WO1996022787A1 - Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein and uses thereof - Google Patents

Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein and uses thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996022787A1
WO1996022787A1 PCT/US1996/000996 US9600996W WO9622787A1 WO 1996022787 A1 WO1996022787 A1 WO 1996022787A1 US 9600996 W US9600996 W US 9600996W WO 9622787 A1 WO9622787 A1 WO 9622787A1
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fetoprotein
cell
human alpha
fragment
recombinant human
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PCT/US1996/000996
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Robert A. Murgita
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Murgita Robert A
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Priority claimed from US08/377,309 external-priority patent/US5965528A/en
Priority claimed from US08/505,012 external-priority patent/US6331611B1/en
Application filed by Murgita Robert A filed Critical Murgita Robert A
Priority to JP8523001A priority Critical patent/JPH10513347A/ja
Priority to AU49035/96A priority patent/AU700975B2/en
Priority to CA2211324A priority patent/CA2211324C/en
Priority to EP96905219A priority patent/EP0805687A4/en
Publication of WO1996022787A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996022787A1/en
Priority to HK98111257A priority patent/HK1010153A1/xx

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
    • C07K14/4715—Pregnancy proteins, e.g. placenta proteins, alpha-feto-protein, pregnancy specific beta glycoprotein
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A61P21/04—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system for myasthenia gravis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
    • A61P5/32—Antioestrogens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
    • A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2799/00—Uses of viruses
    • C12N2799/02—Uses of viruses as vector
    • C12N2799/021—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid
    • C12N2799/026—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid where the vector is derived from a baculovirus

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the expression and purification of cloned human alpha-fetoprotein; methods for treating autoimmune diseases; cancer therapeutics and diagnostic methods; and cell growth and cell culture.
  • Alpha-fetoprotein is a serum protein normally found at significant levels only in fetal blood. In adult blood increased alpha-fetoprotein levels are associated with liver regeneration and certain carcinomas.
  • the invention features substantially pure biologically-active recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein including a sequence that is substantially identical to either amino acids 1 to 389 of Fig. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 9) or a fragment thereof; amino acids 198 to 590 of Fig. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 10) or a fragment thereof; amino acids 198 to 389 of Fig. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 7) or a fragment thereof; amino acids 390 to 590 of Fig. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or a fragment thereof; and amino acids 266 to 590 of Fig. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) or a fragment thereof.
  • the invention features a method for using an insect cell for producing biologically active recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein or a fragment or analog thereof involving a) providing a transformed insect cell (e.g., Spodoptera fru ⁇ iperda. including a recombinant DNA molecule encoding the human alpha-fetoprotein or fragment or analog thereof operably linked to an expression control element which directs the expression of the human alpha-fetoprotein or fragment or analog thereof; b) culturing the transformed cell; and c) recovering the biologically active human alpha- fetoprotein or fragment or analog thereof.
  • a transformed insect cell e.g., Spodoptera fru ⁇ iperda. including a recombinant DNA molecule encoding the human alpha-fetoprotein or fragment or analog thereof operably linked to an expression control element which directs the expression of the human alpha-fetoprotein or fragment or analog thereof.
  • the invention also features substantially pure human alpha-fetoprotein or a fragment or analog thereof produced using any of the methods described herein, and therapeutic compositions including substantially pure human alpha-fetoprotein (or a fragment or analog thereof) produced using any of the expression systems described herein.
  • the invention features a method of inhibiting autoreactive immune cell proliferation in a mammal (e.g., a human patient), involving administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein or an immune cell anti-proliferative fragment or analog thereof.
  • Such a method is based on my discovery that unglycosylated recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein which is made in a prokaryote (e.g., E_ ⁇ coli) is useful for inhibiting autoreactive immune cells derived from a mammal.
  • a prokaryote e.g., E_ ⁇ coli
  • such immune cells include T cells or B cells; and the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein (or an immune cell anti-proliferative fragment or analog thereof) used in such methods is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., E. coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • the invention features a method of treating an autoimmune disease in a mammal (e.g.
  • autoimmune disease is multiple sclerosis; is rheumatoid arthritis; is yasthenia gravis; is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; or is systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • the autoimmune disease is acquired immune deficiency syndrome or involves a rejection of a transplanted organ, tissue, or cell.
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein used in such methods is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., E_ s _ coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • such methods further involve administering to the mammal an immunosuppressive agent in an effective dose which is lower than the standard dose when the immunosuppressive agent is used by itself.
  • an immunosuppressive agent is cyclosporine; is a steroid; is azathioprine; is FK-506; or is 15-deoxyspergualin.
  • such a method involves administering to the mammal a tolerizing agent.
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein used in such methods is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., Ej. coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • rHuAFP human alpha-fetoprotein
  • administration of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein can be an effective means of preventing or treating or ameliorating autoimmune diseases in a mammal.
  • rHuAFP human alpha-fetoprotein
  • the use of natural HuAFP has heretofore been limited by its unavailability, natural HuAFP is obtained by laborious purification from limited supplies of umbilical cords and umbilical cord serum.
  • rHuAFP biologically active rHuAFP can now be prepared in large quantities using the techniques of recombinant DNA, the use of rHuAFP for treating autoimmune diseases is now possible.
  • the use of rHuAFP is especially advantageous since there are no known adverse side effects related to human alpha-fetoprotein and it is believed that relatively high doses can be safely administered.
  • the invention features compositions and methods for the protection, treatment, and diagnosis of neoplasia, in particular, cancer.
  • This aspect of the invention is based on my discovery that unglycosylated recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein made in a prokaryote (e.g., E_j_ coli) is useful for treating and diagnosing mammals with neoplasms, especially malignant tumors, such as breast or prostate carcinomas, and other carcinomas caused by a proliferation of malignant cells which express receptors which are recognized by recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein.
  • a prokaryote e.g., E_j_ coli
  • the invention features a method of inhibiting a neoplasm in a mammal (e.g., a human patient) , involving administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein or an anti-neoplasm fragment or analog thereof.
  • a mammal e.g., a human patient
  • the neoplasm is a malignant tumor (e.g., a breast tumor or a prostate tumor)
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., IL. coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • the cells of the neoplasm express a receptor which is recognized by the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein.
  • a neoplasm is generally a carcinoma such as an adenocarcinoma or a sarcoma.
  • the neoplasm proliferates in response to a hormone, e.g, estrogen or androgen.
  • administration of recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein inhibits the proliferation of cells of the neoplasm or, alternatively, kills cells of the neoplasm in the mammal.
  • the method further includes administering to the mammal a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • the invention features a method of protecting a mammal from developing a neoplasm, involving administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein.
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., E_ ⁇ coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • the invention features a hybrid cytotoxin including a recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein (or a fragment or analog thereof) linked to a cytotoxic agent.
  • cytotoxic agents include, without limitation, diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A; ricin and other plant toxins such as abrin, modeccin, volkensin, viscumin; chlorea toxin (produced by Vibrio cholerae bacteria) ; the so-called "Shiga-like" toxins (produced by E ⁇ _ coli and other enteric bacteria) ; Salmonella heat-labile enterotoxin; and E ⁇ . coli heat- labile enterotoxin.
  • the cytotoxic agent is non-proteinaceous.
  • non-proteinaceous cytotoxic agents include, without limitation, anti-cancer agents such as doxorubicin, as well as ⁇ -emitting radionuclides such as astatine and ⁇ - emitting nuclides such as yttrium.
  • the cytotoxic agent of the hybrid cytotoxin is linked by a peptide bond to the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein, and the hybrid toxin is produced by expression of a genetically engineered hybrid DNA molecule.
  • the cytotoxic agent of the hybrid cytotoxin is a protein; such a cytotoxic agent is chemically conjugated to the recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein.
  • the invention features a detectably-labelled recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein or a detectably-labelled fragment or analog thereof capable of binding to a human neoplastic cell.
  • a radionuclide e.g., technetium-99m, iodine-125, iodine- 131, or indium.
  • detectable labels include, without limitation, enzymes, fluorophores, or other moieties or compounds which emit a detectable signal (e.g., radioactivity, fluorescence, color) or emit a detectable signal after exposure of the label to its substrate or, alternatively, the detectable signal can be an epitope recognized by an antibody (e.g., an epitope of alpha- fetoprotein or an epitope which is specifically engineered into the recombinant alpha-fetoprotein such as the HA or myc epitopes) .
  • the molecule targets a malignant tumor (e.g.
  • a breast tumor, a prostate tumor, or a carcinoma which expresses a receptor which is recognized by the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein (or fragment or analog thereof) .
  • recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein or fragment or analog thereof.
  • such recombinant alpha-fetoprotein is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., E_j_ coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • Detectably-labelled recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein (or is a fragment or analof thereof) is useful for methods of imaging a neoplastic cell- containing region in a human patient in vivo.
  • the method involves: (a) providing a detectably- labelled molecule of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein (or a fragment or analog thereof) ; (b) administering the molecule to the patient; (c) allowing the labelled molecule to bind and allowing unbound molecule to be cleared from the region; and (d) obtaining an image of the neoplastic cell-containing region.
  • the region is the breast or is the prostate.
  • the region is liver tissue, is lung tissue, is spleen tissue, is pancreatic tissue, is brain tissue, is lymph tissue, or is bone marrow.
  • the image is obtained using dynamic gamma scintigraphy.
  • Detectably-labelled recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein (or a fragment or analog thereof) can also be used in a method for diagnosing a neoplasm in a mammal (e.g., a human patient).
  • Such a method includes: (a) contacting the biological sample with the detectably- labelled molecule of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein; and (b) detecting the label bound to the sample, where the detection of label above background levels is indicative that the patient has a neoplasm.
  • the method involves a biological sample including cells fixed and sectioned prior to the contacting step, and the label bound to the sample is bound to areas corresponding to the cell membrane of the cells.
  • the biological sample is from the breast or prostate of a human patient.
  • Detectably-labelled recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein can also be used in a method for detecting a neoplasm a mammal in vivo.
  • a method for detecting a neoplasm a mammal in vivo includes: (a) administering a diagnostically effective amount of the detectably- labelled molecule of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein; and (b) detecting the presence of the detectable label bound to a tissue of the mammal, where an amount of label above background levels is indicative of the presence of the neoplasm in the mammal.
  • the method involves a human patient suspected of having a breast cancer, and the tissue is breast tissue. In other preferred embodiments, the method involves a human patient suspected of having a prostate cancer, and the tissue is prostate tissue.
  • the detectably labelled recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is linked to a radionuclide (e.g., technetium-90) and the detection step is accomplished by radioimaging (e.g., dynamic gamma scintigraphy) .
  • kits for detecting a neoplasm or any cell expressing a receptor which is recognized by recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein (or a fragment or analog thereof) in vivo, in situ or n vitro include a recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein which is recognized by a neoplasm, and which may be detectably labeled. If the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is unlabelled, a second reagent containing a detectable label (e.g. a radionuclide such as technetium-90, iodine-125, iodine- 131, or indium) is preferably included.
  • a detectable label e.g. a radionuclide such as technetium-90, iodine-125, iodine- 131, or indium
  • the kit further includes a substrate reagent for the enzyme.
  • the kit may also include a reagent for linking the detectable label to the recombinant alpha-fetoprotein.
