Classifications

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  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
  • A61K31/343—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide condensed with a carbocyclic ring, e.g. coumaran, bufuralol, befunolol, clobenfurol, amiodarone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
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  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
  • A61K31/405—Indole-alkanecarboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. tryptophan, indomethacin
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/655—Azo (—N=N—), diazo (=N2), azoxy (>N—O—N< or N(=O)—N<), azido (—N3) or diazoamino (—N=N—N<) compounds
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
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  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/30—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/42—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
  • C07D307/82—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D307/84—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
  • C07D307/85—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen attached in position 2
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• This invention relates to triamide-substituted heterobicyclic compounds. These compounds are inhibitors of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and/or 5 apolipoprotein B (Apo B) secretion and are useful for the treatment of obesity and related diseases. These compounds are also useful for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae, for lowering serum lipids, and in the prevention and treatment of related diseases. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and to methods of treating obesity, atherosclerosis, and related
• the invention relates to certain processes and intermediates related thereto which are useful in the preparation of the compounds of the instant invention.
• Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein catalyzes the transport of triglyceride, cholesteryl ester, and phospholipids and has been implicated as a putative mediator in the assembly of Apo B-containing lipoproteins, biomolecules which contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.
• the subcellular (lumen of the microsomal fraction) and tissue distribution (liver and intestine) of MTP have led to speculation that it plays a role in the
• MTP may catalyze the transport of triglyceride from its site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to nascent lipoprotein particles within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
• compounds which inhibit MTP and/or otherwise inhibit Apo B secretion are useful in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other conditions related thereto. Such compounds are also useful in the treatment of other diseases or conditions in which, by inhibiting MTP and/or Apo B secretion, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels may be reduced. Such conditions may include, for example, hypercholesterolemia,
• MTP inhibitors 35 compounds which have utility as inhibitors of MTP.
• MTP inhibitors may be found in e.g., U.S. Patent Numbers 5,712,279, 5,741 ,804, 5,968,950, 6,066,653, and 6,121 ,283; PCT International Patent Application publications WO 96/40640, WO 97/43257, WO 98/27979, WO 99/33800 and WO 00/05201 ; and European patent application publications EP 584446 and EP 643,057. Summary of the Invention
• the present invention relates to compounds of the formula 1:
• R 1 is substituted at the 5 or 6 position of formula 1 and has the structure:
• n is an integer from 0 to 3
• p is an integer from 0 to 3
• L is -C(0)N(R 9 )-, i.e., L has the structure:
• X is N or C(R c ) ;
• R 2 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 16 are each independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, azido, amino, hydroxy, (CrC ⁇ Jalkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, methoxy, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethy CrCsJalkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethy CrCsJalkoxy, (CrC 6 )alkylthio, hydroxy(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(CR a R b ) q -, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkyn
• R c is H or R 11 ; each q is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each j is independently 0, 1 or 2;
• R 3 is H, halo, (d - C 6 )alkyl, or mono-, di- or tri- halo(C ⁇ - C 6 )alkyl;
• R 4 is H, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ),S(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r R 15 , -S0 2 R 15 or -(CR a R b ) q -phenyl, wherein the phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with from one to five independently selected R 16 ; each r is independently an integer from 2 to 5; each t is independently an integer from 1
• R 5 , R 6 and R 9 are each independently H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t O(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ),S(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r R 15 or
• R 7 is phenyl, pyridyl, phenyl-Z 1 - or pyridyl-Z 1 -, wherein the phenyl or pyridyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12 ;
• Z 1 is -S0 2 - or -(CR a R b ) v is independently an integer from 1 to 6;
• R 10 is phenyl, pyridyl, phenyl-Z 2 - or pyridyl-Z 2 -, wherein the phenyl or pyridyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 ;
• Z 2 is -S(0) r , -0-, -(CR a R b ) w -, or -(0) k (CR a R b ) w (0) k (CR a R b ) q - ;
• w is independently an integer from 1 to 6; each k is independently 0 or 1 ;
• each R 14 is independently H, (C r C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ),S(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t R 15 or -S0 2 R 15 ; each R 15 is independently H, (d-C 6 )alkyl
• L is attached to the 2 position of R 1 and to the 5 position of formula I, i.e., the compound of formula 1 has the structure of formula la:
• L is attached to the 2 position of R 1 and to the 5 position of formula I, and R 10 is attached at the 3' position.
• L is attached to the 3 position of R 1 and to the 5 position formula I. In another embodiment of the invention, L is attached to the 3 position of R 1 and to the 5 position of formula 1 and X is N. In still another embodiment of the invention, L is attached to the 3 position of R 1 and to the 5 position of formula 1, X is N and R 10 is attached at the 2 position of R 1 . In other embodiments of the invention, the attachment of L to R 1 is selected from the 3, 4, 6 or 6 position and the attachment of L to the compound of formula I is selected from the 5 position or 6 position.
• X is C(R C ).
• X is C(R C ), m is 0, n is 0, and p is 0 or 1.
• X is C(R C ), m is 0, n is 0, and p is 0 or 1 , and R 10 is phenyl-Z 2 - attached at the 3 position of R 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety of R 10 is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 .
• X is C(R C ), m is 0, n is 0, and p is 0 or 1 , and R 10 is phenyl attached at the 3 position of R 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety of R 10 is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 .
• R 7 is phenyl-Z 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12 .
• Z 1 is -(CR a R b ) v -, and in a more preferred embodiment, Z 1 is methylene, i.e., - CH 2 -.
• R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 9 are each independently selected from H, (d-C 6 )alkyl, -(CR a R b ) q O(d-C 6 alkyl) or -(CR a R b ) r R 15 .
• each R 12 is independently selected from halo, hydroxy, (d-C 6 )alkyl, methoxy, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethy d-CsJalkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 - C ⁇ )alkoxy, trifluoromethy d-CsJalkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylthio and hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• each R 13 is independently selected from halo, hydroxy, amino, cyano, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, methoxy, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C ⁇ -C 6 )alkoxy(d-
• C 6 )alkyl mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethy d-CsJalkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl(d-C 5 )alkoxy, (d-C 6 )alkylthio, hydroxy(C C 6 )alkyl, -C(0)OR 15 and -NR 1 C(0)R 15 ; wherein R 14 is H or (C C 6 )alkyl; and wherein R 15 is H or (C C 6 )alkyl.
• R 10 is phenyl attached at the 3 position of R 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety of R 10 is optionally substituted with one R 13 .
• R 10 and R 1 both are phenyl, such that R 1 and R 10 together form a 1 ,1 '-biphenyl group, wherein R 10 comprises the 1'-6' positions of the biphenyl group and R 13 is substituted at the 4' position of the biphenyl.
• R 4 is H, (d-C 6 )alkyl or -(CR a R b ) q O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl).
• the carbon designated "a” in formula 1 is in the "(S)" configuration.
• R 13 is trifluoromethyl
• R 3 is H, halo, or (d-C 6 )alkyl.
• R 6 is methyl.
• the compound of formula 1 is
• the compound of formula I is (S)- ⁇ /- ⁇ 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl ⁇ -1-methyl-5-[4'- (trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1 '-biphenyl]-2-carboxamido]-1 H-indoIe-2-carboxamide.
• R 3 is chloro
• the compound of formula I is selected from the group consisting of:
• X is C(R C ), m is 0, n is 0, and p is 0 or 1 , and R 10 is phenyl-Z 2 - attached at the 3'-position, wherein the phenyl moiety of R 10 is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 and Z 2 is O or S.
• R 7 is phenyl-Z 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12 and Z 1 is O or S.
• R 7 is pyridyl-Z 1 , wherein the pyridyl moiety is optionally substituted with from one to five independently selected R 12 .
• Z 1 is -(CH 2 )-.
• X is N and R 10 is phenyl optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 .
• X is N and R 10 is phenyl optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 , and R 7 is phenyl-Z 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with from one to five independently selected R 12 .
• the present invention also relates to a compound of the formula 1_b:
• R 1 is substituted at the 5 or 6 position of formula l b and has the structure:
• R 7 is phenyl, pyridyl, phenyl-Z 1 -or pyridyl-Z 1 - optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12
• R 1 is (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (C 5 -C 10 )bicycloalkyl, - alkyl), -(CR a R D ) t S(d-C 6 alkyl), -(CR a a Rr-,b° ⁇ ) r C(0)R ,15 , -(CR -.a a ⁇ Rb°) r R ,15 , -S0 2 R ,15 , (C 4 C 10 )heterocyclyl, (C 5 -C 10 )heteroaryl, aryl or -(CR R ) q -aryl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl or
• L is -C(0)N(R 9 )-, as described above;
• X 1 is N(R 4 ), S or O;
• X 2 is N or C(R c ) ;
• R 2 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 16 are each independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, azido, amino, hydroxy, (C C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, methoxy, (C C 6 )alkoxy(d-C 6 )alkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethy d-CsJalkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethy d-CsJalkoxy, (d-C 6 )alkylthio, hydroxy(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(CR a R ) q -, (C 2
• R c is H or R 11 ; each q is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each j is independently 0, 1 or 2;
• R 3 is H, halo, (d - C 6 )alkyl, or mono-, di- or tri- halo(d - C 6 )alkyl;
• R 4 is H, (C ⁇ -C ⁇ )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t O(d-C 6 alkyl),
• R 5 and R 9 are each independently H, (C r C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t O(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) t S(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r R 15 or
• R 6 is H, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) q O(C r C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) q S(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r R 15 or -S0 2 R 15 ; y is an integer from 0 to 5;
• R 7 is (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, -(CR a R b ) q O(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) q S(d-C 6 alkyl); (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 ,
• R 7 is phenyl, pyridyl, phenyl-Z 1 -or pyridyl-Z 1 - optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12 ; or R 6 and R 7 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached together comprise (C 4 -C 10 )heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl moiety is monocyclic; wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl moieties of the foregoing R 6 and R 7 groups are optionally substituted independently with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, azido, -OR 15 , -C(0)R 15 , -C(0)OR 15 ,
• R 10 is phenyl, pyridyl, phenyl-Z 2 - or pyridyl-Z 2 -, wherein the phenyl or pyridyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 ;
• Z 2 is -S(0) r , -0-, -(CR a R b ) w -, or -(0) k (CR a R b ) w (0) k (CR a R b ) q - ; w is independently an integer from 1 to 6; each k is independently 0 or 1 ; or R 10 is OR 17 , wherein R 17 is (C C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl, trifluoromethyl(C 1 -C 5 )alkyl, hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 - C 8 )cycloalkyl(CR a R b ) q -, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, or
• X 2 is C(R C ).
• X 2 is C(R C ) and L is attached to the 2 position of R 1 and to the 5 position of formula 1_b.
• X 2 is C(R C ) and L is attached to the 2 position of R 1 and to the 5 position of formula lb
• R 10 is OR 17 and R 7 is phenyl-Z 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12 .
• Z 1 is -(CR a R b ) t -.
• X 2 is C(R C ) and L is attached to the 2 position of R 1 and to the 5 position of formula lb
• R 10 is phenyl attached at the 3 position of R 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety of R 10 is optionally substituted with one to five independently sseelleecctteedd R 13 .
• R 6 in formula l b is H or (Ci C 4 )alkyl.
• the carbon designated “a” in formula 1_b is in the (S) absolute configuration.
• R 13 in formula 1_b is H or trifluoromethyl.
• R 3 in formula b is H, halo, or (d-
• R 7 in formula lb is (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl or (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl.
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 6 and R 7 in formula lb taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached together comprise (C 4 -C 10 )heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted independently with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C ⁇ )alkynyl and trifluoromethyl.
• the heterocyclyl is selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholino and thiomorpholino.
• the heterocyclyl is pyrrolidinyl or morpholino.
• the present invention also relates to compounds of the formula 2:
• R 1 is substituted at the 5 or 6 position of formula 1 and has the structure:
• n is an integer from 0 to 3
• p is an integer from 0 to 3
• L is -C(0)N(R 9 )- ;
• X is N or C(R c ) ;
• R 2 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are each independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, azido, amino, hydroxy, (C C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, methoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 2 -C )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethy d-CsJalkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethy d-CsJalkoxy, (d-C 6 )alkylthio, hydroxy(C C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(CR a R b ) q -, (C 2 -
• R c is H or R 11 ; each q is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each j is independently 0, 1 or 2;
• R 3 is H, halo, (d - C 6 )alkyl, or mono-, di- or tri- halo(d - C 6 )alkyl; each r is independently an integer from 2 to 5; each t is independently an integer from 1 to 6;
• R 5 and R 9 are each independently H, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t O(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) t S(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r R 15 or -S0 2 R 15 ;
• R 6 is H, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) q O(d-C 6 alkyl),
• R 7 is (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, -(CR a R b ) q O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) q S(d-C 6 alkyl); (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) r R 15 or -S0 2 R 15 ; or R 7 is phenyl, pyridyl, phenyl-Z 1 -or pyridyl-Z 1 - optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12 ; or R 6 and R 7 taken together with the nitrogen atom to
• Z 2 is -S(0) r , -0-, -(CR a R b ) w -, or -(0) k (CR a R b ) w (0) k (CR a R b ) q - ; w is independently an integer from 1 to 6; each k is independently 0 or 1 ; or R 10 is OR 17 , wherein R 17 is (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl, trifluoromethy d-Cs ⁇ lkyl, hydroxy(d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 - C 8 )cycloalkyl(CR a R b ) q -, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, or (C 2
• X in formula 2 is C(R C ).
