Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
  • C07H19/073—Pyrimidine radicals with 2-deoxyribosyl as the saccharide radical
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
  • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
  • A61K31/7068—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
  • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
  • A61K31/7068—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid
  • A61K31/7072—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid having two oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. uridine, uridylic acid, thymidine, zidovudine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel pyrimidine compounds, pharmaceutical formulations comprising such compounds and their use in medical treatment, particularly the treatment of cancer and infections by pathogens.
• 5-fluorouracil Pyrimidine bases are a vital component of many currently used therapeutic products e.g. 5-fluorouracil and 5- flucytosine.
• 5-Fluorouracil was introduced as a rationally synthesised anti-cancer agent more than 30 years ago and is still widely used in the treatment of many cancers (Duschinsky, et al, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 79:4559 (1957); Heidelberger, et al, Nature, 179: 663 (1957)).
• the utility of 5-FU is however low due to toxic side effects, a common problem with anti-cancer agents.
• targeted drugs have relied on obtaining specific delivery by complexing cell-binding proteins or macromolecules with therapeutic agents.
• a wide variety of reports have described the preparation of drugs conjugated with cell-targeted monoclonal antibodies, protein/liposome aggregates or viruses.
• An alternate approach for targeted drug delivery employs the fact that many cells themselves possess unique binding receptors on their surfaces.
• targeted therapeutic agents may be designed to incorporate ligand molecules which can be bound by these cell-specific receptors.
• Carbohydrate binding proteins represent one important class of cell-surface receptors that pharmaceutical scientists have designed drugs to target.
• the first cell -surface carbohydrate binding protein was characterized about twenty years ago (Ashwell and Morell, Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 41:99-128 (1974); Pricer, and Ashwell, J. Biol. Chem., 246:4825-4833 (1971)). These researchers showed that glycoproteins treated to remove terminal sialic acids on attached oligosaccharides were specifically taken up by liver cells when injected into animals (Ashwell and Morell, Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 41:99-128 (1974)).
• liver-specific ligand retention is mediated by a carbohydrate- recognizing receptor, now commonly referred to as the asialoglycoprotein receptor, that occurs on the surface of hepatocytes (Lodish, Trends Biochem. Sci., 16:374-377 (1991); Weiss and Ashwell, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 300:169-184 (1989)).
• asialoglycoprotein receptor carbohydrate- recognizing receptor
• carbohydrate receptors have also been characterized.
• mannose/N- acetylglucosamine and fucose receptors are found on cells such as macrophages and monocytes (Haltiwanger and Hill, J. Biol. Chem. 261: 7440-7444 (1986); Ezekowitz and Stahl, J. Cell Sci. Suppl. 9:121-133 (1988); Haltiwanger, et al , J. Biol. Chem. 261:7433-7439 (1986)).
• these carbohydrate binding proteins can be further classified by whether or not they participate in receptor mediated endocytosis.
• Receptors which do not mediate endocytosis remain on the cell surface, with or without bound ligands, for comparatively long time periods, while receptors mediating endocytosis are rapidly internalized from the cell-surface via clatherin coated pits, delivering bound ligands to endocytic vesicles which in turn quickly merge with lysosomes (Trowbridge, Curr Opin. Cell Biol. 3:634-641 (1991); Schwartz, Targeted Diagn. Ther.
• Antimony complexes with yeast mannan derivatives provide a therapy for Leishmania-infected macrophages (Cantos, et al, Biochem. J., 289:155-160 (1993)).
• Poly-lysine is employed in a range of drug designs as a scaffold for the combination of therapeutic agents and carbohydrates.
• poly-lysine-based complexes are used for applications ranging from the targeting of DNA carriers for gene therapy (Wu, et al, J. Biol. Chem., 269:11542-11546s (1994); McKee, et al, Bioconjug. Chem. 5:306-311 (1994); Midoux, et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 21:871-878 (1993)) to the selective delivery of anti- viral agents to liver cells (Fiume, et al, FEBS Lett 203 :203-206 (1986)).
