WO2004039533A1 - 鉛フリーはんだ及びはんだ付け物品 - Google Patents
鉛フリーはんだ及びはんだ付け物品 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004039533A1 WO2004039533A1 PCT/JP2003/013996 JP0313996W WO2004039533A1 WO 2004039533 A1 WO2004039533 A1 WO 2004039533A1 JP 0313996 W JP0313996 W JP 0313996W WO 2004039533 A1 WO2004039533 A1 WO 2004039533A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- solder
- lead
- soldering
- free solder
- soldered
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
- B23K35/262—Sn as the principal constituent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/30—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor
- H05K3/32—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
- H05K3/34—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
- H05K3/3457—Solder materials or compositions; Methods of application thereof
- H05K3/3463—Solder compositions in relation to features of the printed circuit board or the mounting process
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lead-free solder and a solder paste suitable for use in soldering electronic equipment, and a soldered article using the same.
- solder that has been used since ancient times is Sn-Pb alloy, and eutectic solders with a composition of Pb-63Sn have been widely used for soldering electronic devices. Since this Sn-63Pb eutectic solder has good wet spread on the base metal surface, it has few defects such as unsolder, voids and bridges at the time of soldering, and it is possible to obtain a reliable soldered part. It has the following features.
- this solder has a eutectic composition
- the solidus temperature and the liquidus temperature are the same, and they have the important feature of having a low melting point of 183 ° C.
- the soldering temperature is 210 to 230 ° C.
- soldering can be performed without affecting the heat of electronic components and printed circuit boards that are vulnerable to heat. From this point, the eutectic solder having a melting point of 183 ° C has excellent reliability.
- Sn-63Pb eutectic solder has been actively used in electronic equipment for soldering electronic components on printed circuit boards and for soldering elements and substrates inside electronic components. Was.
- the lead-free solder is a material containing Sn as a main component and appropriately adding Ag, Cu, BIn, Zn, Ni, Cr, P, Ge, Ga, and the like.
- solders are based on Sn-based binary alloys such as Sn-Ag, Sn-Cu, Sn-Sb, Sn-Bi, Sn-In, Sn-Zn, Of a multi-element alloy to which is added.
- Sn-Ag and Sn-Cu alloys are the most frequently used lead-free solders because of their superior mechanical strength compared to Sn_63Pb eutectic solder.
- most of these lead-free solders have a liquidus temperature of 220 ° C or higher, and at the solidus temperature, the lowest ternary eutectic composition of Sn_Ag—Cu is 217 ° C. This is much higher than that of Pb-63Sn eutectic solder. Therefore, when using Sn-Ag or Sn-Cu lead-free solder, the soldering temperature will be 250 ° C or higher, which may cause functional deterioration or thermal damage to electronic components and printed circuit boards.
- Sn-Sb-based lead-free solder also has a problem of thermal effects on electronic components and the like because its liquidus temperature is as high as 240 ° C or higher.
- Sn- ⁇ lead-free solder Sn-521 ⁇ has a eutectic composition and its eutectic temperature appears at 117 ° C. Since the Sn-In lead-free solder has a lower melting point than the Pb-63Sn eutectic solder, the thermal effect on electronic components and printed circuit boards can be further reduced. However, if the melting point of the solder is too low, it may be rather inconvenient after soldering.
- Sn-Bi lead-free solder has Sn_58Bi eutectic composition and its eutectic temperature is 139.
- the Sn-Bi lead-free solder like the Sn-In lead-free solder described above, has a too low melting point and is unsuitable for soldering electronic components that generate heat. Since the Bi body has a very brittle property, the lead-free solder containing a large amount of Bi has a problem that it easily peels off when an impact is applied after soldering.
- Sn_9Zn has a eutectic composition and the eutectic temperature is 199 ° C.
- the eutectic temperature (melting point) of the Pb-63Sn eutectic solder is fairly close to the melting point (183 ° C) of the above-mentioned. Therefore, in the case of Sn-Zn lead-free solder, when Pb-63Sn eutectic solder is used for soldering many electronic devices, there is a thermal problem, that is, a problem of thermal damage to electronic components. Heating After soldering components, the problem is unlikely to occur if they are easily peeled off by heat.