• L in formula 2 is attached to the 2 position of
• R 10 in formula 2 is phenyl attached at the 3 position of R 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety of R 10 is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 .
• R 7 in formula 2 is phenyl-Z 1 , wherein the phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12 .
• Z 1 is -(CR a R b ) t -.
• R 6 in formula 2 is H or (C C 4 )alkyl.
• the carbon designated "a" in formula 2 is in the (S) absolute configuration.
• R 13 in formula 2 is trifluoromethyl.
• R 3 in formula 2 is H, halo, or (d-
• the invention also relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula 1 which comprises forming an amide linkage between a compound of the formula AB1 :
• X is N or C(R C ), wherein R c is H or R 11 ;
• R 2 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 16 are each independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, azido, amino, hydroxy, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, methoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, perfluoro(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethylfd-Cs ⁇ lkyl, mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy, trifluoromethyl(d-C 5 )alkoxy, (d-C 6 )alkylthio, hydroxy(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(CR a R b ) q
• each R a and R b is independently H or (d-C 6 )alkyl; each q is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each j is independently 0, 1 or 2;
• R 3 is H, halo, (d - C 6 )alkyl, or mono-, di- or tri- halo(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl;
• R 4 is H, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t O(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ),S(C C 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) r C(0)R 15 , -(CR a R ) r R 15 , -S0 2 R 15 or -(CR a R b ) q -phenyl, wherein the phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with from one to five independently selected R 16 ; each r is independently an integer from 2 to 5; each t is independently an integer from 1 to 6; R 5 , R 6 and R 9 are each independently H, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S
• R 7 is phenyl, pyridyl, phenyl-Z 1 - or pyridyl-Z 1 -, wherein the phenyl or pyridyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 12 ;
• Z 1 is -S0 2 - or -(CR a R b ) v -; v is independently an integer from 1 to 6;
• R 10 is phenyl, pyridyl, phenyl-Z 2 - or pyridyl-Z 2 -, wherein the phenyl or pyridyl moiety is optionally substituted with one to five independently selected R 13 ;
• Z 2 is -S(0) r , -0-, -(CR a R b ) w -, or -(0) k (CR a R b ) w (0) k (CR a R b ) q ;
• w is independently an integer from 1 to 6; each k is independently 0 or 1 ;
• each R 14 is independently H, (C C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -C(0)R 15 , -C(S)R 15 , -(CR a R b ) t O(CrC 6 alkyl), -(CR a R b ) t S(d-C 6 al
• the carboxylic acid is optionally activated in-situ, using methods well known in the art.
• the above process is referred to herein as "Process I.”
• Process I is applicable to, and provides, a process for preparing each of the embodiments, preferred embodiments, more preferred embodiments and particularly preferred embodiments of the compound of formula 1, a detailed repetition of which is avoided for brevity.
• Methods for forming amide linkages are well-known in the art, some examples of which are provided herein.
• the employed form of the amine C may optionally be a salt with any acid that is compatible with the subsequent process options, and may additionally or optionally be a solution in a similarly compatible solvent or mixture of solvents.
• the employed forms of the carboxylic acid (or salt thereof) AB1 and amine C (or salt thereof) optionally include solvates and hydrates.
• the amide linkage between AB1 and C is formed by combining AB1 , C, and PyBroP (about 1 eq) in a suitable non-aqueous solvent, followed by the addition of diisopropylethylamine (2-3 eq).
• the suitable solvent is methylene chloride or DMF.
• the solvent is methylene chloride.
• Process I further comprises stirring or agitating the resulting mixture at room temperature for a period of from about 30 minutes to about 24 hours.
• of Process I further comprises removal of the solvent and the purification of the product by TLC or flash chromatography using ethyl acetate/hexane as the eluting solvent.
• L c is an aldehyde, preferably C(0)H
• C is formed by a process (herein, the "Aldehyde Process") which comprises (a) reacting the AB1 aldehyde with C in the presence of an acid, preferably acetic acid, in a suitable solvent, preferably methylene chloride, followed by (b) addition of NaB(OAc) 3 H and chloroform.
• the compound of formula 1 is purified from the organic layer, preferably by flash chromatography using methanol/chloroform.
• the AB1 aldehyde is formed by (i) combining a compound of formula AB1. wherein L c is a carboxylic acid, preferably -COOH, with N,0-dimethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride salt and PyBroP in a suitable solvent; followed by (ii) addition of diisopropylethylamine and (iii) treatment of the resulting N,0-dimethyl hydroxyamide with DIBAL in a suitable solvent, to yield the corresponding aldehyde.
• the suitable solvent in step (i) is methylene chloride.
• the suitable solvent in step (iii) is THF.
• Process IC for its use of carbodiimide, the amide linkage between AB1 and C, wherein L c is a carboxylic acid, is formed by (a) combining AB1 with a carbodiimide and a catalyst, e.g., 1 -hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate ("HOBt"), in a suitable non-aqueous solvent, and (b) adding triethylamine and C to the mixture of step (a).
• a catalyst e.g., 1 -hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate
• HOBt 1 -hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate
• the carbodiimide is EDC, i.e., 1 -[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodimide hydrochloride, and even more preferably, the solvent is methylene chloride.
• Process IC further comprises at least a second addition of triethylamine.
• Process IC further comprises at least a second addition of triethylamine, optionally with further addition of the carbodiimide.
• a salt of the acid AB1 is used in step (a).
• the salt is a sodium salt, i.e., L c is -C(0)0 " Na +
• the salt is a potassium salt, i.e., L c is -C(0)0 ' K + ' and particularly preferably, the salt is a potassium salt, i.e., L c is -C(0)0 " K + , crystallizing as the 2.5 mole hydrate.
• the acid salt AB1 is first treated with aqueous acid before combination with the other components in step (a); in this embodiment, the treatment with aqueous acid resulting in precipitation of the free acid as a solid, which is collected for use in step (a).
• the acid salt AB1 is treated with aqueous acid adjusted to a pH of from about 3 to about 4, with heating.
• the acid salt is treated with an inert mineral acid, most preferably concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid, or alternatively, an inert organic acid, preferably anhydrous and most preferably methanesulfonic acid, before step (a).
• the compound of formula 1 is purified by (a) washing in saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, (b) washing in aqueous acid, preferably, hydrochloric acid, and (c) washing with water, to provide purified compound of formula 1 in the non-aqueous solvent.
• the non-aqueous solvent is replaced with amyl acetate, amyl alcohol, mixtures of methanol or acetonitrile with dusopropyl ether, or preferably mixtures of propan-2-ol and terf-butyl methyl ether, by distillation, and the solution is cooled in order to precipitate solid forms, e.g., polymorphs, of the compound of formula 1.
• the solution of compound of formula 1 in mixtures of propan-2-ol and tert-butyl methyl ether is seeded with the desired solid form to facilitate precipitation of the desired solid form.
• some racemization of chiral center "a" in (S)-phenylglycine derivatives has been observed, thus, where preservation of stereochemistry is desirable, the use of the imidazolide reaction is less preferred than other embodiments described above.
• Preferred processes of the invention preserve the stereochemistry of the phenylglycine group.
• each of the embodiments of Process I and Process IC In a preferred embodiment of each of the embodiments of Process I and Process IC,
• R 5 is hydrogen
• R 6 is hydrogen
• R 7 is benzyl
• m, n and p are all 0, and the carbon designated "a" in formula C is in the (S) configuration.
• the amide linkage between AB1 and C is formed as in Example 45, step (g).
• R 4 is methyl
• R 5 is hydrogen
• R 6 is methyl
• R 7 is benzyl
• m is 0
• the carbon designated "a” in formula C is in the (S) configuration
• the amide linkage between AB1 and C is formed as in Example 44, step (f).
• the compound of formula AB1 is prepared by a process which comprises forming an amide linkage between a compound of the formula A :
• the amide linkage between A and BJ. is formed by a process comprising (a) combining A and BJ . with a suitable base, e.g. DIEA, a carbodiimide, e.g., EDC. HCI, and a catalyst, e.g. HOBT, in an organic solvent, e.g.
• a suitable base e.g. DIEA
• a carbodiimide e.g., EDC. HCI
• a catalyst e.g. HOBT
• a chlorinating agent e.g. oxalyl chloride or preferably thionyl chloride
• a compatible solvent e.g. toluene, acetonitrile, or 1 ,2-dichloroethane
• a catalyst
• Preferred catalysts are tertiary amides, e.g. DMF and DMAC, or pyridines, e.g. pyridine or DMAP or mixtures thereof. More preferred catalysts are tertiarybenzamides, e.g. ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylbenzamide. Even more preferred catalysts are ⁇ /-alkyl lactams, e.g. ⁇ /-methylpyrrolidinone. Catalysis by iron salts and by tetraalkylureas, e.g. tetramethylurea, is known in the art.
• the invention also relates to a compound of the formula AB1
• R 3 is H, halo or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, R 4 and R 9 are each independently H or (C C 6 )alkyl; m, n, and p are all 0, R 10 is phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five R 3 groups and L c is a carboxylic acid or salt thereof. In a preferred embodiment, L c is COOH.
• L c is a salt of the carboxylic acid
• L c is the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid, i.e., -COO " Na ⁇ more preferably L c is the potassium salt of the carboxylic acid, i.e., -COO " K + , and particularly preferably L c is the potassium salt of the carboxylic acid, i.e., -COO " K + , crystallizing as a 2.5 mole hydrate.
• R 3 is H or halo
• R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl
• m, n and p are both 0, and R 10 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or two R 13 groups.
• R 3 is H and R 4 is methyl.
• R 3 is H, R 4 is methyl and R 10 is phenyl optionally substituted with one R 13 group.
• R 3 is H, R 4 is methyl and R 10 is phenyl substituted with one trifluoromethyl group.
• the trifluoromethyl group is in the 4' position of the biphenyl group formed between R 10 and the phenyl to which it is attached.
• the invention also relates to a compound of the formula AB1-e. wherein R 2 - R 11 are as defined above for the compound AB1. and L e is a carboxylic acid ester.
• the ester is an alkyl ester, preferably a (d-C 6 ) alkyl ester or a substituted-alkyl variation thereon.
• L ⁇ is the ethyl carboxylic acid ester, i.e.,
• L e is the methyl carboxylic acid ester, i.e., -C(0)OCH 3 .
• the invention also relates to process for preparing a compound of formula C
• R p is H or a protecting group.
• the protecting group is tert-butyloxycarbonyl ("BOC").
• the process comprises combining with a catalyst, e.g. HOBt, and a carbodiimide in a suitable solvent, and adding the amine HNR 6 R 7 .
• a catalyst e.g. HOBt
• the carbodiimide is N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
• the carbodiimide is EDC.
• the suitable solvent is dichloromethane.
• the mixture of d, the amine HNR 6 R 7 , HOBt and carbodiimide is stirred for about 30 minutes to 24 hours before further processing.
• the further processing comprises an aqueous work-up to provide the compound of formula C.
• the amine HNR 6 R 7 is ⁇ /-methylbenzylamine, i.e., R 6 is methyl and R 7 is benzyl.
• R p is BOC and the amine is N- methylbenzylamine
• the resulting compound of formula C (terf-butyl (RS)-2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate),
• R p is BOC and the amine is ⁇ /-methylbenzylamine
• the resulting optically enriched compound of formula C (terf-butyl (S)-2- [benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate)
• is treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid in propan-2-ol followed by advantageous precipitation of (S)- /-benzyl- ⁇ /- methyl-2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride monohydrate from mixtures of propan-2-ol and tert- butyl methyl ether, resulting in a useful increase in the degree of optical enrichment.
• a salt of the phenylglycine amide may be prepared, e.g., by treating the amide, e.g., (f?S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide, with di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartaric acid in a suitable solvent, e.g. ethyl acetate, to provide the di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate) salt, e.g. (RS)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /- methyl-2-phenylglycinamide.
• Tartrate salts of the phenylglycine amides may be broken to provide the amide, which may be purified as its hydrochloride salt.
• racemic compounds of the formula C may be resolved via the selective precipitation of one of the enatiomers as its salt with an optically enriched chiral acid, of which many examples are known in the art, from suitable solvents, e.g. methanol and ethanol.
• suitable solvents e.g. methanol and ethanol.
• optically enriched chiral acids may be naturally occuring or synthetic.
• the precipitated salts may be hydrates or solvates.
• (RS)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide is treated with di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartaric acid in methanol at 20°C.