  • the kit for detecting a neoplasm or any unwanted cell expressing a receptor which is recognized by recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein (or a fragment or analog thereof) includes a reagent containing an antibody which specifically binds the recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein and a reagent including a detectably labeled recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein that is specifically bound by the anti-alpha-fetoprotein antibody.
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein of the kit is produced in a prokaryotic cell (E_;_ coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • rHuAFP can be administered directly to a tumor site.
  • Recombinant HuAFP can also be chemically defined and synthesized, and prepared in large quantities using the techniques of recombinant DNA, e.g., those which are described herein.
  • recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein causes minimal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and neurotoxicity. Accordingly, relatively high doses of rHuAFP can be safely administered.
  • the diagnostic methods of the invention are advantageous since they allow for rapid and convenient diagnosis of a neoplasm.
  • the use of rHuAFP as a diagnostic agent e.g., by radioimaging using scintigraphy
  • the use of such diagnostic procedures permits non- invasive determination of the presence, location, or absence of a neoplasm which is advantageous for monitoring the condition of a patient.
  • the invention features a cell culture medium including recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein or a cell-stimulating fragment or analog thereof.
  • This aspect of the invention is based on my discovery that unglycosylated recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein made in a prokaryote (e.g. , E_ ⁇ coli) is a cell proliferative agent, e.g., promotes the growth of bone marrow in vitro.
  • a prokaryote e.g. , E_ ⁇ coli
  • recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is produced in a prokaryotic cell (E. coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • this aspect of invention features a method of cell culture, the method including (a) providing a cell culture medium including recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein; (b) providing a cell; (c) and growing the cell in the medium, where the cell proliferates, and is maintained.
  • the cell is a mammalian cell.
  • mammalian cells include bone marrow cells (e.g., T cells, natural killer cell, lymphocyte) , hybridomas, or a genetically- engineered cell line.
  • hematopoietic cells such as stem cells, blast cells, progentior cells (e.g., erythroid progenitor cells such as burst-forming units and colony-forming units) , myeloblasts, macrophages, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, tissue mast cells, megarkaryocytes (see e.g., Best and Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice , John B. West, ed. , Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore) .
  • progentior cells e.g., erythroid progenitor cells such as burst-forming units and colony-forming units
  • myeloblasts macrophages, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, tissue mast cells, megarkaryocytes (
  • the invention features a method for inhibiting myelotoxcity in a mammal (e.g., a human patient) involving administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein or a myelotoxic-inhibiting analog or fragment thereof.
  • a mammal e.g., a human patient
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is produced in a prokaryotic cell (E. coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • the invention features a method of inhibiting suppression of bone marrow cell proliferation in a mammal, the method involving administering to the mammal an effective amount of recombinant alpha-fetoprotein or an anti-suppressive fragment or analog thereof.
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., E_j_ coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • the invention features a method of promoting bone marrow cell proliferation in a mammal, involving administering to the mammal an effective amount of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein or a cell- stimulating fragment or analog thereof.
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., E_j_ coli) and is unglycosylated.
  • the invention features a method of preventing bone marrow cell transplantation rejection in a mammal, involving administering to the mammal an effective amount of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein or an anti-rejection fragment or analog thereof.
  • the recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein is produced in a prokaryotic cell (e.g., E ⁇ . colj) and is unglycosylated.
  • administration of rHuAFP can be an effective means for promoting and boosting cell growth in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.
  • administration of the compounds of the invention can also be an effective means of preventing or treating or ameliorating myleotoxcemia in a mammal.
  • rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof
  • tissue culture media is advantageous since there is little potential for contamination with pathogens.
  • human alpha-fetoprotein is meant a polypeptide having substantially the same amino acid sequence as the protein encoded by the human alpha- fetoprotein gene as described by Morinaga et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.. USA 80: 4604 (1983).
  • the method of producing recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein in a prokaryotic cell is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,250, and according to the methods described herein.
  • an expression control element is meant a nucleotide sequence which includes recognition sequences for factors that control expression of a protein coding sequence to which it is operably linked. Accordingly, an expression control element generally includes sequences for controlling both transcription and translation, for example, promoters, ribosome binding sites, repressor binding sites, and activator binding sites.
  • substantially the same amino acid sequence is meant a polypeptide that exhibits at least 80% homology with naturally occurring amino acid sequence of human alpha-fetoprotein, typically at least about 85% homology with the natural human alpha-fetoprotein sequence, more typically at least about 90% homology, usually at least about 95% homology, and more usually at least about 97% homology with the natural human alpha-fetoprotein sequence.
  • the length of comparison sequences will generally be at least 16 amino acids, usually at least 20 amino acids, more usually at least 25 amino acids, typically at least 30 amino acids, and preferably more than 35 amino acids.
  • sequence analysis software e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710
  • Protein analysis software matches similar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to various substitutions, deletions, substitutions, and other modifications.
  • Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, gluta ine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine.
  • substantially pure describes a protein or polypeptide which has been separated from components which naturally accompany it. Typically, a protein of interest is substantially pure when at least 60% to 75% of the total protein in a sample is the protein of interest.
  • a substantially pure protein will typically comprise over about 85 to 90% of the protein in sample, more usually will comprise at least about 95%, and preferably will be over about 99% pure. Normally, purity is measured on a chromatography column, polyacrylamide gel, or by HPLC analysis.
  • a protein is substantially free of naturally associated components when it is separated from the native contaminants which accompany it in its natural state.
  • a protein which is chemically synthesized or produced in a cellular system different from the cell from which it naturally originates will be substantially free from its naturally associated components.
  • the term can be used to describe polypeptides and nucleic acids derived from eukaryotic organisms which have been synthesized in E . coli and other prokaryotes.
  • the present invention provides for substantially pure human alpha-fetoprotein.
  • Various methods for the isolation of human AFP from biological material may be devised, based in part upon the structural and functional properties of human alpha-fetoprotein.
  • anti-AFP antibodies may immobilized on a solid substrate to generate a highly specific affinity column for purification of human AFP.
  • the present invention provides for biologically active recombinant fragments or analogs of human alpha- fetoprotein. For example, fragments active in ligand binding or immunosuppression.
  • DNA constructs prepared for introduction into such hosts will typically include an origin of replication which can be utilized by the host cell, a DNA fragment encoding the desired portion of human alpha-fetoprotein, transcription and translational initiation regulatory sequences operably linked to the alpha-fetoprotein encoding segment, and transcriptional and translational termination regulatory sequences operably linked to the alpha-fetoprotein encoding segment.
  • the transcriptional regulatory sequences will typically include a heterologous promoter which is recognized by the host.
  • promoters such as the trp, tac and phage promoters, tRNA promoters and glycolytic enzyme promoters may be used under appropriate circumstances (Sambrook et al. eds., Molecular Cloning: Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1989) . In some instances it may be desirable to include appropriately positioned recognition sequences for factors capable of regulating transcription in the host cell (e.g., the lac repressor of E_;_ coli) .
  • Commercially available expression vectors which include the replication system and transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences together with convenient sites for the insertion of a DNA fragment encoding the gene to be expressed may be used.
  • expression control element The various promoters, transcriptional, and translational described above are generally referred to as an "expression control element.”
  • the vectors containing the DNA segments of interest can be transferred into the host cell by well- known methods, which vary depending on the type of cellular host (Sambrook et al., supra) .
  • transformed cell is meant to also include the progeny of a transformed cell.
  • Prokaryotic hosts useful for high level expression of recombinant proteins include: various strains of E_;_ coli. Bacillus subtilis. and Pseudo onas.
  • the method of the invention provides a means by which to generate large quantities of human alpha- fetoprotein having biological activity.
  • AFP produced according to the method of the invention has biological activity despite the fact that it is not modified in the same fashion as naturally occurring human AFP.
  • immune cell anti-proliferative capable of inhibiting the growth of an undesirable immune cell (e.g., an autoreactive T cell as measured using the assays described herein) .
  • neoplasm any unwanted growth of cells serving no physiological function.
  • a cell of a neoplasm has been released from its normal cell division control, i.e., a cell whose growth is not regulated by the ordinary biochemical and physical influences in the cellular environment.
  • a neoplastic cell proliferates to form a clone of cells which are either benign or malignant.
  • neoplasms include, without limitation, transformed and immortalized cells, tumors, and carcinomas such as breast cell carcinomas and prostate carcinomas.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount is meant a dose of unglycosylated recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein or an anti-neoplasm fragment or analog thereof capable of inhibiting the proliferation of a neoplasm or is capable of inhibiting autoreactive immune cell proliferation or stimulating the proliferation of a cell (e.g., a bone marrow cell).
  • diagnostically effective amount is meant a dose of detectably-labelled recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein or a detectably-labelled fragment or analog thereof that can be detected within a targeted region in a mammal (e.g., a human patient).
  • cell-stimulating is meant increasing cell proliferation, increasing cell division, promoting cell differentiation and/or development, or promoting cell longevity.
  • myelotoxic-inhibiting is meant inhibiting myeloablation.
  • Pig. 1 is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) of the cDNA encoding human alpha-fetoprotein.
  • Pig. 2 is the 10% SDS-PAGE analysis of rHuAFP Fragment I (SEQ ID NO: 11) (Lane A, MW marker; Lane B, natural human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ; Lane C, unpurified rHuAFP; Lane D, rHuAFP Fragment I, and Lane E, rHuAFP (amino acids l- 590 of Fig. 1, SEQ ID NO: 5) .
  • Pig. 3 is a bar graph showing the inhibition of human AMLR by E ⁇ . coli-derived rHuAFP and domain fragments.
  • Pig. 4 is a series of graphs (Figs. 4A-4D) showing the purity and biochemical characteristics of baculovirus- and JL. coli-derived rHuAFP using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and column chromatography.
  • Fig. 4A is a 10% non-denaturing alkaline polyacrylamide gel showing the purity of rHuAFP.
  • Mouse a niotic fluid proteins (transferrin, AFP and albumin) are shown in lane 1, natural HuAFP (lane 2) , baculovirus- derived rHuAFP (lane 3) , and J . coli-derived rHuAFP (lane 4) .
  • Transferrin, AFP and albumin are shown in lane 1, natural HuAFP (lane 2) , baculovirus- derived rHuAFP (lane 3) , and J . coli-derived rHuAFP (lane 4) .
  • 4B is a 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacryla ide gel showing the purity of rHuAFP produced using baculovirus and E. coli expression systems. Molecular weight markers are shown in lane 1, natural HuAFP, baculovirus- and JL. coli-derived rHuAFP are shown in lanes 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
  • Pig. 4C is a series of FPLC chromatogra s of natural HuAFP, baculovirus- derived and I . coli-derived rHuAFP eluted on a MonoQ anion exchange column. The superimposed chromatograms -identify natural HuAFP (Chromatogram 1) , baculovirus- and E.
  • Pig. 4D is a series of HPLC chromatograms obtained by passing 50 ⁇ g of natural and rHuAFP by passing through a reverse phase Delta Pak C18 column (Waters) and eluting with a gradient of 0-100% acetonitrile in 0.1% TFA.
  • the superimposed chromatograms identify natural HuAFP (Chromatogram 1) and baculovirus- and J . coli-derived rHuAFP (Chromatograms 2 and 3, respectively) .
