri and R 2 are hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R t is (CF 3 ) 2 CH, preferably t is of S-stereochemistry
• R 5 is halogen
• W C
• X S
• Y CH
• Z CH with the sulfonamide attached to C-2 of the thiophene ring.
• T is CHO
• Ri and R 2 are hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen
• t is CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CF 3
• R 5 is halogen
• W C
• X S
• Y CH
• Z-CH with the sulfonamide attached to C-2 of the thiophene ring
• T is C(O)Rs
• Ri and R 2 are hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen
• j is CF 3 CH 2 (CH 3 )CH
• R 5 is halogen
• R 8 is CH 3
• W C
• X S
• Y CH
• Z CH with the sulfonamide attached to C-2 of the thiophene ring.
• T is C(OH)R ⁇ R 2
• Ri and R 2 are hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen
• Rt is (F) 2 cyclo alkyl
• R 5 is halogen
• W C
• X S
• Y CH
• Z CH with the sulfonamide attached to C-2 of the thiophene ring.
• the point of attachment of the W-X-Y-Z-C heterocyclic ring to the SO 2 group is not a limitation of the present invention.
• the ring is attached to the SO 2 group through a carbon-atom.
• the ring may be attached through aN heteroatom.
• the compounds of the invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and some of the compounds may contain one or more asymmetric (chiral) centers and may thus give rise to optical isomers and diastereomers. While shown without respect to stereochemistry in Formula (I), when the compounds of Formula (I) contain one or more chiral centers, at least the chiral center of the ⁇ -amino alcohol is of S-stereochemistry. Most preferably, the carbon atom to which N, R 3 and t are attached is of S-stereochemistry.
• the invention includes such optical isomers and disastereomers; as well as the racemic and resolved, enantiomerically pure stereoisomers; as well as other mixtures of the R and S stereoisomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof
• alkyl is used herein to refer to both straight- and branched-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having one to ten carbon atoms, preferably one to eight carbon atoms and, most preferably, one to six carbon atoms; as used herein, the term “lower alkyl” refers to straight- and branched-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having one to six carbon atoms; “alkenyl” is intended to include both straight- and branched-chain alkyl group with at least one carbon-carbon double bond and two to eight carbon atoms, preferably two to six carbon atoms; "alkynyl” group is intended to cover both straight- and branched-chain alkyl groups with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and two to eight carbon atoms, preferably two to six carbon atoms.
• substituted alkyl refers to alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups as just described having from one to three substituents preferably independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, OH, NO 2 , amino, aryl, heterocyclic, substituted aryl, substituted heterocyclic, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, and arylthio. These substituents may be attached to any carbon of an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group provided that the attachment constitutes a stable chemical moiety.
• cycloalkyl is used herein to describe a carbon-based saturated ring having more than 3 carbon-atoms and which forms a stable ring.
• the term cycloalkyl can include groups where two or more cycloalkyl groups have been fused to form a stable multicyclic ring.
• cycloalkyl refers to a ring having about 4 to about 9 carbon atoms, and more preferably about 6 carbon atoms.
• substituted cycloalkyl is used herein to refer to a cycloalkyl group as just described and having from one to five substituents preferably independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, CN, OH, NO 2 , amino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, substituted alkylamino, arylthio, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aminoalkyl, and substituted aminoalkyl.
• aryl is used herein to refer to a carbocyclic aromatic system, which may be a single ring, or multiple aromatic rings fused or linked together as such that at least one part of the fused or linked rings forms the conjugated aromatic system.
• the aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, anthryl, tetrahydronaphthyl, phenanthryl, and indane.
• substituted aryl refers to aryl as just defined having one to four substituents preferably independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, OH, NO 2 , amino, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, and arylthio.
• diene refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon or diolefin having two double bonds.
• substituted diene refers to a diene which is substituted with one to two substituents preferably independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, OH, NO 2 , amino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, alkyloxy, substituted alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, substituted alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, substituted alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, substituted alkylamino, arylthio, or substituted arylthio.
• diene and “substituted diene” are used in the context of R 5 , an embodiment in which the substituted diene is 3-chloro-l,3-butadiene which is fused to the thiophene ring at R 5 and Y to form a benzothiophene.
• suitable dienes include 1, 3- butadienyl- and 2-trifluoromethyl-l,3-butadienyl.
• suitable substituted and unsubstituted dienes may be readily selected from among the compounds as defined herein.