• the precipitated salt is filtered and washed with methanol, then dried providing (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide di(o- toluoyl)-L-tartrate with 92.7% d.e. (chiral HPLC).
• the diastereomericly enriched salts formed as described in the previous embodiments may be broken to provide optically enriched free amines C, e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /- methyl-2-phenylglycinamide, which may be advantageously purified by crystallization as-is or by the formation of a salt with an achiral acid in the presence of suitable solvents, e.g. precipitation of (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride from mixtures of propan-2-ol and terf-butyl methyl ether.
• optically enriched free amines C e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /- methyl-2-phenylglycinamide
• a racemic compound of the formula C may be resolved via the selective recrystallization of its salt with an optically enriched chiral acid, e.g. (RS)-N- benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate prepared as described above, from a suitable solvent, to provide diastereomericly enriched salts, e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl- 2-phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate.
• an optically enriched chiral acid e.g. (RS)-N- benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate prepared as described above, from a suitable solvent, to provide diastereomericly enriched salts, e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl
• Breakage of these salts delivers optically enriched free amines of the formula C, which may be advantageously isolated and used as the hydrochloride salt, e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride.
• the unwanted enantiomer of the compound C may be recycled by racemization.
• the racemization is applied to mother liquors from the resolutions described above by refluxing in the presence of a catalytic amount of a carbonyl compound, e.g. 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, thus allowing the isolation of second crops of diastereomerically enriched salts containing the desired enatiomer of compound C, e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2- phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate with 92% d.e.
• the catalysed racemization is performed at a suitable temperature and concentration in-situ during the resoluton in a suitable solvent, prior to the isolation of the first crop of product; this "dynamic resolution" allows a first crop yield of product to be significantly greater than the 50% available by traditional salt resolutions. Dynamic resoultions are known in the art, but are considered far from trivial and highly substrate dependant.
• a homochiral amino acid e.g. (S)-L-2-phenylglycine
• a homochiral amino acid e.g. (S)-L-2-phenylglycine
• the corresponding ⁇ /-carboxyanhydride e.g. (S)-4-phenyl-1 ,3-oxazolidine-2,5-dione
• an amine e.g. N- methylbenzylamine.
• the resulting mixture is then subjected to an aqueous work-up, providing the optically enriched aminoamide, e.g.
• the invention also relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula 2 which comprises: (a) forming an amide linkage between a compound of the formula A and a compound of the formula B2 :
• step (b) forming an amide linkage between the product of step (a) and a compound of the formula C; wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 9 , L c , y and A. and C are as defined above.
• the invention also relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula 2 which comprises forming an amide linkage between a compound of the formula AB2
• the invention also relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula l b, wherein X 1 is S or O, which comprises: (a) forming an amide linkage between a compound of the formula AB3:
• the invention also relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula lb, wherein X 1 is S or O, which comprises: (a) forming an amide linkage between a compound of the formula B3 and a compound of the formula C; and (b) forming an amide linkage between the product of step (a) and a compound of the formula A , wherein A, B3 and C are as defined above.
• the compounds of this invention are useful as MTP/ApoB inhibitors.
• compound(s) of formula 1 include a compound of formula 1 (or lb or 2, respectively) as defined herein and all of the embodiments, preferred embodiments, more preferred embodiments, and particularly preferred embodiments of such compounds, including the compounds named or exemplified herein, each of which is a particularly preferred embodiment of the compounds defined by the formulas.
• Reference to "a compound of the invention” is meant to encompass any of the compounds of formula 1, formula l b or formula 2 as those terms are defined above.
• a compound of the invention in connection with any of the embodiments, preferred embodiments, more preferred embodiments or particularly preferred embodiments of the compositions, processes and methods of the invention described herein, as well as embodiments relating to salts, polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and isotopically-labelled derivatives of the compounds of the invention, is intended to refer to any of the compounds of formula 1 (or lb or 2 respectively) as defined above, i.e., to any of the embodiments, preferred embodiments, more preferred embodiments or particularly preferred embodiments of the compounds, especially the compounds named or exemplified herein.
• This invention also relates to the salts, polymorphs, solvates and hydrates of the compounds of the invention, as well as to the salts, polymorphs, solvates and hydrates of the synthetic precursors of each of the compounds of the invention.
• the invention relates to polymorphs of the compound of formula 1 , wherein R 1 -R 8 are as defined above, having an X- ray powder diffraction patterns substantially the same as shown in any of Figures 1 , 3, 4, and 5. It is to be understood that some level of noise is inherent in the generation of a diffraction pattern, i.e., peaks in intensity are to be discriminated from background according to methods well-known in the art.
• the compound is tS)- ⁇ /- ⁇ 2- [benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl ⁇ -1-methyl-5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2- carboxamido]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide and the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially the same as that shown in Figure 1.
• the compound has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having peaks at 2-theta values substantially the same as the 2-theta values for at least ten of the peaks of highest intensity in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern shown in Figure 1.
• the compound of the invention is a polymorph of the compound of formula 1 having a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profile substantially the same as that shown in Figure 2.
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• the compound is (S)-N- ⁇ 2- [benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1 -phenylethyl ⁇ -1 -methyl-5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 , 1 '-biphenyl]-2- carboxamido]-1 /-/-indole-2-carboxamide.
• the compound exhibits a heat absorption onset temperature, peak temperature and characteristic shape substantially the same as that shown in Figure 2.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) includes salts of acidic or basic groups that may be present in the compounds of the invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sodium, calcium and potassium salts of carboxylic acid groups and hydrochloride salts of amino groups.
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts of amino groups are hydrobromide, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, acetate, succinate, citrate, tartrate, lactate, mandelate, methanesulfonate (mesylate) and p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate) salts. The preparation of such salts is described below.
• the compounds of the invention that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids.
• the acids that may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds of the invention are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, such as the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, citrate, acid citrate, tartrate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfon
• the compounds of the invention that are acidic in nature are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations.
• examples of such salts include the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and particularly, the sodium and potassium salts.
• This invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containing, and methods of treating proliferative disorders or abnormal cell growth through administering, prodrugs of compounds of the invention.
• Compounds of the invention having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups can be converted into prodrugs.
• Prodrugs include compounds wherein an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues is covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid group of compounds of the invention.
• the amino acid residues include but are not limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols and also includes 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3- methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone. Additional types of prodrugs are also encompassed.
• free carboxyl groups can be derivatized as amides or alkyl esters.
• Free hydroxy groups may be derivatized using groups including but not limited to hemisuccinates, phosphate esters, dimethylaminoacetates, and phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyls, as outlined in Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 1996, 19, 115.
• Carbamate prodrugs of hydroxy and amino groups are also included, as are carbonate prodrugs, sulfonate esters and sulfate esters of hydroxy groups.
• acyl group may be an alkyl ester, optionally substituted with groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities, or where the acyl group is an amino acid ester as described above, are also encompassed.
• Prodrugs of this type are described in J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 10. Free amines can also be derivatized as amides, sulfonamides or phosphonamides. All of these prodrug moieties may incorporate groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities.
• a compound of the invention may further comprise a prodrug which comprises a compound of formula 1 in a hydrolyzable linkage to another anti-cancer agent.
• Di-ester linkages are particularly useful for this purpose, i.e., the prodrug is in the form A 1 -C(0)0-L -0(0)C-A 2 , wherein A 1 and A 2 are the two agents, L 1 is a linker such as a methylene or other (d-C 6 ) alkylene group (alone or further comprising a phenyl or benzyl group).
• the two agents may both be a compound of the invention, or one may be another agent useful for treating, e.g., obesity, as described herein. See, e.g., U.S. patent 4,342,772 - penicillins in di-ester linkages with ⁇ -lactamase inhibitors.
• a compound of the invention having an available carboxylic acid group provides just one convenient means of producing combination prodrugs of the compound of the invention, which are encompassed by this invention.
• the acidic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, or enzymes localized in the cells thereof cause the hydrolysis of the prodrug, releasing both agents.
• Certain compounds of the invention have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric forms. All optical isomers and stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention, and mixtures thereof, are considered to be within the scope of the invention. With respect to the compounds of the invention, this invention includes the use of a racemate, one or more enantiomeric forms, one or more diastereomeric forms, or mixtures thereof. Some of the compounds of the invention may also exist as tautomers, including, e.g., keto-enol tautomers. This invention relates to the use of all such tautomers and mixtures thereof. Furthermore, some compounds may exhibit polymorphism.
• the present invention encompasses any and all racemic, optically-active, polymorphic and stereoisomeric forms, or mixtures thereof, which form or forms possess properties useful in the treatment of the conditions noted hereinabove, it being well known in the art how to prepare optically-active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, by synthesis from optically-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase) and how to determine efficacy for the treatment of the conditions noted herein by the standard tests described hereinafter.
• the subject invention also relates to isotopicaily-labelled compounds of the invention which are identical to those recited in formula 1, formula l b and formula 2 but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 17 0, 18 0, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 CI, respectively.
• Compounds of the invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention.
• Certain isotopicaily-labelled compounds of the present invention for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability.
• Isotopically labelled compounds of this invention can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labelled reagent for a non- isotopically labelled reagent.
• alkyl means both straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups. Some examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl and hexyl.
• cycloalkyl means both straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups comprising at least one ring or cyclic structure, and unless otherwise specified, is monocyclic. Some examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl and cycloheptenyl.
• the term "bicycloalkyl” means both straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups, optionally containing one or more double or triple bonds, comprising at least two rings or cyclic structures, which cyclic structures may contain one or more common carbon atoms, i.e., encompasses bridged bicyclic and spiro-bicyclic groups.
• Bicycloalkyl groups preferably contain from 5 to 12 members, more preferably, from 6 to 10 members.
• each ring of a bicycloalkyl group contains from 3 to 6 members.
• bicycloalkyl group is spiro[4.5]decyl.
• bridged when referring to any bicyclic group means that the two rings share at least two common atoms; the shared atoms are known in the art as “bridgehead” atoms.
• Spiro bicyclic groups in contrast, are bicyclic groups whose two rings share only a single bridgehead atom.
• Some other examples of bicycloalkyl groups are norbornyl, norbornenyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl.
• Bicycloalkyl groups may be in any available conformation, e.g., cis, trans, endo, exo with respect to their linkage to other groups or with respect to their substituents.
• alkenyl means both straight and branched chain unsaturated hydrocarbon groups containing at least two carbons. Some examples of alkenyl groups are ethenyl, propenyl and isobutenyl.
• alkynyl means both straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. Some examples of alknyl groups are ethynyl and propynyl, e.g., propyn-1-yl and propyn-2-yl and propyn-3-yl.
• alkoxy means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group attached through an oxygen atom. Some examples of alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy and heptoxy.
• acyl means either a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon moiety attached through a carbonyl group. Some examples of acyl groups are acetyl, propionyl, butyryl and isobutyryl.
• haloalkyl as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means an alkyl group substituted with one or more halo groups, on one or more carbon atoms.
• the haloalkyl comprises 1 to 3 halo groups, such as a hydrocarbon comprising a dichloromethyl group, or a monohalosubstituted hydrocarbon.
• perfluoro when used in conjunction with a specified hydrocarbon group, is meant to include a substituent wherein the individual hydrogen atoms thereof are substituted therefor with fluorine atoms, preferably, wherein all the individual hydrogen atoms thereof are substituted therefor with fluorine.
• alkoxycarbonyl means an alkoxy group attached through a carbonyl group. Some examples of alkoxycarbonyl groups are methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl and butoxycarbonyl.
• alkylthio means an alkyl group attached through a sulfur atom. Some examples of alkylthio groups are methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, isobutylthio, pentylthio and hexylthio.
• alkylamino means an alkyl group attached through a nitrogen atom, wherein the nitrogen is unsubstituted, i.e., the group is alkyl-NH-.
• alkylamino groups are methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, butylamino and isobutylamino.
• dialkylamino means an alkylamino group wherein the nitrogen atom is substituted with two independent alkyl groups R a and R b , i.e., -N(R a R b ).
• dialkylamino groups are dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino and di-isopropylamino as well as N-methyl-N'-ethylamino, N-ethyl-N'-propylamino and N-propyl-N'-isopropylamino.
• acyloxy groups include acetyloxy, propionyloxy, butyryloxy, and also include such radicals which incorporate a cyclic substituent such as benzoyloxy.
• haloalkoxy as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means an -O- haloalkyl group wherein "haloalkyl” is as defined above.
• An example of a haloalkoxy group is trifluoromethoxy.
• aryl as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of one hydrogen, such as phenyl or naphthyl. Aryl is most preferably phenyl. It is to be understood that a napthyl group may be bonded through any position, i.e., napth-1-yl, napth-2-yl, napth-3-yl, napth-4-yl.
• heterocyclyl and “heterocyclic”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, mean non-aromatic (saturated or unsaturated) monocyclic and multicyclic groups containing one or more heteroatoms each selected from 0, S and N, wherein each ring of a heterocyclic group has from 3 to 8 atoms.