  • Pig. 5 is a bar graph showing that monoclonal anti-natural HuAFP antibodies block immunosuppression of the AMLR by rHuAFP produced using baculovirus and EL. coli expression systems. Immunosuppression by rHuAFP produced using baculovirus and JL. coli expression systems was significant (p ⁇ 0.002) and blocking of rHuAFP-mediated immunosuppression by the AMLR by monoclonal anti-natural HuAFP (a AFP) antibodies was also significant (p ⁇ 0.03).
  • AMLR cultures were set up with 2 X 10 5 responding T cells with 2.5 X l ⁇ 5 irradiated autologous non-T cells in the presence or absence of protein, harvested at 144 hours, and autoproliferation was measured by the amount of 3 H- thymidine incorporated by autoreactive T cells.
  • Blocking of the autoproliferative effects of rHuAFP was carried out by adding murine anti-human AFP monoclonal antibodies at a dilution of 1/8 (125 ⁇ g/ml) to AMLR cultures suppressed by 100 ⁇ g/ml baculovirus derived (diagonal bars) and by 100 ⁇ g/ml of JL. coli-derived (open bars) rHUAFP.
  • Control cultures consisted of the AMLR in the presence of 1/8 dilution of anti-human AFP (a AFP) monoclonal antibodies.
  • Pig. 6 is a series of bar graphs (Figs. 6A and 6B) showing the effects of rHuAFP-mediated immunosuppression using human AMLR (Fig. 6 ⁇ ) and PBL (Pig. 6B) assays.
  • Pig. 6A shows the results of autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) prepared by co-culturing 250,000 T cells with an equivalent amount of autologous irradiated non-T lymphocytes.
  • AMLR autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction
  • Recombinant HuAFP preparations derived from JL. coli and baculovirus expression systems and albumin were added at a concentration of 100 ⁇ g/ml at the initiation of culture. Proliferative responses were measured at 144 hours by 3 H-thymidine incorporation.
  • Pig. 6B shows the results of PBLs (2 x 10 5 ) stimulated with 1 ⁇ g/ml ConA which were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with only 2 mg/ml albumin for 48 hrs.
  • Albumin and rHuAFP derived from E .
  • Pig. 7 is a plasmid map of pVT-PlacZ.
  • Pig. 8 is a series of graphs showing the inhibitory effects of the rHuAFP on kinetics of T cell activation (Fig. 8A) and the dose-response relationship of rHuAFP on autoproliferating T cells (Fig. 8B) .
  • Fig. 8A is a plasmid map of pVT-PlacZ.
  • Pig. 8 is a series of graphs showing the inhibitory effects of the rHuAFP on kinetics of T cell activation (Fig. 8A) and the dose-response relationship of rHuAFP on autoproliferating T cells (Fig. 8B) .
  • Fig. 8A inhibitory effects of the rHuAFP on kinetics of T cell activation
  • Fig. 8B dose-response relationship of rHuAFP on autoproliferating T cells
  • FIG. 8A is a graph showing proliferative responses over a 4 day time course of cells cultured in the absence (v) and in the presence of 100 ⁇ g/ml (T) rHuAFP.
  • (•) denotes the background proliferation of the responder cell population cultured separately. Recombinant HuAFP-mediated suppression on the AMLR over the time course was significant (p ⁇ 0.01).
  • Fig. 8B is a graph showing the inhibition of autoproliferating T cells at 144 hours with amounts of rHuAFP ranging from 6-100 ⁇ g/ml (T) .
  • (v) denotes the control response of the reaction in the absence of protein. Inhibition of autoreactive T cells by rHuAFP in the range of 12.5-100 ⁇ g/ml is significant (p ⁇ 0.005).
  • Fig. 9 is a bar graph showing the effect of rHuAFP on estrogen-stimulated post-confluent growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
  • Fig. 10 is a bar graph showing murine bone marrow proliferation in serum-free RPMI medium in the presence or absence of both 400 ⁇ g/ml rHuAFP and 5 ⁇ g/ml transferrin.
  • cDNA library was constructed with size- fractionated cDNA (0.5-3 kb) prepared from poly(A) + RNA isolated from liver cells ( ⁇ 3 grams wet weight) of a 4.5 months old human abortus.
  • cDNA was synthesized using the Librarian II cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and fractionated on a 1% agarose gel. Fragments of 0.5 to 3 kb were extracted and ligated to vector pTZ18-RB (Invitrogen) , and used to transform competent E . coli DH10.F' (Invitrogen) . Colony lifts were performed with Colony/Plaque Screen filters (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) , and the transferred bacterial colonies were lysed and denatured by incubation in a solution of 0.5M NaOH, 1.5M NaCl for 10 min.
  • the filters were washed for 5 min in 1.5M NaCl, 0.50M Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), and air dried. Filters were then washed 5 times in chloroform, soaked in 0.3M NaCl to remove cellular debris, and then air dried. The DNA was fixed to the nitrocellulose by baking at 80° under vacuum for 2 hrs.
  • IX SSC l50mM NaCl, 15mM sodium citrate [pH 7.0]
  • IX Denhardt's solution 0.2 g/1 polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.2 g/1 BSA, 0.2 g/1 Ficoll 400
  • sodium pyrophosphate 0.5 % SDS
  • 100 ⁇ g/ml EL. coli DNA 100 ⁇ g/ml EL. coli DNA.
  • Hybridization was performed for 18-24 hr at 37°C in the same solution without SDS, containing 1-2 x 10 6 cpm/ml of two oligonucleotides 32 p- labelled by 5'-end phosphorylation (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra) .
  • the sequence of the oligonucleotides used for probing the library 5'- TGTCTGCAGGATGGGGAAAAA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1) and 5'-CATGAAATGACTCCAGTA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 2), correspond to positions 772 to 792 and positions 1405 to 1422 of the human AFP coding sequence respectively.
  • Hybridization conditions were as described above except that a third 32 P-labelled oligonucleotide (5'-CATAGAAATGAATATGGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 3), representing positions 7 to 24 of the human AFP coding region) was used in addition to the other two probes described above.
  • Five positive clones were identified among the 3,000 colonies screened.
  • One clone, pLHuAFP was used in the construction described below. Construction of Full Length Human AFP cDNA A construct containing a translation initiation codon followed by the human AFP coding sequence and a translation termination codon was created using the following five DNA fragments.
  • Fragment 1 Two unphosphorylated oligonucleotides were annealed to form a double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of a 5'-end cohesive EcoRl recognition site, followed by an ATG initiation codon and the first 60 bp of the human AFP cDNA up to and including the Pstl restriction site located at position 60 in the coding sequence (In this scheme, nucleotide 1 is the first nucleotide of the first codon (Thr) in the mature protein and corresponds to nucleotide 102 of Morinaga et al., supra..
  • This fragment was ligated to pUC119 (pUC19 with the intergenic region of M13 from HgiA I at 5465 to Ahall at 5941 inserted at the Nde I site of pUC19) linearized with Eco RI and Pst I.
  • the resulting DNA was amplified in JL. coli NM522 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ)
  • the EcoRI- Pstl insert was recovered by enzymatic digestion of the recombinant plasmid followed by electrophoretic separation on a 5% polyacrylamide gel and isolation from the gel.
  • Fragment 2 A 97 bp human AFP cDNA fragment (positions 57 to 153) was obtained by digesting pLHuAFP with Pstl and Nsil and gel purifying as described above. This clone contains the entire coding region of human AFP as well as 5' and 3' untranslated sequences.
  • Fragment 3 A 224 bp human AFP cDNA fragment (positions 150 to 373) was obtained by digesting pLHuAFP with Nsil and AlwNI and purifying as described above.
  • Fragment 4 A 1322 bp human AFP cDNA fragment (positions 371 to 1692) was obtained by digesting pLHuAFP with AlwNI and Styl and purifying as described above.
  • Fragment 5 Two unphosphorylated oligonucleotides were annealed to form a 86 bp double-stranded DNA contains the human AFP sequence from position 1693 in the Styl site to the TAA termination codon that ends the AFP coding region at position 1773, followed by a cohesive BamHI site. This synthetic DNA was used without any further manipulations.
  • pBluescript (StrataGene, La Jolla, CA) was completely hydrolyzed with EcoRl and BamHI, and added to ligation mixture containing the five purified fragments described above. A control ligation contained only the linearized pBluescript. Portions of these two ligation mixtures were used to transform competent EL.
  • pHuAFP includes a unique EcoRI-BamHI fragment that contains the complete coding sequence for human AFP in addition to an ATG start codon at the 5'-end and a TAA stop codon at the 3'-end.
  • TRP TRP-linked protein kinase
  • RX1 RX1
  • MAL MAL-linked protein kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase containing 20 amino acids encoded by trpE and vector sequences.
  • the MAL system expressed AFP fused to the malE gene product, a 42 kd maltose-binding protein.
  • TRP Expression System The 1186 bp EcoRI-BamHI AFP encoding fragment of pHuAFP was cloned into the expression vector pTrp4 (Olsen et al., J. Biotechnol. 9:179, 1989) downstream of the trp promoter and a modified ribosome-binding site.
  • pHuAFP was digested with EcoRI and BamHI, and the ends were filled using Klenow polymerase.
  • the 1186 bp AFP fragment was then gel purified.
  • pTrp4 was Clal digested, the ends were filled using Klenow polymerase, and the linearized vector was gel purified.
  • the 1186 bp AFP fragment and pTrp4 backbone were ligated and used to transform competent EL. coli of the following strains: DH5 ⁇ , BL21 (F.W. Studier, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY) , SG927 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD: Ace. No. 39627) , SG928 (ATCC Ace. No.
  • RX1 Expression System Human AFP cDNA was cloned into the expression vector pRXl ( imm et al., Gene 75:323, 1989) adjacent to the trp promoter and in the translation frame of TrpE. The human AFP cDNA was excised from pHuAFP by digestion with EcoRI and BamHI and cloned into suitably treated pRXl (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) . The E coli strains described above and CAG456 (D.W. Cleveland, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD) were then transformed with the final plasmid construction identified as pRXl/HuAFP.
  • AFP cDNA was into inserted in the expression vector pMAL (New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly, MA) under control of the tac promoter and in the translation frame of MalE. Briefly, pHuAFP was hydrolysed with BamHI and the ends made blunt using Klenow polymerase. The human AFP cDNA was released from the rest of the plasmid DNA by EcoRI digestion and then gel purified. The purified fragment was ligated to appropriately digested pMAL-C. A correctly oriented recombinant plasmid, designated pMAL/HuAFP, was used to transform IL. coli DH5 ⁇ , TBI (New England Biolabs) and SG935.
  • the AFP coding region used in the construction of the three expression vectors was sequenced and found to encode full length AFP.
  • Bacterial cultures were incubated at 30°C or 37°C with aeration. Overnight cultures of J coli were grown in LB medium supplemented with the appropriate antibiotics as required (Tetracycline-HCl was at 50 ⁇ g/ml, and ampicillin-Na was at 100 ⁇ g/ml) .
  • TRP and RX1 Expression Systems The trp promoter was induced under tryptophan starvation conditions. Induction was performed in M9CA medium prepared as follows: 1 g Casamino acids (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI), 6 g Na 2 HP0 4 , 3g KH 2 P0 4 , 0.5 g NaCl, 1 g NH 4 C1 is added to one liter milli-Q water (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA), the pH adjusted to 7.4 and the solution autoclaved. The cooled medium is made 2mM MgS0 4 , O.lmM CaCl 2 , and 0.2% glucose. After a 100-fold dilution of an overnight culture in M9CA supplemented with antibiotics, the cells were grown at 30°C to A 550 of 0.4, harvested by centrifugation, and stored as pellets at -20°C.
