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  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/365—Lactones
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
  • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
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  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/58—One oxygen atom, e.g. butenolide
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  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/60—Two oxygen atoms, e.g. succinic anhydride
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  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/62—Three oxygen atoms, e.g. ascorbic acid
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  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/64—Sulfur atoms
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  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/66—Nitrogen atoms
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  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/68—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
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  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
  • C07D307/82—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D307/83—Oxygen atoms
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  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/94—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom spiro-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems, e.g. griseofulvins
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  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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  • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
  • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
  • C07C2601/08—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being saturated

Definitions

• This invention relates to methods of treating cyclooxygenase mediated diseases and certain pharmaceutical compositions therefor.
• Non-steroidal, antiinflammatory drugs exert most of their antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity and inhibit hormone-induced uterine contractions and certain types of cancer growth through inhibition of prostaglandin G/H synthase, also known as cyclooxygenase. Initially, only one form of cyclooxygenase was known, this
• cyclooxygenase-1 cyclooxygenase-1
• constitutive enzyme cyclooxygenase-2
• COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
• This enzyme is distinct from the COX-1 which has been cloned, sequenced and characterized from various sources including the sheep, the mouse and man.
• the second form of cyclooxygenase, COX-2 is rapidly and readily inducible by a number of agents including mitogens, endotoxin, hormones, cytokines and growth factors.
• COX-1 constitutive enzyme
• COX-2 inducible form
• a selective inhibitor of COX-2 will have similar antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties to a conventional non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, and in addition would inhibit hormone-induced uterine contractions and have potential anti-cancer effects, but will have a diminished ability to induce some of the mechanism-based side effects.
• such a compound should have a reduced potential for gastrointestinal toxicity, a reduced potential for renal side effects, a reduced effect on bleeding times and possibly a lessened ability to induce asthma attacks in aspirin- sensitive asthmatic subjects.
• such a compound will also inhibit prostanoid-induced smooth muscle contraction by preventing the synthesis of contractile prostanoids and hence may be of use in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, premature labour, asthma and eosinophil related disorders. It will also be of use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, for
• cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors is given in an article by John Vane, Nature. Vol. 367, pp. 215-216, 1994, and in an article in Drug News and
• the invention encompasses the novel compound of Formula
• the invention also encompasses certain pharmaceutical compositions for treatment of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated diseases comprising compounds of Formula I.
• the invention encompasses the novel compound of Formula I as well as a method of treating cyclooxygenase-2 mediated diseases comprising administration to a patient in need of such treatment of a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• X is selected from the group consisting of
• X is selected from CO, O, S or N(R 15 );
• Y is selected from the group consisting of (a) C(R 1 1 )(R 12 ),
• heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring of 5 atoms, said ring having one hetero atom which is S, O, or N, and optionally 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms; or
• the heteroaryl is a monocyclic ring of 6 atoms, said ring having one hetero atom which is N, and optionally 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1- 10 alkyl, CH 2 OR 7 , CN, CH 2 CN, C 1-6 fluoroalkyl, F,
• R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic carbon ring of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 atoms;
• R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, and
• each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• each R 7 group taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic ring of 5, 6 or 7 atoms, optionally containing an additional O, S or NR 5 ; each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
• R 1 1 and R 12 are independently
• R 1 1 and R 12 together with the carbon to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic carbon ring of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 atoms;
• R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
• R 15 is selected from the group consisting of:
• heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring of 5 atoms, said ring having one hetero atom which is S, O, or N, and optionally 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms; or
• the heteroaryl is a monocyclic ring of 6 atoms, said ring having one hetero atom which is N, and optionally 1 , 2, or 3 additional N atoms, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• a heterocycloalkyl group of 5, 6 or 7 members which contains 1 or 2 heteroatoms chosen from O, S, or N and optionally contains a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group.
• d R 17 are independently selected from the group consisting of
• R 9 aanndd R 10 together with carbon atom to which they are attached form a carbonyl.
• Y is O
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, CH 2 OR 7 , CN, CH 2 CN, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, F,
• R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic carbon ring of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 atoms;
• R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of
• each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl
• R 16 and R 17 are independently selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 3 is hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl.