• heterocyclic groups of this invention are monocyclic or bicyclic.
• Monocyclic heterocyclic groups include rings having only 4 atoms; preferably, monocyclic heterocyclic groups contain from 4 to 8 members, and more preferably, from 4 to 6 members, and most preferably, 5 or 6 members.
• An example of a 4-membered heterocyclic group is azetidinyl (derived from azetidine), an example of a 5-membered heterocyclic group is imidazolidinyl, and an example of a 6-membered heterocyclic group is piperidinyl.
• monocyclic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, 1 ,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, 1 ,4- dioxanyl, 1 ,3-dioxolanyl, 1 ,4-dithianyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl and imidazolinyl.
• monocyclic heterocyclic groups include azacycloheptane and azacyclooctane.
• Preferred monocyclic heterocyclic groups are azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl and morpholino.
• Monocyclic heterocyclic groups may be referred to herein as "heteromonocyclyl.”
• Bicyclic heterocyclic groups may be referred to herein as "heterobicyclic” or “heterobicyclyl”, both of which as used herein mean heterocyclic groups containing two rings, and encompass fused-ring bicyclic, bridged bicyclic and spiro-bicyclic groups.
• Heterobicyclic groups preferably contain from 5 to 12 members, more preferably, from 6 to 10 members.
• each ring of a heterobicyclic group contains from 3 to 6 members.
• An example of a heterobicyclic group is 1 ,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decyl.
• heterobicyclic groups include azabicyclohexyl, e.g., 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl, azabicycloheptyl, e.g., 2- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl and azabicyclooctyl.
• heteroaryl as used herein means aromatic heterocyclic groups comprising from 5 to 12 atoms and containing one or more heteroatoms each selected from O, S and N, wherein each ring of the heteroaryl group contains from 3 to 8 atoms.
• Heteroaryl groups of this invention may contain one ring or more than one ring, i.e., they may be monocyclic or multicyclic, for example bicyclic, so long as at least one ring in a multicyclic group is aromatic.
• heteroaryl groups of this invention are monocyclic or bicyclic.
• each ring of a heteroaryl group contains one or two heteroatoms.
• Monocyclic heteroaryl groups preferably contain from 5 to 8 members, more preferably, 5 or 6 members.
• the monocyclic heteroaryl groups containing two heteratoms contain two nitrogen atoms, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom, or a nitrogen atom and a sulfur atom.
• monocyclic heteroaryl groups are pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thiophenyl (referred to hereinafter as "thienyl"), isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl and furazanyl (i.e., 2,5-diaza-furanyl).
• Preferred among the monocyclic heteroaryl groups are thienyl, furyl and pyridinyl.
• More preferred monocyclic heteroaryl groups are thien-2-yl, fur-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, i.e., attached through the 2- or 3- carbon, respectively.
• a particularly preferred monocyclic heteroaryl group is pyridyl.
• pyridyl as used in this application, unless otherwise specified, means 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl or 4-pyridyl, i.e., pyridyl attached through any available carbon atom.
• Multicyclic heteroaryl groups are preferably bicyclic; bicyclic heteroaryl groups preferably contain 9 or 10 members.
• Some examples of heteroaryl groups are quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, purinyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, pteridinyl, benzothiadiazine, benzothiazinyl, 2H- 1-benzopyranyl, chromanyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, and
• heterocyclic and heteroaryl groups may be C-attached or N-attached where such is possible.
• pyrrolyl may be pyrrol-1-yl (N-attached) or pyrrol-3-yl (C- attached).
• the heterocyclic groups of this invention also include ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties.
• treating means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
• treatment refers to the act of treating, as “treating” is defined immediately above.
• the invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be in a form suitable for oral administration as a tablet, capsule, pill, powder, sustained release formulations, solution, suspension, for parenteral injection as a sterile solution, suspension or emulsion, for topical administration as an ointment or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages.
• the pharmaceutical composition will include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and a compound according to the invention as an active ingredient. In addition, it may include other medicinal or pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, etc.
• Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include inert diluents or fillers, water and various organic solvents.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may, if desired, contain additional ingredients such as flavorings, binders, excipients and the like.
• excipients such as citric acid
• disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and certain complex silicates
• binding agents such as sucrose, gelatin and acacia.
• lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often useful for tableting purposes.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules.
• Preferred materials include lactose or milk sugar and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
• the active compound therein may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matters or dyes and, if desired, emulsifying agents or suspending agents, together with diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, or combinations thereof.
• Exemplary parenteral administration forms include solutions or suspensions of active compounds in sterile aqueous solutions, for example, aqueous propylene glycol or dextrose solutions. Such dosage forms can be suitably buffered, if desired.
• Aqueous compositions of the present invention may comprise other pharmaceutically acceptable solutes including additives and other therapeutic agents, as appropriate. Suitable additives are those well known in the art including, but not limited to, antioxidants, antibacterials, surfactants, chelating agents, sugars, and preservatives.
• Aqueous compositions of the invention can be administered by injection, which can be intramuscular, intravenous or preferably subcutaneous. A dose of from about 0.5 ⁇ g/Kg/day to about 10 ⁇ g/Kg/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ g/Kg/day to 5 ⁇ g/Kg/day, can be used.
• the compounds of the invention can be administered alone but will generally be administered in an admixture with suitable pharmaceutical excipient(s), diluent(s) or carrier known in the art and selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. If appropriate "auxiliary" agents may also be added, which includes preservatives, anti-oxidants, flavors or colorants.
• the compound of the invention may be formulated to provide immediate-, delayed-, modified-, sustained-, pulsed- or controlled- release dependent on the specific route of administration and the specificity of release profile, commensurate with therapeutic needs.
• the compounds of the invention can be administered, for example but not limited to, the following route: oral (including buccal, sublingual, etc.) in the forms that are well known in the art (ref.) for veterinary and pharmaceutical applications.
• oral in this instance refers to oral mode of administration wherein the forms are explicitly provided to the animals for oral consumption i.e., on-diet, in-drinking fluid, placed directly into the oral cavity, or offered for free-choice consumption.
• the term "animal” includes a warm-blooded animal of the animal kingdom possessed of a homeostatic mechanism and includes mammals and birds, preferably companion animals and livestock animals, and humans.
• companion animals are canines, e.g., dogs, felines, e.g., cats and horses; some examples of livestock animals are pigs, cows, sheep and the like.
• the animal is a mammal. More preferably, the mammal is a companion animal or a livestock animal.
• Typical oral solid forms may include tablets, powders, multi-particulate preparations (granules), capsules, chews, lozenges, films, patches, etc..
• Typical oral liquid (including semi- solid and colloidal) forms may include solutions, elixirs, gels, sprays, liquid-filled chews, etc..
• Other oral forms wherein the active agent is suspended in a liquid or semi-solid carrier phase, for example suspensions, may also be used.
• the preferred oral solid, liquid and suspension forms for a compound of the invention are those that impart flexibility in dosing to the animals, wherein the method of administration is facile and the dose can be accurately and flexibly controlled in keeping with the need of the therapy.
• Examples of such forms include tablet preparations, solutions (and similar forms thereof as described herein) and suspensions.
• the dose can be easily controlled for oral administration.
• the utility of appropriate metering systems i.e., calibrated syringes etc.
• the utility of flavoring/palatability agents and/or texture enhancers in the said forms can promote animal acceptance and compliance, which can be particularly advantageous when dosing chronically to animals.
• parenteral routes may include topical and transdermal, rectal, vaginal, nasal, inhalation and injectables (i.e., administration modes that require penetration of the skin barrier via needle and needle-less methods, including implants and reservoirs).
• injectables i.e., administration modes that require penetration of the skin barrier via needle and needle-less methods, including implants and reservoirs.
• compositions of the compounds of the invention comprise oral solid forms, examples of which are provided below, are preferably tablets, powders or granules which typically contain just the active agent(s) or preferably in combination with adjuvants/excipients.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound the invention, herein referred to also as "the active" in an amount typically less than 50% (by weight) of the formulation and preferably less than 10%, more preferably, about 2.5% by weight, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the predominant portion of the formulation comprises fillers, diluents, disintegrants, lubricants and optionally, flavors.
• the composition of these excipients is well known in the art.
• the preferred fillers/diluents comprise admixtures of two or more of the following components: avicel, mannitol, lactose (all types), starch, and di-calcium phosphate.
• the filler/diluent admixtures typically comprises less than 98% (by weight) of the formulation and preferably less than 95%, for example 93.5%.
• disintegrants include Ac-di-sol, ExplotabTM, starch and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) - also known as wetting agent.
• the amount of filler/diluent admixture usually comprises less than 10% (by weight) of the composition and preferably less than 5%; in a particularly preferred embodiment, the amount is about 3%.
• the lubricant is magnesium stearate.
• the magnesium stearate is present in an amount less than about 5% of the formulation and preferably less than about 3%, more preferably, about 1%.
• lubricants comprise less than 60% of the formulation, preferably less than 40%, and most preferably, from about 10% to about 20%.
• Particularly preferred embodiments of tablet formulations for the compounds of the invention are shown in Table 10.
• compositions of the invention include tablets.
• tablets are manufactured by a process selected from direct compression or a wet, dry or melt granulation, melt congealing process and extrusion.
• tablet cores of the compositions of the invention may be mono or multi-layer(s) and can be coated with appropriate overcoats known in the art.
• Oral liquid forms of the compounds of the invention are preferably solutions, wherein the active compound is fully dissolved.
• the solution comprises the active and a pharmaceutically precedented solvents suitable for oral administration.
• the solvent is one in which the compounds of the invention show good solubility.
• the solution comprises a solvent selected from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, edible oils and glyceryl- and glyceride- based systems.
• glyceryl- and glyceride- based systems comprise agents selected from Captex 355 EP, Crodamol GTC/C, or Labrafac CC, triacetin, Capmul CMC, Migyols (812, 829, 840), Labrafil M1944CS, Peceol and Maisine 35-1.
• the exact composition of these agents and commercial sources are shown in Table 11. These solvents usually make up the predominant portion of the formulation i.e., greater than 50% (by weight) and preferably greater than 80%, for example 95% and more preferably greater than 99%.
• the solution further comprises an adjuvant or additives.
• the additive or adjuvant is a taste-mask agent, payability agent, flavoring agent, antioxidant, stabilizer, texture modifier, viscosity modifier, or a solubilizer.
• a further embodiment is a process for preparing preferred oral liquid form of the compounds of the invention (see the Pharmaceutical Compositions section), wherein the individually preferred components are combined optionally with mechanical or ultrasonic agitation in a preferred temperature range, in such a fashion that is advantageous to the rate of dissolution.
• compositions of this invention are useful for the treatment of conditions including atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Accordingly, this invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, including the stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the instant invention also relates to a method for inhibiting or decreasing Apo B secretion in an animal in need thereof which comprises the administration of an Apo B secretion inhibiting or decreasing amount of a compound of the invention or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• the invention further provides a method of treating a condition selected from atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes which comprises administering to an animal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1 (or 1_b or 2) or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• a preferred subgroup of the conditions described hereinabove is atherosclerosis, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes.
• the present invention concerns the treatment of diabetes, including impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Type I) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or Type II).
• diabetes including impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Type I) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or Type II).
• the diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy or cataracts. Diabetes can be treated by administering to an animal having diabetes (Type I or Type II), insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, or any of the diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy or cataracts, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
• diabetes be treated by administering a compound of the invention along with other agents that can be used to treat diabetes.
• the diabetes is Type II diabetes. More preferably, the animal is feline; even more preferably, the feline is a cat.
• this invention further relates to a method of treating Type II diabetes in an animal in need of such treatment, which comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1 or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• the invention also provides a method of treating Type II diabetes in an animal in need of such treatment, which comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1 or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in combination with one or more additional agents capable of treating Type II diabetes in the animal.
• agents that can be used to treat diabetes include insulin and insulin analogs (e.g. LysPro insulin); GLP-1 (7-37) (insulinotropin) and GLP-1 (7-36)-NH 2 ; sulfonylureas and analogs: chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, acetohexamide, Glypizide®, glimepiride, repaglinide, meglitinide; biguanides: metformin, phenformin, buformin; ⁇ 2-antagonists and imidazolines: midaglizole, isaglidole, deriglidole, idazoxan, efaroxan, fluparoxan; other insulin secretagogues: linogliride, A-4166; glitazones: ciglitazone, pioglitazone, englitazone, troglitazone, darglitazone, BRL49653; fatty acid
• Naglivan® and peroxovanadium complexes amylin antagonists; glucagon antagonists; gluconeogenesis inhibitors; somatostatin analogs; antilipolytic agents: nicotinic acid, acipimox, WAG 994; and glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, such as those disclosed in WO 96/39385 and WO 96/39384.
• pramlintide acetate SymlinTM
• nateglinide Any combination of agents can be administered as described above.
• the invention also relates to a method of treating obesity in a mammal which comprises administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of an intestinal-MTP-selective compound, wherein the ED 25 of the compound for the inhibition of intestinal fat absorption is at least 5-fold lower than the ED 25 of the compound for the lowering of serum triglycerides.