  • M9CA medium prepared as follows: 1 g Casamino acids (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI), 6
  • MAL Expression System The tac promoter was induced with the gratuitous inducer IPTG. Overnight cultures were diluted 100-fold in LB medium supplemented with antibiotics, and the cells grown at 37°C to A 550 of 0.4. IPTG was then added to a final concentration of 0.3mM, and the bacteria incubated an additional 2 hr. The cells were then harvested by centrifugation and stored as pellets at -20°C. Detection of AFP Expressed in E. Coli
  • the lysate was centrifuged at 10,000g for 20 min, and the supernatant containing soluble protein was decanted in a separate test tube and frozen at -20°C until used.
  • the pellet containing insoluble protein was resuspended in SDS-lysis buffer, boiled for 5 min and kept at -20°C until used.
  • Total protein released in SDS-lysis buffer, as well as soluble and pellet fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunological detection following western blot transfer.
  • Coomassie blue stained gels were routinely scanned with a video densitometer (BioRad, model 620) . This allowed a qualitative assessment of the amount of recombinant AFP produced as a percentage of total cellular protein. Purification of AFP Expressed in the TRP System
  • the cell lysate was centrifuged at 12,000g for 20 min, and the precipitate containing the recombinant AFP was washed twice with 50 ml of wash buffer (50mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], lOmM EDTA, 0.2% Triton X- 100) , followed each time by centrifugation as above.
  • the precipitate was dissolved in 50 ml of denaturation buf f er (0.1M K 2 HP0 4 [pH 8.5], 6M guanidine-HCl, 0.1M 2- mercaptoethanol) , sonicated, and then mixed on a Nutator (Clay Adams) for 4 hr.
  • the solubilized extract was diluted 50-fold in 50mM Tris-HCl, lOOroM NaCl, lmM EDTA, and the recombinant AFP protein allowed to renature for 24 hr.
  • This 50-fold dilution step is important because prior to dilution AFP appears to be microaggregated. Subsequent to dilution and reconcentration, AFP is not aggregated.
  • the solution was concentrated 100-fold on YM10 membranes using an Amicon filtration unit, and clarified through a Millex 0.22 ⁇ m membrane filter (Millipore) .
  • the recombinant AFP was further purified at room temperature on a Mono Q column (Pharmacia) equilibrated in 20mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) with bound proteins eluted using a linear gradient of 0-100% IM NaCl, 20mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). Fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, APAGE, and Western blotting. These general techniques of polypeptide expression and purification can also be used to produce and isolate useful human alpha-fetoprotein fragments or analogs (described below) . Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Western Immunodetection Procedures
  • Recombinant human AFP was quantitated using a human AFP ELISA kit (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL) .
  • AFP yield was estimated by scanning silver stained gels.
  • SG935 cells are transformed with the AFP encoding plasmid that employs the Trp expression system, AFP represents 2 to 5% of total cellular E ⁇ . coli protein (approximately 3-7 mg AFP per liter of culture) .
  • most AFP in the initial extract is insoluble.
  • the above-described resolubilization procedure permits 50-60% recovery of AFP in the form of stable, semi-purified, monomeric AFP (approximate yield 50 mg/20 1 of E_i. coli) . This can be further purified to yield 25 mg of pure monomeric AFP.
  • Recombinant baculovirus expressing HuAFP (or a fragment or analog therof) is constructed according to standard methods known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,051). This process generally involves two steps.
  • the gene to be expressed e.g., rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof (described infra)
  • rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof is first cloned into a plasmid transfer vector downstream from a baculovirus promoter that is flanked by baculovirus DNA derived from a nonessential locus, e.g., the polyhedrin gene. This plasmid is then introduced into insect cells along with circular wild-type genomic DNA for homologous recombination to occur.
  • Resulting recombinant progeny are then screened, e.g., using sequential plaque assays to purify recombinant virus away from the nonrecombinant parental strain. Viral amplification is also generally necessary to obtain sufficient virus for protein expression. Recombinant virus are plaque purified and their DNA structure confirmed using standard methods well known in the art.
  • the rHuAFP cDNA fragment was isolated from plasmid pll ⁇ with EcoRI/BamHI and purified using Geneclean as described infra. The cloning and expression of the HuAFP cDNA in baculovirus was performed using plasmid pVT-
  • PLacZ Human AFP cDNA was cloned into plasmid pVT-PlacZ (Fig. 7) in frame with the 3'-end of the insect derived melittin signal peptide sequence.
  • the baculovirus vector pVT-PlacZ was modified by replacing the multiple cloning site with the oligonucleotide 5'-GATCTAGAATTCGGATCCGGT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 21) and its complementary fragment, containing EcoRI and BamHI restriction sites in the 5' and 3' direction, reducing the number of non-AFP coding nucleotides between the melittin signal peptide cleavage site and the location of the AFP cDNA insert at the EcoRI endonuclease sequence.
  • the insert was then ligated into the modified pVT-PLacZ vectors at the EcoRI and BamHI DNA sequences.
  • recombinant baculovirus containing rHuAFP coding sequences was performed according to standard techniques. Accordingly, purified recombinant baculovirus containing the coding sequences of HuAFP were generated by co-transfection of the pVT- PLacZ transfer vectors and wild-type baculovirus, followed by two rounds of plaque purification. Sf9 insect cells seeded at a density of 1 x 10 6 cells/ml in 500 ml spinner flasks were infected with recombinant baculovirus in serum-free Grace medium at a multiplicity of infection of 5. The supernatant containing secreted rHuAFP was harvested and cells were removed by centrifuging at 200 x g.
  • the rHuAFP containing medium was concentrated 10-20 fold by ultrafiltration with a YM30 Amicon membrane, dialysed overnight against PBS and then applied to a Con A lectin column (Pharmacia) .
  • Bound rHuAFP was eluted with 0.4M methyl ⁇ -D mannopyranoside and was purified by elution from Mono Q resin during a linear gradient from 0-100% IM NaCl in 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.0.
  • Recombinant HuAFP was characterized according to methods well known in the art. I found that baculovirus produced rHuAFP represented approximately 20% of the total proteins secreted into serum-free medium by the Sf9 insect cells.
  • baculovirus-derived HuAFP was also found to be monomeric as analyzed by non-reducing alkaline PAGE.
  • Final purification of the baculovirus derived rAFP preparations was accomplished by eluting protein with 270-310 mM NaCl from MonoQ beads, yielding a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 68 kD. We obtained at least lmg of purified protein was obtained per liter of growth culture.
  • the baculovirus-derived rHuAFP molecular weight is similar to the natural human molecule (Fig. 4B) .
  • N-terminal sequencing further confirmed the identity of pure rHuAFP.
  • the N-terminal sequence of the rHuAFP was as follows: Asp-Leu-Glu-Phe- Met-Thr-Leu-His-Arg-Asn (SEQ ID NO: 22) .
  • Western blot analysis of serum free supernatants from recombinant baculovirus infected Sf9 cells detected a single immunoreactive band with monospecific anti-HuAFP Ab that was absent form the supernatant of uninfected or wild- type virus-infected Sf9 cells.
  • baculovirus-derived rHuAFP inhibited the proliferative response of autoreactive lymphocytes stimulated by autologous non-T cells at 144 hours.
  • the addition of an identical amount of human serum albumin failed to diminish lymphoproliterative responses.
  • rHuAFP was the substrate resposnsible for the inhibition of autoproliferating T cells
  • blocking of the rHuAFP-mediated suppression of the AMLR was performed using commercial murine anti-human AFP monoclonal antibodies (MAb) .
  • MAb monoclonal antibodies
  • suppression of proliferating autoreactive T cells by 100 ⁇ g/ml IL. coli- and baculovirus-derived rHuAFP was completely blocked by anti-HuAFP MAb.
  • the addition of 100 ⁇ g/ml of HSA did not diminish the AMLR response and the presence of MAb alone in the reaction culture was without any effect.
  • rHuAFPs e.g., rHuAFP (Amino acids l(Thr) - 590 (Val) ; SEQ ID NO: 5) ; Domain I (Amino acids 1 (Thr) - 197 (Ser) , SEQ ID NO: 6; Domain II (Amino acids 198 (Ser) - 389 (Ser) , SEQ ID NO: 7) ; Domain III (Amino acids 390 (Gin) - 590 (Val), SEQ ID NO: 8); Domain I + II (Amino acids 1 (Thr) - 389 (Ser), SEQ ID NO: 9); Domain II + III, (Amino acids 198 (Ser) - 590 (Val), SEQ ID NO: 10); rHuAFP Fragment I (Amino acids 266 (Met) - 590 (Val) , SEQ ID NO: 11) can be produced using the above described baculovirus expression system according to standard methods, e.g.
  • the vector pVT-PLacZ/HuAFP (amino acids 1 - 590) is constructed by inserting the cDNA for HuAFP into pVT-PIO, an intermediate vector in the construction of pVT-PLacZ (Richardson et al., (1992) Engineering Glycoproteins for secretion using the baculovirus expression system. In : Baculovirus and Recombinant Protein Production Processes , eds., J.M. Viak, E.-J. Schlaeger, and A.R. Bernard, Editiones Roche, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 67-73.).
  • the pVT-PIO vector is digested with BamHI, followed by incubation with mung bean Nuclease (New England Biolabs, Mississauga, Ont.). The vector is then further hydrolyzed with EcoRl downstream of the blunt-end BamHI site to facilitate directional cloning of the HuAFP cDNA.
  • the rHuAFP cDNA encoding amino acids 1-590 is obtained by PCR amplification, employing the following oligonucleotide primers: (5'-AAAAAACTCGAGATACACTGCATAGAAATGAA-3' ; SEQ ID NO: 23) , containing an Xhol site and (5'- AAAAAAGAATTCTTAAACTCCCAAAGCAGCACG-3' ; SEQ ID NO:24), containing an EcoRl site, and plasmid pll8 as the template DNA containing the coding region of HuAFP.
  • the PCR reaction is performed according to standard methods, e.g., in a reaction mixture containing 34 ⁇ L H 2 0, lO ⁇ L 10 x reaction buffer, 20 ⁇ L dNTP, 2 ⁇ L DNA template, 10 ⁇ L 10 pmol/ ⁇ L 5' primer, 10 ⁇ L 10 p ol/ ⁇ L 3' primer, 1 ⁇ L glycerol, 10 ⁇ L DMSO, and 1 ⁇ L Pfu polymerase.
  • Annealing, extension, and denaturation temperatures are also performed according to standard contions, e.g., 50°C, 72°C, and 94°C, respectively, for 30 cycles, using the GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (Perking Elmer Cetus) .
  • DNA from the PCR reaction is purified using the Genaclean kit (Bio 11 Inc., LaJolla, CA) .
  • Genaclean kit Bio 11 Inc., LaJolla, CA
  • the rHuAFP cDNA fragment is first digested with Xhol followed by treatment with mung bean nuclease.
  • the HuAFP cDNA is digested with EcoRl to facilitate directional cloning into pVT-plO.
  • the PCR-produced rHuAFP cDNA is ligated into the blunt ended 5' BamHI site and into the 3' EcoRl site.