• R 16 and R 17 equal to hydrogen is preferred.
• Y is O
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 3 is methyl or ethyl
• R 4 is methyl or ethyl
• X is selected from the group consisting of
• Y is selected from the group consisting of
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
• heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring of 5 atoms, said ring having one hetero atom which is S, O, or N, and optionally 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms; or
• the heteroaryl is a monocyclic ring of 6 atoms, said ring having one hetero atom which is N, and optionally 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, CH 2 OR 7 , CN, CH 2 CN, C 1-3 fluoroalkyl, F, CON(R 7 ) 2 , mono- or di-substituted phenyl, mono or di-substituted benzyl, mono- or di-substituted heteroaryl, mono or di-substituted heteroarylmethyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• R 4 i is (a) hydrogen
• R 3 andR 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic carbon ring of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 atoms;
• R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of
• each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl
• R 16 and R 17 are independently selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is a mono- or di-substituted heteroaryl wherein heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of
• Y is O
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is a mono- or di-substituted heteroaryl wherein heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, CH 2 OR 7 , CN, CH 2 CN, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, F, mono- or di-substituted phenyl, mono or di-substituted benzyl, mono- or di-substituted heteroaryl, mono or di-substituted heteroarylmethyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• X is O
• Y is O
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is a mono- or di-substituted heteroaryl wherein heteroaryl is
• R 3 is hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl.
• X is selected from the group consisting of (a) CH 2 , and
• Y is selected from the group consisting of
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, CH 2 OR 7 , CN, CH 2 CN, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, F,
• R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, and
• each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl
• R 16 and R 17 are independently selected from the group consisting of
• X is O
• Y is O
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is C 1-4 alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, CH 2 OR 7 , CN, CH 2 CN, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, F, CON(R 7 ) 2 , mono- or di-substituted phenyl, mono or di-substituted benzyl, mono- or di-substituted heteroaryl, mono or di-substituted heteroarylmethyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic carbon ring of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 atoms;
• R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of
• each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• each R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl
• R 16 and R 17 are independently selected from the group consisting of
• Y is O
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is propyl or butyl
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, CH 2 OR 7 , CN, CH 2 CN, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, F, mono- or di-substituted phenyl, mono or di-substituted benzyl, mono- or di-substituted heteroaryl, mono or di-substituted heteroarylmethyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl.
• X is O;
• Y is O
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is propyl or butyl
• R 3 is hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl.
• Y is O
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is isopropyl
• R 3 is methyl or ethyl
• R 4 is methyl or ethyl
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are connected form a carbonyl.
• heteroaryl as in R 2 , R 3 , or R 15 is intended to include, but is not limited to optionally mono- or di-substituted
• cyclic groups such as a heterocycloalkyl or benzocarbocycle or benzoheterocycle such as in R 2 or R 15 is intended to include, but is not limited to optionally mono- or di-substituted
• bicyclic heteroaryl as in R 2 is intended to include, but is not limited to optionally mono- or di-substituted
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a carbonyl (ie R 9 and R 10 together form a double bonded O).
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of Formula I wherein Y is O.
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of Formula I wherein X is O.
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of Formula I wherein
• Y is O
• X is O.
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of
• R is a mono-, di- or tri-substituted phenyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of
• R 2 is mono-, di-, or tri-substituted pyridyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of
• R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are attached from a carbonyl
• Y is O
• X is O
• R 2 is a mono-, di- or tri-substituted phenyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of
• X is O
• R 2 is a mono-, di-, or
• R 2 is a mono- or di-substituted phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl,
• Y is CH 2 .
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of
• R 3 is hydrogen or C 1- 10 alkyl, particularly a propyl or butyl.
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of
• R 3 is substituted pyridine, particularly a 3-pyridine.
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of
• Another preferred genus is directed to compounds of formula I wherein R 16 and R 17 are each hydrogen.