• the ED 25 for the inhibition of intestinal fat absorption is at least 10-fold lower than the ED 25 of the compound for the lowering of serum triglycerides.
• the compound exhibits an ED 25 for the inhibition of intestinal fat absorption which is at least 50-fold lower than the ED 25 of the compound for the lowering of serum triglycerides.
• the intestinal-MTP-selective compound is a compound of formula 1, lb or 2, or an embodiment, preferred embodiment, more preferred embodiment, or particularly preferred embodiment of a compound of formula 1, lb or 2.
• the term "selectivity" refers to a greater effect of a compound in a first assay, compared to the effect of the same compound in a second assay.
• the first assay is for the ability of the compound to inhibit intestinal fat absorption
• the second assay is for the ability of the compound to lower serum triglycerides.
• the ability of the compound to inhibit intestinal fat absorption is measured by the ED 25 of the compound in an intestinal fat absorption assay, such that a greater effect of the compound results in the observation of a lower absolute (numerical) value for the ED 25 .
• the ability of the compound to lower serum triglycerides is measured by the ED 25 of the compound in a serum triglyceride assay.
• a greater effect of a compound in the serum triglyceride lowering assay results in the observation of a lower absolute (numerical) value for the ED 25 .
• An illustrative example of each assay is provided hereinbelow, but it is to be understood that any assay capable of measuring the effectiveness of a compound in inhibiting intestinal fat absorption, or capable of measuring the effectiveness of a compound in lowering serum triglycerides, is encompassed by the present invention.
• the intestinal-MTP-selective compound is a compound of formula lb, wherein X 1 is N(R 4 ) or O, X 2 is C(H); m, n and p are all 0; R 3 is H or Cl; R 4 is CH 3 ; R 5 and R 9 are both H; R 10 is phenyl (with carbons numbered 1' - 6') substituted at the 4'-position with CF 3 , or R 10 is (C C 6 )alkoxy; R 6 is H or methyl and R 7 is (C C 6 )alkyl or benzyl, wherein the benzyl is optionally substituted with (d-C 6 )alkyl or (d-C 6 )alkoxy.
• the compounds of this invention may be used in conjunction with other pharmaceutical agents, including other lipid lowering agents.
• Such agents include, for example, cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors and cholesterol absorption inhibitors, especially HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and HMG-CoA synthase inhibitors; HMG-CoA reductase gene expression inhibitors; CETP inhibitors; bile acid sequestrants; fibrates; cholesterol absorption inhibitors; ACAT inhibitors, squalene synthetase inhibitors, ion-exchange resins, anti-oxidants and niacin.
• the compounds of the instant invention and the other drug therapies may be administered to animals (e.g. humans) by conventional methods.
• This invention provides a method of treating atherosclerosis; pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia; hyperglycemia (1 ) by causing a reduced absorption of dietary fat through MTP inhibition, (2) by lowering triglycerides through MTP inhibition or (3) by decreasing the absorption of free fatty acids through MTP inhibition; in an animal in need of treatment thereof, which comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of formula 1, l b or 2.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, wherein said first compound is a compound of claim 1 or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof; b) a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, wherein said second compound is selected from a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a CETP inhibitor, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, an HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase gene expression, niacin, an antioxidant, an ACAT inhibitor or a squalene synthetase inhibitor; and c) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the said second compound is selected from lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin or rivastatin. In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, said second compound is atorvastatin.
• cholesterol absorption inhibitors and cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors are described in detail hereinbelow. Additional cholesterol absorption inhibitors are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in PCT WO 94/00480.
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor refers to a compound which inhibits the biotransformation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonic acid as catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Such inhibition may be determined readily by one of skill in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Methods of Enzymology, 1981 ; 71 : 455-509 and the references cited therein). A variety of these compounds are described and referenced hereinbelow. U.S. Pat. No.
• 4,346,227 discloses ML-236B derivatives, such as pravastatin.
• EP 491 ,226 teaches certain pyridyldihydroxyheptenoic acids, such as rivastatin.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,647,576 discloses certain 6-[2-(substituted- pyrrol-1-yl)alkyl]-pyran-2ones such as atorvastatin.
• Other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors will be known to those skilled in the art.
• HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor refers to a compound which inhibits the biosynthesis of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A from acetyl- coenzyme A and acetoacetyl-coenzyme A, catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase. Such inhibition may be determined readily by one of skill in the art ac cording to standard assays (e.g., Methods of Enzymology, 1975; 35: 155-160 and Methods of Enzymology, 1985; 110: 19-26 and the references cited therein).
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,729 discloses certain beta-lactam derivatives.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,856 discloses certain spiro-lactone derivatives prepared by culturing the microorganism MF5253.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,847,271 discloses certain oxetane compounds such as 11-(3hydroxymethyl-4-oxo-2-oxetayl)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4-undecadienoic acid derivatives.
• Other HMG-CoA synthase inhibitors will be known to those skilled in the art.
• Any compound that decreases HMG-CoA reductase gene expression may be used as the second compound in the combination therapy aspect of this invention.
• These agents may be HMG-CoA reductase transcription inhibitors that block the transcription of DNA or translation inhibitors that prevent translation of mRNA coding for HMG-CoA reductase into protein.
• Such inhibitors may either affect transcription or translation directly, or may be biotransformed into compounds that have the aforementioned attributes by one or more enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthetic cascade or may lead to the accumulation of an isoprene metabolite that has the aforementioned activities.
• Such regulation is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (Methods of Enzymology, 1985; 110: 9-19).
• Several such compounds are described and referenced below however other inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase gene expression will be known to those skilled in the art
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,041 ,432 discloses certain 15-substituted lanosterol derivatives.
• Other oxygenated sterois that suppress the biosynthesis of HMG-CoA reductase are discussed by E.I. Mercer (Prog. Up. Res., 1993; 32: 357-416).
• CETP inhibitor refers to compounds which inhibit the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediated transport of various cholesteryl esters and triglycerides from high density lipoprotein (HDL) to low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL).
• HDL high density lipoprotein
• LDL low density lipoprotein
• VLDL very low density lipoprotein
• 5,512,548 discloses certain polypeptide derivatives having activity as CETP inhibitors, while certain CETP-inhibitory rosenonolactone derivatives and phosphate- containing analogs of cholesteryl ester are disclosed in J. Antibiot., 1996; 49(8): 815-816, and Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett; 1996; 6: 1951-1954, respectively.
• ACAT inhibitor refers to compounds which inhibit the intracellular esterification of dietary cholesterol by the enzyme acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. Such inhibition may be determined readily by one of skill in the art according to standard assays, such as the method of Heider et al. described in Journal of Lipid Research., 1983; 24: 1127. A variety of these compounds are described and referenced hereinbelow however other ACAT inhibitors will be known to those skilled in the art.
• squalene synthetase inhibitor refers to compounds that inhibit the condensation of two molecules of famesylpyrophosphate to form squalene, a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme squalene synthetase. Such inhibition is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard methodology (Methods of Enzymology 1969; 15: 393-454 and Methods of Enzymology 1985; 110: 359-373 and references cited therein). A summary of squalene synthetase inhibitors has been complied (Curr. Op. Ther.
• European patent application publication No. 0 567 026 A1 discloses certain 4,1 -benzoxazepine derivatives as squalene synthetase inhibitors and their use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and as fungicides.
• European patent application publication No. 0 645 378 A1 discloses certain seven- or eight-membered heterocycles as squalene synthetase inhibitors and their use in the treatment and prevention of hypercholesterolemia and fungal infections.
• European patent application publication No. 0 645 377 A1 discloses certain benzoxazepine derivatives as squalene synthetase inhibitors useful for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia or coronary sclerosis.
• European patent application publication No. 0 611 749 A1 discloses certain substituted amino acid derivatives useful for the treatment of arteriosclerosis.
• European patent application publication No. 0 705 607 A2 discloses certain condensed seven- or eight-membered heterocyclic compounds useful as antihypertriglyceridemic agents.
• PCT publication WO96/09827 discloses certain combinations of cholesterol absorption inhibitors and cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors including benzoxazepine derivatives and benzothiazepine derivatives.
• European patent application publication No. 0 071 725 A1 discloses a process for preparing certain optically-active compounds, including benzoxazepine derivatives, having plasma cholesterol and triglyceride lowering activities.
• the present invention also provides a method of treating obesity in an animal, which comprises administering to the obese animal a compound of this invention in combination with another anti-obesity agent.
• the other anti-obesity agents is preferably selected from the group consisting of a ⁇ 3 - adrenergic receptor agonist, a cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonist, a monoamine reuptake inhibitor (such as sibutramine), a sympathomimetic agent, a serotoninergic agent (such as fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine), a dopamine agonist (such as bromocriptine), a melanocyte- stimulating hormone receptor agonist or mimetic, a melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor analog, a cannabinoid receptor antagonist, a melanin concentrating hormone antagonist, leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin receptor agonist, a galanin antagonist, a lipase inhibitor (such as orlistat), a bombesin agonist, a neuropeptide-Y antagonist such as NPY-1 or NPY-5, a thyrom
• Especially preferred anti-obesity agents comprise those compounds selected from the group consisting of sibutramine, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, bromocriptine, phentermine, ephedrine, leptin, phenylpropanolamine pseudoephedrine, ⁇ 4-[2-(2-[6-aminopyridin-3-yl]-2(R)- hydroxyethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl ⁇ acetic acid, ⁇ 4-[2-(2-[6-aminopyridin-3-yl]-2(R)- hydroxyethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl ⁇ benzoic acid, ⁇ 4-[2-(2-[6-aminopyridin-3-yl]-2(R)- hydroxyethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl ⁇ propionic acid, and ⁇ 4-[2-(2-[6-aminopyridin-3-yl]-2(R)-
• the additional anti-obesity agent is another MTP/apoB inhibitor selected from the group consisting of (i) BMS-197636, also known as 9-[4-[4-(2,3- dihydro-1 -oxo-1 H-isoindol-2-yl)-1 -piperidinyl]butyl]-N-propyl-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide; (ii) BMS-200150, also known as 2-[1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2,3-dihydro-1 H-isoindol-1- one; and (iii) BMS 201038, also known as 9-[4-(4-[2-(4- trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoylamino]piperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9- carboxamide; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt
• the anti-obesity agent is selected from the agents disclosed in European patent application publication Nos. 1 099 439 A2, which discloses certain compounds of the formula
• L in formula Ob2 is as defined as in EP 1 099 439 A2.
• Preferred compounds of those disclosed in 1 099 439 A2 are compounds selected from the group consisting of 4'-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-2 -carboxylic acid-(2-butyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolin-6-yl)-amide and 4'-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid-(2-(2- acetylaminoethyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-6-yl)-amide.
• phentermine may be prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 2,408,345; sibutramine may be prepared as in U.S. Patent No. 4,929,629; orlistat may be prepared as in U.S. Patent No. 4,598,089; fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine may be prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,198,834; bromocriptine may be prepared as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,752,814 and 3,752,888; and the substituted amino pyridines listed above may be prepared as described in PCT International Publication No. WO 96/35671 ; the disclosure of each of these publications is herein incorporated by reference.
• certain compounds of the instant invention may contain an asymmetrically-substituted carbon atom and accordingly may exist in, and/or be isolated in, optically-active and racemic forms. Furthermore, some compounds may exhibit polymorphism.
• the present invention encompasses any and all racemic, optically-active, polymorphic and stereoisomeric forms, or mixtures thereof, which form or forms possess properties useful in the treatment of the conditions noted hereinabove, it being well known in the art how to prepare optically-active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, by synthesis from optically-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase) and how to determine efficacy for the treatment of the conditions noted herein by the standard tests described hereinafter.
• Figure 1 shows the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of a sample of preferred Form A of the title compound described in Example 44. Detailed conditions for the preparation of the sample are provided in Example 44. The pattern was obtained on a Siemens D5000, Cu anode, variable slit, range 2-55, step size: 0.02; ambient temperature.
• Figure 2 shows the results of thermal analysis of preferred Form A of the title compound described in Example 44 by differential scanning calorimetry. The peak is 144.068
• the analysis was performed under nitrogen gas flow; after holding at 40°C for 1 minute, heating from 40.00°C to 200.00°C at a rate of 20°C/minute.
• the sample size was 2.891 mg.
• Figure 3 shows the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of a sample of preferred Form B of the title compound described in Example 44. Detailed conditions for the preparation of the sample are provided in Example 44. The pattern was obtained on a Siemens D5000, Cu anode, variable slit, range 2-55, step size: 0.02; ambient temperature.
• Figure 4 shows the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of a sample of preferred Form G of the title compound described in Example 44. Detailed conditions for the preparation of the sample are provided in Example 44. The pattern was obtained on a Siemens D5000, Cu anode, variable slit, range 2-55, step size: 0.02; ambient temperature.
• Figure 5 shows the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of a sample of preferred Form F of the title compound described in Example 44. Detailed conditions for the preparation of the sample are provided in Example 44. The pattern was obtained on a Siemens D5000, Cu anode, variable slit, range 2-55, step size: 0.02; ambient temperature.
