Classifications

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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/62—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D213/63—One oxygen atom
  • C07D213/64—One oxygen atom attached in position 2 or 6
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/61—Halogen atoms or nitro radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/62—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D213/63—One oxygen atom
  • C07D213/64—One oxygen atom attached in position 2 or 6
  • C07D213/643—2-Phenoxypyridines; Derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D471/14—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D491/14—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• This invention discloses and claims novel intermediates and procedures for the synthesis of camptothecin derivatives, such as irinotecan, and other compounds related to the synthesis of CPT-11. Related procedures and compounds are also disclosed, such as a novel method of making mappicine.
• Camptothecin derivatives such as irinotecan
• This invention describes an efficient method of synthetic synthesis for a variety of camptothecin derivatives, including irinotecan or CPT-11, and other useful compounds like mappicine. Summary of the Invention
• This invention comprises compounds, processes, reactions and reagents as shown in the CHARTS, formulas and figures herein.
• the compounds, processes, reactions and reagents are useful for the manufacture of camptothecin derivatives such as CPT-11 and other related compounds such as mappicine.
• Specific compounds selected from the compounds described and labeled in the specification are the compounds in the CHARTS labeled 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, 7GG, 7GA, 8GG, 8GA, 8GB, 9GG, 9GA, 10G, 10G(S), 10G(R), 11G, 11G(S), 11G(R), 12GA-1, 12GA-KS), 12GA-KR), 12GA-2, 12GA-2(S), 12GA-2(R), 12GB-1, 12GB- 1(S), 12GB-KR), 12GB-2, 12GB-2(S), 12GB-2(R), 12G, 12G(S), 12G(R), 13G, 13G(S), or 13G(R),
• R 1 is any optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, including lower alkyl, C 3- 10 cycloalkyl, lower alkyl-C 3-10 cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylaryl, or substituted alkylaryl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl;
• R 2 is H
• any optionally substituted alkyl including C 1-8 alkyl, alkylaryl, including C 1-6 alkyl-aryl, C 1-6 alkyl-C 6 aryl, substituted benzyl and unsubstituted benzyl;
• R 3 is H, optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, including lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, and alkylaryl, or substituted alkylaryl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl;
• R 4 is H, optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, including lower alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, lower alkyl-C 3-10 cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylaryl, or substituted alkylaryl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl;
• R 5 is H, optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, including lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, or two R 5 groups may be combined to form cyclopentane or cyclohexane, or substituted derivatives thereof;
• R 6 is optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, lower alkyl, including ethyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted alkylaryl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, lower alkyl-C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl,
• R 7 is independently H, optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, including lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted alkylaryl, or two R 7 groups may be combined to form cyclopentane or cyclohexane or substituted derivatives thereof.
• R 8 is optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, including lower alkyl, including t-butyl, C 3- 10 cycloalkyl, lower alkyl-C 3-10 cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylaryl, or substituted alkylaryl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl.
• 12CPTB-KR 12CPTB-2, 12CPTB-2(S), 12CPTB-2(R), 12CPT, 12CPT(S),
• STEPS various procedures labeled as STEPS are also described and claimed in this invention.
• STEPS include the STEPS described and labeled in the specification as CHART G comprising; STEP 2, or STEP 3, or
• STEP 4 or STEP 5, or STEP 5a, or STEP 5b, or STEP 6, or STEP 7GG, or STEP
• STEPS described and labeled in the specification as CHART CPT comprising; STEP 7G, or STEP 7A, or STEP 8G, or STEP 8A, or STEP 8B, or STEP 9G, or STEP 9A, or STEP 9B, or STEP 10G, or
• STEP 10A or STEP 11, or STEP 12, or STEP 13, or STEP 14 or any combination thereof combining two or more STEPS.
• STEPS described and labeled in the specification as CHART M-G comprising; STEP 5, or STEP 6, or STEP 7, or STEP 8 or STEP 9, or STEP 10, or STEP 11, or STEP 12, or STEP 13, or any combination thereof combining two or more STEPS.
• STEPS described and labeled in the specification as CHART M-M comprising; STEP 5, or STEP 6, or STEP 7, or STEP 8 or STEP 9, or STEP 10, or STEP 11, or STEP 12, or STEP 13, or any combination thereof combining two or more STEPS.