  • the invention includes biologically active fragments of rHuAFP.
  • a biologically active fragment of rHuAFP is one that possesses at least one of the following activities: (a) directs a specific interaction with a target cell, e.g., binds to a cell expressing a receptor which is recognized by rHuAFP (e.g.
  • the membrane of a cancer cell such as an MCF-7 or a bone marrow cell
  • a neoplasm or an autoreactive immune cell e.g., binds to a cell surface receptor and imparts an anti- proliferative signal
  • stimulates, increases, expands, or otherwise causes the proliferation of a cell such as a bone marrow cell (e.g., binds to a cell surface receptor a proliferative or stimulating-signal)
  • blocks or inhibits or prevents an immunopathologic antibody reaction e.g., binds to a cell surface receptor a proliferative or stimulating-signal
  • fragments of rHuAFP are produced according to the techniques of polypeptide expression and purification described supra.
  • suitable fragments of rHuAFP can be produced by transformation of a suitable host bacterial cell with part of an HuAFP- encoding cDNA fragment (e.g., the cDNA described above) in a suitable expression vehicle.
  • such fragments can be generated by standard techniques of PCR and cloned into the expression vectors (supra) .
  • Fragments can also be produced by chemical synthesis (e.g., by the methods described in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis , 2nd ed. , 1984, The Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, II) • Accordingly, once a fragment of rHuAFP is expressed, it may be isolated by various chromatographic and/or immunological methods known in the art. Lysis and fractionation of rHuAFP-containing cells prior to affinity chromatography may be performed by standard methods. The ability of a candidate rHuAFP fragment to exhibit a biological activity of alpha-fetoprotein is assessed by methods known to those skilled in the art (e.g., those described herein).
  • a rHuAFP fragment may also be expressed as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein produced in EL. coli.
  • maltose binding protein fusion and purification system New England
  • the cloned human cDNA sequence can be inserted downstream and in frame of the gene encoding maltose binding protein (malE) , and the malE fusion protein can then be overexpressed.
  • malE maltose binding protein
  • PCR can be used to introduce restriction sites compatible with the vector at the 5' and 3' end of the cDNA fragment to facilitate insertion of the cDNA fragment into the vector.
  • affinity chromatography For example, the fusion protein can be purified by virtue of the ability of the maltose binding protein portion of the fusion protein to bind to amylose immobilized on a column.
  • the pMalE plasmid contains a factor Xa cleavage site upstream of the site into which the cDNA is inserted into the vector.
  • the fusion protein purified as described above can then be cleaved with factor Xa to separate the maltose binding protein from a fragment of the recombinant human cDNA gene product.
  • the cleavage products can be subjected to further chromatography to purify rHuAFP from the maltose binding protein.
  • a fragment of rHuAFP may be expressed as a fusion protein containing a polyhistidine tag can be produced.
  • Such an alpha- fetoprotein fusion protein may then be isolated by binding of the polyhistidine tag to an affinity column having a nickel moiety which binds the polyhistidine region with high affinity.
  • the fusion protein may then be eluted by shifting the pH within the affinity column.
  • the rHuAFP can be released from the polyhistidine sequences present in the resultant fusion protein by cleavage of the fusion protein with specific proteases.
  • Recombinant HuAFP fragment expression products may be assayed by immunological procedures, such as Western blot, immunoprecipitation analysis of recombinant cell extracts, or immunofluorescence (using, e.g., the methods described in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols In Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience (John Wiley & Sons), New York, 1994).
  • the purified recombinant gene product or fragment thereof can then be used to raise polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies against the human recombinant alpha-fetoprotein using well-known methods (see Coligan et al., eds.. Current Protocols in Immunology, 1992, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience) .
  • a mouse can be immunized with the recombinant protein, and antibody-secreting B cells isolated and immortalized with a non-secretory myeloma cell fusion partner. Hybridomas are then screened for production of recombinant human alpha- fetoprotein (or a fragment or analog thereof)-specific antibodies and cloned to obtain a homogenous cell population which produces monoclonal antibodies.
  • fragment as applied to a rHuAFP polypeptide, is preferably at least 20 contiguous amino acids, preferably at least 50 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 100 contiguous amino acids, and most preferably at least 200 to 400 or more contiguous amino acids in length. Fragments of rHuAFP molecules can be generated by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., proteolytic cleavage or expression of recombinant peptides, or may result from normal protein processing (e.g., removal of amino acids from nascent polypeptide that are not required for biological activity) .
  • Recombinant HuAFP fragments of interest include, but are not limited to, Domain I (amino acids 1 (Thr) - 197 (Ser) , see Fig. 1, SEQ ID NO: 6) , Domain II (amino acids 198 (Ser) - 389 (Ser), see Fig. 1, SEQ ID NO: 7), Domain III (amino acids 390 (Gin) - 590 (Val) , see Fig. 1, SEQ ID NO: ) , Domain I+II (amino acids 1 (Thr) - 389 (Ser), see Fig. 1, SEQ ID NO: 9), Domain II+III (amino acids 198 (Ser) - 590 (Val) , see Fig.
  • rHuAFP Fragment I amino acids 266 (Met) - 590 (Val) , see Fig. 1, SEQ ID NO: 11
  • Activity of a fragment is evaluated experimentally using conventional techniques and assays, e.g. , the assays described herein.
  • the invention further includes analogs of full- length rHuAFP or fragments thereof. Analogs can differ from rHuAFP by amino acid sequence differences, or by modifications (e.g., post-translational modifications) which do not affect sequence, or by both. Analogs of the invention will generally exhibit at least 80%, more preferably 85%, and most preferably 90% or even 99% amino acid identity with all or part of a rHuAFP amino acid sequence.
  • Modifications include m vivo, or in vitro chemical derivatization of polypeptides, e.g., acetylation, or carboxylation; such modifications may occur during polypeptide synthesis or processing or following treatment with isolated modifying enzymes.
  • Analogs can also differ from the naturally occurring rHuAFP by alterations in primary sequence, for example, substitution of one amino acid for another with similar characteristics (e.g., valine for glycine, arginine for lysine, etc.) or by one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions which do not abolish the polypeptide's biological activity.
  • Immunosuppressive attributes of rHuAFP are evaluated by any standard assay for analysis of immunoregulatory activity in vivo or in vitro.
  • the art provides a number of animal systems for in vivo testing of immunosuppressive characteristics of rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) on an autoimmune disease, e.g. , the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse.
  • NOD nonobese diabetic
  • in vitro systems are also available for testing immunosuppressive aspects of rHuAFP e.g. , one such in vitro assay evaluates the inhibition of autoantigen-induced proliferation of T cells in an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) .
  • AMLR autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction
  • rHuAFP The purity and characterization of rHuAFP was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and nondenaturing alkaline PAGE (APAGE) according to standard methods. Gels were subsequently analyzed either by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue or by transferring electrophoretically separated polypeptides to Immobilon PVDF membranes (Millipore, Mississauga, ON) for immunoblotting analysis.
  • SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • APAGE nondenaturing alkaline PAGE
  • Recombinant HuAFP-monospecific rabbit anti-natural HuAFP polyclonal antibody complexes were identified by alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and the immunoreactive bands were detected with the BCIP/NBT color development solution (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Mississauga, ON) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Plasmid constructs encoding fragments of human alpha-fetoprotein were prepared using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques known to those skilled in the art of molecular biology, using oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify specific portions of the human alpha- fetoprotein gene (see e.g., PCR Technology, H.A. Erlich, ed. , Stockton Press, New York, 1989; PCR Protocols : A Guide to Methods and Applications , M.A. Innis, David H. Gelfand, John J. Sninsky, and Thomas J.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • DomII3 5'-AAAAAAAGGATCCTTAGCTCTCCTGGATGTATTT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 17)
  • DomIII5 5'-AAAAAAATCGATATGCAAGCATTGGCAAAGCGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 18)
  • DomIII3 5'-AAAAAAGGATCCTTAAACTCCCAAAGCAGCACG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 19)
  • primer pairs DomI25 and DomI3, DomII5 and DomII3, DomIII5 and DomIII3, 5'rHuAFP Fragment I and DomIII3, DomI25 and DomII3, and DomII5 and DomIII3 were used to isolate cDNA sequences of Domain I, Domain II, Domain III, rHuAFP Fragment I, Domain I+II, and Domain II+III, respectively, of rHuAFP.
  • Annealing, extension, and denaturation temperatures were 50°C, 72°C, and 94°C, respectively, for 30 cycles.
  • PCR products were purified according to standard methods.
  • Purified PCR products encoding Domain I and Domain I+II were digested individually with Kpnl and BamHI and cloned separately into KpnI/BamHI- treated pTrp4.
  • Purified PCR products encoding Domain II, Domain III, Domain II+III, and rHuAFP Fragment I were digested individually with Bspl06I and BamHI and were cloned separately into Bspl06I/BamHI- treated pTrp4. Each plasmid construct was subsequently transformed into competent EL. coli cells.
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the medium employed consisted of RPMI-1640 supplemented with 20 mM HEPES (Gibco) , 5 x 10 ⁇ 5 M 2-mercaptoethanol (BDH, Montreal, QC) , 4 mM L- glutamine (Gibco) , 100 U/ml penicillin (Gibco) and 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin sulfate, with the addition of 10% fresh human serum autologous to the responder T cell donor for the AMLR.
  • Varying concentrations of purified rHuAFP, human serum albumin (HSA) , anti-HuAFP monoclonal antibodies clone #164 (125 ⁇ g/ml final concentration in culture) (Leinco Technologies, St.
  • AMLR cultures were incubated for 4 to 7 days, at 37°C in 95% air and 5% C0 2 .
  • DNA synthesis was assayed by a 6 hour pulse with 1 ⁇ Ci of 3 H-thymidine (specific activity 56 to 80 Ci/mmole, ICN) .
  • the cultures were harvested on a multiple sample harvester (Skatron, Sterling, VA) , and the incorporation of 3 H-TdR was measured in a Packard 2500 TR liquid scintillation counter. Results are expressed as mean cpm ⁇ the standard error of the mean of triplicate or quadruplicate cultures.
  • PBL Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Assays Heparinized blood from normal donors was diluted 1:1 with PBS and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were separated from red blood cells by density centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) . They were washed at least 3 times with PBS and verified for cell viability by the Trypan Blue exclusion method. Human PBL (2.5 x 10 s cells) were cultured according to standard methods. Results are expressed as the mean cpm thymidine incorporation ⁇ SEM of triplicate cultures.
  • rHuAFP expressed in JL. coli was verified as a single band on Coomassie stained APAGE and SDS-PAGE are shown in Fig. 1A-1B, respectively.
  • Soluble monomeric rHuAFP derived from E coli was obtained by eluting a protein fraction containing rHuAFP employing Q- sepharose chromatography. Approximately 1 mg of pure rHuAFP per liter of bacterial culture was recovered as a single homogeneous peak by FPLC Mono-Q anion exchange with 220-230 mM NaCl and migrated at approximately 65 kD on SDS-PAGE (Fig. IB) .
  • Recombinant HuAFP exhibits a lower molecular weight on SDS-PAGE than natural HuAFP, since prokaryotic expression systems lack the enzymatic machinery required for glycosylation of proteins.