• the invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition for treating an inflammatory disease susceptable to treatment with an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent comprising:
• the invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition for treating cyclooxygenase mediated diseases advantageously treated by an active agent that selectively inhibits COX-2 in preference to COX-1 comprising:
• the invention also encompasses a method of treating an inflammatory disease susceptable to treatment with an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent comprising: administration to a patient in need of such treatment of a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention also encompasses a method of treating cyclooxygenase mediated diseases advantageously treated by an active agent that selectively inhibits COX-2 in preference to COX-1 comprising:
• the invention also encompasses the use of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition in the
• the invention is illustrated by the compounds of the
• Alkyl means linear branched and cyclic structures, and combinations thereof, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms.
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s- and t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, eicosyl, 3,7-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl- 4-propylnonyl, cyclopropyl,
• Fluoro alkyl means alkyl groups in which one or more hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Examples are -CF 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 F, -CH 2 CF 3 , c-Pr-F 5 , c-Hex-F 1 1 and the like.
• Alkoxy means alkoxy groups of the indicated number of carbon atoms of a straight, branched, or cyclic configuration. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like.
• Alkylthio means alkylthio groups of the indicated number of carbon atoms of a straight, branched or cyclic configuration. Examples of alkylthio groups include methylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, cycloheptylthio, etc. By way of illustration, the propylthio group signifies -SCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .
• Halo means F, Cl, Br, or I.
• Some of the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers.
• the present invention is meant to comprehend such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic and resolved,
• the invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting cyclooxygenase and for treating cyclooxygenase mediated diseases as disclosed herein
• the invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and for treating cyclooxygenase-2 mediated diseases as disclosed herein comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of compound of formula I as described above.
• the invention encompasses a method of inhibiting cyclooxygenase and treating cyclooxygenase mediated diseases, advantageously treated by an active agent that selectively inhibits COX-2 in preference to COX-1 as disclosed herein comprising: administration to a patient in need of such treatment of a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I as disclosed herein.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of Formula I as an active ingredient or a
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts.
• Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N _ dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine,
• methylglucamine methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine,
• tripropylamine tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like, and basic ion exchange resins.
• the compound of Formula I is useful for the relief of pain, fever and inflammation of a variety of conditions including rheumatic fever, symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections, common cold, low back and neck pain, dysmenorrhea, headache, toothache, sprains and strains, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns, injuries, following surgical and dental procedures.
• a compound may inhibit cellular neoplastic transformations and metastic tumor growth and hence can be used in the treatment of cancer.
• Compound I may also be of use in the treatment and/or prevention of cyclooxygenase-mediated proliferative disorders such as may occur in diabetic retinopathy and tumour
• Compound I will also inhibit prostanoid-induced smooth muscle contraction by preventing the synthesis of contractile prostanoids and hence may be of use in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, premature labor, asthma and eosinophil related disorders. It will also be of use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and for the prevention of bone loss (treatment of osteoporosis) and for the treatment of glaucoma.
• Compound I will prove useful as an alternative to conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID'S) particularly where such nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs may be contra-indicated such as in patients with peptic ulcers, gastritis, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis or with a recurrent history of gastrointestinal lesions; GI bleeding, coagulation disorders including anemia such as
• hypoprothrombinemia haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney disease; those prior to surgery or taking anticoagulants.
• Compound I will be useful as a partial or complete substitute for conventional NSAID'S in preparations wherein they are presently co-administered with other agents or ingredients.
• the invention encompasses pharmaceutical
• compositions for treating cyclooxygenase-2 mediated diseases as defined above comprising a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I as defined above and one or more ingredients such as another pain reliever including acetominophen or phenacetin; a potentiator including caffeine; an H 2 -antagonist, aluminum or
• magnesium hydroxide, simethicone, a decongestant including
• phenylephrine phenylpropanolamine, pseudophedrine, oxymetazoline, ephinephrine, naphazoline, xylometazoline, propylhexedrine, or levodesoxyephedrine
• an antiitussive including codeine, hydrocodone, caramiphen, carbetapentane, or dextramethorphan
• a prostaglandin including misoprostol, enprostil, rioprostil, ornoprostol or rosaprostol
• a diuretic a sedating or non-sedating antihistamine.
• the invention encompasses a method of treating cyclooxygenase mediated diseases comprising: administration to a patient in need of such treatment a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I, optionally co-administered with one or more of such ingredients as listed immediately above.