- Zn is inexpensive, is an element contained in the human body, and has little adverse effect on the human body, Sn-Zn based lead-free solder has recently been considered.
- Sn-Zn based lead-free solder has insufficient wettability with a Sn-Zn binary alloy, and unsolders and voids are generated. Therefore, many Sn- ⁇ ⁇ -based lead-free solders in which the wettability has been improved by adding one or more metals such as Ag, Cu, and Ni to Sn—Zn have been proposed (JP-A-Hei. 8-267270, 9-94687 and 9-94688).
- the Sn-Zn-based lead-free solder having a composition near the Sn-Zn eutectic has a liquidus temperature of about 200 ° C and a temperature difference of 17 ° C from the melting point of the Pb-63Sn eutectic solder. Therefore, when soldering electronic components, which could be used just barely in terms of temperature with Pb_63Sn eutectic solder, with Sn-Zn lead-free solder, this temperature difference of 17 ° C (the soldering temperature is 17 ° C Higher) can be a problem.
- the present invention has reduced or eliminated this problem, that is, even if the soldered part is Cu or the flux contains a halide, the soldered electronic device can be soldered during long-term use.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder in which a portion is not easily peeled. The present inventors have examined the cause of the easy peeling of the part soldered with Sn-Zn-based lead-free solder.
- soldered part that is, the lead of the electronic component or the land of the printed circuit board
- the soldered part of this Cu is soldered with Sn-Zn based lead-free solder
- the interface of the soldered part may corrode and the solder may peel off. I understand. The mechanism of this peeling is presumed as follows.
- Joining of the solder and Cu of the base metal is obtained by the metallic component of the molten metal of the solder being metallically bonded (alloyed) to Cu, but the intermetallic compound of Cu-Zn at the interface of the soldered part is obtained.
- Zn loses its metallic properties
- the solder loses its metallic bond with the Cu part, and the solder separates from the Cu part (soldered part).
- the soldering part of electronic components is often made of Cu, and the soldering of electronic components often uses an activated flux containing a halide as an activator.
- solder peeling was more likely to occur. Therefore, if the corrosion and oxidation of Zn existing at the interface of the soldered portion can be prevented, it is possible to prevent the peeling of solder during long-term use of electronic devices including electronic components soldered with Sn-Zn lead free solder. it can.
- the present inventors have found that if a certain kind of metal is contained in the Cu-Zn intermetallic compound formed at the interface of the soldered portion, this metal enters the Cu-Zn intermetallic compound and It has been found that corrosion acid can be suppressed.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing 5 to 10% by mass of Zn and one or more types selected from the group consisting of Au, Pt, Pd, Fe and Sb in a total amount of 0.005 to 1.0% by mass. %, And optionally contains one or more selected from the group consisting of Bi and In in a total of 15% by mass or less, with the balance being Sn.
- the present invention also provides a solder paste obtained by blending the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder powder and a flux component, and a soldered portion soldered with the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder. It also relates to a soldering article having.
- This soldering article is preferably a printed circuit board on which the electronic components are mounted by soldering.
- the Zn content of the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder according to the present invention is set to 5 to 10% by mass, which is close to the eutectic of Sn—Zn in order to minimize the melting point. Or the content of Zn is less than 5 wt%, when it is more than 10 mass 0/0, the solder liquidus temperature is high a connexion, that such forced to increase the soldering temperature.
- Preferred Zn content of Sn-Zn based lead-free one solder of the present invention is 7 to 9. 5 mass 0/0.
- the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention contains one or more of these corrosion-inhibiting metals.
- the content of corrosion inhibiting metal (total amount when adding more than Class I) should be 0.005 to 1.0 mass%. If the content of the corrosion-inhibiting metal is less than 0.005% by mass, the effect of inhibiting the corrosion oxidation of Zn cannot be exhibited. If the content exceeds 1.0% by mass, the melting point rises sharply, and It also hinders the attachment.
- the total content of corrosion inhibiting metals is preferably between 0.01 and 0.7% by weight.
- the liquidus temperature of the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention When it is desired to lower the liquidus temperature of the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention to, for example, around 183 ° C., which is the melting point of the Pb—63Sn eutectic solder, Bi and In which have a melting point lowering action are used. One or both may be added. In that case, the content of Bi and / or In (or the total content when adding Bi and In) should not exceed 15% by mass. When the content of Bi and / or In exceeds 15% by mass, the eutectic temperature of Sn—Bi 139 is reached.
