Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
  • A61K39/155—Paramyxoviridae, e.g. parainfluenza virus
  • A61K39/165—Mumps or measles virus
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
  • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
  • C12N15/62—DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
  • C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
  • C12N9/1205—Phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (2.7.1), e.g. protein kinases
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/58—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies raising an immune response against a target which is not the antigen used for immunisation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/40—Fusion polypeptide containing a tag for immunodetection, or an epitope for immunisation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/70—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
  • C12N2760/00011—Details
  • C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
  • C12N2760/18411—Morbillivirus, e.g. Measles virus, canine distemper
  • C12N2760/18422—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
  • C12N2760/00011—Details
  • C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
  • C12N2760/18411—Morbillivirus, e.g. Measles virus, canine distemper
  • C12N2760/18434—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel bifunctional recombinant fusion proteins, particularly though not exclusively for treating infections with genetically variable viruses and other therapeutic targets against which it is difficult to develop vaccines.
• the principle of vaccination has been known since the 18th century in the form of empirical treatment against smallpox.
• the first scientific vaccine was developed by Pasteur (rabies). This was a first generation vaccine, as was the smallpox vaccine, using live animals for production .
• Second generation vaccines are produced in eggs (Influenza, Yellow fever) and third generation vaccines are produced in cell culture (Polio, Measles, Rubella, Mumps, Tickborne encephalitis).
• Fourth generation vaccines are produced in various expression systems by recombinant DNA technology and are represented by hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg).
• a vaccine can consist of the whole microorganism (bacteria, virus, parasite etc.) or its part (subunit vaccine). In the former case the microorganism is either inactivated (killed) or attenuated.
• recombinant antigens or synthetic immunogenic peptides have been used recently and DNA vaccines have been developed relying on the host cell to produce the desired antigen(s).
• the primary purpose of vaccination is and always has been prophylactic - prevention of particular disease.
• HBV hepatitis B virus
• HCV hepatitis C virus
• HTV human immunodeficiency virus
• Vaccine development is expensive and the cost of developing a vaccine is between $US 50 million and 200 million. Much of the cost reflects efforts to make sure that a variety of antigenic variants of the particular infectious agent are disarmed by the vaccine. This is difficult with moderately genetically divergent microorganisms but it is almost impossible with viruses having antigens as variable as the surface glycoproteins of HIN, HCV or influenza.
• highly successful vaccines with a proven record of efficacy and safety, such as polio and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR).
• MMR polio and measles
• the main difference between HCV, HIV and influenza on the one hand and polio, measles, mumps and rubella on the other hand is that members of the latter group against which there are successful vaccines are genetically much more stable than the former group.
• Influenza vaccination is targeted each season at particular variants which are predicted to appear based on epidemiological studies.
• Experimental HTV vaccines are based on various constructs of envelope protein(s) originating from one or several strains. However, it is still unlikely that this approach will be effective for the entire spectrum or at least a majority of worldwide field isolates. There is no vaccine in trials for HCV yet.
• Measles hemagglutinnin
• F second surface protein -fusion protein
• MeaH is a membrane anchored protein with aminoacids 1 to 34 proposed to form a cytoplasmic domain, while 35 to 58 comprise a transmembrane domain (see Figure 1).
• Residues 59 to 181 are thought to form a stalk, part of which (135 to 181) probably forms a hinge of a molecule [Sato et al., J. Virol. 69, 513-516 (1995)1.
• Spikes of MeaH on virion surface consist of tetramers (dimers of disulfide bridge-linked homodimers).
• Cysteines 139 and 154 were suggested to participate in intermolecular disulfide bonding between monomeric MeaH glycoproteins. Soluble forms resulting from endoproteinase digestion of measles virus particles all reacted with monoclonal antibodies suggesting the preservation of antigenicity/reactivity [Sato et al., JNirol.
• the present invention provides a recombinant bifunctional fusion protein which comprises ; a first component which is a measles virus protein modified so that it does not bind to CD46 receptor or cause hemadsorption or hemagglutination, but retains its antigenicity and is recognised by anti-measles antibodies; and a second component fused to the first component and which is capable of binding to genetically variable viruses or other therapeutic targets.
• the present invention is based on the use of a component (the "second component") which recognises and binds specifically to the target. Any such binding entity is suitable, and is particularly one which is capable of binding to conserved peptide sequences in the surface structure of the variable virus, such as envelope glycoproteins. Neutralising antibodies required for successful vaccine formulations are generally directed against variable surface proteins.
• the present invention avoids the problem of variability by employing an entity which, whilst not neutralising the virus, is able to bind to surface proteins which are conserved between viral strains.