• substituted benzyl refers to a benzyl group, having substituted on the benzene ring, one to five substituents preferably independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, OH, NO 2 , amino, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, and arylthio.
• heterocyclic is used herein to describe a stable 4- to 7-membered monocyclic or a stable multicyclic heterocyclic ring which is saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated, and which includes carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms preferably independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S atoms.
• the N and S atoms may be oxidized.
• the heterocyclic ring also includes any multicyclic ring in which any of above defined heterocyclic rings is fused to an aryl ring.
• the heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom provided the resultant structure is chemically stable.
• heterocyclic groups include, for example, tetrahydrofuran, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, thienyl, furyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, isoquinolinyl, and tetrahydrothiopyran.
• substituted heterocyclic is used herein to describe the heterocyclic just defined having one to four substituents preferably independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, OH, NO 2 , amino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, alkyloxy, substituted alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, substituted alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxy, substituted alkylcarboxy, alkylamino, substituted alkylamino, arylthio, or substituted arylthio.
• alkylcarbonyl is used herein to refer to the RCO group, where R is alkyl or substituted alkyl.
• alkylcarboxy is used herein to refer to the COOR group, where R is alkyl or substituted alkyl.
• aminoalkyl refers to both secondary and tertiary amines wherein the alkyl or substituted alkyl groups, containing one to eight carbon atoms, which may be either same or different and the point of attachment is on the nitrogen atom.
• halogen refers to CI, Br, F, or I.
• ring includes a monocyclic structure, a bridged cyclo structure, and fused cyclo structures, unless the type of ring structure is otherwise specified.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used in the form of salts derived from pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable acids or bases.
• These salts include, but are not limited to, the following salts with organic and inorganic acids such as acetic, lactic, citric, tartaric, succinic, fumaric, maleic, malonic, mandelic, mallic, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, methanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic and similarly known acceptable acids, and mixtures thereof.
• salts as well as other compounds of the invention may be in the form of esters, carbamates and other conventional "pro-drug” forms, which, when administered in such form, convert to the active moiety in vivo.
• the prodrugs are esters. See, e.g., B. Testa and J. Caldwell, "Prodrugs Revisited: The “Ad Hoc” Approach as a Complement to Ligand Design", Medicinal Research Reviews, 16(3):233-241, ed., John Wiley & Sons (1996).
• a second method of preparation involves reaction of an ⁇ -amino acid or ester IX with the appropriate sulfonyl halide in the presence of a base such as triethylamine and in a suitable solvent to afford compounds of Formula X (Scheme 2).
• This route entails formation of the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated amide XIV of the Evans chiral auxiliary from an acylbromide XI via a Horner-Emmons reaction sequence, followed by conjugate addition of an organocuprate, trapping of the resulting enolate anion XV with N-Bromosuccinamide (NBS), displacement of the bromide XVI with azide anion (provided by tetramethylguanidinium azide (TMGA) or sodium azide to afford XVII, followed by reduction to the 1,2-amino alcohol and subsequent sulfonylation to afford the target compound XVIII.
• NBS N-Bromosuccinamide
• TMGA tetramethylguanidinium azide
• TMGA tetramethylguanidinium azide
• sodium azide sodium azide
• chirally pure ⁇ -amino acids XLI one of the possible synthetic precursors of chiral N-sulfonyl 2-amino alcohols XLIII, can also be prepared utilizing asymmetric variants of the Strecker ⁇ -amino acid synthesis as outlined in Schemes 10 (J. Org. Chem. 61:440-441 (1996)) and 11 (J. Org Chem. 54:1055-1062 (1989)).
• Scheme 12 A method of preparing chirally pure trifluoroalkyl- or fluoro-containing heterocyclic sulfonamide compounds according to Formula (I) is outlined in Schemes 12 and 13.
• Scheme 12 outlines procedures described in the literature for formation of a suitable aminoester XLVII [W.H. Vine, etal,JMedChem. 1981, 24: 1043-1047 and R. Keese, et al, Synthesis, 1996, 695-696].
• the aminoester XLVIII is filtered; it has been found that recrystallization at this step, which is described in the literature as essential, is not required.
• the intermediate aminoester XLVIII is converted to N-benzyl amino alcohol with DIBAL-H.
• the N-benzyl amino alcohol XLIX is hydrogenated in the presence of a suitable catalyst to provide an aminoalcohol L.
• the catalyst is removed via filtration and the solution concentrated to a solid.