- the content of Bi and / or In is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 2% by mass or more.
- a preferred upper limit of the content of Bi and / or In is 12% by mass.
- Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention may contain unavoidable impurities that are permissible in solder, particularly solder for soldering electronic components.
- the form of the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention is not particularly limited. Solid solder such as bar solder, wire solder, solder for solder, preform, and solder ball may be used.
- the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder takes a form of a solder paste in which a solder powder is blended with a paste-like flux component and uniformly kneaded.
- the amount of flux in Sorudape one strike is about 5 to 15 weight 0/0.
- the flux component of this solder paste may be a general rosin flux. Rosin-based flux contains a solvent, activator, and thickener (thixotropic agent) in addition to rosin as the main component.
- the rosin-based flux used in the solder paste of the present invention may be an activated rosin-based flux containing a small amount of a halide (eg, amine hydrochloride) that has a strong activating action but generates a corrosive acid. .
- a halide eg, amine hydrochloride
- the oxidation corrosion of Zn is suppressed by the addition of the corrosion-inhibiting metal. Therefore, even if the rosin-based flux contains a halide, the solder is peeled off by the oxidation corrosion of Zn. Can be effectively prevented.
- the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention is less likely to cause oxidative corrosion of Zn, even if the soldered portion of the electronic component or the printed circuit board is made of Cu or a flux residue containing a halide remains. Therefore, the present invention is particularly suitable for use in soldering an electronic component and a printed circuit board, at least one of which is a soldered portion of Cu. Also, even if a flux containing an activator such as amine hydrochloride is used for soldering, corrosion promotion due to the flux residue is unlikely to occur. As a result, a soldered article which has oxidation corrosion resistance, can maintain a stable state of the soldered portion for a long period of time, and does not cause peeling of the solder is provided. This soldered article has an unprecedented superior effect of extending the life of electronic devices.
- the Sn_Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention can be used not only for reflow soldering using a solder paste, but also for soldering by a flow method including jet soldering and immersion soldering, and solder boding. It can also be used for reflow soldering with Of course, other soldering methods such as iron soldering can be used.
- a flux containing a halide can be used as an activator.
- Sn-Zn-based lead-free solders of the examples and comparative examples having the compositions shown in Table 1 were prepared, and the susceptibility to zinc oxidation corrosion and the soldering strength were determined by the following corrosion test and QFP joint strength test. .
- the test results are also shown in Table 1.
- Specimen Solder by dipping a 0.3 inch x 10 mm x 15 mm evening pitch copper plate into a 15 inch deep band for 5 seconds in a solder bath where each solder alloy was heated and melted at 250 ° C. Make test specimens.
- Test method After leaving the test piece in a thermo-hygrostat at a temperature of 85 ° C and a relative humidity of 85% for 1000 hours, it was fixed with epoxy-based embedding resin, and the section was polished. The presence of corrosion oxidation at the interface of the soldered part is observed using an energy dispersive elemental analyzer.
- solder paste prepared using each solder powder was printed and applied to a copper wiring printed circuit board with a 0.65 mm pitch QFP pattern using a 0.15 thick metal screen. After mounting, the solder paste is melted by heating the riff opening and soldering is performed to produce a test piece.
- Solder paste is a powder of each solder made by gas atomization method.
- a rosin-based flux containing amine hydrochloride as an activator were prepared by kneading at a fixed ratio.
- Test method After leaving the test piece in a constant temperature and humidity chamber with a temperature of 85 ° (: 85% relative humidity) for 1000 hours, hook the hook on the QFP joint, perform a tensile test at an oblique 45 ° angle, and join Measure strength (N). table 1
- the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention containing at least one corrosion-inhibiting metal selected from Au, Pt, Pd, Fe and Sb contains a halide as an activator.
- a corrosion test using the contained flux there was no solder peeling and the formation of an oxide layer was suppressed.
- any of the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solders of Comparative Examples that did not contain such a corrosion-inhibiting metal showed solder peeling or significant oxide layer formation in the corrosion test.
- the Sn-Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention shows a bonding strength of 15N or more even after 1000 hours, and retains 60% or more of the initial strength at least after 1000 hours.