• Viral clearance is achieved by fusing the first component thereto.
• This first component is recognised by anti-measles antibodies present in the general population as a result of mass vaccination programs.
• the first component is the ectodomain of measles virus hemagglutin protein (MeaH).
• MeaH measles virus hemagglutin protein
• the MeaH first component does not cause viral disease in itself but retains its antigenicity and is recognised and bound by prevalent anti-measles antibodies. This enables the fusion protein of the present invention to be therapeutically useful for the treatment of long term viral infection by variable viruses such as HCN and HIN.
• a preferred embodiment of the invention provides bifunctional fusion proteins, one part of which is the ectodomain of measles virus hemagglutinin (MeaH) modified so that it does not bind to CD46 receptor or cause hemadsorption or hemagglutination, but retains its antigenicity and can be recognised by patients' anti MeaH antibodies and memory cells resulting from previous infection or vaccination.
• the second part of the fusion protein composition consists of a molecule or part of it capable of binding to the surface structure of HIN and HCN viruses, such as formed by their envelope glycoproteins.
• bifunctional proteins are capable of boosting the existing anti-measles immunity in a patient and at the same retargeting it against a new target, such as HTV or HCV virus, and are used as therapeutic vaccines to treat patients infected with agents against which the new composition is targeted.
• a further aspect of the invention relates to polynucleotides (particularly D ⁇ A) coding for the recombinant fusion protein. These may be used as "D ⁇ A vaccines" for therapeutic antiviral purposes.
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the fusion protein or polynucleotide, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the carrier is generally an apyrogenic injection or infusion vehicle, such as saline solution; or may be an oral composition formulated in known manner for release in the gastrointestinal tract.
• the present invention relates to a novel therapeutical approach using boost of the existing hummoral and/or cellular immunity by the bifunctional fusion protein consisting of the antigen against which the treated individual has already developed antibodies, either as a result of previous infection or by vaccination, and the targeting part of the complex which mediates binding of the complex to the actual target.
• the antigen is the haemagglutinin of the measles virus (MeaH), modified in several ways in order to suit optimally the proposed approach.
• the measles F protein may also be modified for use in the invention. Most functions of MeaH carried out in the normal replication cycle were eliminated for the purpose of the present invention.
• the requirements for MeaH as a booster / carrier antigen are as follows:
• constructs of the MeaH gene of the Measles vaccine strain lacking between 58 and 100 N-terminal aminoacids were amplified by PCR and cloned ( Figure 1). These clones were further modified by site directed mutagenesis of codons for aminoacids 451 and 481, as well as 243. In addition- small deletions were introduced in the regions 244-250 and 450-505 (particularly 473- 477). The selection criteria were: lack of binding to CD46, lack of hemadsorption and hemagglutination activities. At the same time the successful constructs retain their antigenicity/ability to be recognised by antibodies from vaccinated individuals.
• HCV hepatitis C virus
• HCV human immunodeficiency virus
• Other therapeutic targets include other pathogens; and surface structures, proteins and epitopes specific to cancerous cells.
• Prion proteins implicated in Creuzfeld Jakob disease (CJD) or new variant CJD (nvCJD) may also be targeted.
• CJD Creuzfeld Jakob disease
• nvCJD new variant CJD
• Candidate molecules are single chain antibodies (scFv) which can be selected from large phage display libraries. Monoclonal antibodies may also be used.
• LDL low density lipoprotein
• ApoB apolipoprotein B
• the principal idea of this invention is to use immunological memory existing within a majority of the population against a genetically stable antigen as a result of a natural infection or, preferably, vaccination (which has the added advantage of available records and standard methodology), and to redirect it towards infectious or other agents, against which it is difficult to prepare vaccines because of genetic variability or other reasons.
• Measles hemagglutinin (MeaH) has been chosen for several reasons:
• This type of retargeting may be very widely applicable depending on the availability of binding/retargeting molecule or motif and may include apart from infectious agents also cancer cells.
• the emphasis is on variable human viruses, namely HIV and HCV. Especially the HIV prevalence figures in some African and Asian regions are critical and a swift novel therapeutic approaches are needed.
• HCV-infected individuals are not known to have their immune system affected in this way and no limitations of the therapeutic approach described are anticipated.
• Figure 1 attached hereto shows schematically the genetic engineering involved.
• Figure 2 shows binding of proteins expressed by certain cDNA clones (useful as first component) to HTV envelope glycoprotein.
• ul means microlitres
• ' means minute
• reaction mix 34.5 ul water/DEPC; 4 ul 25 mM mix of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP; 5 ul 10 x Super Reverse Transcriptase (Super RT) (HT Biotechnology) buffer; 2.5 ul (100 U) Rnasin (Promega Corporation) 4 ul Super RT. Reaction mix (final volume 100 ul) was incubated for 40 minutes at 42°C.
• MeaHfl full-length
• MeaHsv short variant, lacking 59 N-terminal aminoacids
• PCR reaction products were cleaned according to manufacturer's instruction using QPCR purification spin column kit (Qiagen) and eluted into 50 ul of elution buffer.