• the aminoalcohol L is sulfonylated with BSA/triethylamine/DMAP (or another suitable agent, e.g.. TMSCl/amine base) and a desired heterocyclic sulfonylchloride.
• reaction is quenched to remove the silyl ether group (e.g., with aqueous HC1/THF) and filtered (e.g., using an SiO 2 plug) with ethyl acetate/hexane in a ratio which permits crystallization of the chirally pure trifluoromethyl-containing heterocyclic sulfonamide of Formula (I) of the invention.
• silyl ether group e.g., with aqueous HC1/THF
• filtered e.g., using an SiO 2 plug
• the method of Scheme 13 may be readily used for the preparation of trifluoroalkyl-, including trifluoromethyl-, and fluoro-containing compounds. More particularly, this method may be useful for preparing other trifluoroalkyl-, trifluoromethyl-, or fluoro- containing sulfonamides from a diastereomeric mixture of an aminoester having at least one chiral center and at least one trifluoroalkyl or fluoro group attached to at least one chiral center through an alkyl group or at least one fluoro group attached to a cycloalkyl group. As defined herein, the alkyl group may link one or more trifluoroalkyl to the chiral center directly. Alternatively, the trifluoroalkyl can be located on a substituent of a substituted alkyl group.
• the compounds of the invention can also be prepared by reacting a secondary alcohol V with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) or the Dess Martin periodinane reagent [D.B. Dess, J.C. Martin, J Org. Chem., 48:4155 (1983)] to afford the corresponding aldehyde LI (Scheme 14). 4 0
• Another method of preparing trifluoromethylated or fluorinated heterocyclic sulfonamide compounds includes treating a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated aldehyde with a dehydrating agent and a chiral sulfinamide to form a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated chiral sulfinamide.
• a suitable dehydrating agent for use in the present method including, without limitation, titanium ethoxide, magnesium sulfate, or molecular sieves such as 4A molecular sieves.
• the trifluoromethylated or fluorinated chiral sulfinamide can then be treated with a cyanating agent to form a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated diastereomeric ⁇ -amino nitrile, respectively.
• the selection of the cyanating agent for use in the present invention is within one skilled in the art and can include ethyl isopropoxy aluminum cyanide, among others.
• the trifluoromethylated or fluorinated diastereomeric ⁇ -amino nitrile can then be isolated and optionally purified using techniques known to those of skill in the art.
• the trifluoromethylated or fluorinated diastereomeric ⁇ -amino nitrile can be hydrolyzed to a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated ⁇ -amino acid, respectively, using techniques and agents known to those of skill in the art.
• the trifluoromethylated or fluorinated ⁇ - amino acid can then be reduced to a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated ⁇ -amino alcohol, respectively, using techniques and agents known to those of skill in the art.
• the trifluoromethylated or fluorinated ⁇ -amino alcohol can be reacted with a heterocyclic sulfonyl chloride to form the corresponding trifluoromethylated or fluorinated heterocyclic sulfonamide of the present invention.
• the invention relates to a method of preparing a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated heterocyclic sulfonamide compound, the method including the steps of: (a) filtering a diastereomeric mixture of an aminoester, said aminoester having at least one chiral center and at least one trifluoromethyl or fluoro group attached to at least one chiral center through an alkyl group;
• the invention relates to a method of preparing a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated heterocyclic sulfonamide compound, the method including the steps of: (a) treating a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated aldehyde with a dehydrating agent and a chiral sulfinamide to form a trifluoromethylated or fluorinated chiral sulfinamide;
• Compounds of Formula (I) are inhibitors of beta amyloid production.
• exemplary compounds of Formula (I) have been shown to exhibit specific inhibition with respect to protease activity.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful for treatment and prevention of a variety of conditions in which modulation of beta amyloid levels provides a therapeutic benefit.
• Such conditions include, e.g., amyloid angiopathy, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, systemic amyloidosis, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Dutch type, inclusion body myositis, Down's syndrome, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), among others.
• the compounds of Formula (I) may be utilized in generating reagents useful in diagnosis of conditions associated with abnormal levels of beta amyloid.
• the compounds of Formula (I) may be used to generate antibodies, which would be useful in a variety of diagnostic assays.
• Methods for generating monoclonal, polyclonal, recombinant, and synthetic antibodies or fragments thereof, are well known to those of skill in the art. (See, e.g., E. Mark and Padlin, "Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies", Chapter 4, The Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol.
• the compounds of Formula (I) may themselves be used in such diagnostic assays.