• the compounds of this invention are identified in two ways: by descriptive names and by reference to structures indicating various chemical entities. In appropriate situations, the proper stereochemistry is also described either with writing or represented in the structures. In some cases, when a molecule has two chiral centers, only the stereochemistry of one chiral center is indicated, unless the stereochemistry of the other chiral center is taught, the stereochemistry of the other chiral chiral center is unresolved or racemic. All the temperatures provided are in degrees centigrade, whether indicated with "°” or "C°” or not. Minute may be written m or min. Hour may be written H or h. Abbreviations are standard or obvious to a chemist unless indicated otherwise. When compounds are added or exposed in any fashion to other compounds they may be said to be “mixed” with those compounds. Usually the purpose in mixing compounds is to promote chemical reactions among one or more of the mixed compounds The following terms may also be used.
• substituted or “optionally substituted” usually appears first before “C 1-8 alkyl” but should be understood to modify all variations of all r groups.
• the term shall mean a group or radical that is substituted with halogen, lower alkyl, mono- or didower alkyD-substituted lower alkyl, (lower alkyl)thio, halo-substituted lower alkyl, amino-substituted lower alkyl, mono- or di(lower alkyl)-substituted amino, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, aryloxy, aryKlower alkyl), hydroxy, cyano, amino, mono- and didower alkyl)amino, or nitro and the like.
• a chemist ordinarily skilled in the art would know when and how to make such obvious substitutions.
• ALKYL The parenthetical term (C n -C m alkyl) is inclusive such that a compound of (C 1 -C 8 ) would include compounds of 1 to 8 carbons and their isomeric forms.
• the various carbon moieties are aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals and includes branched or unbranched forms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, and n-octyl and isomeric forms thereof.
• n-ALKYL The parenthetical term (C n -C m n-alkyl) is inclusive such that a compound of (C 1 -C 8 ) would include compounds of 1 to 8 carbons in their straight chain unbranched form.
• lower alkyl refers to branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from one to six carbon atoms.
• Representatives of such groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, the pentyl isoforms, hexal isoforms and the like.
• (lower alkyDthio)THIO refers to a lower alkyl group as defined above, attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.
• Typical (lower alkyl)thio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, iso-propylthio, and the like.
• ALKOXY Alkoxy as represented by -OR 1 when R 1 is (C 1 -C 8 ) alkyl refers to an alkyl radical which is attached to the remainder of the molecule by oxygen and includes branched or unbranched forms such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, isopentoxy, n- hexoxy, isohexoxy, n-heptoxy, isoheptoxy, and n-octoxy and the like.
• lower alkoxy denotes an alkyl group as defined above, attached to the patent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representatives of such groups include methoxy, ethoxy, butyoxy and the like.
• ALKYNYL Alkynyl refers to a monovalent branched or unbranched hydrocarbon radical containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, for example ethynyl, propynyl, and the like.
• CYCLOALKYL The parenthetical term (C n-m cycloalkyl) is inclusive such that a compound of (C 3- 10 ) would include radicals of a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon of 3 to 10 carbons in their cyclic chain.
• the term may also include alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, 2-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2- dimethylcyclopropyl, 2,3 diethylcyclopropyl, 2-butylcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, 2- methylcyclobutyl, 3-propylcyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and cyclodecyl and the like. Each of these moieties may be substituted as appropriate.
• Heteroalkyl refers to a alkyls as described above, only where one, two or three non-adjacent carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• ARYL (C 6-12 ) aryl refers to a 6 to 12 carbon atom base structure, one or two fused or nonfused aromatic rings, that may be optionally substituted or substituted with one to 3 hydroxy, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, or bromo groups.
• aryl are: phenyl, m-methylphenyl, p- trifluoromethylphenyl, ⁇ -naphthyl, ⁇ -naphthyl, (o-, m-, p-)tolyl, (o-, m-, p-
• ALKYLARYL Alkylaryl refers to alkyl chains of one to 8 carbon atoms and isomeric forms thereof which are substituted with aryl groups of 6 to 12 carbon atoms as described above.
• heterocyclics examples include: (2-, 3-, or 4-
• HETEROARYL Heteroaryl refers to a one or two ring structure, of 5 - 12 ring atoms, where a minimum of one ring is aromatic, only where one, two or three non-adjacent carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• Examples can include pyridine, thiophene, furan, pyrimidine, 2-pyridyl, 3- pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4- pryidazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 2-quinolyl, 3-quinolyl, 1-isoquinolyl, 3-isoquinolyl, 4- isoquinolyl, 2-quinazolinyl, 4-quinazolinyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 1-phthalazinyl, 2- imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 4- pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazoly1,2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5- thiazolyl, 2-indo
• CHIRALITY It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that compounds of this invention may contain one or more chiral centers and may exist in optically active forms including cis-/trans- and/or R- and S- isomeric forms and mixtures thereof.