• Compound I may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques.
• the compound of the invention is effective in the treatment of humans.
• compositions for treating cyclooxygenase-2 mediated diseases as defined may optionally include one or more ingredients as listed above.
• compositions containing the active ingredient may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
• compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical
• compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide
• Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically
• excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
• the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. They may also be coated by the technique described in the U.S. Patent 4,256,108; 4,166,452; and
• Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredients is mixed with water or miscible solvents such as propylene glycol, PEGs and ethanol, or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
• water or miscible solvents such as propylene glycol, PEGs and ethanol
• an oil medium for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• Aqueous suspensions contain the active material in
• excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions are suspending agents, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxy-propylmethycellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• suspending agents for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methyl
• the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame.
• Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
• a dispersing or wetting agent e.g., talc, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol,
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of an oil-in-water emulsions.
• the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example, olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example, liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example, soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example, sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the emulsions may also contain
• sweetening and flavouring agents are sweetening and flavouring agents.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally- acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butane diol.
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, R 1 nger's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• Cosolvents such as ethanol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols may also be used.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
• Compound I may also be administered in the form of a suppositories for rectal administration of the drug.
• These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• Topical formulations may generally be comprised of a pharmaceutical carrier, cosolvent, emulsifier, penetration enhancer, preservative system, and emollient.
• Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.01 mg to about 140 mg/kg of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions, or alternatively about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per patient per day.
• inflammation may be effectively treated by the administration of from about 0.01 to 50 mg of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day, or alternatively about 0.5 mg to about 3.5 g per patient per day.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
• a formulation intended for the oral administration of humans may contain from 0.5 mg to 5 g of active agent compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent of the total composition.
• Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient, typically 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg, or 1000 mg.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the following methods
• An appropriately substituted hydroxyketone is acylated withn appropriately substituted acid halide in a solvent such as
• a halo ester of acetic acid is coupled with an appropriately substituted nucleophile in water with sodium hydroxide to give an appropriatell substituted acetic acid which is then reacted as in method A to afford lactone la.
• a halo ester is reacted with an appropriately substituted amine R 2 R 15 NH in a solvent such as toluene to give an intermediate which is then reacted with DBU in a solvent such as acetonitrile to afford lactone la.
• An appropriately substituted hydroxyketone is acylated with acetyl bromide or chloride in a solvent such as dichloromethane with a base such as DBU and DMAP. Further treatment with a base such as sodium hydride in a solvent such as DMF effects cyclization to afford the 5-membered lactone.
• An appropriately substituted vinyl ketone is coupled with an appropriately substituted benzaldehyde with a catalyst such as 3-benzyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine in a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane to form a diketone.
• the diketone is cyclized in a solvent such as methanol with a base such as DBU to the final product Ig.
• R 1 SO 2 Me
• the starting material can also be a p-methylthiobenzaldehyde, with the methylthio group being oxidized to SO 2 Me using MMPP, mCPBA or OXONE® in the last step.
• An appropriately substituted acid halide is reacted with an appropriately substituted hydroxyketone in the presence of a base such as pyridine in a solvent such as acetonitrile, further treatment with a base such as DBU gives an hydroxylactone.
• the hydroxylactone is reacted with an appropriately substituted halide in a solvent such as benzene with a reagent such as Ag 2 CO 3 to afford the lactone Ih.
• An appropriately substituted hydroxyketone is reacted with an appropriately substituted carboxylic acid with an esterifying agent such as CMC in the presence of DMAP in a solvent such CH 2 Cl 2 , followed by treatment with a base such as DBU to afford a lactone ester.
• This lactone ester is then reacted with a reagent such as the one formed with piperidine and trimethylaluminium to afford the lactone Ic.
• nucleophile such as pentan-3-ol is treated with a base such as sodium hydride in a solvent such as benzene and then reacted with an electrophile such as sodium chloroacetate to afford an acid.
• This acid is then reacted with an appropriately substituted hydroxyketone with an esterifying reagent such as CMC in a solvent such as dichloromethane to give an ester which is cyclized upon treatment with a base such as sodium hydride in a solvent such as DMF to afford lactone la.