• suitable diagnostic formats including, e.g., radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), are well known to those of skill in the art and are not a limitation on this embodiment of the invention.
• the beta amyloid inhibitory activity of many of the compounds of the present invention has been determined using the Repressor Release Assay (RRA). See, Table 5 below. A compound is considered active in RRA if it leads to at least a 1.5 fold increase in luciferase activity at 20 ⁇ g/mL and is non-toxic.
• Such assays may include radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), among others. See, e.g., P.D. Mehta, et al., Techniques in Diagnostic Pathology, vol. 2, eds.,
• the compounds of this invention may be administered to a subject by any desirable route, taking into consideration the specific condition for which it has been selected.
• subject any suitable mammal, including humans, domestic animals (e.g., canines and felines), and livestock, which have been recognized as having or at risk of having one or more of the conditions for which modulation of beta amyloid levels is desirable.
• the compounds of the invention are useful for treatment and/or prevention of a number of human and veterinary conditions.
• prevention encompasses prevention of symptoms in a subject who has been identified as at risk for the condition, but has not yet been diagnosed with the same and/or who has not yet presented any symptoms thereof.
• These compounds may be delivered or administered by any suitable route of delivery, e.g., oral, injection, inhalation (including oral, intranasal and intratracheal), intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, sublingual, intracranial, epidural, intratracheal, rectal, vaginal, among others. Most desirably, the compounds are delivered orally, by inhalation or by a suitable parenteral route.
• the compounds may be formulated in combination with conventional pharmaceutical carriers that are physiologically compatible.
• one or more of the compounds of the invention may be mixed with other active agents.
• suitable physiologically compatible carriers may be readily selected by one of skill in the art.
• suitable solid carriers include, among others, one or more substances which may also act as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, fillers, glidants, compression aids, binders or tablet-disintegrating agents or an encapsulating material.
• the carrier is a finely divided solid, which is in admixture with the finely divided active ingredient.
• the active ingredient is mixed with a carrier having the necessary compression properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
• the powders and tablets preferably contain up to 99% of the active ingredient.
• Suitable solid carriers include, for example, calcium or dicalcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, starch, sugars (including, e.g., lactose and sucrose), cellulose (including, e.g., microcrystalline cellulose, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinylpyrrolidine, low melting waxes, ion exchange resins, and kaolin.
• Liquid carriers may be used in preparing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups and elixirs.
• the active ingredient of this invention can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier such as water, an organic solvent, a mixture of both or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fat.
• the liquid carrier can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilizers, emulsifiers, buffers, suspending agents, thickening agents, viscosity regulators, stabilizers or osmo-regulators.
• suitable examples of liquid carriers for oral and parenteral administration include water (particularly containing additives as above e.g.
• cellulose derivatives preferably sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution
• alcohols including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g., glycols
• oils e.g., fractionated coconut oil, arachis oil, corn oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil
• the carrier can also be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate.
• Sterile liquid carriers are used in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration.
• additives customarily employed in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions may be included in the compositions of the invention.
• Such components include, e.g., sweeteners or other flavoring agents, coloring agents, preservatives, and antioxidants, e.g., vitamin E, ascorbic acid, BHT and BHA.
• Liquid pharmaceutical compositions that are sterile solutions or suspensions can be utilized by, for example, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. Sterile solutions can also be administered intravenously. Oral administration may be either liquid or solid composition form.
• the pharmaceutical compositions when prepared for use as an inhalant, are prepared as fluid unit doses using a compound of the invention and a suitable pharmaceutical vehicle for delivery by an atomizing spray pump, or by dry powder for insufflation.
• a suitable pharmaceutical vehicle for delivery by an atomizing spray pump, or by dry powder for insufflation.
• the compound of the invention is formulated for and packaged in a pressurized aerosol container together with a gaseous or liquefied propellant, for example, dichlorodifluoromethane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, propane, and the like, with the usual components such as cosolvents and wetting agents, as may be necessary or desirable.
• the invention provides for delivery of a metered dose for oral or intranasal inhalation in one, two, or more actuations.
• a dose is delivered in one or two actuations.
• other suitable delivery methods may be readily determined.
• the pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form, e.g. as tablets or capsules.
• the composition is sub-divided in unit dose containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient;
• the unit dosage forms can be packaged compositions, for example packeted powders, vials, ampoules, prefilled syringes or sachets containing liquids.