• the scope of this invention includes all of these forms, the enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms of the compounds, including optically active forms, in pure form or as mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers including cis- /trans-isomeric forms.
• the therapeutic properties of the compounds may to a greater or lesser degree depend on the stereochemistry of a particular compound.
• Resolution can be accomplished using resolving agents such as optically active dibenzoyltartaric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, bis-o-toluoyltartaric acid, tartaric acid, and diacetyl tartaric acid.
• resolving agents such as optically active dibenzoyltartaric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, bis-o-toluoyltartaric acid, tartaric acid, and diacetyl tartaric acid.
• OPTICAL PURITY is sometimes referred to as "% ee.”
• dichloroisonicotinic acid is a known compound and is readily prepared from commercially available citrazinic acid.
• citrazinic acid is heated with phosphorus
• 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid is dissolved or suspended in an ethereal solvent such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or 1,2-dimethoxyethane and reacted with an excess of ethylmagnesium halide or ethyllithium in diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran solution at a temperature between about -30° and about +10°.
• an ethereal solvent such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or 1,2-dimethoxyethane
• the excess ethyl magnesium halide or ethyllithium is decomposed by reaction with a dilute acid such as hydrochloric acid, or by reaction first with an ester such as methyl formate or a ketone such as acetone, followed by reaction with a dilute acid such as hydrochloric acid.
• the 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid may be converted into the acid chloride by reaction with thionyl chloride, or phosphorus pentachloride, and then converted into the Weinreb amide. See, S. Nahm and S. M. Weinreb, Tet. Lett, 1981, 3815-3818.
• the Weinreb amide is then dissolved in reacted with an ethereal solvent such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or 1,2-dimethoxyethane and reacted with an excess of ethylmagnesium halide or ethyllithium in diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran solution at a temperature between about -30° and about +10°.
• an ethereal solvent such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or 1,2-dimethoxyethane
• ethylmagnesium halide or ethyllithium in diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran solution at a temperature between about -30° and about +10°.
• the product is then isolated after reaction of the intermediate complex with a dilute acid such as hydrochloric acid.
• R 6 is lower alkyl, including C 1-4 alkyl and ethyl, aryl and substituted aryl, alkylaryl, and substituted alkylaryl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted
• heteroaryl preferably C 1-4 alkyl, ethyl, benzyl.
• the alkyl ketone referred to in CHART G p.l, as 2 G, is reacted with an alcohol or a diol in the presence of trimethylchlorosilane.
• Alcohols may be diols such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, or 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, or alcohols such as methanol.
• the preferred alcohol is ethylene glycol.
• a solvent such as methylene chloride may be added.
• the reaction is run at a temperature between about 0° and about 60°, preferably at about 40°.
• R 6 is lower alkyl, including C 1-4 alkyl and ethyl, aryl and substituted aryl, alkylaryl,and substituted alkylaryl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl, C 3- 10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, preferably C 1-4 alkyl, ethyl, benzyl.
• the reaction may be run at a temperature between about 20° and 80°.
• the alkoxide, or the preferred R 1 group of CHART G may be any of the previously defined lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, C 3- 10 cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and aryalkyl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl, groups.
• the more preferred R 1 groups are methyl and benzyl.
• the compound in CHART G p.1 labeled 4 G is dissolved in a solvent and reacted with an alkyllithium base or arylllithium base to form the pyridyl anion.
• the resulting anion is then reacted with an electrophile and the product is isolated after further reaction with a dilute acid.
• Suitable solvents for the reaction are ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or 1,2-dimethoxyethane or
• the alkyllithium may be methyllithium, n-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium or t-butyllithium.
• the reaction temperature may be between about -40° and about +50°.
• the electrophile may be an alkyl halide such as methyl iodide, dimethyl sulfate, chloromethylmethyl ether, benzyl chloromethyl ether, or benzyl bromide; aldehydes or ketones such as formaldehyde, acetone, benzaldehyde or other similar compounds; or amides such as formamides including dimethylformamide, N- formylpiperidine, or N formylmorpholine or N-methylformanilide or similar formamides.
• the acid used for product isolation may be hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, or other moderate to strong acids.
• the preferred solvent is heptane
• the preferred base is n-butyllithium
• the preferred amide is N-fo ⁇ nylpiperidine.