• An appropriately substituted nucleophile is reacted with an appropriately substituted haloacetate alkaline salt (such as sodium) in a solvent such as benzene and with a reagent such as Ag 2 CO 3 to give an ester which is then hydrolyzed with a reagent such as NaOH in solvents such as water and methanol to give an acid.
• the acid is then esterified with an appropriately substituted hydroxyketone with reagents such as CMC and DMAP in a solvent such as dichloromethane to give an ester which is then cyclized with a base such as DBU in a solvent such as CH 3 CN to afford a lactone.
• the sulfide is then oxidized with a reagent such as MMPP in solvents such as CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH and water to afford lactone la.
• acetic acid salt is reacted with a nucleophile such as vinyl magnesium bromide in a solvent such as DME to afford a ketone, which is then reacted as in method K to afford cyclopentone Ig.
• a nucleophile such as vinyl magnesium bromide
• a solvent such as DME
• 4-Bromothioanisole is reacted with a base such as n-BuLi in a solvent such as THF to form the corresponding lithium reagent which is then reacted with an appropriately substituted lactone (Tetrahedron, 1984, 40, 1313) to give a hemiketal.
• the acetal is then cleaved with an acidic such as p-TsOH in a solvent such as water to give a
• sulfide is then oxidized with a reagent such as Oxone®, in the presence of a phase transfer reagent such as Aliquat 336 ® in solvents such as t-BuOH and water to give a sulfone.
• Oxone® a reagent such as Oxone®
• a phase transfer reagent such as Aliquat 336 ® in solvents such as t-BuOH and water to give a sulfone.
• hydroxyketone is then esterified with an appropriately substituted acetic acid with reagents such as CMC and DMAP in a solvent such as CH 2 CI 2 to give an intermediate ester which is cyclized with a base such as DBU to give lactone Im.
• An appropriately substituted aminopyrydine is diazotized with NaNO 2 in an acid such as H 2 SO 4 in water, followed by
• nitropyridine is reduced with a reagent such as Fe (powder) and NH 4 CI in solvents such as ethanol and water to give an aminopyridine which is diazotized with NaNO 2 in aqueous HCl, the diazonium salt is decomposed with copper salts such as CuCl in HCl to give lactone li.
• a reagent such as Fe (powder) and NH 4 CI in solvents such as ethanol and water
• An appropriately substituted alcohol is reacted with an appropriate haloacid such as bromoacetic acid with a base such as NaH in a solvent such as THF to afford an acid ether which is then esterified with an appropriately substituted hydroxyketone with reagents such as CMC and DMAP in a solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 to give a ketoester.
• the ketoester is then cyclized in the presence of a base such as DBU and a dehydrating reagent such as iso-propyl trifluoroacetate in a solvent such as CH 3 CN to afford lactone la.
• An appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is esterified with an appropriately substituted haloketone in the presence of a base such as (iPr) 2 NEt in a solvent such as EtOH; further treatment with a base such as DBU and a reagent such as iso-propyl 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate in a solvent such as CH 3 CN affords lactone la.
• a base such as (iPr) 2 NEt
• a solvent such as EtOH
• a reagent such as iso-propyl 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate in a solvent such as CH 3 CN affords lactone la.
• a reagent such as TMSCN in the presence of a Lewis acid such as ZnI 2 , further treatment with a metal salt of thioanisole followed by hydrolysis affords an hydroxyketone.
• Esterification of the alcohol and an appropriately substituted acetic acid with a reagent such as CMC and DMAP in a solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 followed by treatment with a base such as DBU gives the lactone In.
• An appropriately substituted enone is reduced with hydrogen in a solvent such as ethyl acetate with a catalyst such as palladium on activated carbon to give an alcohol.
• This alcohol was transformed into a leaving group by treatment with reagents such as methanesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in a solvent such as methylene chloride, followed by treatment in a solvent such as acetone with a reagent such as lithium iodide to afford a compound which was then reacted as in method M to afford lactone Ij.
• 5-Amino-2-alkoxypyridine is converted to the corresponding diazonium salt and heated with acetic anhydride at 100-110°C.