• the unit dosage form can be, for example, a capsule or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any such compositions in package form
• a therapeutically or prophylactically useful amount of a compound of the invention is that amount of a compound which alleviates the symptoms of the disease, e.g., AD, or which prevents the onset of symptoms, or the onset of more severe symptoms.
• the useful amounts of a compound may vary depending upon the formulation and route of delivery. For example, higher amounts may be delivered orally than when the compound is formulated for injection or inhalation, in order to deliver a biologically equivalent amount of the drug.
• an individual dose (i.e., per unit) of a compound of the invention is in the range from about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 g/kg.
• these doses may suitably be selected from a lower range, e.g., from about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 200 mg/kg more preferably 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 4/092155
• the dosage to be used in the treatment or prevention of a specific cognitive deficit or other condition may be subjectively determined by the attending physician.
• the variables involved include the specific cognitive deficit and the size, age and response pattern of the patient, For example, based upon the activity profile and potency of the compounds of this invention, a starting dose of about 375 to 500 mg per day with gradual increase in the daily dose to about 1000 mg per day may provide the desired dosage level in the human.
• the use of sustained delivery devices may be desirable, in order to avoid the necessity for the patient to take medications on a daily basis.
• sustained delivery is defined as delaying the release of an active agent, i.e., a compound of the invention, until after placement in a delivery environment, followed by a sustained release of the agent at a later time.
• suitable sustained delivery devices include, e.g., hydrogels (see, e.g., US Patent Nos. 5,266,325; 4,959,217; and 5,292,515), an osmotic pump, such as described by Alza (US Patent Nos. 4,295,987 and 5,273,752) or Merck (European Patent No.
• hydrophobic membrane materials such as ethylenemethacrylate (EMA) and ethylenevinylacetate (EVA); bioresorbable polymer systems (see, e.g., International Patent Publication No. WO 98/44964, Bioxid and Cellomeda; US Patent Nos. 5,756,127 and 5,854,388); other bioresorbable implant devices have been described as being composed of, for example, polyesters, polyanhydrides, or lactic acid/glycolic acid copolymers (see, e.g., US Patent No. 5,817,343 (Alkermes Inc.)).
• the compounds of the invention may be formulated as described herein.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical kit for delivery of a product.
• the kit contains packaging or a container with the compound formulated for the desired delivery route.
• the kit may contain a suspension containing a compound of the invention formulated for aerosol or spray delivery of a predetermined dose by inhalation.
• the kit may further contain instructions for monitoring circulating levels of product and materials for performing such assays including, e.g., reagents, well plates, containers, markers or labels, and the like.
• Such kits are readily packaged in a manner suitable for treatment of a desired indication.
• the kit may also contain instructions for use of the spray pump or other delivery device.
• Other suitable components to such kits will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art, taking into consideration the desired indication and the delivery route.
• the doses may be repeated daily, weekly, or monthly, for a predetermined length of time or as prescribed.
• 5-(3,3,3-Trifluoro-l-methylpropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (15.54 g, 73.95 mmol) was dissolved in a 150 mL solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH - 11.83 g, 295.8 mmol). The solution was heated by microwave in a sealed vessel for 1 hour. (Microwave conditions: 15 min.
• Chlorothiophene-2-sulfonyl chloride (17.6 g, 81 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and added dropwise to the reaction mixture over 0.5 h. After 1 h the reaction mixture was allowed to warm gradually to 25 °C and stirred for 16 h. THF was removed in vacuo and then the mixture was acidified to pH of about 1 with aqueous 1 N HCl. After about 15 min, a precipitate began to crash out of the milky white mixture. After 1 h the mixture was cooled to 0°C for 1 h and then filtered.
• THF Tetrahydrofuran
• Diastereomer 2 was resolved into pure enantiomers by preparative chiral SFC [chiralpak AD, 3:7 isopropanol-carbon dioxide, enantiomer 1 elutes at 4.5 min and enantiomer 2 elutes at 5.6 min]. Enantiomer 1 was then recrystallized with EtO Ac/heptane, 1:4 to give 5-chloro-N- [(lS,2R)-4,4,4-trifluoro-l-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylbutyl]thiophene-2-sulfonamide, mp 136-137 °C.
• the thick slurry of the mixed anhydride was cooled to -78 °C, and poured through an addition funnel into the lithiated oxazolidinone solution. The mixture was allowed to warm gradually to 25 °C overnight. The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) and washed with aqueous 1 N HCl (500 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (500 mL), and saturated aqueous NaCl (500 mL), then dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• the resulting suspension was filtered through the Celite® reagent, and the filter pad was washed with EtOAc (100 mL). The layers of the filtrate were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were dried using ⁇ a 2 SO 4 and concentrated.