• glycoproteins Native, as well as ones modified to manipulate the attached carbohydrate structures
• neoglycoproteins and glycopeptides have been coupled to therapeutic agents to improve their cell targeting characteristics
• Another class of binding proteins of possible importance to the field of targeted therapeutics are the plasma membrane carbohydrate transporters. These proteins bind carbohydrates, usually monosaccharides, present in the fluids around the cell and transfer them directly into the cell's cytoplasm (Bell, et al, J. Biol. Chem., 268:19161-19164 (1993); Gould and Holman, Biochem. J. 295:329-341 (1993)). For example, one or more types of glucose transporters occur on the surfaces of all cells (Marrall, et al, Cell Signal. 5:667-675 (1993) Pardridge, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 27, 692:126-137 (1993) Gould and Holman, Biochem. J.
• the invention provides a compound of formula (I):
• R is halogen
• Y is hydrogen, NH 2 , SH or OH
• X is:
• R 1 or R 2 is a bond, with the other being hydrogen; either R 3 or R 4 is hydrogen, with the other being hydrogen, OH, OAc or NHAc;
• R 5 is OH or OAc
• R 7 or R 8 is hydrogen, with the other being OH or
• R 9 is hydrogen, CH 2 OH or CH 2 OAc; with the proviso that when R 4 is OH, OAc or NHAc then R 9 is hydrogen; and enantiomers of such compounds.
• halogen is meant fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
• the invention provides a compound of the formula (I) wherein:
• R is fluoro
• Y is OH
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined in formula I;
• R 3 or R 4 is hydrogen with the other being OH
• R 5 is OH
• R 7 or R 8 is hydrogen with the other being OH
• R 9 is hydrogen or CH 2 OH.
• R is fluoro
• Y is NH 2 ;
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined in formula I;
• R 3 or R 4 is hydrogen with the other being OH
• R 5 is OH
• R 7 or R 8 is hydrogen with the other being OH
• R 9 is hydrogen or CH 2 OH.
• Particularly preferred compounds within this embodiment of the invention include: 1- ⁇ -D-Galactopyranosyl-5-fluorocytosine;
• R 1a or R 2a independently represents either hydrogen or any suitable donor group eg. halogen, OAc or SMe; either R 3a or R 4a is hydrogen with the other being hydrogen, OAc or NHAc; either R 7a or R 8a is hydrogen with the other being OAc; and R 9a is hydrogen or CH 2 OAc, in the presence of a silylating reagent eg. hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylsilyl chloride, and a catalyst eg.
• a silylating reagent eg. hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylsilyl chloride
• a catalyst eg.
• R 1b and R 2b are either NHCONH 2 or hydrogen, and R 3a , R 4a , R 7a , R 8a and R 9a are as defined in formula (IV), with a compound of formula (VI) or (VII):
• Y represents O or S
• R 10 represents alkoxy
• R 11 represents halogen
• R 12 - represents hydrogen, alkyl, Na or K, in the presence of a base eg. sodium methoxide.
• R 1b and R 2b are either NHC0NH 2 or hydrogen
• R 1b or R 2b independently represents either hydrogen or NH 2 and R 3a , R 4a , R 7a , R 8a and R 9a are as defined in general formula (IV) above, with a carboxylation reagent eg. ethyl chloroformate, 1,1- carbonyl diimidazole, followed by treatment with ammonia.
• a carboxylation reagent eg. ethyl chloroformate, 1,1- carbonyl diimidazole
• R 1c or R 2c is NH 2 with the other being hydrogen and R 3a , R 4a , R 7a , R 8a and R 9a are as defined in general formula (V), with a compound of general formula (XI):
• R 13 represents an alkyl group
• R X1 and R 12 are as defined above, optionally followed by conversion of one or more OAc groups to OH groups.
• a compound of general formula (I) may be transformed into another compound of general formula (I) using methods well known to those skilled in the art.
• compounds of general formula (I) wherein R represents halogen may be produced by transformat-ion of compounds wherein R is hydrogen by reaction with an appropriate halogenation reagent eg. flourination with trifluoromethylhypofluorite and triethylamine. (e.g. M.J.Robbins and S.R.Naik, J.Amer. Chem. Soc., 93: 5272 (1971)).
• an appropriate halogenation reagent e.g. flourination with trifluoromethylhypofluorite and triethylamine.
• a ratio of a: ⁇ anomers can be varied.
• a anomers can be obtained in a higher ratio utilising the mannose configuration at position 2 followed by epimerisation (see for example R.U.Lemieux and A.R. Morgan, Can. J. Chem., 43:2190 (1965)).