• pcDNA4/HisMax Three variants of pcDNA4/HisMax (A, B and C; Invitrogen) are used to ensure in-frame cloning of the inserts.
• the plasmid is designed for overproduction of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell lines.
• DNAs of A, B and C variants of the plasmid were digested with BamHI and Xhol and gel-purified as described above for inserts. Purified plasmids and inserts were ligated together in standard ligation reaction and TOP 10 cell were transformed as described above.
• Mutagenesis is carried out using QuickChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene).
• the advantage is that plasmids with cloned sequences of interest are mutated directly, without the need for further subcloning.
• Two complementary primers are needed for each mutation, where mutated nucleotide(s) or insertion/deletion should be positioned in the middle of the primers.
• the procedure envolves digestion of original (nonmutated) DNA strands with Dpnl. Procedures were carried out as described in the instruction manual.
• Arginine 243 Sense (28-mer): 5'-CTgAgCAgCAAAgCgTCAgAgTTgTCAC-3'
• Antisense (28-mer): 5'-gTgACAACTCTgACgCTTTgCTgCTCAg-3'
• Arginine 243 is changed to Alanine in this case.
• Valine 451 Sense (32-mer):
• Tyrosine 481 Sense (30-mer):5'-CAAggTTAgTCCCCAgCTCTTCAATgTCCC-3' Antisense (30-mer): 5'-gggACATTgAAgAgCTggggACTAACCTTg-3' Tyrosine 481 was changed to Glutamine in this case.
• Region 244-250 6 nucleotide (2 aminoacid) deletion of codons for Leu247-Ser248 Sense (38-mer): 5'-gAgCAgCAAAAggTCAgAgCAACTgAgCATgTACCgAg-3' Antisense (38-mer): 5'-CTCggTACATgCTCAgTTgCTCTgACCTTTTgCTgCTC-3'
• pcDNA4/HisMax/MeaHfl and pcDNA4/hisMax/MeaHsv were mutagenised in parallel for comparative purposes, in stepwise manner: the product of mutagenesis reaction 1 (Arg 243 change) was used as template for the mutagenesis step 2 (Valine 451 change) after confirmation of mutated site by sequencing.
• the final products of the site-directed mutagenesis contain all 5 types of mutations: Arg243; Val451; Tyr481; short deletions in region 244-250 and 473-477.
• Variants of Measles hemagglutinin expressed by these mutagenised plasmids are investigated for loss of hemadsorption and cell receptor binding. Importantly, they should retain the ability to be recognised by antibodies from previously vaccinated or naturally infected individuals. Those satisfying these criteria are used for in-frame fusion with the retargeting component of the final fusion protein. Fusion is mediated through the amplification of the retargeting component using specific primers containing recognition site for restriction endonuclease BamHI. Orientation of the retargeting component must be checked so that the C-terminus of retargeting component is fused to N-terminus of mutagenised MeaHsv thus replacing the original 58 N- terminal aminoacids of MeaH.
• Biotinylation Recombinant HIV1 gpl20 has been dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 0.5 ug/ul and biotinylated using biotinylation kit (Boehringer, Cat. Nol418 165) according to manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, the column was fixed and 5 ml of blocking solution added, then washed with 6 x 5 ml PBS. env: Dissolved in 500 ul PBS
• cDNA library was prepared by cloning cDNA from human brain into expression vector. The library was grown on agar plates at high density and transferred to nylon filters and lysed and fixed using standard techniques. Filter screening:
• Clones 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 plasmid minipreps prepared from 4 ml overnight cultures, 200-500ng per sequencing reaction.
• EDTA (7.4-8.0) and 200 ul deionized formamide. Denature and load.
• Clone 1 The nucleotide sequence determined for this HTV-1 env- binding protein corresponds to that of Homo sapiens creatine kinase B (GenBank Accession XI 5334).
• Clone 2 The nucleotide sequence determined for this HTV-1 env-binding protein corresponds to an unknown human protein. The sequence reads as shown in the Description of the Invention. There were two recent entries into GenBank (both in 2000) which contain almost identical sequences: Accession AK026796; and AK000685. Both were submitted after the submission of the original patent application.
• Clone 3 The nucleotide sequence determined for this HTV-1 env-binding protein corresponds to Homo sapiens ribosomal protein L8 (RPL8; GenBank Accession NM000973).
• Clone 8 The nucleotide sequence determined for this HIN-1 env-binding protein is practically identical to that of clone 1, for B subunit of creatine kinase Homo sapiens, brain.
• Chemical fragmentation has been carried out using a well-known method of protein engineering. Four chemical treatments were chosen based on computer prediction for number of cuts in apolipoprotein B (ApoB) molecule.
• ApoB apolipoprotein B
• Formic acid Expected: 6 cuts. Treatment of 100 ug of ApoB with 70 % formic acid in 7 M guanidinium-HCl for 24 and 48 hrs at 37°C.
• Recombinant envelope protein El of the Hepatitis C virus (Europa Bioproducts Ltd) has been biotinylated as described for HIN env protein in Example 3 and bound to streptavidin coated paramagnetic particles (Promega) and washed with PBS. Chemically treated preparations of ApoB were diluted in PBS and fragments captured on particles with immobilised El. Captured fragments were analysed by SDS-PAGE.
• Presence of antiMeaH antibodies in anonymous plasma/serum samples is determined using a commercial assay. Reactivity of these samples towards the ectodomain of normal and mutated MeaH, as well as fusion proteins with appropriate component 2, is determined after coating wells of Maxisorb 96 well plates with investigated in vitro translated proteins (pSPUTK). Plates are blocked with PBS-Marvel, incubated with 1: 10 diluted plasma/serum samples, washed repeatedly with PBS/Tween 20, incubated with protein L-HRP (horse radish peroxidase) conjugate and washed again. Reactivity is revealed after incubation with HRP substrate (TSB). The development is stopped by adding sulphuric acid and the result obtained using ELIS A reader.
• HRP substrate HRP substrate