• Figure 6 shows the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of a sample of the intermediate compound 1-Methyl-5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamido]-1/-/-indole-2- carboxylic acid potassium salt 2.6 hydrate, prepared in Example 44 step (d) alternative C.
• Detailed conditions for the preparation of the sample are provided in Example 44.
• the pattern was obtained on a Siemens D5000, Cu anode, variable slit, range 2-55, step size: 0.02; ambient temperature.
• the following examples illustrate the compositions and methods of the present invention. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific details of the Examples provided below.
• water in the following descriptions means water which is deionized (also known as “demineralized”) or of higher purity, e.g., deionized- distilled or deionized-multiply-distilled water. Preferably all materials will be of at least USP grade.
• the compounds of formulas 1, 2 and 3 are generally prepared by forming amide linkages between the groups A, B and C shown in Table 1 below, wherein in compounds of formula 1, B is BJ.; in compounds of formula 2, B is B2; and in compounds of formula 3, B is B3: wherein L c is a carboxylic acid or an activated form thereof as described further below, and the amide linkages are formed between the L c group of A and the amino group -NHR 9 , and between the L c group of B and the amine -NHR 5 of C, respectively It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that there are many well-known methods of forming amide linkages, and that it is generally not important which amide linkage is formed first.
• groups A, B and C are either commercially available or can readily be prepared using materials and methods which are well-known in the art, as well as by the methods and procedures described herein.
• compounds comprising the group A wherein X is C(R C ) and R 10 is phenyl are commercially available, e.g., 2-biphenylcarboxylic acid, 4'-(methyl)-2-biphenylcarboxylic acid and 4'-(trifluoromethyl)-2- biphenylcarboxylic acid.
• pyridyl-phenyl (X is N and R 10 is phenyl) and bipyridyl (X is N and R 10 is pyridyl) compounds are also readily obtained.
• Compounds of group B are readily formed from commercially available indoles (BJ., B2) , benzo[b]furans (B3) or benzo[b]thiophenes (B3), as well as by the methods and procedures described herein.
• Compounds of group C are readily prepared from commercially available phenyl glycines, wherein the carbamoyl moiety C(0)NR 6 R 7 is formed between the carboxylic acid group of the phenylglycine and the amine NR 6 R 7 . Exemplary procedures for forming each of these groups and the amide linkages between them are provided in detail below. The Schemes which follow provide examples of various methods of forming the compounds of formulas 1, 2 and 3 using the synthetic precursors discussed above.
• Scheme 1 illustrates a method for preparing a compound of formula 1 which comprises reacting a compound of the formula AB1 , with an amine of the formula C, or, by reacting a compound of the formula A with an amine of the formula B1C, where L c is a carboxylic acid, preferably, an activated carboxylic acid.
• a compound of formula 1 is prepared by the formation of an amide linkage.
• Activated carboxylic acids of the compound of formula A and AB1 are readily formed by conventional means, for example, wherein -L c is -COOH, by reacting the free acid with a carbodiimide, e.g., 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (“EDC”) or 1 ,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (“CDI").
• EDC if used, may advantageously be polymer-bound, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,416,193.
• the amide linkage reaction is carried out in the presence of a suitable base.
• a suitable base for use in the coupling reaction is a polymer bound amine, such as polymer bound morpholino-polystyrene.
• the reaction is carried out in the presence of an alcohol e.g., a d-C alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol or t-butanol.
• the carboxylic acid may be activated by conversion to its corresponding acid chloride by e.g., treatment with oxalyl chloride in methylene chloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of DMF.
• Still another example of a method for forming the amide linkage between AB1 and C, where L c is a carboxylic acid is to first combine the acid (AB1 ) with N,0-dimethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride salt and PyBroP in methylene chloride followed by addition of diisopropylethylamine and stirring for several hours.
• the resulting N.O-dimethyl hydroxyamide of the acid is purified by flash chromatography and then treated with DIBAL in THF to yield the corresponding aldehyde (i.e., L c is C(O)H).
• the AB1 aldehyde is then suspended in methylene chloride with C and acetic acid, and after stirring for about 30 minutes, NaB(OAc) 3 H and chloroform are added and the compound of formula 1 purified from the organic layer, e.g., by flash chromatography using methanol/chloroform.
• the method illustrated in Scheme 1 comprising reacting a compound of the formula A with an amine of the formula B1 C is advantageous in the utilization of a library of A groups, i.e., phenyl or pyridyl carboxylic acids as in Scheme 1 , or other carboxylic acids.
• a compound of formula 1, formula lb or formula 2 may be formed between a compound of the formula B1 C and a A group or other carboxylic acid, by reacting A or the other acid with a mixture comprising B1C. EDC and DMAP in methylene chloride, preferably at room temperature, followed by addition of N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, and subsequent purification of the compound of formula 1.
• Scheme 2 illustrates a method of preparing compounds of formula AB1.
• a compound of formula A is reacted with a 5-amino- or 6-amino- indole of formula BJ., wherein L e is a carboxylic acid ester to form the compound AB1-e, followed by hydrolysis of L e to form the compound AB, bearing a carboxylic acid group L c , which as described above may be used in the method of Scheme 1 directly or in the form of an activated acid.
• the group L e may advantageously be -COOR d , wherein R d is a (d-C 6 ) alkyl group or a substituted variation thereon; preferably R d is methyl or ethyl, more preferably ethyl.
• R d is a (d-C 6 ) alkyl group or a substituted variation thereon; preferably R d is methyl or ethyl, more preferably ethyl.
• -L c is e.g., -COCI, i.e., an acid chloride
• the reaction between A and Bl may be carried out in methylene chloride and pyridine or, in a preferred embodiment, as described in Example 44.
• AB1-e may be hydrolysed (or otherwise deprotected) to form AB1 by any conventional means, e.g., by addition of aqueous LiOH to a solution of the compound in THF and methanol, or, in a preferred embodiment, as described in Example 44, wherein the compound AB1 has advantageous filtration properties, for example where L c is -COOH and acidification is performed at elevated temperature, and preferably where L c is -COO " K + crystallizing as a 2.5 mole hydrate.
• Still another embodiment of a process for making a compound of the formula 1 wherein R 10 is of the formula -OR 17 is shown in Scheme 3.
• an amide linkage is formed between A'B1 and C, wherein A is analogous to the group R 1 except that R 10 is, e.g., acetyl or a thioester as exemplified by a compound such as acetylsalicoylchloride.
• a compound of the formula A'B1 is formed analogously to the process shown in Scheme 2, by adding to a mixture comprising about 1 equivalent of BJ. (ester form, i.e.
• Compounds of formula A are well-known, and are readily obtained commercially or prepared from commercially available biphenyl, bipyridyl or phenyl-pyridyl compounds substituted with at least a carboxylic acid group or having at least one substituent susceptible to derivatization to a carboxylic acid group.
• suitable groups A and methods for preparing them may be found in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,121 ,283, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• a particularly preferred group of formula A is 4'- (trifluoromethyl)-2-biphenylcarboxylic acid, which is commercially available; other A groups are commercially available or readily prepared from commercially available analogues by means which are well-known in the art.
• the indole ester in a suitable solvent may be treated with about one equivalent of sodium hydride, followed by addition of a slight molar excess of alkyl iodide or alkoxyalkyl iodide, e.g., methyl iodide, iodomethyl methyl ether, ethyl iodide, 2-iodopropane, etc., followed by quenching with acid, e.g., HCI, and suitable isolation to yield the alkyl or alkoxyalkyl indole ester.
• a suitable solvent e.g., DMF
• the alkylating agent may be an alkyl sulfonate ester, e.g. methyl tosylate
• the base may be a inorganic salt, e.g. potassium carbonate, and the product provided by an appropriate isolation, such as described in Example 44.
• a compound BJ. wherein R 3 is halogen, i.e., chloro, bromo or iodo, may be prepared by treating the indole ester with a N- halosuccinimide in a suitable solvent, e.g., THF, followed by neutralization and isolation.
• a suitable solvent e.g., THF
• the 5-nitro or 6-nitro group of any of the resulting indole esters may then be reduced, e.g., with hydrazine hydrate and Raney Nickel in a suitable solvent, e.g., methanol to yield the 5-amino- or 6-amino- indole ester.
• the nitro group may be hydrogenated catalytically over palladium based catalysts, e.g. palladium on carbon.
• the nitro group may be hydrogenated catalytically over palladium based catalysts.
• the nitro group may be subjected to catalytic transfer hydrogenation using palladium based catalysts and a non-gasseous hydrogen source, e.g., a salt of an amine with formic acid such as ammonium fomate, followed by an appropriate isolation, such as described in Example 44.
• a non-gasseous hydrogen source e.g., a salt of an amine with formic acid such as ammonium fomate
• the 5-amino- or 6-amino- indole esters BJ. may advantageously be isolated as their salts with strong acids, e.g. hydrochloric acid.
• the 5-amino or 6-amino-indole esters may be retained in solution for use directly in the following synthetic step.
• the 5-amino- or 6-amino- indole ester may then be reacted with a compound of formula A as in Scheme 2 to form the compound AB1-e.
• R 9 is hydrogen.
• Compounds of formula B2 are readily prepared from well-known or commercially available indoles, e.g., 5-nitro or 6-nitro-indole-1 -acetic acid. Compounds of formula 2 are then readily prepared by forming amide linkages between A, B2 and C using the processes described above for linking B1 to A (or A') and C.
• Compounds of formula B3 are also readily prepared from well-known or commercially available indoles, e.g., 5-nitro or 6-nitro-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid.
• the acid is first esterified, and then the nitro group is reduced to an amine, both using conventional means as described herein, and the amide linkages between A, B3 and C to form a compound of formula l b are readily formed using the processes described herein for linking BJ. to A (or ) and C.
• Compounds of formula C are readily prepared by methods analogous to those described above, by forming an amide linkage between a phenyl-glycine amino acid analogue, e.g.,
• One example of a process for preparing a compound of formula C, where, e.g., R 7 is benzyl and R 6 is methyl involves combining commercially available (S)- ⁇ /-tert-butoxycarbonyl- 2-phenylglycine, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate and ⁇ /,/V'-dicyclohexylcarbodimide in dichloromethane, and after mixing, adding slowly, with stirring, ⁇ /-methylbenzylamine in dichloromethane, all at 0-5°C. The resulting slurry is allowed to warm to room temperature overnight before being filtered and the solids washed with dichloromethane.
• the combined filtrate is preferably subjected to further washes with aqueous weak base and then with aqueous weak acid, and finally washed with water, providing a dichloromethane solution of a phenylglycine acid amide, where the phenylglycine amino group (See Table 1 , NHR 5 of C) is t- butoxycarbonyl-protected.
• the phenylglycine amide is deprotected, e.g., by addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the monohydrate crystalline form of the product precipitated by the addition of terf-butyl methyl ether and seeding, followed by washing with terf-butyl methyl ether and drying to yield the product C with higher optical purity than its ⁇ /-protected precursor.
• the preferred solid form of the product C is characterized by the XRD (X-ray diffraction) data shown in Table 12, as described below.
• Table 12 shows 2-theta values for a simulated X-ray powder diffraction pattern the intermediate compound (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride monohydrate described in Example 44 step (e). The data was simulated using primary data obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
• a salt of the phenylglycine amide may be prepared, e.g., by treating the amide, e.g., ((RS)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide), with di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartaric acid in a suitable solvent to provide the di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate) salt.
• Tartrate salts of the phenylglycine amides may be broken to provide the amide, which may be purified as its hydrochloride salt.
• racemic compounds of the formula C may be resolved via the selective precipitation of one of the enantiomers as its salt with an optically enriched chiral acid, of which many examples are known in the art, from suitable solvents, e.g. methanol and ethanol.
• suitable solvents e.g. methanol and ethanol.
• optically enriched chiral acids may be naturally occuring or synthetic.
• the precipitated salts may be hydrates or solvates. Breakage of these salts delivers optically enriched free amines of the formula C, which may be purified as-is or as a suitable salts using suitable solvents.
• (RS)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide (10. Og) was treated with di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartaric acid (15.2g) in methanol (167mL) at 20°C. The precipitated the salt was filtered and washed with methanol, then dried providing (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2- phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate (11.73g, 46.6%) with 92.7%d.e. (chiral HPLC).
• This material (1.00g) was reslurried in hot methanol (8.8ml) to provide (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2- phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate with 99% d.e. (0.79g, 79% recovery) after filtration, washing and drying.
• the tartrate salts formed as described maybe broken to provide the free amine of formula C ⁇ i.e. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide, which may be advantageously purified by the formation of a salt with an achiral acid in the presence of appropriate solvents, e.g. precipitation of (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride from mixtures of propan-2-ol and terf-butyl methyl ether as described.
• a racemic compound of the formula C may be resolved via the selective recrystallization, from a suitable solvent, of its salt with an optically enriched chiral acid, e.g. (RS)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate prepared as described above, to provide diastereomericly enriched salts, e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2- phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate.