  • Fig. IC and Fig. ID Rechromatographed samples of pure rHuAFP on FPLC and HPLC yielded a single peak as shown in Fig. IC and Fig. ID, confirming the purity of the rHuAFP preparation.
  • N-terminal sequencing data correspond to the expected amino acid sequence at the N-terminus of rHuAFP.
  • coli containing the expression plasmid encoding rHuAFP were cultured as described above.
  • Fig. 2 (lane D) shows the SDS-PAGE profile of purified rHuAFP Fragment I.
  • rHuAFP Fragment I possessed the amino acid sequence Ser 267 -Tyr-Ile-Cys-Ser-Gln-Gln-Asp- Thr 275 (SEQ ID NO: 13) which corresponds to the expected N-terminal amino acid sequence of rHuAFP Fragment I (see Fig. 1, SEQ ID NO: 11) where the initiating methionine is cleaved intracellula ly.
  • rHuAFP The immunosuppressive activity of rHuAFP was assessed by its ability to suppress human autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions (AMLR) .
  • AMLR human autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions
  • rHuAFP inhibited the proliferative response of autoreactive lymphocytes stimulated by autologous non-T cells, throughout the 4 to 7 day time course measuring autoproliferation.
  • Results from dose-response studies performed at the peak of T cell autoproliferation, as shown in Fig. 8B demonstrate that the addition of rHuAFP at the initiation of cultures suppressed the AMLR in a dose-dependent manner.
  • parallel viability studies established that the inhibitory activity of rHuAFP on human autoreactive T cells was not due to non ⁇ specific cytotoxic effects.
  • rHuAFP was the agent responsible for the inhibition of autoproliferating T cells
  • blocking of rHuAFP-mediated suppression of the AMLR was performed using commercial murine anti-human AFP monoclonal antibodies (MAb) .
  • MAb monoclonal antibodies
  • suppression of proliferating autoreactive T cells by 100 ⁇ g/ml of rHuAFP was completely blocked by anti-HuAFP MAb.
  • the addition of 100 ⁇ g/ml of HSA did not diminish the AMLR response and the presence of MAb alone in the reaction culture was without any effect.
  • LPS host cell lipopolysaccharide
  • rHuAFP suppresses the proliferation of autoreaction T cells with a potency equivalent to glycosylated nHuAFP by eliciting inhibitory effects on autoproliferating T cells throughout the in vj.tro reactions, with highly significant inhibition being achieved with rHuAFP concentrations ranging from 5 ⁇ g/ml to 100 ⁇ g/ml.
  • rHuAFP Fragment I inhibited the proliferative response of autoreactive lymphocytes stimulated by autologous non- T cells at 144 hours.
  • Domains I and III also inhibited the AMLR.
  • PBL Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Reactions
  • the immunosuppressive activity of 100 ⁇ g/ml rHuAFP Fragment I, and JL. coli- and baculovirus-derived rHuAFP was also assessed for the ability to suppress human peripheral blood lymphocyte reactions (PBL).
  • JL. coli- and baculovirus- derived rHuAFP and Fragment I were found to inhibit the proliferative responses of Con A stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
  • autoimmune diseases are characterized by a loss of tolerance to self antigens, causing cells of the immune systems, e.g., T or B cells (or both) , to react against self tissue antigens.
  • Autoimmune diseases may involve any organ system, although some are affected more commonly than others. Examples of tissues affected by autoimmune conditions include: the white matter of the brain and spinal cord in multiple sclerosis; the lining of the joints in rheumatoid arthritis; and the insulin secreting ⁇ islet cells of the pancreas in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  • Other forms of autoimmune disease destroy the connections between nerve and muscle in myasthenia gravis or destroy the kidneys and other organs in systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • autoimmune diseases include, without limitation, Addison's disease, Crohn's disease. Graves' disease, psoriasis, scleroderma, and ulcerative colitis.
  • the art provides a wide variety of experimental animal systems, transgenic and non-transgenic, for testing therapies for human illness involving autoimmune diseases (see e.g., Paul, W.E., Fundamental Immunology, 2nd ed. , Raven Press, New York, 1989; and Kandel et al. Principles of Neural Science , 3rd ed. , Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1991; and Current Protocols In Immunology , Coligan, J.E. , Kruisbeek, A.M., Margulies, D.H.
  • rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof
  • the invention provides the use of rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) for treatment (i.e., prevention or suppression or amelioration or promotion of remission) of any autoimmune disease.
  • MS Multiple sclerosis
  • myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein are the major targets of an autoimmune response involving T lymphocytes, among other immune system components. Loss of the myelin sheath of nerve cells (demyelination) occurs, resulting in neurological symptoms that culminate in coma or paralysis.
  • Experimental autoimmune encephalo yelitis is a primary model used in the art to examine and assess the effectiveness of therapeutic agents for treating MS. EAE is an inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease induced in laboratory animals by immunization with central nervous system tissue.
  • EAE EAE is induced, which is similar, pathologically to MS (see e.g., Alvord et al.. Experimental Allergic Encephalomyeliti ⁇ -A Useful Model for Multiple Sclerosis , Lis ⁇ , New York, 1984; Swanborg, Meth. Enzymol. 162:413, 1988; and McCarron et al., J_ s _ Immunol.. 147: 3296, 1991.)
  • adjuvant e.g., complete Freund's adjuvant, plus myelin basic protein or proteolipid protein
  • EAE EAE is induced in an appropriate laboratory animal, e.g., a mouse or rabbit, according to methods known in the art.
  • an appropriate laboratory animal e.g., a mouse or rabbit
  • the compound's immunosuppressive effect on EAE i.e., its ability to prevent or ameliorate EAE
  • the compound is administered according to standard methods, e.g., intravenously or intraperitoneal, at an appropriate dosage on a daily basis.
  • administration is initiated prior to inducing EAE and/or after the clinical appearance of EAE.
  • Control animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin, similarly administered as for rHuAFP or related molecules.
  • the effect of the test molecules on EAE is monitored according to any standard method.
  • weight loss and muscle paralysis in EAE-induced animals is monitored on a daily basis.
  • histological inspection e.g., by using any standard histochemical or immunohistochemical procedure, see e.g., Ausubel et al., Current Protocols In Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates (John Wiley & Son), New York, 1994; Bancroft and Stevens, Theory and Practice of Histochemical Techniques , Churchill Livingstone, 1982
  • EAE perivascular cellular infiltrates.
  • RA Rheumatoid arthritis
  • HLA human lymphocyte antigen
  • RA results from a complex interaction of synovial cells with various cellular elements (and their soluble products) that infiltrate from the circulation into the synovial lining of joints. A series of biological events occur which ultimately lead to a lesion which invades and erodes collagen and the cartilage matrix of the joint.
  • a number of animal models of RA e.g.
  • the MRL- lpr/lpr mouse are known in the art which develop a form of arthritis resembling the human disease (see e.g., .Fundamental Immunology, supra) .
  • autoimmune collagen arthritis (ACA) and adjuvant arthritis (AA) can be induced in an appropriate animal according to standard methods.
  • the test molecule is administered to a MRL-lpr/lpr mouse according to standard methods, e.g. , intravenously or intraperitoneally, at an appropriate dosage on a daily basis. Generally, administration is initiated prior to the onset of RA and/or after the clinical appearance of RA. Control animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin, similarly administered as for rHuAFP or related molecules.
  • a placebo e.g., human serum albumin
  • histological inspection e.g., by using any standard histochemical or immunohistochemical procedure, see e.g., Ausubel et al., supra; Bancroft and Stevens, supra
  • tissue samples examined microscopically for evidence of RA, e.g., evidence of erosion of collagen and cartilage matrix in a joint.
  • Comparative studies between treated and control animals are used to determine the relative efficacy of the test molecule in preventing or ameliorating RA.
  • a test molecule which prevents or ameliorates (decreases or suppresses or relieves or promotes remission of) the symptoms of RA is considered useful in the invention.
  • Myasthenia Gravis Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which there are autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors of neuromuscular junctions. Antibodies attack the junction, causing weakness and paralysis. Females are afflicted twice as often as males, typically during the third decade of life. Muscular weakness is the predominant feature of the disease. Clinical signs include drooping of the eyelids and double vision. There is an association between MG and hyperthyroidism.
  • EAMG Experimental autoimmune MG
  • a single injection of acetylcholine receptor e.g., purified from the electric organs of the eel Torpedo californica. along with adjuvants, causes an acute phase of weakness within 8 to 12 days and then chronic weakness after about 30 days.
  • the response to the eel receptor is T cell dependent.
  • the C57BL/6 strain H-2 B is a high responder to Torpedo receptor and highly susceptible to EAMG.
  • EAMG is induced in an appropriate laboratory animal, e.g., the C57BL/6 strain (H-2 B ) mouse, according to methods known in the art.
  • the compound's immunosuppressive effect on EAMG i.e., its ability to prevent or ameliorate EAMG
  • the compound is administered according to standard methods, e.g., intravenously or intraperitoneally, at an appropriate dosage on a daily basis.
  • administration is initiated prior to inducing EAMG and/or after the clinical appearance of EAMG.
  • Control animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin, similarly administered as for rHuAFP or related molecules.
  • EAMG The effect of the test molecules on EAMG is monitored according to standard methods. For example, nerve stimulation in an electromyographic muscle assay (e.g., according to the methods of Pachner et al., Ann. Neurol. 11:48, 1982) in EAMG-induced animals can be assayed. If desired, histological inspection (e.g. , by using any standard histochemical or immunohistochemical procedure, see e.g., Ausubel et al., supra: Bancroft and Stevens, supra) of tissue samples is performed and tissue samples examined microscopically for evidence of EAMG, e.g., evidence of monocyte infiltration and/or autoantibody localization at acetylcholine receptors of neuromuscular junctions.
  • histological inspection e.g., by using any standard histochemical or immunohistochemical procedure, see e.g., Ausubel et al., supra: Bancroft and Stevens, supra
  • evidence of EAMG e.g., evidence of
  • Comparative studies between treated and control animals are used to determine the relative efficacy of the test molecules in preventing or ameliorating EAMG.
  • a molecule which prevents or ameliorates (decreases or suppresses or relieves or promotes remission of) the symptoms of EAMG is considered useful in the invention.
  • Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism.
  • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus also known as Type I diabetes, is an autoimmune disease characterized by T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic ⁇ cells in the islets of Langerhans, accompanied by an immune response to a diversity of self peptides leading to hyperglycemia, among other pathological events. IDDM patients depend on exogenous insulin to maintain normal glucose metabolism.
  • IDDM Humans at risk for developing IDDM can be identified prior to onset of hyperglycemia by the abnormal occurrence of autoantibodies to insulin, islet cells, glutamic acid carboxylase, as well as other autologous proteins (see e.g., Baekkeskov et al., J.
  • Examples of animal models which spontaneously develop IDDM resembling the human disease include the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Diabetes is also experimentally induced by streptozotocin.
  • BB Bio-Breeding
  • NOD nonobese diabetic
  • the BB rat spontaneously develops a disease similar to IDDM, with insulitis (infiltration of mononuclear cells into the pancreatic islets) and autoantibodies against self cells and insulin (see e.g., Baekkeskov et al., J. Clin. Invest. 79:926, 1987; Rossini et al, supra: Nakhooda et al., Diabetes 26: 100, 1977; Dean et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol. 69: 308, 1987).