• the reaction is preferably run between about -5° and about +5°. Purification of the product may be accomplished by crystallization, chromatography, or through the formation of the bisulfite addition compound, which may be decomposed by reaction with either acid or base.
• STEP 5a may be omitted, STEP 5b may be used without STEP
• the aldehyde of STEP 5a is reduced to the alcohol with a hydride reducing agent such as sodium borohydride.
• a hydride reducing agent such as sodium borohydride.
• the reaction may be run using an alcohol such as methanol or 2-propanol as the solvent, or may be run under two-phase conditions with water and an organic phase consisting of heptane, methylene chloride or methyl t-butylether, or mixtures of these and similar solvents.
• a phase transfer catalyst such as tetrabutylammonium chloride may be added but is not essential STEP 5a and STEP 5b. (4 G -. 5 G)
• Preferred R 2 may be H, or a) any optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, alkylaryl, Chalky 1-aryl, including C 1-8 alkyl-C 6 aryl, substituted benzyl and unsubstituted benzyl; b) -C(O)-R 3 , or c) -C(R 7 ) 2 -O-R 3 where each R 7 is independent of the other; and where R 3 and R 7 are defined above, in the Summary of Invention.
• Bases may be hydrides such as sodium hydride or potassium hydride, or alkoxide bases such as potassium t-butoxide.
• Suitable solvents are ethereal solvents such as tetrahydrofuran or 1,2- dimethoxyethane or alcohols such as t-butanol.
• the temperature may be between about 15° and about 80°.
• the preferred base is potassium t-butoxide and the preferred solvents are THF or MTBE at a temperature preferably between about 20° and about 40°.
• reaction may be performed under phase transfer conditions using water and an organic solvent such as methylene chloride, or hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, or toluene or similar solvents.
• organic solvent such as methylene chloride, or hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, or toluene or similar solvents.
• the base may be a hydroxide such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, or sodium or potassium
• phase transfer catalyst such as tetrabutylammonium chloride may be added and the preferred temperature range is between about 10° and about 30°.
• Step 7 reactions There are 2 different Step 7 reactions, series 7GG and 7GA; 3 different Step 8 reactions, series 8GG, 8GA, 8GB; 3 different Step 9 reactions, series 9GG, 9GA, 9GB and 2 different step 10 reactions, series 10GG and 10GA followed by a Step 10 resolution procedure. See Chart G, p. 2, 3, 4.
• STEP 7 GG and STEP 10 GA (6 G ⁇ 7 GG) and (9 GA ⁇ 10 G).
• Compounds represented by 6G are reacted with carbon monoxide and an alcohol in the presence of a soluble palladium II salt (such as palladium acetate), a phosphine ligand (such as 1,3-bisdiphenylphosphinopropane), and a base such as sodium or potassium acetate, sodium or potassium carbonate, triethylamine, or tri n- butylamine in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl fo ⁇ namide or acetonitrile.
• a soluble palladium II salt such as palladium acetate
• a phosphine ligand such as 1,3-bisdiphenylphosphinopropane
• a base such as sodium or potassium acetate, sodium or potassium carbonate, triethylamine, or tri n- butylamine in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl fo ⁇ namide or acetonitrile.
• the preferred R 3 group shown in CHART G p.2 & 3, may be any of the previously defined, H, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and aryalkyl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl, groups.
• the more preferred R 3 groups are methyl and benzyl.
• the preferred R 4 group of the alcohol shown in CHART G p.2 & 3, may be any of the previously defined, H, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and aryalkyl, including benzyl and substituted benzyl, groups.
• the more preferred R 4 group is n- propyl.
• the temperature range is between about 50° to and about 100°.
• the preferred R 7 group is independently H, lower alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted alkylaryl, or two R 7 groups may be combined to form cyclopentane or cyclohexane or substituted derivatives thereof.
• the ketal is hydrolyzed by reaction with water in the presence of a strong acid such as trifluoroacetic acid.
• the trifluoroacetic acid concentration may be between about 50% and 90% and the reaction temperature between about 15° and about 30°.
• the ketal may be removed by an exchange reaction with a ketone such as acetone or 2-butanone catalyzed by a strong acid such as p- toluenesulfonic acid or an acidic ion exchange resin such as amberlyst A- 15 resin.
• the preferred temperature for the exchange reaction is about the reflux temperature of the ketone.
• Compound 8GA is dissolved in a solvent and reacted with a vinyllithium or a vinylmagnesium halide.
• Suitable solvents are ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, or MTBE, either alone or as mixtures, or as mixtures with hydrocarbons such as toluene, heptane, or cyclohexane.