- the decrease in bonding strength after the passage was small.
- the Sn-Zn-based lead-free solder of the comparative example has a bonding strength after 1000 hours as small as 10.5N or less, and the strength after 1000 hours from the initial strength is reduced to 40 to 13%. And the rate of decrease in bonding strength after 1000 hours was very large.
- the breaking mode in the tensile test after 1000 hours was all interface peeling, but the breaking mode in the example was breaking inside the solder. This also indicates that in the Sn—Zn-based lead-free solder of the present invention, oxidative corrosion at the interface is effectively suppressed, and as a result, the bonding strength of the solder remains high even after a long period of time.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Electric Connection Of Electric Components To Printed Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03770084A EP1557235A4 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2003-10-31 | BRASURE WITHOUT LEAD AND BRASE ARTICLE |
US10/533,288 US7282174B2 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2003-10-31 | Lead-free solder and soldered article |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002317121A JP4337326B2 (ja) | 2002-10-31 | 2002-10-31 | 鉛フリーはんだおよびはんだ付け物品 |
JP2002-317121 | 2002-10-31 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004039533A1 true WO2004039533A1 (ja) | 2004-05-13 |
Family
ID=32211712
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2003/013996 WO2004039533A1 (ja) | 2002-10-31 | 2003-10-31 | 鉛フリーはんだ及びはんだ付け物品 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7282174B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1557235A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4337326B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004039533A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPWO2021010199A1 (ja) * | 2019-07-12 | 2021-01-21 | ||
JP7572008B2 (ja) | 2019-07-12 | 2024-10-23 | アートビーム有限会社 | SnZn半田およびその製造方法 |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4817418B2 (ja) * | 2005-01-31 | 2011-11-16 | オンセミコンダクター・トレーディング・リミテッド | 回路装置の製造方法 |
KR101026970B1 (ko) * | 2005-05-25 | 2011-04-11 | 센주긴조쿠고교 가부시키가이샤 | 납 프리 솔더 페이스트 |
CN100445017C (zh) * | 2005-12-28 | 2008-12-24 | 梁树华 | 无铅焊锡膏及其制备方法 |
SG190370A1 (en) * | 2011-03-01 | 2013-06-28 | Tanaka Electronics Ind | Gold alloy bonding wire |
KR20160003078A (ko) | 2013-05-03 | 2016-01-08 | 허니웰 인터내셔날 인코포레이티드 | 무연 솔더 접속을 위한 리드 프레임 구조체 |
KR101549810B1 (ko) | 2013-05-22 | 2015-09-04 | 엠케이전자 주식회사 | 무연 솔더 및 그를 포함하는 반도체 부품 |
US9911715B2 (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2018-03-06 | Cyntec Co., Ltd. | Three-dimensional package structure and the method to fabricate thereof |
KR20160121562A (ko) | 2014-02-20 | 2016-10-19 | 허니웰 인터내셔날 인코포레이티드 | 무연 솔더 조성물 |
JP6355092B1 (ja) * | 2017-05-11 | 2018-07-11 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | はんだ合金およびそれを用いた接合構造体 |
JP6649596B1 (ja) * | 2019-05-27 | 2020-02-19 | 千住金属工業株式会社 | はんだ合金、はんだ粉末、およびはんだ継手 |
CN112342417B (zh) * | 2020-11-17 | 2022-03-15 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种锡基焊料及其制备方法 |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS59189096A (ja) * | 1983-04-08 | 1984-10-26 | Senjiyu Kinzoku Kogyo Kk | 半田合金 |
EP0622151A1 (en) * | 1993-04-30 | 1994-11-02 | AT&T Corp. | An Article comprising a pb-free solder having improved mechanical properties |
EP0649703A1 (en) * | 1993-10-25 | 1995-04-26 | The Indium Corporation Of America | Lead-free alloy containing tin, zinc, indium and bismuth |
JPH08243782A (ja) * | 1995-03-08 | 1996-09-24 | Toshiba Corp | はんだ合金およびそれを用いたはんだ付け方法 |