• the crude mixture which according to HNMR was a 1:3 mixture of diastereomers, was precipitated with diethyl ether/hexanes and the product was collected. Two additional crops of product were obtained by repeating the precipitation procedure on the concentrated filtrate.
• EtOAc contains the chiral auxiliary and was set aside.
• the combined NaHC0 3 layers were acidified to a pH less than 2.
• the acidified aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3x100 mL).
• the organic layer was dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated to obtain (2S, 3R)-2-azido-5, 5, 5-trifluoro-3-methylpentanoic acid as a yellow oil (3.2 g, 98%).
• the reaction was quenched by pouring it into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (25 mL) and additional methylene chloride (150 mL).
• the organic phase was separated and washed sequentially with IN HCl solution, H 2 0, brine and dried over MgS0 4 .
• the organic phase was filtered and evaporated to produce a crude oil (6.1 g) that was purified by flash chromatography using ethyl acetate-hexane, 1-6 as eluent.
• the compound of this example demonstrated significantly longer metabolic stability in an assay of Phase 1 and 2 rat (14 min vs 2 min half-life), mouse (10 min vs 2 min half-life), human (22 min vs 13 min half-life), and dog (31 min vs 4 min) liver microsome metabolism.
• the organic extract was dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated to obtain a crude semi-solid.
• the crude semi-solid was not soluble in CH 2 C1 2 , MeOH, or EtOAc, but was partially soluble in DMSO.
• the crude product was treated with IN HCl (100 mL) and the aqueous solution was washed with EtOAc (2x150 mL).
• the organic layer was dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated to obtain a yellow oil (1.41g).
• reaction flask was used directly in the next reaction without further purification (aldehyde very volatile).
• reaction mixture was quenched by slow addition of 10% HO Ac in MeOH (23 mL). After concentration, the residue was dissolved in Et 2 0 (200 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 (3 x 20 mL) and brine (20 mL), and then dried using Na 2 S0 4 . After concentration, the resulting residue was used directly in the next reaction without further purification.
• EXAMPLE 5 5 '-Chloro-N-[3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 -S- (hydroxymethyl)propyl]thiophene-2'-sulfonamide
• Methyl 2-amino-3-(trifluoromethyl)-4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanoate A solution of 4,4,4,4',4',4'-hexafluoro-DL-valine (2.00 g, 8.89 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH (4: 1, 50 mL) was stirred under nitrogen at 0 °C.
• Tetramethylsilane (TMS) diazomethane (5.33 mL, 2.0 M in hexane) was added dropwise, and the resulting solution stirred for 3 h at 25 °C. After this time period, the reaction was complete by TLC (10% MeOH: chloroform). After concentration, the resulting residue (1.34 g, 63%>) was used directly in the next reaction without further purification.
• the compound of this example demonstrated significantly higher (about 72 to about 133 fold) potency in a cellular assay and significantly longer metabolic stability (46 min vs 10 min half-life in an assay of transgenic mice (Tg2576) liver microsome metabolism).
• the compound of the invention may be used in lower doses than the corresponding compounds lacking the trifluoromethyl groups.
• the crude oil was further purified by recrystallization from 1:4 EtOAc- heptane.
• the mixed solvent system was added to 5-chloro-N-[(lS,2S)-4,4,4-trifluoro- l-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylbutyl]thiophene-2-sulfonamide, heated to obtain a solution, allowed to cool to 25 °C for 3 h and then stored at 0 °C for 19 h.
• the aqueous phase was acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) to give (2S, 3S)- 2-azido-3-ethyl-5,5,5-trifluoro-pentanoic acid, identified by LCMS.
• (2S,3S)-2-Azido-3-ethyl-5,5,5-trifluoro-pentanoic acid was dissolved in THF (5 mL) at 0 °C and lithium aluminum hydride (1 M solution in THF) (1 mL, 1 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at 40 °C for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by sequential addition of water (60 ⁇ L), 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide (60 ⁇ L), and water (150 ⁇ L) with vigorous stirring between each addition. The mixture was then filtered and concentrated to give (2S, 3S)-2-amino-3-ethyl- 5,5,5-trifluoro-pentan-l-ol.