• the reaction temperature may be between about -78° and about 25°.
• the product is isolated after further reaction with a dilute acid such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, or acetic acids.
• the preferred reagent is vinylmagnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran as the solvent at a temperature of about -40° to about 25° followed by quenching with hydrochloric acid.
• Preferred R 5 is independently, H, lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, or two R 5 groups may be combined to form cyclopentane or cyclohexane, or substituted derivatives thereof.
• the Wittig reaction is performed by reaction the ketone with an ylide solution prepared from a methyl triphenylphosphonium salt, preferably the bromide and a strong base, such as n-butyllithium, potassium t-butoxide, or potassium bis trimethylsilylamide, in a solvent such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2- dimethoxyethane, or DMF.
• the preferred base is potassium bis trimethylsilylamide and the preferred solvent is DMF.
• the reaction temperature is between about -5° and about 25°. Reaction time is between about 5 min and about 2 hours.
• 9GA is dissolved in a solvent and reacted with ozone to produce an
• this intermediate may be an ozonide or a mixture of hydroperoxides.
• the intermediate is reacted with a suitable reducing agent to produce the product, either directly or stepwise through the intermediacy of an aldehyde.
• the temperature for the reaction may be between about -78° and about 25°.
• Suitable solvents for the reaction are chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2- dichloroethane, or other multiply chlorinated ethane or ethylene derivatives, either alone, as mixture, or as mixtures with alcohols such as methanol.
• the preferred solvent is a mixture of methylene chloride and methanol at a temperature from about -78° to about -40° for the initial reaction with ozone, and a temperature of about 0° to 25° for the reduction of the intermediate.
• the preferred reducing agent is sodium borohydride.
• reaction temperature may be between about 15° and about 50°, preferably about 40°, for about 12-48 hours.
• the racemic diol like 10 G may be treated with an acetylating reagent like vinyl acetate, isopropenyl acetate, acetic anhydride or ethyl acetate in an organic solvent in the presence of a lipase.
• an acetylating reagent like vinyl acetate, isopropenyl acetate, acetic anhydride or ethyl acetate in an organic solvent in the presence of a lipase.
• Possible solvents include ether, or hexane and the lipase may be a cepaica like Pseudomonas cepaica.
• the reaction is usually conducted between 25o to 45o C at a substrate concentration of 15-40 mg/mL.
• the products of the reaction can be separated by crystallization using common organic solvents or by conventional silica gel chromatography.
• the optical purity (% ee) of each enantiomer can be determined by NMR with chiral shift
• the following reactions may be run with the single enantiomer, or racemic mixtures or other ratios of enantiomeric mixtures.
• the product of the reactions will depend on the starting materials.
• CHART G p. 4 & 5 and the steps below refer to a single enantiomer for convenience and by way of example.
• the single enantiomer is usually referred to by a capitol letter “R” or "S.”
• One example is "10 G (R).”
• the racemic mixture is usually referred to by a number followed by the capitol letter “G.”
• One example is "10G.” See CHART G.
• the diol may be oxidized to the hydroxy aldehyde using Swern type conditions such as DMSO, oxalyl chloride and triethylamine in an aprotic solvent such as methylene chloride at a temperature ranging from about -78° to about 25°.
• the oxidation can be done with sodium hypochlorite solution catalyzed by TEMPO or a substituted TEMPO such as 4-acetoxy-TEMPO in a two phase system consisting of water and an aprotic solvent such as methylene chloride.
• the reaction temperature is preferably between about -5° and about +25° and the reaction time is between about 30 min and about 2 hours.
• a second method for the conversion of llG into 12G changes the order of the oxidation and deprotection steps.
• the benzyl group is removed by hydrogenation to yield the lactol.
• the lactol is then oxidized with sodium hypochlorite catalyzed by TEMPO.
• Cleavage of the methoxy group is done as before with trimethylsilyl iodide.
• the advantage of this sequence is the avoidance of the sodium chlorite oxidation and the hazards associated with it.
• Pathway B is preferred. See CHART G p. 4 & 5.
• Pathway A has two parts, part 1 and part 2. Part 2 follows part 1. Part 2 of Pathway A also has 2 paths, path a and path b. Path a of Pathway A, part 2, has only one step. Path b of Pathway A part 2 has two steps. See CHART G, p. 4, note that only one stereoisomer is shown, the other stereoisomers and racemic mixtures are suggested. Part 1.