• an optically enriched chiral acid e.g. (RS)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide di(o-toluoyl)-L-tartrate prepared as described above, to provide diastereomericly enriched salts, e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2- phen
• Breakage of these salts delivers optically enriched free amines of the formula C, which may be advantageoulsy isolated and used as the hydrochloride salt, e.g. (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride as described . .
• the unwanted enantiomer of the compound C may be recycled by racemization.
• the racemization is applied to mother liquors from the resolutions described in the preceding embodiments, by (a) optionally changing the nature of the solvent and (b) refluxing in the presence of a catalytic amount of a carbonyl compound, e.g.
• the catalysed racemization is performed at a suitable temperature and concentration in-situ during the resoluton in a suitable solvent, prior to the isolation of the first crop of product; this
• Dynamic resolution allows a first crop yield of product to be significantly greater than the 50% available by traditional salt resolutions. Dynamic resoultions are known in the art, but suitable conditions are generally highly substrate-dependent.
• mice Healthy female CF1 mice (Charles River) weighing 18-20 grams upon arrival are employed as test subjects. The mice are housed in groups of 10 in standard caging, and are allowed to acclimate for one week prior to testing. Mice are fasted overnight in a separate procedure room prior to testing. Each treatment group typically consists of 5 mice.
• the test compound is preferably provided as a powder in a glass vial.
• the dosing solution (0.10ml/25g body weight) administered by oral gavage consists of an emulsion of Miglyol 812 (20%), Cremaphor (5%), Water (75%).
• An appropriate volume of Miglyol is first added to the test compound, and the vial vortexed for approximately 1 minute.
• the appropriate volume of Cremaphor is added, and the vial again vortexed as previously.
• the appropriate volume of water is then added, and the emulsion formed by vortexing and briefly sonicating.
• Hamster liquid diet (Bioserve F0739) (dose volume 0.5ml/25g body weight) is prepared by adding (for every 10 mL needed) 2.5 grams liquid diet powder, 10 mL water and 5 microcuries glycerol- 3 H-trioleate (Amersham TRA191 ) to a laboratory blender. The mixture is then blended at high speed for approximately 1 minute. The liquid diet is stored at 4°C until use.
• Sample tubes are weighed (Falcon 15ml polypropylene conical). Three milliliters of 2.5N KOH is then added to each tube.
• mice Following overnight fasting, each mouse is dosed (see above volumes) with test compound followed immediately by liquid diet. Positive (a known potent MTP inhibitor) and negative control groups (vehicle) are included in each assay.
• Positive (a known potent MTP inhibitor) and negative control groups (vehicle) are included in each assay.
• One scintillation vial is sham dosed every 30 mice in order to determine the activity of the initial bolus.
• the mice are euthanized by carbon dioxide inhalation, the abdominal cavity opened, and the small intestines removed and placed in the KOH conical tube. Each tube is then weighed.
• Tubes containing intestines are then placed in a 75°C water bath for 1.5 - 2 hours. Following saponification, the tubes are vortexed and 200 ⁇ L saponate placed in a 20mL liquid scintillation vial. Samples are decolorized (for 30 minutes) by adding 200 ⁇ L of 30% (w/w) hydrogen peroxide. Each sample is neutralized by the addition of 200 ⁇ L of 3N HCL. Ten milliliters of Ready Safe ® (Beckman) liquid scintillation fluid are added and the samples were counted on a Beckman Coulter LS 6500 scintillation system.
• Ready Safe ® Beckman
• Percent recovery from each test group average of percent recovery from each mouse.
• an ED 25 for intestinal fat absorption is calculated.
• the (average) percent triglyceride recovery (percent unabsorbed and remaining in the intestine) of the vehicle control group is adjusted to equal 0%, and the (average) percent recovery of the compound control group is adjusted to equal 100%.
• the same calculations are applied to the percent recovery values obtained for test compounds and an adjusted percent recovery is obtained (% recovery of the test sample - % recovery of vehicle control group / (% recovery of positive control group - % recovery of vehicle control group)).
• An ED 25 is then calculated by plotting a graph of compound concentration vs. adjusted percent recovery.
• mice Healthy female CF1 mice (Charles River) weighing 18-20 grams upon arrival are employed as test subjects. The mice are housed in groups of 10 in standard caging, and were allowed to acclimate for one week prior to testing. Mice are fasted overnight in a separate procedure room prior to testing. Each treatment group typically consists of 10 mice.
• the test compound is preferably provided as a powder in a glass vial.
• the dosing solution (0.250ml/25g body weight) administered by oral gavage consists of an emulsion of
• Miglyol 812 (40%), Cremaphor (10%), Water (50%).
• An appropriate volume of Miglyol is first added to the test compound, and the vial vortexed for approximately 1 minute.
• the appropriate volume of Cremaphor is added, and the vial again vortexed as previously.
• the appropriate volume of water is then added and the emulsion formed by vortexing and briefly sonicating.
• mice Following overnight fasting, each mouse is dosed (see above volumes) with test compound. At 1hour post dose the mice are euthanized by carbon dioxide inhalation and blood collected for triglyceride quantitation.
• Serum triglyceride values are quantitated using a colorimetric endpoint assay (Wako).
• Triglyceride E kit # 432-4021 on a Spectra Max 250 plate reader with Softmax Pro software.
• the average triglyceride value of the test compound group is divided by the average triglyceride value of the vehicle group, multiplied by 100 and then subtracted from 100%.
• ED 25 value is then calculated by plotting a graph of compound concentration versus percent change from control.
• the relative values of the ED 25 for triglyceride lowering and the ED 25 for inhibition of intestinal fat absorption are used as a means to compare selectivity of the test compounds.
• step (b) 5-Amino-1 -ethyl-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester.
• the 1-ethyl-5-nitro-1 H-indole-2 -carboxylic acid ethyl ester (5g, 19.1mmol) of step (a) was dissolved in EtOH/n-PrOH (100 mL, 1/1 ).
• Palladium hydroxide (1.14g) and ammonium formate (3.92g, 62.2mmol) were added to the above solution. The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the catalyst was filtered off through Celite. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure.
• the crude product was dissolved in dichloromethane (300 mL) and washed with NaHC0 3 (150 ml x 2). The organic layer was collected, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and evaporated. The crude product was purified by chromatography to furnish the desired product (4g, 90%).
• Examples 2 - 24 were prepared similarly to the above example.
• the A group comprised (4'-trifluoromethyl)-biphenyl-2-carbonyl linked to a 5-amino group of BJ,
• Example 36 1-Methyl-5- ⁇ [2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino ⁇ -1 H-indole- 2-carboxylic acid ⁇ 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1 -phenylethyl ⁇ amide
• HPLC is referred to in steps (c), (d), (e), and (f) of this example below, unless otherwise stated, the conditions used are as follows: the column used was a Jones Genesis C-18 300 4 ⁇ column (150 mm, part No. FM15960E), and the column was eluted using a gradient of 95% A 5% B to 10% A 90% B over 12 minutes, where solvent A was 0.1% trifluorocaetic acid in water and solvent B was 0.1 % trifluorocaetic acid in acetonitrile, with a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The column was run on a Hewlett Packard 1100 system.
• Ethyl 1-methyl-5-nitro-1/-/-indole-2-carboxylate was prepared by methylation of ethyl 5-nitro-1 /-/-indole-2-carboxylate using methods well known in the art (see, e.g., E.F.V. Scriven et al., J.C.S., P.T.1 , (1979) p.53-59).
• methylation may be achieved using any compatible combination of electrophilic methylating agent, i.e., H 3 C-LG, where LG is a leaving group, and a base, e.g., using dimethylsulfate, methyl iodide (Example 45, step (a)) or methyl tosylate, with bases such as sodium hydride, potassium t-butoxide or potassium carbonate.
• electrophilic methylating agent i.e., H 3 C-LG, where LG is a leaving group
• a base e.g., using dimethylsulfate, methyl iodide (Exa)) or methyl tosylate, with bases such as sodium hydride, potassium t-butoxide or potassium carbonate.
• bases such as sodium hydride, potassium t-butoxide or potassium carbonate.
• methyl tosylate and potassium carbonate are used as follows:
• the product was granulated, filtered, washed with a 50/50 mixture of demineralized water and acetonitrile (630 mL), demineralized water (420 mL) and then with ethanol (420 mL), and dried, yielding the product ethyl 1-methyl-5-nitro-1/-/-indole-2- carboxylate (436.1 g, 96%).
• Preferred alternative B A mixture of ethyl 1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (150.0g), from step (a) or commercial sources, and 10% palladium on carbon catalyst (50% wet) (15.0g) in ethyl acetate (1800 mL) was hydrogenated at 3 bar at 30°C for 8 hours. The mixture was then filtered and the solids washed with ethyl acetate (300 mL). The combined filtrate and washings were partially azeotropically dried at reflux and then concentrated to 800 mL to give a solution of product ethyl 5-amino-1 -methyl-1 /- -indole-2-carboxylate in ethyl acetate.
• the acid salts of ethyl 5-amino-1 -methyl-1 H-indole-2-carboxylate are also readily available via methods well-known in the art.
• the hydrochloride salt is readily prepared by treating an ethylacetate solution of the amine with hydrochloric acid in propan-2- ol.
• Preferred alternative B A solution of commercially available 4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1'- biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (150.0g) in toluene (975ml) and acetonitrile (1275 mL) was added to a solution of thionyl chloride (100.4g) and ⁇ /-methylpyrrolidone (3.7g) in toluene (750 mL) at reflux. The resulting mixture was heated at reflux for 18 hrs, then the acetonitrile and excess thionyl chloride were distilled off by reducing the volume to 900 mL.
• the solution was seeded with product (1-methyl-5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamido]-1/- -indole-2-carboxylic acid potassium salt) and the mixture granulated at 60-70°C for two hours.
• the mixture was slowly cooled to 0-5°C and the product potassium salt collected by filtration, washing with a chilled 90/10 mixture of propan-2-ol and demineralized water (510 mL total volume).
• the resulting slurry was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight before being filtered, washing the byproduct solids with dichloromethane (500 mL).
• the combined filtrate was twice washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate (2 x 1500 mL), twice washed with 50% saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (2 x 1500 mL), once washed with 2.5% aqueous citric acid solution (1500 mL) and once washed with demineralized water (1500 mL), providing a dichloromethane solution of terf-butyl (S)-2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1- phenylethylcarbamate.
• the solvent was replaced with propan-2-ol (2400 mL) via distillation at 20-25°C and the solution cooled to and maintained at 0-5°C during the addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (1000 mL).
• the resulting solution was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight before the excess reagent byproducts and water were removed by co-distillation with additional propan-2-ol (8000 mL), providing a concentrated solution of product at 50- 60°C.
• the product was precipitated by the addition of terf-butyl methyl ether (1875 mL) maintaining 50-60°C and seeding.
• the preferred solid form of the product is characterized by the XRD (X-ray diffraction) data shown in Figure 6.
• Triethylamine (4.78ml mL) was added followed by a slurry of (S)- ⁇ /-benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl -2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride (11.1g), from step (e), in dichloromethane (48 mL) was added slowly, maintaining 0-5°C. The resulting slurry was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. Further triethylamine (2.4 mL) was added at 0°C.
• the title compound is prepared as follows: A solution of methanesulfonic acid (34.0g) in dichloromethane (85 mL) was added to a mixture of 1-methyl- 5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 , 1 '-biphenyl]-2-carboxamido]-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid potassium salt hydrate (170g), from step (d) alternative C, and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (54.6g) in dichloromethane (3400 mL) at 0°C.
• the mixture was twice washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate (2 x 2040 mL), once washed with 0.25M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (2040 mL) and once washed with demineralized water (2040 mL).
• the resulting product solution was concentrated to 595 mL under reduced pressure and the concentrate combined with an acidic ion-exchange resin (240g) in propan-2-ol (595 mL).
• the mixture was stirred for 2 hours before filtering, washing the solids with a 50/50 mixture of propan-2-ol and dichloromethane (170 mL) and concentrating to a volume of 595 mL.
• Alternative solid Form B of the title compound is prepared as follows: The title compound (150.7g), prepared by any of the methods described, was dissolved in acetonitrile (350 mL) and filtered. Further title compound (30.8g) was then added as a seed and the resulting mixture diluted with dusopropyl ether (3300 mL) and granulated at 20-25°C for 48 hours. The solids were filtered, washed with dusopropyl ether and dried to give the product in Form B (163.5g, 90%).
• Form B is characterized by the pXRD (powder X-ray diffraction) pattern shown in Figure 3.
• Alternative solid Form G of the title compound is prepared as follows: The title compound (13.5g), prepared by any of the methods described, was dissolved in ethanol (100 mL) at elevated temperature and the resulting solution allowed to cool and granulate at 20- 25°C for 48 hours. Further ethanol (150 mL) was then added and the resulting mixture granulated at 20-25°C for a further 48 hours. A portion of this mixture was filtered and the solids were washed with ethanol before separating into two portions. One portion of solid was dried at ambient temperature and pressure to give the product in Form G (1.1g).