  • NOD mice typically develop insulitis between 5 and 8 weeks of age, and by 7 months 70% of the females and 40% of the males become diabetic.
  • T cells transferred from diabetic mice to young nondiabetic NOD mice induce diabetes within 2 to 3 weeks (see e.g., Bendelac et al., J. EXP. Med. 166:823, 1987).
  • NOD mice usually die within 1 to 2 months after the onset of diabetes unless they receive insulin therapy.
  • Chemically induced diabetes is accomplished using multiple injections of small doses of streptozotocin, a drug toxic for pancreatic ⁇ cells, which causes severe insulitis and diabetes (see e.g., Kikutani et al., Adv. Immunol. 51:285, 1992).
  • the art provides a variety animal models resembling human IDDM which can be used to examine and assess approaches for the prevention or amelioration of diabetes involving rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) .
  • test compound is administered to an appropriate test animal, e.g, a NOD mouse, according to standard methods, e.g., intravenously or intraperitoneally, at an appropriate dosage on a daily basis.
  • test animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin, similarly administered as for rHuAFP or related molecules.
  • placebo e.g., human serum albumin
  • pancreatic islet cells For example, weight loss, ketone body formation, and blood glucose concentration is monitored on a daily basis. If desired, histological inspection (e.g., by using any standard histochemical or immunohistochemical procedure, see e.g., Ausubel et al., supra; Bancroft and Stevens, supra) of pancreatic islet cells is performed and tissue samples examined microscopically for evidence of insulitis and ⁇ cell destruction. Comparative studies between treated and control animals are used to determine the relative efficacy of the test molecules in preventing or ameliorating the diabetic condition. A molecule which prevents or ameliorates (decreases or suppresses or relieves or promotes remission of) the symptoms of diabetes, e.g., IDDM, is considered useful in the invention.
  • SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • About 90% of patients with this disease are young women. This marked preponderance of females is not seen before puberty or after menopause.
  • the illness generally begins in young adulthood when a characteristic skin rash appears over cheekbones and forehead. Hair loss is common, as is severe kidney damage, arthritis, accumulation of fluid around the heart and inflammation of the lining of the lungs. In nearly half of the patients the blood vessels of the brain also become inflamed, leading to paralysis and convulsions.
  • the activity of the disease like other autoimmune diseases, can fluctuate: long quiescent periods of good health can terminate abruptly and inexplicably with the onset of a new attack.
  • a large number of different autoantibodies are known to occur in SLE, e.g., autoantibodies against DNA, RNA and histones (see, e.g. , Fundamental Immunology, supra)
  • a number of animal models of human SLE e.g. , inbred mouse strains including NZB mice and their F ⁇ hybrids, MRL mice, and BXSB mice, are known in the art (see e.g., Bielschowsky et al. Proc. Univ. Otago Med. Sch. 37:9, 1959; Braverman et al. , J. Invest. Derm. 50: 483, 1968; Howie et al. Adv. Immunol.
  • NZBxNZW F ⁇ mouse is an excellent model of human SLE, female mice develop high levels of anti-double- and single-stranded DNA autoantibodies, other anti- nuclear antibodies, and renal disease; death usually occurs at approximately 8 months (see e.g., T h eofilopoulos et al., Adv. Immunol. 37:269, 1985).
  • test compounds are administered to an appropriate animal, e.g., the NZBxNZW F ⁇ mouse, according to standard methods, e.g., intravenously or intraperitoneally, at an appropriate dosage on a daily basis.
  • an appropriate animal e.g., the NZBxNZW F ⁇ mouse
  • standard methods e.g., intravenously or intraperitoneally
  • a d ministration is initiated prior to the onset of SLE and/or after the clinical appearance of SLE.
  • Control animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin, similarly administered as for rHuAFP or related molecules.
  • the effect of the test compound on SLE is monitored according to standard methods.
  • analysis of autoantibodies can b e monitored.
  • histological inspection e.g., by using any standard histochemical or immunohistochemical procedure, see e.g., Ausubel et al., supra; Bancroft and Stevens, supra
  • tissue samples examined microscopically for evi d ence of SLE, e.g., evidence of lupus nephritis.
  • Comparative studies between treated and control animals are used to determine the relative efficacy of the test compounds in preventing or ameliorating SLE.
  • a molecule which prevents or ameliorates (decreases or suppresses or relieves or promotes remission of) the symptoms of SLE is considered useful in the invention.
  • recombinant alpha- fetoprotein e.g. , rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) is effective in inhibiting proliferation of autoimmune cells and accordingly is useful for the prevention or amelioration of autoimmune diseases including, but not limited to, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, and myasthenia gravis.
  • recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein (or a fragment or analog thereof) can be formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions.
  • Recombinant alpha-fetoprotein e.g., rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof)
  • rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof
  • a dosage of 0.1 ng/kg to 10 g/kg body is adequate. If desired, administration is performed on a daily basis. Because there are no known adverse side effects related to recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein, it is believed that relatively high dosages can be safely administered. For example, treatment of human patients will be carried out using a therapeutically effective amount of rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) in a physiologically acceptable carrier.
  • rHuAFP Suitable carriers and their formulation are described for example in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E.W. Martin.
  • the amount of rHuAFP to be administered will vary depending upon the manner of administration, the age and body weight of the patient, and with the type of disease, and size of the patient predisposed to or suffering from the disease.
  • Preferable routes of administration include, for example, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intradermal injections which provide continuous, sustained levels of the drug in the patient.
  • rHuAFP can be given to a patient by injection or implantation of a slow release preparation, for example, in a slowly dissociating polymeric or crystalline form; this sort of sustained administration can follow an initial delivery of the drug by more conventional routes (for example, those described above) .
  • rHuAFP can be administered using an infusion pump (e.g., an external or implantable infusion pump) , thus allowing a precise degree of control over the rate of drug release, or through installation of rHuAFP in the nasal passages in a similar fashion to that used to promote absorption of insulin.
  • rHuAFP can be delivered by aerosol deposition of the powder or solution into the lungs.
  • the method(s) of the invention can also employ combination therapy in which rHuAFP is administered either simultaneously or sequentially with a therapeutic agent such as a general or specific tolerizing agent, e.g., an anti-idiotypic agent (e.g., a monoclonal) or a therapeutic vaccine or an oral agent (e.g. , insulin, collagen or myelin basic protein) or a cytokine (e.g. , 11-15) or an interferon ( ⁇ -interferon) or an immunosuppressive agent.
  • a therapeutic agent such as a general or specific tolerizing agent, e.g., an anti-idiotypic agent (e.g., a monoclonal) or a therapeutic vaccine or an oral agent (e.g. , insulin, collagen or myelin basic protein) or a cytokine (e.g. , 11-15) or an interferon ( ⁇ -interferon) or an immunosuppressive agent.
  • a therapeutic agent such as a general or specific
  • Preferred immunosuppressive agents are cyclosporine, FK-506, steroids, azathioprine, or 15-deoxyspergualin. Treatment is started generally with the diagnosis or suspicion of an autoimmune disease and is generally repeated on a daily basis. Protection or prevention from the development (or progression or exacerbation) of an autoimmune disease is also achieved by administration of rHuAFP prior to the onset of the disease. If desired, the efficacy of the treatment or protection regimens is assessed with the methods of monitoring or diagnosing patients for autoimmune disease. Recombinant Human AFP in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer
  • a hybrid cytotoxin of rHuAFP is prepared by conjugating a full-length rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof to any number of known toxic entities using conventional techniques.
  • Such toxins are useful for inhibiting the development of a neoplasm (as described infra) .
  • Useful cytotoxins are preferably significantly cytotoxic only when present intracellularly and are substantially excluded from any given cell in the absence of a targeting domain.
  • peptide toxins fulfill both of these criteria and are readily incorporated into hybrid molecules.
  • a mixed cytotoxin i.e., a cytotoxin composed of all or part of two or more toxins
  • Several useful toxins are described in more detail below.
  • Toxin molecules useful in the method of the invention are preferably toxins, such as peptide toxins, which are significantly cytotoxic only when present intracellularly.
  • toxins such as peptide toxins
  • the molecule must be able to enter a cell bearing the targeted receptor. This ability depends on the nature of the molecule and the nature of the cell receptor. For example, cell receptors which naturally allow uptake of a ligand are likely to provide a means for a molecule which includes a toxin to enter a cell bearing that receptor.
  • the peptide toxin useful in the methods of the invention is fused to a rHuAFP (or fragment or analog thereof) binding domain by producing a recombinant DNA molecule which encodes a hybrid protein molecule.
  • peptide toxins have a generalized eukaryotic receptor binding domain; in these instances the toxin must be modified to prevent intoxication of non-receptor bearing cells. Any such modifications must be made in a manner which preserves the cytotoxic functions of the molecule (see U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Serial No. 401,412).
  • Potentially useful toxins include, but are not limited to: cholera toxin, ricin, O-Shiga-like toxin (SLT-I, SLT-II, SLT II V ) , LT toxin, C3 toxin, Shiga toxin, pertussis toxin, tetanus toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, saporin, modeccin, and gelanin.
  • the cytotoxic portion of some molecules useful in the invention can be provided by a mixed toxin molecule.
  • a mixed toxin molecule is a molecule derived from two different polypeptide toxins.
  • polypeptide toxins have, in addition to the domain responsible for generalized eukaryotic cell binding, an enzymatically active domain and a translocation domain. The binding and translocation domains are required for cell recognition and toxin entry respectively.
  • the enzymatically active domain is the domain responsible for cytotoxic activity once the molecule is inside a cell.
  • Naturally-occurring proteins which are known to have a translocation domain include diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, and possibly other peptide toxins.
  • the translocation domains of diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A are well characterized (see, e.g., Hoch et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1692, 1985; Colombatti et al., J. Biol. Chem. 261:3030, 1986; and Deleers et al., FEBS Lett. 160:82, 1983), and the existence and location of such a domain in other molecules may be determined by methods such as those employed by Hwang et al. Cell 48:129, 1987); and Gray et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:2645, 1984).
  • one useful rHuAFP/mixed toxin hybrid molecule is formed by fusing the enzymatically active A subunit of EL. coli Shiga-like toxin (see, e.g.,
  • the rHuAFP portion of the three-part hybrid causes the molecule to attach specifically to cells bearing receptors which is recognized by rHuAFP, and the diphtheria toxin translocation portion acts to insert the enzymatically active A subunit of the Shiga-like toxin into the targeted cell.
  • the enzymatically active portion of Shiga-like toxin acts on the protein synthesis machinery of the cell to prevent protein synthesis, thus killing the cell.
  • Non-covalent interactions can be ionic, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic, such as interactions involved in a leucine-zipper or antibody-protein G interaction (see, e.g., Derrick et al., Nature 359:752, 1992) .
  • An example of a covalent linkage is a disulfide bond.
  • a hybrid cytotoxin is prepared by chemically conjugating rHuAFP (or fragment or analog) to a any number of known toxic entities, e.g. , those described above. Such reactions are carried out by standard techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • a typical way of conjugating a protein to a protein toxin is by crosslinking through a disulfide bond (see, e.g., Chang et al., J. Biol. Chem.
  • the hybrid cytotoxin is prepared by expression of a hybrid DNA engineered to encode both the rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) and the toxin (or a toxic portion thereof) , using technology available to those of ordinary skill in the art of making such hybrids (see, e.g., Murphy, U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,382, and Chadhary et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4538, 1987) .