• Oxidation to form the hydroxy acid is done preferably with sodium chlorite using conditions described in the literature. See, B. S. Bal, W. E. Childers, H. W. Pinnick, Tetrahedron, 1981, 2091-2096.
• Other additives, such as hydrogen peroxide or sulfamic acid, have also been used to prevent the formation of chlorine dioxide. This produces 12 GA-1.
• trimethylsilyl iodide either preformed or generated in situ from trimethylsilyl chloride and sodium iodide in methylene chloride or acetonitrile. See, T. Morita, Y. Okamoto, H.
• the two step removal of the benzyl and methyl groups can be done in two ways.
• the benzyl group is removed by hydrogenation over a catalyst, preferably a palladium catalyst supported on carbon or other porous substrate, or palladium black.
• the solvent is preferably an alcohol, most preferably methanol.
• the reaction is done at about 15° to about 40° under an atmosphere of hydrogen at a pressure of about 1 atmosphere to about 4 atmospheres for about 2- four hours.
• the benzyl group may be removed by reaction with boron tribromide in a solvent such as methylene chloride at about -5° to about 20° for about 30 minutes to about 2 hours.
• a solvent such as methylene chloride
• Pathway B has 3 steps.
• Part 1 The benzyl, or other appropriate group, is removed by hydrogenation over a catalyst, preferably a palladium catalyst supported on carbon or other porous substrate, or palladium black.
• the solvent is preferably an alcohol, most preferably methanol.
• the reaction is done at about 15° to about 40° under an atmosphere of hydrogen at a pressure of about 1 atmosphere to about 4 atmospheres for about 12 to about 96 hours. This produces 12 GB-1.
• the lactol is then oxidized under the same conditions for the formation of the hydroxy aldehyde:using either oxidation under Swern conditions such as DMSO, oxalyl chloride and triethylamine in an aprotic solvent such as methylene chloride at a temperature ranging from -78° to about 25°.
• Swern conditions such as DMSO, oxalyl chloride and triethylamine
• an aprotic solvent such as methylene chloride
• the oxidation is done with sodium hypochlorite solution catalyzed by TEMPO or a substituted TEMPO such as 4-acetoxy-TEMPO in a two phase system consisting of water and an aprotic solvent such as methylene chloride.
• the reaction temperature is between about -5° and about +25° and the reaction time is between about 30 minutes and 2 hours. This produces 12 GB-2 alternately labeled 12 GB-1
• an acrylate ester such as methyl, ethyl, or t-butyl acrylate in the presence as a base such as potassium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium t-butoxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, or tertiary amines such as diisopropylethyl amine in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, DMF, or acetonitrile at a temperature between about 20° and 100°. See CHART G, p. 5.
• the preferred conditions are reaction with t-butyl acrylate and cesium carbonate in DMSO at about 50o .
• the product may be isolated as the toluene solvate. This gives the ketoester, compounds 13G.
• the ketoester which may exist primarily or exclusively in the enol form, is converted into 14G by reaction with a strong acid such as trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of about 80° to about 110° for about 10 minutes to about 6 hours.
• a solvent such as toluene may be added.
• the preferred conditions are a mixture of toluene and trifluoroacetic acid at 100-110° for 1-4 hours.
• Citrazinic acid (152.0g, 0.98mole) and tetramethylammonium chloride (107.7 lg, 1.02mole) were suspended in phosphorus oxychloride (450g, 273mL, 2.9mole) and heated in a 130°C bath. The solids dissolved with a slight exotherm when the internal temperature reached about 75°C, yielding a clear brown solution.
• the reaction was heated at 130°C for 18 hours, then heated to 145°C for 2 hours.
• the mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured onto 2kg of ice, and stirred for 2 hours.
• the solids were dissolved in 1.5L of ethyl acetate.
• the organic solution was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to yield 146.9g (78%) of a light brown solid.
• Nominal mass spectrum calculated m/z 192, found m/z 192.
• 1CPT (6.6g, 0.034mole) was mixed with 82mL of THF and the mixture cooled to -40°C.
• Ethylmagnesium chloride (52mL, 104mmole, 2M in THF) was added over the course of about 15 min, keeping the internal reaction temperature at less than -30°C.
• the cooling bath was removed, and the resulting dark brown mixture was allowed to warm to 0°C and stirred at 0° C for one hour.
• the reaction mixture was recooled to -25°C and methyl formate (3.2mL, 52 mmole) was added. After 15 min at -25°C, 20mL of 6M hydrochloric acid was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature.
• the phases were separated and the lower aqueous phase was extracted 3 x lOmL with THF.