• Solvent A Water (0.02% TFA buffer)
• Solvent B Acetonitrile (0.02 % TFA buffer)
• the aminoester XLVIII (250 g, 0.64 mol) was suspended in toluene (4 L) and neutralized to pH 7-8 with 0.4 N NaOH (1.6 L). The layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with water (1.6 L) followed by drying with Na 2 S0 4 (250 g). The toluene solution was cooled to -68 °C to -62°C and treated with 25% diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) in toluene (1278 mL, 1.9 mol, 3 eq.), keeping the temperature below -60 °C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour.
• DIBAL-H diisobutylaluminum hydride
• the reaction was quenched with 10% aqueous NaOH (128 mL) followed by sodium citrate dihydrate (500 g) and anhydrous sodium sulfate (385 g). After stirring for 1 hour, the solids were removed via filtration and the solution concentrated to an oil. This was dissolved in diethyl ether (2.6 L), cooled to 5 °C and treated with IN HCl in ether (750 mL). After stirring for 30 minutes, the solids were collected via filtration, washed with ether and dried under vacuum to give 189 g (85%) of a benzyl amine as a white solid.
• the benzyl amine (150 g, 0.43 mol) in methanol (150 mL) was hydrogenated at 40 psi in the presence of 40 g of 10%) Pd/C catalyst. After 1.5 hours, the catalyst was removed via filtration and the solution concentrated to a solid. The solid was triturated with ether/hexane, collected via filtration and dried to give 94.8 g (90%) of an aminoalcohol as a solid.
• the reaction was heated to 70°C for 18 h.
• the reaction slurry (light brown) was cooled to 0°C and the reaction was quenched with H 2 0 (1.5 mL), IN NaOH (4.5 mL) and H 2 0 (1.5 mL).
• the reaction was stirred for 4 h to obtain a white slurry.
• the slurry was filtered and the mother liquor was further dried over MgS0 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to obtain a crude yellow oil (1.68g).
• the solution was diluted with Et 2 0 (50 mL) and a solution of sodium thiosulfate, Na 2 S 2 0 3 (11.83 mmol, 4.8g, 11 eq) in 80%) saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (40 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred rapidly for 10 min until both phases were clear. The layers, were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and brine (15 mL), then dried over MgS0 , filtered and concentrated to obtain a crude oil (0.38 g).
• reaction mixture was eluted through a pad of silica gel (100 g) and Na 2 S0 with Et 2 0 (100 mL) to remove the byproducts tiiphenylphosphine oxide and water.
• the eluent was distilled to remove Et 2 0 and to afford the product as a colorless liquid (1.0 g, 86%).
• the solution was diluted with Et 2 0 (50 mL) and a solution of sodium thiosulfate, Na 2 S 2 0 3 (73.33 mmol, 11.6g, 11 eq) in 80% saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred rapidly for 10 min until both phases were clear. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (30 mL).
• 2,5-dichlorothiophene-3-sulfonyl chloride was used to provide 2,5-dichloro-N-[(lS)- 3 ,3,3-trifluoro- 1 -(hydroxymethyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]thiophene-3 -sulfonamide as a white solid (0.026 g, 17 % yield).
• Example 33-35 The following compounds (Examples 33-35, Table 1) were prepared using 2- thiophenesulfonyl chloride, 3-thiophenesulfonyl chloride and 2,5-dichlorothiophene- 3-sulfonyl chloride and employing the procedure outlined in Example 33.
• the crude solid was taken up in DMSO (0.5 mL) and purified by reverse phase HPLC (the Gilson® HPLC instrument, the Luna® C18 100 x 30 mm column, elution gradient: 40% acetonitrile/water (0.075% TFA) to 100 % acetonitrile (0.075% TFA) over 15 min at a flow rate of 20 mL/min) providing the title compound (13.8 mg) as a white solid.
• reverse phase HPLC the Gilson® HPLC instrument, the Luna® C18 100 x 30 mm column, elution gradient: 40% acetonitrile/water (0.075% TFA) to 100 % acetonitrile (0.075% TFA) over 15 min at a flow rate of 20 mL/min
• Example 36-39 The following compounds (Examples 36-39, Table 2) were prepared using 4,5 dibromothiophene-2-sulfonyl chloride, 2-bromo-5-chloro thiophene-2-sulfonyl chloride, 3-bromo-2,5-dichlorothiophene-3-sulfonyl chloride and benzothiophene-2- sulfonyl chloride and employing the procedure outlined in Example 36.