• the corresponding 5-acetoxy-2-alkoxypyridine is then hydrolysed with sodium hydroxide to give the 5-hydroxy-2-alkoxypyridine which is reacted according to method J.
• Hydroquinone is reacted with a halosubstituted acetate, chlorinated with sulfuryl chloride, methylated with iodomethane in the presence of a base and followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide to give the substituted phenoxy acetic acid, which is reacted according to method A to afford lactone la.
• An appropriately substituted alkyl (4-thiomethyl)phenyl ketone is alkylated with bromomethylcyclopropane using a base such as KHMDS.
• the methyl sulfide is oxidized with MMPP to the
• An appropriately substituted hydroxylactone is reacted with an appropriately substituted nitropyridine in the presence of a base such as NaOH in DMF at 100-110°C.
• the nitro group of the coupling product is then reduced with Fe (powder) and NH 4 Cl in solvents such as ethanol and water.
• the amino group is diazotized and the resulting diazonium salt is decomposed in the presence of appropiate copper salt such as CuCl or CuBr to give lactone lq.
• the diazonium salt is treated HBF 4 or HPF 6 to give after heating the fluoro-substituted lactone pyridine Iq.
• the lithium reagent prepared from 4-bromothioanisole and n-BuLi at -72°C is reacted with methacrolein and the resulting product is oxidized with an oxidizing reagent such as Oxone ® to the methyl sulfone.
• Oxone ® oxidizing reagent
• a kinetic resolution by Sharpless epoxidation reaction using (+)- diisopropyl tartrate and t-butyl hydroperoxide provides the (S)-allylic alcohol, which is epoxidized by (-)-diisopropyl tartrate and t-butyl hydroperoxide.
• the alcohol of the epoxy alcohol is protected as an ethoxyethyl ether and the epoxide is reacted with dimethyl cuprate(from methyllithium and copper(I) iodide.
• the ethoxyethyl ether is then cleaved and the resulting diol is treated with (Bu 3 Sn) 2 O and oxidized with Br 2 to give the (S)-alcohol.
• the hydroxyketone is then esterified with an appropriately substituted acid in the presence of CMC and DMAP in a solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 to give an intermediate ester which is cyclized with a base such as DBU to give lactone Ir.
• 4-Bromothioanisole is reacted with isobutyryl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride in o-dichlorobenzene(ODCB).
• ODCB o-dichlorobenzene
• the resulting ketone is brominated and oxidized with Na 2 WO 4 and H 2 O 2 in the presence of Aliquat 336 to the bromoketone methyl sulfone.
• the bromoketone is then reacted with an appropriate alkoxy or aryloxy acetic acid in the presence DIEA and the ester intermediate is cyclized and dehydrated with DBU in the presence of isopropyl trifluoroacetate to give lactone la.
• Tetronic acid is converted to the ⁇ -diazoketone derivative with tosyl azide (see Stachel et al., Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1994, P.129 for a similar preparation).
• the diazo compound is reacted with an
• Tables I illustrates novel compounds of the present invention.
• the compound of Formula I can be tested using the following assays to determine their cyclooxygenase-2 inhibiting activity.
• osteosarcoma 143 cells which specifically express COX-2
• human U-937 cells which specifically express COX-1
• 100% activity is defined as the difference between prostaglandin E 2 synthesis in the absence and presence of arachidonate.
• osteosarcoma cells are cultured in 1 mL of media in 24- well multidishes (Nunclon) until confluent (1-2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well).
• U-937 cells are grown in spinner flasks and resuspended to a final density of 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL in 24-well multidishes (Nunclon).
• 1 ⁇ L of a DMSO solution of test compound or DMSO vehicle is added, and samples gently mixed. All assays are performed in triplicate.
• CHO Chinese hamster ovary
• CHO[hCOX-1] cells from suspension cultures and CHO[hCOX-2] cells prepared by trypsinization of adherent cultures are harvested by centrifugation (300 x g, 10 min) and washed once in HBSS containing 15 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and resuspended in HBSS, 15 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, at a cell concentration of 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml.
• Drugs to be tested are dissolved in DMSO to 66.7-fold the highest test drug concentration. Compounds are typically tested at 8 concentrations in duplicate using serial 3-fold serial dilutions in DMSO of the highest drug concentration.