• the combined THF phases were washed 2 x with a mixture of 15mL IN NaOH and 15mL sat NaCl, and then once with 15mL of sat NaCl solution.
• the organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and then concentrated to an oil.
• Toluene (50mL) was added and the mixture was concentrated to an oil, and the process repeated to yield 6.01g (84%) of brown oil which crystallized under vacuum.
• Nominal mass spectrum calculated m/z 204, found m/z 204.
• reaction was neutralized by the addition of 1L of IN NaOH solution and extracted 3 x 250mL with 1:1 ethyl acetate/heptane. The organic extracts were combined, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The crystalline residue was dried under high vacuum to yield 109.71g (100%) of the product.
• 3CPT (57.5g, 0.23mole) was dissolved in methanol (170mL). Sodium methoxide (80mL, 0.35mole, 25% wt soln. in methanol) was added and the reaction brought to reflux in an 85°C oil bath. After 20 hours the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then quenched with 250mL of water. The two-phase mixture was diluted with 200mL of methylene chloride and partitioned.
• the aqueous phase was extracted with two more 100mL portions of methylene chloride.
• the organic extracts were combined, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated to an amber oil which crystallizes upon seeding to yield 50.43g (89%) as a light yellow solid.
• 4CPT (73.05g, 0.299 mole) was dissolved in 1400mL of heptane and cooled to
• 5CPT (503.98g, 1.841mole) was dissolved in 1330 mL of THF in a 12L flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, an addition funnel, and a thermocouple with adaptor. 1188 mL of 20% solution of potassium t-butoxide solution in THF to the flask, keeping the internal temperature less than 30°. The mixture was stirred for 30 min, then benzyl bromide (230.0mL, 2.117mole) was added through the addition funnel, keeping the internal temperature less than 30°. After completion of the benzyl bromide addition, the mixture was stirred at 20-30° for 1 hour.
• 6CPT (66.45g, 183mmole), palladium acetate (2.05g, 9.13 mmole), DPPP (4.14g, 10.0mmole), potassium carbonate (37.86g, 274mmole), n-propanol (665mL) and DMF (332mL) were charge to a flask.
• the flask was purged with nitrogen and then with carbon monoxide.
• the mixture was heated to 90° under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide for about 16 hours.
• the reaction was cooled and vented.
• the solids were removed by filtration through celite and the celite was washed with 350mL of THF.
• the combined filtrates and washing were concentrated to a volume of about 400mL.
• 6CPT (60.0g, 0.137mole) was dissolved in 50% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (250mL) and stirred at room temperature for 48hrs. Water (200mL) and ethyl acetate (200mL) were added. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 200mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (500mL) until residual TFA is removed and then washed with water (200mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give 42.6g (97%) of product.
• Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (2.14g, 6.0mmole) was dissolved in 15 mL of DMF and stirred at room temperature.
• Potassium bis- trimethylsilylamide solution (10mL, 5.0mmole, 0.5M in toluene) was added and the yellow solution with suspended white solids was stirred at room temperature for 10 min.
• a solution of 8CPTG (1.48g, 4.0mmole) in 5mL of THF was added all at once, giving a deep red color that rapidly faded to brown. The mixture was stirred for 10 min. Additional ylide solution was added until all of the 8CPTG was consumed. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 10mL of 1N HCl.
• STEP 10G (9CPTG ⁇ 10CPTG) 9CPTG (100.0g, 0.271mole), trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (90.24g, 0.81 mole) and osmium tetroxide (0.68g, 2.7mmole), and 300mL of t-butanol were charged to a flask. The mixture was heated to 40°. After 24 hours, the mixture was cooled to 20-25°. 300mL of water and 110g of sodium metabisulfite were added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The mixture was extracted 4 x 200mL with ethyl acetate. The organic phases were combined and stirred with 50g of 70-230 mesh silica for 1 hour.
• the silica was filtered and washed with 100 mL of ethyl acetate.
• the filtrate was stirred with 100g of magnesol for 30 min and then the slurry was filtered over 50g magnesol.
• the filtrates were combined and concentrated to an oil. 200mL of toluene and 800mL of heptane were added and the mixture was allowed to crystallize at -20° for 18 hours.
• the solids were filtered and washed with 200mL of heptane.
• the yield of 10CPT was 83.5g. Additional 10CPT could be recovered from the filtrates and washings by chromatography.
• STEPS 10 After STEPS 10 are performed the optical isomers may be resolved, this is referred to in the CHARTS as STEP 10 resolution, see Chart CPT 4.4. STEP 10 Resolution.