• Compounds are diluted from DMSO stocks to 2 ⁇ M and below in a cell culture medium. Compounds are then applied to CHO cells carrying the APP- REP-NL plasmid [Sudhir et. al, J. Biolog.Chem. 267:25602-25608 (1992)] for a period of 22 hours. After the conditioning period, medium is collected, diluted in assay buffer containing protein, and samples, controls, and synthetic peptide standards are incubated on a prepared ELISA plate. Using a sandwich ELISA with antibodies specifically directed against the carboxyl terminus of beta amyloid 40 or 42 [analogous to the method reported by Haugabook et al., J. Neurosci. Methods
• Test Samples compound samples are supplied as 20 mM stock solutions in a 100% DMSO solution.
• APP-REP-NL cells Qualified cell lines are carried from week to week using 1:100 dilutions and are cultured in DMEM supplemented with IX antibiotic/antimycotic, 200 ug/ml of G418 antibiotic, and 10% certified fetal calf serum Cells are also banked in liquid nitrogen. Periodically, beta amyloid production is assessed, and cells are either kept in culture or replaced with progenitors at full expression.
• Antibodies Are from certified lots that have already been qualified in this assay. Antibodies are stored in small frozen aliquots at -80°C that are thawed and used. (iv) Reagents: are of the highest quality available. Certain reagents are "lot specific" and only reagents from that specific manufacturer and lot may be used.
• Criteria for activity A compound is considered active if it has an EC 50 for A ⁇ 40 reduction of ⁇ 100 ⁇ M and no toxicity at doses in the vicinity the EC 50 .
• RRA Repressor Release Assay
• CHO-K1 cells are cultured in whole DMEM media (DMEM - High Glucose with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% Non-essential Amino Acids, and 1%> Penicillin-Streptomycin) at 37 °C with 5%> C0 .
• DMEM fetal bovine serum
• Non-essential Amino Acids 1%> Penicillin-Streptomycin
• Two million cells are plated into 10- cm dishes 24 hrs prior to transfection. Transient transfections are completed as recommended by Gibco BRL using their Lipofectamine Plus® system.
• 6 ⁇ g of pRSVO-luc and 6 ⁇ g of APP - lacl construct DNA are added to 460 ⁇ L Opti-Mem transfection media and incubated with the 30 ⁇ L Plus® reagent for 15 minutes.
• lipid mixture 40 ⁇ L Lipofectamine Plus® reagent and 460 ⁇ L Opti-Mem transfection media is incubated with the DNA-Plus reagent mixture for 15 minutes.
• the CHO-K1 cells are washed once and covered in 5.0 mL DMEM media without Penicillin-Streptomycin.
• the DNA-lipid preparation is then layered onto these cells and incubated at 37°C overnight.
• DMEM whole media (DMEM - without phenol red) and incubated at 37 °C with 5% C0 for 3-5 hours.
• Compounds are diluted using two different protocols; one protocol is used for compounds supplied neat (weighed powder in vial) and the other protocol is used for compounds supplied in solution (20 mM in DMSO in 96-well plates). For both protocols, 25 mM Hepes and 25 mM Hepes/1% DMSO are prepared fresh to be used as diluent. The Hepes/DMSO is used as the diluent control on all experimental plates.
• Luciferase assays (the LucLite® reagent, Packard) are performed and are read on a Packard TopCount® instrument. Media is removed from each 96-well plate and replaced with 100 ⁇ L PBS per well (with Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ). An equal volume (100 ⁇ L) of the LucLite® lysis/substrate buffer is added to each well and the plates are sealed and mixed in the dark on a rotary shaker for about 15 to about 30 minutes at room temperature. Luciferase readings are then taken on the TopCount® instrument. Measurements are expressed as relative light units (RLU) and are calculated and analyzed in the MS Excel® program as follows.
• RLU relative light units
• a compound is considered active in RRA if it leads to at least a 1.5 fold increase in luciferase activity at 20 ⁇ g/mL and is non- toxic, as determined by loss of signal ( ⁇ 0.75 fold increase).
• Fold increase is the amount of luciferase activity (measured in relative light units) over diluent control. SEM represents the standard error of the mean for fold increase (not shown). All compounds tested were found to be non-toxic.
• AN37124 Dovey, H.F. et al., J. Neurochem. 76: 173-181 (2001)) was prepared as outlined in International Patent Publication No. WO 98/22494 and tested in RRA and exhibited a 18.5-28.1 fold increase in luciferase activity at 20 ⁇ g/mL.

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