• Form G is characterized by the pXRD (powder X-ray diffraction) pattern shown in Figure 4.
• Alternative solid Form F of the title compound is prepared as follows: The title compound (13.5g), prepared by any of the methods described, was dissolved in ethanol (100 mL) at elevated temperature and the resulting solution allowed to cool and granulate at 20- 25°C for 48 hours. Further ethanol (150 mL) was then added and the resulting mixture granulated at 20-25°C for a further 48 hours. A portion of this mixture was filtered and the solids were washed with ethanol before separating into two portions. One portion of solid was dried under vacuum at 50°C to give the product in Form F (1.2g).
• Form F is characterized by the pXRD (powder X-ray diffraction) pattern shown in Figure 5.
• Alternative solid Form F of the title compound may also be prepared as follows: The title compound in Form G (1.214g), prepared by any of the methods described, was dried under vacuum at 50°C to give the product in Form F (1.195g). Form F, is characterized by the pXRD (powder X-ray diffraction) pattern shown in Figure 5.
• step (a) The product of step (a) (24.8 g, 100 mmol) was dissolved in THF (500 mL), followed by the addition of N-chlorosuccinimide (20 g, 150 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 60 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was taken into EtOAc (750 mL). The organic layer was washed with 0.5 N NaOH solution (4 x 750 mL), brine (750 mL), dried (MgS0 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product which was purified by recrystallization from ethanol to give 13 g of the title compound
• step (b) To a refluxing mixture of hydrazine hydrate (10.8 ml, 222 mmol) and Raney Ni (6g) in MeOH (200 mL) was slowly added the product of step (b) (12.6 g), and the refluxing was continued for 6 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the Raney Ni was removed by filtration through Celite, and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give the crude product. The residue was dissolved in toluene (100 mL), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was again dissolved in toluene (100 mL), and concentrated in vacuo, the residue was suspended in diethyl ether, and the product was collected by filtration to afford 11.3 g of the title compound.
• reaction solution was diluted to 600 mL with CH 2 CI 2 , washed with 0.1 N HCI solution (2 x 500 mL) and with brine (500 mL), and then dried (MgS0 ). The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give the crude product which was purified by recrystallization from EtOAc/isooctane to afford 13.8 g of the title compound.
• step (e) 3-Chloro-1 -methyl-5-[(4'-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-2-carbonyl)-amino]-1 H- indole-2-carboxylic acid
• step (d) may be hydrolyzed as follows: the compound (5.51 g) was dissolved in THF (120 mL) and methanol (40 mL). Under stirring conditions was added LiOH (1.32 g) in water (40 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was then added 1 N HCI solution (60 mL), and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (250 mL).
• step (e) the product of step (d), in which R 9 is hydrogen, optionally may be alkylated by processes well known in the art.
• the product of step (d) is treated with Me 2 S0 in the presence of KOH, K 2 C0 3 and Bu 4 NHS0 4 in a suitable solvent such as toluene, with heating to 70°C with stirring for about 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture is diluted with 1 N HCI and stirred for 10 min.
• step (e) The resulting indole ester may then be hydrolysed as in step (e), e.g., as follows: the compound is dissolved in 3:1 THF:methanol, LiOH in water is added under stirring conditions and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture is then added 1 N HCI solution, and the aqueous layer s extracted with EtOAc (about 2 volumes). The organic layer is washed with brine, and dried (MgS0 4 ). The solvent is evaporated in vacuo to give the crude product which may be purified by recrystallization from 1 :1 EtOAc/ether to afford an indole carboxylic acid of formula AB1.
• step (e) e.g., as follows: the compound is dissolved in 3:1 THF:methanol, LiOH in water is added under stirring conditions and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture is then added 1 N HCI solution, and the aqueous layer s extracted with EtOAc (about 2 volumes). The organic
• steps (e) and (f) i.e., compounds of formula AB1.
• steps (e) and (f) may be amide linked to compounds of formula C by methods which are well known in the art, an example of which is described below in step (g)
• step (e) 292.5 mg, 0.619 mmol
• PyBroP 415.8 mg, 0.865 mmol
• the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 h.
• the product was purified by flash chromatography using 30:70 of hexane:EtOAc to afford 345.5 mg of the title compound.
• Examples 46 - 65 were prepared similarly to Example 45 above, and Examples 65b-f were prepared similarly to Example 65a below. Table 5
• Example 65a 3-Chloro-1-methyl-5-[(4'-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-2-carbonyl)-amino]- 1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [2-(ethylamino)-2-oxo-1 -phenylethyl]amide
• step (b) 4'-Trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid (3-chloro-2-formyl-1 -methyl-1 H-indol- 5-yi)-amide: To a solution of the product from step (a) (1.56 g, 3.02 mmol) in THF (25 ml) at -78°C was added DIBAL in THF (1.0 M, 12 ml), and the reaction mixture was stirred at -78 c o for 6 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with NaHS0 4 (0.25 M, 86 ml) and EtOAc (115 ml), and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 100 ml).
• step (c) 3-Chloro-1 -methyl-5-[(4'-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-2-carbonyl)-amino]-1 H-indole- 2-carboxylic acid [2-(ethylamino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]amide
• step (b) 407.5 mg, 0.892 mmol
• step (S)-N-ethyl-2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride salt 316.3mg, 1.47 mmol
• acetic acid 10 drops
• step (a) The product of step (a) (2.0 g, 5.26 mM) was dissolved in THF (30 mL), methanol (10 mL), and water (10 mL). The mixture was treated with lithium hydroxide (882 mg, 21.04 mM) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The mixture was concentrated to 15 mL and the pH was adjusted to about 3.0 with 1 N HCI. The mixture was extracted 3 times with ethyl acetate (25 mL). The ethyl acetate fractions were combined, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated to provide the title compound. (c) (S)-5-(2-Hydroxy-benzoylamino)-1-methyl-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid ⁇ 2-
• step (b) The product of step (b) (1.36 g, 4.38 mM), PyBrOP (2.45 g, 5.26 mM), and (S)-N- benzyl- ⁇ /-methyl-2-phenylglycinamide (1.91 g, 6.57 mM) were placed in a 50 mL round bottom flask. DMF (20 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0°C and treated with dusopropyl ethylamine (3 mL, 17.52 mM). After the addition was complete the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h.
• step (c) To a solution of the product of step (c) (120 mg, 0.22 mM), triphenylphosphine (68 mg, 0.26 mM), and an alcohol (0.29 mM) in THF (2 mL) at 0°C was added DEAD (41 uL, 0.26 mM). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The mixture was concentrated to approximately 200 uL and applied to a prep TLC plate (silica gel 60 F254, 1.0 mm, 20 cm x 20 cm). The plate was eluted with 5% diethyl ether in CH 2 CI 2 . The band corresponding to product was scraped off the plate. The product was washed from the silica gel with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate was concentrated to provide the title product. Mol wt. (calc), 602.74; MS, 603; HPLC, 19.7 minutes.
• step (b) 5-aminobenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester.
• the product from step (a) (6.9 g) was dissolved in THF (200 mL), followed by the addition of 10% Pd/C (1 g), and the resulting reaction mixture was hydrogenated under 50 psi of hydrogen for 2 hours.
• the catalyst was removed by filtration through celite, and the solvent was removed in vacuo to provide 5.9 g of the title compound.
• step (d) 5-[(4'-Trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-2-carbonyl)-amino]-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid
• step (c) The product from step (c) (8.1 g) was dissolved in THF (100 mL) and methanol (100 mL). Under stirring conditions was added LiOH (2 g) in water (100 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction solution was then concentrated in vacuo, acidified by adding 1 N HCI solution. The product was extracted with ether (2 x 300 mL), and combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 x 50 mL) and then dried over MgS0 4 . The organic layer was then concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product which was purified by recrystallization from ether/hexane to give 7.1 g of the title compound .
• step (d) 100 mg, 0.235 mmol
• (S)-N-propyl-2-phenylglycinamide hydrochloride salt (1 eq.) and PyBrop (1.1 eq.) were dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 (2 mL), followed by the addition of diisopropylethylamine (3 eq.), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature between 2 hours. The solvent was then evaporated, and the product was purified by prep-TLC using 2:1 EtOAc/hexane as eluting solvent, and the yield was 79 mg.
• Examples 100 - 112 were prepared similarly to Example 99.
• Table 8
• Table 9 below provides Examples of additional compounds of the invention, prepared according to the methods described above, in particular, as described for Examples 66-85.
• compositions or solid forms for compounds of the invention are preferably tablets, powders or granules which typically contain just the active agent(s) or preferably in combination with adjuvants/excipients to enhance the processing characteristics of the active.
• the active agent is typically less than 50% (by weight) of the formulation and preferably less than 10%, for example 2.5% by weight.
• the predominant portion of the formulation comprises fillers, diluents, disintegrants, lubricants and optionally, flavors.
• the composition of these excipients is well known in the art.
• the preferred fillers/diluents comprise admixtures of two or more of the following components: avicel, mannitol, lactose (all types), starch, and di-calcium phosphate.
• the filler/diluent admixtures typically comprises less than 98% of the formulation and preferably less than 95%, for example 93.5%.
• the preferred disintegrants include Ac-di-sol, ExplotabTM, starch and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) - also known as wetting agent. When present these agents usually comprise less than 10% of the formulation and preferably less than 5%, for example 3%.
• the preferred lubricant is magnesium stearate. When present this agent usually comprises less than 5% of the formulation and preferably less than 3%, for example 1 %. When present these agents comprise less than 60% of the formulation, preferably less than 40%, for example 10-20%. More detailed examples of tablet formulations for the compounds of the invention are shown in Table 10.
• Table 10 can be manufactured by standard tabletting processes, for example, direct compression or a wet, dry or melt granulation, melt congealing process and extrusion.
• the tablet cores may be mono or multi-layer(s) and can be coated with appropriate overcoats known in the art.
• Oral liquid forms of the compounds of the invention are preferably solutions, wherein the active compound is fully dissolved.
• solvents include all pharmaceutically precedented solvents suitable for oral administration and preferably those in which the compounds of the invention show good solubility i.e., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, edible oils and glyceryl- and glyceride- based systems.
• Glyceryl- and glyceride- based systems may preferably include the following agents (and similar chemicals thereof), for example: Captex 355 EP, Crodamol GTC/C, or Labrafac CC, triacetin, Capmul CMC, Migyols (812, 829, 840), Labrafil M1944CS, Peceol and Maisine 35-1.
• agents for example: Captex 355 EP, Crodamol GTC/C, or Labrafac CC, triacetin, Capmul CMC, Migyols (812, 829, 840), Labrafil M1944CS, Peceol and Maisine 35-1.
• These solvents usually make up the predominant portion of the formulation i.e., greater than 50% and preferably greater than 80%, for example 95% and more preferably greater than 99%.
• Adjuvants and additives may also be included with the solvents principally as taste-mask agents, palatability and flavoring agents, antioxidants, stabilizer
• a preferred oral solution for active compounds of the invention contains up to 1% by weight of active ingredient dissolved in medium-chain triglyceride oils Pharm. Eur. or similar solvents (see table 11 ).
• a more preferred solution contains active compound (S)- ⁇ /- ⁇ 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-
• a particulary preferred solution contains active compound (S)- ⁇ /- ⁇ 2- [benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl ⁇ -1-methyl-5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2- carboxamido]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide, of the invention see Example 44, at a concentration up to 0.6 mg per mL in Captex 355 EP, Crodamol GTC/C, or Labrafac CC.
• An even more preferred solution contains active compound (S)- ⁇ /- ⁇ 2- [benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl ⁇ -1-methyl-5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2- carboxamido]-1 /-/-indole-2-carboxamide, of the invention see Example 44, at a concentration of 0.5 mg of per mL in Captex 355 EP, or Crodamol GTC/C.
• the preferred solutions above may be prepared in a process involving combining the components with mechanical or ultrasonic agitation at a temperature, in such a fashion that is advantageous to the rate of dissolution.
• a more preferable process involves combination of the components with mechanical agitation at a temperature up to 70°C, followed by filtration to ensure solution clarity.
• a particularly preferable process involves addition of the active ingredient (S)- ⁇ /- ⁇ 2- [benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl ⁇ -1-methyl-5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2- carboxamido]-1r/-indole-2-carboxamide, of the invention see Example 44, with mechanical agitation, to the Captex 355 EP, Crodamol GTC/C, or Labrafac CC that has been pre-heated to a temperature up to 70°C, followed by cooling and filtration to ensure solution clarity.
• An even more preferable process involves addition of the active ingredient (S)- ⁇ /- ⁇ 2- [benzyl(methyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl ⁇ -1-methyl-5-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2- carboxamido]-1/-/-indole-2-carboxamide, of the invention see Example 44, with mechanical agitation, to the Captex 355 EP, Crodamol GTC/C, that has been pre-heated to a temperature 50°C-70°C, followed by cooling and filtration to ensure solution clarity.

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