• the methodology utilised in this invention is based upon the published procedure of Vorbruggen and Bennua (Vorbruggen and Bennua, Tet.Lett., 1339, (1978)) for the synthesis of nucleosides.
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising one or more compounds of the invention, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
• compositions may be presented in unit dose forms containing a predetermined amount of active ingredient per dose.
• a unit may contain for example 50mg/kg to 600mg/kg, preferably 50mg/kg to 300mg/kg and more preferably 50mg/kg to 150mg/kg depending on the condition being treated, the route of administration and the age, weight and condition of the patient.
• compositions may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example by the oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual or transdermal), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or intradermal) route.
• Such formulations may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s).
• compositions adapted for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or whips; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in-oil liquid emulsions.
• compositions adapted for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches intended to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time.
• the active ingredient may be delivered from the patch by iontophoresis as generally described in Pharmaceutical Research, 3(6), 318 (1986).
• compositions adapted for topical administration may be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols or oils.
• the formulations are pref-erably applied as a topical ointment or cream.
• the active ingredient may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
• the active ingredient may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in-oil base.
• Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical administration to the eye include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent.
• Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges, pastilles and mouth washes.
• compositions adapted for rectal administration may be presented as suppositories or enemas.
• compositions adapted for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid include a coarse powder having a particle size for example in the range 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
• Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as a nasal spray or as nasal drops, include aqueous or oil solutions of the active ingredient.
• Fine particle dusts or mists which may be generated by means of various types of metered dose pressurised aerosols, nebulizers or insufflators.
• compositions adapted for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations.
• compositions adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
• Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient.
• formulations may also include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavouring agents.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful in that they are capable of targeting, allowing delivery of therapeutic agents to a desired location.
• the compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment or prophylaxis of various conditions, including cancer, including metastatic liver cancer, fungal infections, etc., depending on which therapeutic agent is being targeted.
• the present invention provides: (i) the use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer;
• reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate
• the above compound was prepared using the method described in Example 1, using peracetylated L-galactose as the starting material.
• the product was obtained as a mixture of the ⁇ and ⁇ anomers. These may be separated by the usual methods, for example, HPLC, column chromatography.
• the product was obtained as a mixture of the ⁇ and ⁇ anomers. These may be separated by the usual methods, for example, HPLC, column chromatography.
• the product was obtained as a mixture of the a and ⁇ anomers. These may be separated by the usual methods, for example, HPLC, column chromatography.
• the above compound was prepared using the method described in Example 1, using peracetylated L-arabinose as the starting material. This gave a colourless product (68% yield for the second step). The product was obtained as a mixture of the ⁇ and ⁇ anomers. These may be separated by the usual methods, for example, HPLC, column chromatography.
• reaction mixture was co-evaporated under reduced pressure with toluene (x3) and purified by flash chromatography (60:1 DCM/MeOH) to give 1- ( ⁇ -D-2-Deoxy-2-N-acetyl-6-O-acetyl -3,4-isopropylidyl galactopyranosyl)-5-fluorouracil.
• the above compound was prepared using the method described in Example 1, using peracetylated D-2-deoxy-2-N-acetylgalactose as the starting material.
• the product was obtained as a mixture of the ⁇ and ⁇ anomers. These may be separated by the usual methods, for example, HPLC, column chromatography.
• the above compound was prepared using the method described in Example 1, using peracetylated D-2-deoxy-2-N-acetylgalactose and 5-fluorocytosine as the starting materials.
• the above compound was prepared using the method described in Example 1, using peracetylated D-2-deoxygalactose and 5-fluorocytosine as the starting materials.
• the product was obtained as a mixture of the a and ⁇ anomers. These may be separated by the usual methods, for example, HPLC, column chromatography.
• the above compound was prepared using the method described in Example 1, using peracetylated L-arabinose and 5-fluorocytosine as the starting materials.
• the above compound was prepared using the method described in Example 1, using peracetylated D-arabinose as the starting material.
• the toxicity of Compound 1 (as described in Example 1) relative to 5-FU was determined in nude mice. Clinical grade 5-FU was used to provide a point of comparison with other toxicity studies in the literature. Animals were injected six times ip, in groups of 5, every 48 hours, with various doses of 5-FU or Compound 1.

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