• Cells are then challenged in the presence or absence of drug with the AA/HBSS solution to yield a final concentration of 0.5 ⁇ M AA in the CHO[hCOX-1] assay and a final concentration of 10 ⁇ M AA in the CHO[hCOX-2] assay.
• the reaction is terminated by the addition of 10 ⁇ l 1 N HCl followed by neutralization with 20 ⁇ l of 0.5 N NaOH.
• the samples are centrifuged at 300 x g at 4°C for 10 min, and an aliquot of the clarified supernatant is appropriately diluted for the determination of PGE 2 levels using an enzyme-linked immunoassay for PGE 2 (Correlate PGE 2 enzyme immunoassay kit, Assay Designs, Inc.).
• Cyclooxygenase activity in the absence of test compounds is determined as the difference in PGE 2 levels of cells challenged with arachidonic acid versus the PGE 2 levels in cells mock-challenged with ethanol vehicle. Inhibition of PGE 2 synthesis by test compounds is calculated as a percentage of the activity in the presence of drug versus the activity in the positive control samples.
• U 937 cells are pelleted by centrifugation at 500 ⁇ g for 5 min and washed once with phosphate-buffered saline and repelleted.
• Cells are resuspended in homogenization buffer consisting of 0.1 M Tris-H Cl, pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA, 2 ⁇ g/ml leupeptin, 2 ⁇ g/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor, 2 ⁇ g/ml aprotinin and 1 mM phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride.
• the cell suspension is sonicated 4 times for 10 sec and is centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 10 min at 4° C. The supernatant is centrifuged at 100,000 ⁇ g for 1 hr at 4 ° C.
• the 100,000 ⁇ g microsomal pellet is resuspended in 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA to approximately 7 mg protein/ml and stored at -80° C.
• Microsomal preparations are thawed immediately prior to use, subjected to a brief sonication, and then diluted to a protein
• the enzyme activity is measured using a chromogenic assay based on the oxidation of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) during the reduction of PGG 2 to PGH 2 by COX-2 (Copeland et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 11202-11206).
• TMPD N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine
• Recombinant human COX-2 is purified from Sf9 cells as previously described (Percival et al (1994) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 15, 111-118).
• the assay mixture ( 180 ⁇ L) contains 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.5, 2 mM genapol X-100, 1 ⁇ M hematin, 1 mg/ml gelatin, 80-100 units of purified enzyme (One unit of enzyme is defined as the amount of enzyme required to produce an O.D. change of 0.001/min at 610 nm) and 4 ⁇ L of the test compound in DMSO.
• the mixture is pre-incubated at room temperature (22°C) for 15 minutes prior to initiation of the enzymatic reaction by the addition of 20 ⁇ L of a sonicated solution of 1 mM arachidonic acid (AA) and 1 mM TMPD in assay buffer (without enzyme or hematin).
• AA arachidonic acid
• TMPD TMPD in assay buffer (without enzyme or hematin).
• the enzymatic activity is measured by estimation of the initial velocity of TMPD oxidation over the first 36 sec of the reaction. A non-specific rate of oxidation is observed in the absence of enzyme (0.007 - 0.010 O.D. /min) and is subtracted before the calculation of the % inhibition.
• IC 50 values are derived from 4-parameter least squares non-linear regression analysis of the log-dose vs % inhibition plot.
• Human whole blood provides a protein and cell-rich milieu appropriate for the study of biochemical efficacy of anti-inflammatory compounds such as selective COX-2 inhibitors.
• This assay can be used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors on PGE 2 production.
• platelets in whole blood contain a large amount of the COX-1 enzyme. Immediately following blood clotting, platelets are activated through a thrombin-mediated mechanism.
• Fresh blood is collected in heparinized tubes by venipuncture from both male and female volunteers. The subjects have no apparent inflammatory conditions and have not taken any NSAIDs for at least 7 days prior to blood collection. Plasma is immediately obtained from a 2mL blood aliquot to use as blank (basal levels of PGE 2 ). The remaining blood is incubated with LPS (100 ⁇ g/ml final concentration, Sigma Chem, #L-2630 from E. coli; diluted in 0.1% BSA (Phosphate buffered saline) for 5 minutes at room temperature.