Landscapes

• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Virology (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Microbiology (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Biochemistry (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Biophysics (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Biotechnology (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
• Immunology (AREA)
• Mycology (AREA)
• Communicable Diseases (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
• Plant Pathology (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Oncology (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Pulmonology (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• AIDS & HIV (AREA)
• Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
• Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)

Priority Applications (7)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Related Child Applications (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=10863838

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (11)

Cited By (5)

Citations (1)

Family Cites Families (3)

• 1999
  • 1999-11-02 GB GBGB9925966.5A patent/GB9925966D0/en not_active Ceased
• 2000
  • 2000-11-01 CA CA002389339A patent/CA2389339A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2000-11-01 JP JP2001535575A patent/JP4768944B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2000-11-01 WO PCT/GB2000/004191 patent/WO2001032893A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2000-11-01 AT AT00973003T patent/ATE358727T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2000-11-01 EP EP00973003A patent/EP1226256B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2000-11-01 ES ES00973003T patent/ES2284537T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2000-11-01 DE DE60034243T patent/DE60034243T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2000-11-01 HK HK03100373.4A patent/HK1048335B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2000-11-01 AU AU11560/01A patent/AU1156001A/en not_active Abandoned
• 2005
  • 2005-05-09 US US11/124,971 patent/US7390881B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

Patent Citations (1)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events