• Pathway B Pathway A has two parts.
• the second Part of Pathway A, Part 2 has two reaction routes, path a, a one step procedure and path b, a two step procedure.
• Pathway B has a total of three parts. The second intermediate produced via
• Pathway A Part 2, path b-1, 12 GA-2
• Pathway B Part 2, 12 GB-2
• the third part of Pathway B is the same as the second step of Pathway A, Part 2, path b-2. See CHART CPT p. 5.
• Trimethylsilyliodide (0.2 mL, 1.4mmole) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, then heated at 45° for 48 hours.
• Hydrochloric acid (5 mL, 6N) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min.
• the mixture was extracted 3 x 5 mL ethyl acetate and the combined extracts were washed with 5% sodium bisulfite solution.
• the ethyl acetate solution was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed on silica with 9 ⁇ :5 methylene chloride/methanol to yield 0.083g (69%) of the product as a light yellow oil.
• the aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride (10 mL) and the combined organic phases were washed once with water (10 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to yield the product (1.90g, 99%) as an oil that solidified on standing.
• the 13CPT-toluene solvate (70.3g, 0.153mole) was dissolved in 1400mL toluene and 140mL trifluoroacetic acid and heated at 110° for 2 hours. The solution was cooled and concentrated under vacuum to about 350mL. Ethyl acetate (1L) was added and the mixture was cooled to -20°. Filtration yielded 14 CPT as a light brown crystalline solid (37.92g, 93.4%).
• U-727 and U-772 are reacted at 95° to 100° in a mixture of toluene and acetic acid for about 18-24 hours.
• the toluene and acetic are removed by distillation to yield U-503 which is converted without purification into U-440.
• the unpurified U-503 is dissolved in pyridine and reacted at 20° to 25° with 4-piperidinopiperidinecarbamyl chloride dissolved in methylene chloride.
• the methylene chloride and pyridine are removed by distillation and the crude U-440 is redissolved in methylene chloride and treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution.
• the U-440 is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with a mixture of methylene chloride and methanol, and isolated as a crystalline solid by crystallization from a mixture of methylene chloride and ethanol.
• U-727 (l.O ⁇ g, 4.0mmole), U-772 (0.62g, 3.8mmole), and p- toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.02g) are mixed with toluene (lOmL) and acetic acid (10mL) and heated for 18-24 hours at 95° to 100°.
• U-503 gradually
• the unpurified U440 is dissolved in methylene chloride (25mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (5mL) is added, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 min. The phases are allowed to settle and the methylene chloride phase is removed. The aqueous phase is extracted with with methylene chloride (10mL). The methylene chloride phases are combined and distilled to yield crude solid U-440.
• Aryl-alkyl ketones similar in structure to the intermediates shown in the mappicine CHARTS are particularly favorable substrates for chiral reduction.
• the reagents that are effective for this type of reduction are Noyori's binaphthol-lithium aluminum hydride complex , complexes of borane and chiral amino alcohols developed by Itsuno , borane reductions catalyzed by chiral oxazaborolidines 3 , and complexes of lithium aluminum hydride and darvon alcohol .
• Reaction products and intermediate from the above can then be reacted in obvious variants of the Friedlander type condensation to produce desired products such as those shown in the CHARTS below.
• CHART G is a general description showing the generic structures involved in the reactions. After the production of the compound labeled 4G there are two quite different reaction pathways that may be pursued. One pathway continues with CHART G and eventually results in the production of camptothecin or related compounds. The other pathway, CHART M-G, eventually results in the production of mappicine or related compounds.
• CHART CPT-11 is one species specific embodiment of CHART G that shows the specific reactions and intermediates resulting in the production of camptothecin.
• CHART M-M is one species specific embodiment of CHART M that shows the specific reactions and intermediates resulting in the production of mappicine.
• Step 10 in CHARTS G and CPT- 11 show the resolution of enantiomers.
• CHARTS M-G and G-G show one enantiomer, with a bold line showing orientation, however; the other enantiomer could just as well be made and isolated using procedures known to one ordinarily skilled in the art. The procedures would then be applicable to whatever enantiomer, or mixtures of enantiomers, was selected.
• the other enantiomers from CHARTS M-G and G-G are shown in some of the claims where the orientation is shown with either a bold or a dotted line.
• Hydrogen atoms, and their connecting bonds, are not usually shown in the following CHARTS or in any of the formula used herein. Sometimes carbon atoms are only indicated by bonds and not by the letter "c.”

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