• LPS 100 ⁇ g/ml final concentration, Sigma Chem, #L-2630 from E. coli; diluted in 0.1% BSA (Phosphate buffered saline) for 5 minutes at room temperature.
• the supernatant is obtained and is assayed for PGE 2 using a radioimmunoassay kit (Amersham, RPA#530) after conversion of PGE 2 to its methyl oximate derivative according to the manufacturer's procedure.
• Fresh blood is collected into vacutainers containing no anticoagulants. Aliquots of 500 ⁇ L are immediately transferred to siliconized microcentrifuge tubes preloaded with 2 ⁇ L of either DMSO or a test compound at final concentrations varying from 10nM to 30 ⁇ M. The tubes are vortexed and incubated at 37°C for 1 hour to allow blood to clot. At the end of incubation, serum is obtained by centrifugation
• mice Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) are fasted overnight and are given, po, either vehicle (1% methocel or 5% Tween 80) or a test compound. One hr later, a line is drawn using a permanent marker at the level above the ankle in one hind paw to define the area of the paw to be monitored. The paw volume (V 0 ) is measured using a plethysmometer (Ugo-Basile, Italy) based on the principle of water displacement. The animals are then injected subplantarly with 50 ⁇ l of 1% carrageenan solution in saline (FMC Corp, Maine) into the paw using an insulin syringe with a 25-gauge needle (i.e.
• Male Sprague Dawley rats (150 - 200 g) are administered orally a test compound either once (acute dosing) or b.i.d. for 5 days (chronic dosing).
• the rats are injected via a tail vein with 0.5 mL of 51 Cr-labeled red blood cells from a donor rat.
• the animals are placed individually in metabolism cages with food and water ad lib. Feces are collected for a 48 h period and 51 Cr fecal excretion is calculated as a percent of total injected dose.
• 51 Cr-labeled red blood cells are prepared using the following procedures. Ten mL of blood is collected in heparinized tubes via the vena cava from a donor rat.
• Plasma is removed by centrifugation and replenished with equal volume of HBSS.
• the red blood cells are incubated with 400 Ci of sodium bichromate for 30 min. at 37C. At the end of the incubation, the red blood cells are washed twice with 20 mL HBSS to remove free sodium bichromate. The red blood cells are finally reconstituted in 10 mL HBSS and 0.5 mL of the solution (about 20 Ci) is injected per rat.
• Protein-losing gastropathy (manifested as appearance of circulating cells and plasma proteins in the GI tract) is a significant and dose-limiting adverse response to standard non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This can be quantitatively assessed by intravenous administration of 51 CrCl 3 solution. This isotopic ion can avidly bind to cell and serum globins and cell endoplasmic reticulum. Measurement of radioactivity appearing in feces collected for 24 h after administration of the isotope thus provides a sensitive and quantitative index of protein-losing gastropathy.
• NSAIDs non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs
• Groups of male squirrel monkeys (0.8 to 1.4 kg) are treated by gavage with either 1% methocell or 5% Tween 80 in H 2 O vehicles, (3ml/kg b.i.d.) or test compounds at doses from 1 - 100 mg/kg b.i.d. for 5 days.
• Intravenous 51 Cr (5Ci/kg in 1 ml/kg phosphate buffer saline (PBS)) is administered 1 h after the last drug/vehicle dose, and feces collected for 24 h in a metabolism cage and assessed for excreted 51 Cr by gamma-counting.
• Venous blood is sampled 1 h and 8 h after the last drug dose, and plasma concentrations of drug measured by RP-HPLC.
• Compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 and are thereby useful in the treatment of
• cyclooxygenase-2 mediated diseases as enumerated above.
• the activities of the compounds against cyclooxygenase may be seen in the
• inhibition is determined by measuring the amount of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthesized in the presence of arachidonic acid, cyclooxygenase- 1 or cyclooxygenase-2 and a putative inhibitor.
• the IC 50 values represent the concentration of putative inhibitor required to return PGE 2 synthesis to 50% of that obtained as compared to the uninhibited control.

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