JPH0919790A (ja) * | 1995-07-05 | 1997-01-21 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | 鉛無含有半田合金 |
JPH0985484A (ja) * | 1995-09-20 | 1997-03-31 | Hitachi Ltd | 鉛フリーはんだとそれを用いた実装方法及び実装品 |
JPH09174278A (ja) * | 1995-12-27 | 1997-07-08 | Hitachi Ltd | 無鉛はんだ合金およびそれを用いた電子回路装置 |
EP0855242A1 (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1998-07-29 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Lead-free solder |
JP2000015478A (ja) * | 1998-06-30 | 2000-01-18 | Toshiba Corp | ハンダ材 |
Family Cites Families (10)
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DE560281C (de) | 1931-02-26 | 1932-09-30 | Paul D Brenna | Lot fuer Aluminium oder Aluminiumlegierungen |
GB516503A (en) | 1938-07-18 | 1940-01-03 | Harry Thomas Page Gee | An improved alloy for fusion welding and/or soldering and method of making such alloy |
JP2500018B2 (ja) * | 1992-08-24 | 1996-05-29 | 千住金属工業株式会社 | 低残渣はんだペ―スト |
JPH0819892A (ja) | 1994-06-30 | 1996-01-23 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | 鉛無含有半田合金 |
JP3091098B2 (ja) * | 1994-11-01 | 2000-09-25 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 熱交換器用はんだ合金 |
JP2914214B2 (ja) | 1995-03-29 | 1999-06-28 | 千住金属工業株式会社 | レールボンド用低温溶接ろう |
JP3460438B2 (ja) | 1995-03-31 | 2003-10-27 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 鉛フリーはんだ及びそれを用いた実装品 |
JP3299091B2 (ja) | 1995-09-29 | 2002-07-08 | 千住金属工業株式会社 | 鉛フリーはんだ合金 |
JPH0994687A (ja) | 1995-09-29 | 1997-04-08 | Senju Metal Ind Co Ltd | 鉛フリーはんだ合金 |
US6440228B1 (en) | 2000-02-04 | 2002-08-27 | Senju Metal Industry Co., Ltd. | Lead-free zinc-containing solder paste |
-
2002
- 2002-10-31 JP JP2002317121A patent/JP4337326B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-10-31 WO PCT/JP2003/013996 patent/WO2004039533A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-10-31 EP EP03770084A patent/EP1557235A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-10-31 US US10/533,288 patent/US7282174B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS59189096A (ja) * | 1983-04-08 | 1984-10-26 | Senjiyu Kinzoku Kogyo Kk | 半田合金 |
EP0622151A1 (en) * | 1993-04-30 | 1994-11-02 | AT&T Corp. | An Article comprising a pb-free solder having improved mechanical properties |
EP0649703A1 (en) * | 1993-10-25 | 1995-04-26 | The Indium Corporation Of America | Lead-free alloy containing tin, zinc, indium and bismuth |
JPH08243782A (ja) * | 1995-03-08 | 1996-09-24 | Toshiba Corp | はんだ合金およびそれを用いたはんだ付け方法 |
JPH0919790A (ja) * | 1995-07-05 | 1997-01-21 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | 鉛無含有半田合金 |
JPH0985484A (ja) * | 1995-09-20 | 1997-03-31 | Hitachi Ltd | 鉛フリーはんだとそれを用いた実装方法及び実装品 |
EP0855242A1 (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1998-07-29 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Lead-free solder |
JPH09174278A (ja) * | 1995-12-27 | 1997-07-08 | Hitachi Ltd | 無鉛はんだ合金およびそれを用いた電子回路装置 |
JP2000015478A (ja) * | 1998-06-30 | 2000-01-18 | Toshiba Corp | ハンダ材 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP1557235A4 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPWO2021010199A1 (ja) * | 2019-07-12 | 2021-01-21 | ||
WO2021010199A1 (ja) * | 2019-07-12 | 2021-01-21 | アートビーム有限会社 | SnZn半田およびその製造方法 |
JP7572008B2 (ja) | 2019-07-12 | 2024-10-23 | アートビーム有限会社 | SnZn半田およびその製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1557235A1 (en) | 2005-07-27 |
JP2004148372A (ja) | 2004-05-27 |
EP1557235A4 (en) | 2006-04-26 |
JP4337326B2 (ja) | 2009-09-30 |
US20060102690A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
US7282174B2 (en) | 2007-10-16 |
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