  • a recombinant fusion protein of rHuAFP and a cytotoxic agent is made according to methods known in the art (see, e.g. , Murphy supra and Huston et al., Meth. Enzvmol.
  • a peptide bond serves as the link between the cytotoxic agent and the targeting ligand.
  • Another method useful for conjugating a protein or polypeptide to a protein toxin employs the polymer, monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG) , as described in Maiti et al., Int. J. Cancer Suppl. 3:17, 1988.
  • the hybrid cytotoxin is affinity purified according to standard methods using antibodies against the targeting portion of the molecule, e.g., antibodies against human alpha- fetoprotein.
  • antibodies directed against the cytotoxic agent are also useful for purifying the hybrid cytotoxin molecule by standard immunological techniques.
  • the resulting hybrid cytotoxin is then formulated for use as an agent against unwanted cells, e.g. cancer cells, following procedures standard in the field of pharmacology.
  • Molecules of the invention can be screened for the ability to decrease viability of cells bearing the targeted receptor by means of assays known in the art, e.g. , those methods described herein.
  • hybrid cytotoxins of the invention are potent cytotoxic agents for cells bearing the a receptor which is recognized by rHuAFP, rHuAFP is useful in the treatment of diseases involving unwanted alpha- fetoprotein receptor-positive cells, e.g., cancer cells.
  • Recombinant rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof can be attached to a detectable label to produce an agent useful for detecting and localizing a neoplasm in vivo. in situ, or in vitro .
  • Methods for attaching such labels to proteins are known in the art.
  • a detectable label is attached by chemical conjugation, but where the label is a polypeptide, it could alternatively be attached by genetic engineering techniques.
  • Detectable labels are generally selected from a variety of such labels known in the art, but are normally radioisotopes, flurophores, enzymes (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) , or other moieties or compounds which emit a detectable signal (e.g., radioactivity, fluorescence, color) or emit a detectable signal after exposure of the label to its substrate.
  • a detectable signal e.g., radioactivity, fluorescence, color
  • Various detectable label/substrate pairs e.g.
  • Such an agent can also be used to assay for the presence of any unwanted cell bearing an alpha-fetoprotein receptor, e.g., by using Western blot analysis or histochemical staining of a tissue sample, according to known methods.
  • Recombinant HuAFP as an Anti-Cancer Agent e.g., by using Western blot analysis or histochemical staining of a tissue sample, according to known methods.
  • Anti-cancer agents of the invention are useful for inhibiting a neoplasm, e.g., breast or prostate carcinomas.
  • a neoplasm e.g., breast or prostate carcinomas.
  • a neoplasm e.g., breast or prostate carcinomas.
  • any number of methods, both in vitro and in vivo are used to determine the efficacy of anti- cancer agents useful in the methods of the invention.
  • the reduction of tumor growth can be monitored in a mouse or rat growing a prostate cancer (e.g., tumor xenografts of LNCaP androgen receptor- positive human prostate cancer cell line) following the administration of the test compound.
  • a human tumor cell lines e.g., cell lines such as MCF-7(ATCC HTB 22), T-47D (ATCC HTB 133), MDA-MB-231 (ATCC HTB 26), BT-20 (ATCC HTB 19), NIH:OV-CAR-3 (ATCC HTB 161), LnCaP.FGC (ATCC CRL 1740), and Du-145 (ATCC HTB 81) growing in culture is released from monolayer by trypsinization, diluted into single-cell suspension and then solidified by centrifugation into a pellet which IS subsequently exposed to 15 ⁇ l fibrinogen (50 mg/ml) and 10 ⁇ l thrombin (50 units/ml) for 30 minutes at 37°C.
  • MCF-7 ATCC HTB 22
  • T-47D ATCC HTB 133
  • MDA-MB-231 ATCC HTB 26
  • BT-20 ATCC HTB 19
  • NIH:OV-CAR-3 ATCC HTB 161
  • Fibrin clots containing tumor are then cut into pieces approximately 1.5 mm in diameter. Each piece of tumor is subsequently implanted under the kidney capsule of a mouse according to standard methods. If desired, mice can be immunosuppressed by daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 60 mg/kg cyclosporine A (Sandimmune IV) beginning immediately prior to tumor implantation according to conventional methods. If necessary, estrogen and androgen supplementation of mice is achieved by standard methods, e.g, implantation of silastic tubing containing estradiol or by injection of testosterone propionate. Typically, hormone supplementation is commenced on the day of tumor implantation. Generally, administration of the test molecule is initiated prior to tumor implantation and/or after tumor implantation.
  • Control animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin or diluent, similarly administered as for rHuAFP or related molecules.
  • a placebo e.g., human serum albumin or diluent
  • the effect of the test molecule on tumor growth is monitored according to any standard method. For example, tumor growth is monitored by weekly measurement of tumor size by laparotomy using a dissecting microscope equipped with an ocular micrometer. A molecule shown experimentally to halt or reduce or inhibit the growth of such implanted tumors is considered useful in the invention. Toxicity of test compounds towards cells bearing receptors that are recognized by rHuAFP can be tested in vitro according to any standard protocol.
  • a cultured cancer cell line e.g., MCF-7 estrogen- receptor-positive human breast cancer cell line
  • plastic tissue culture flasks Costar
  • penicillin 100 U/ml
  • streptomycin 100 ⁇ g/ml
  • 5% fetal calf serum insulin (10 ng/ l)
  • insulin 10 ng/ l
  • L- glutamine 2 mM
  • non-essential amino acids 1%) .
  • Cells are seeded in 96-well V-bottomed plates (Linbro- Flow Laboratories, McLean, VA) at a concentration of l x 10 5 per well in complete medium.
  • Putative toxins are added to varying concentrations (10 "12 M to 10 “6 M) and the cultures are incubated for 18 hrs. at 37°C in a 5% C0 2 atmosphere. Following incubation, the plates are centrifuged for 5 min. at 170 x g, and the medium removed and replaced with 100 ⁇ l leucine-free medium (MEM, Gibco ) containing 8 ⁇ Ci/ml ( 3 H-leucine; New England Nuclear, Boston, MA) . After an additional 90 min. at 37°C, the plates are centrifuged for 5 min. at 170 x g, the medium is removed, and the cells are collected on glass fiber filters using a cell harvester (Skatron, Sterling, VA) .
  • MEM leucine-free medium
  • Filters are washed, dried, and counted according to standard methods. Cells cultured with medium alone serve as the control. A test compound which reduces or halts or inhibits cell growth compared to untreated control cells, is detected as an indication of toxicity and is considered useful in the invention.
  • a test compound confers protection against the development of a neoplasm generally involves using an animal known to develop a neoplasm (e.g., the transgenic mouse described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,866). An appropriate animal is treated with the test compound according to standard methods, and a reduced incidence of neoplasm development, compared to untreated control animals, is detected as an indication of protection.
  • a neoplasm e.g., breast or prostate cancers
  • An appropriate animal is treated with the test compound according to standard methods, and a reduced incidence of neoplasm development, compared to untreated control animals, is detected as an indication of protection.
  • rHuAFP has been found to be a potent inhibitor of breast carcinoma growth in vitro.
  • Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) , RPMI 1640, fetal calf serum, glutamine, non-essential amino acids and penicillin-streptomycin mixture were obtained from GIBCO (BRL) .
  • Donor calf serum was obtained from Hyclone, Logan, UT, and porcine insulin was obtained from Squibb, Inc. , Princeton, NJ.
  • the MCF-7 estrogen-receptor-positive human breast cancer cell line was obtained from Dr. Alberto C. Baldi, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, wholesome Aires, Argentina.
  • Estrogen-Stimulated Post-confluent Growth of MCF-7 Cells in Culture This assay is based on the finding that MCF-7 cells in estrogen-containing medium grow past confluence and accumulate into foci; but, in the absence of estrogen, cell proliferation stops after the cultures establish cell-cell contact, and no foci are formed (see, e.g., Gierthy et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 12:227, 1988) . l x 10 7 MCF-7 breast cancer cells were seeded in 16-mm wells contained in 24-well tissue culture plates.
  • Culture medium was phenol red-free DMEM supplemented with 5% donor calf serum (prescreened for absence of detectable estrogens) , L-glutamine (2 mM) , non-essential amino acids (IX, GIBCO) , insulin (10 ng/ml) , penicillin- streptomycin (IX, GIBCO) and estradiol diluted to a final concentration of 1.8 X 10 ⁇ 9 M. Cultures were refed at 24 hr and every 4 days thereafter with 2 ml of culture medium containing rHuAFP and human serum albumin to yield a final protein concentration of 100 ⁇ g/ml per well.
  • rHuAFP inhibits estrogen-stimulated postconfluent growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Control experiments using human albumin or no protein had no effect on MCF-7 foci formation. These data indicate that rHuAFP has a direct inhibitory effect on the growth of carcinoma cell cultures.
  • Therapeutic Administration As demonstrated above, rHuAFP is effective in inhibiting a neoplasm, e.g., a breast cell carcinoma. Accordingly, compounds of the invention can be formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions. Treatment of human patients will be carried out using a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-cancer agent of rHuAFP in a physiologically acceptable carrier.
  • Suitable carriers and their formulation are described for example in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E.W. Martin.
  • the amount of the anti-cancer agent to be administered varies depending upon the manner of administration, the age and body weight of the patient, and with the type of disease, extensiveness of the disease, and size of the patient suffering from the disease. Generally amounts will be in the range of those used for other agents used in the treatment of cancer, although in certain instances lower amounts will be needed because of the increased specificity of the compound.
  • rHuAFP is administered systemically, as described below, at a dosage that inhibits malignant cell proliferation, typically in the range of 0.1 ng - 10 g/kg body weight.
  • the method of the invention can also employ combination therapy in which rHuAFP is administered either simultaneously or sequentially with a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • a chemotherapeutic agent is administered according to standard methods or,alternatively, in a dose which is lower than the standard dose when the chemotherapeutic agent is used by itself.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include, without limitation, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, L-sarcolysin, chlorambucil, hexamethylmelamine, thiotepa, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin, dacarbazine, methotrexate, fluorouracil, cytarabine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin, vinblastine, vincristine, etoposide, teniposide, actinomycin D, daunomycin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, plicamycin, mitomycin, cisplatin, mitoxantrone, hydroxyurea, procarbozine, mitotane, aminoglutethimide, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, diethylstilbestrol, tamoxifen, flut
  • Treatment is started generally with the diagnosis or suspicion of a neoplasm and is generally repeated on a daily basis. Protection from the development of neoplasm is also achieved by administration of rHuAFP on a daily basis. If desired, the efficacy of the treatment or protection regimens is assessed with the methods of monitoring or diagnosing patients for cancer.
  • the compounds of the invention can also be used to treat mammals to destroy any unwanted cells bearing alpha-fetoprotein receptors associated with a pathological condition.
  • the method(s) of the invention can also be used to treat non-human mammals, for example, domestic pets, or livestock.
  • the anti-cancer agents of the invention can be administered systemically or locally.
  • the compounds of the invention can be administered systemically, for example, formulated in a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer such as physiological saline.
  • a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer such as physiological saline.
  • routes of administration include, for example, subcutaneous, intravenous, interperitoneally, intramuscular, or intradermal injections which provide continuous, sustained levels of the drug in the patient.
  • the compounds of the invention can be given to a patient by injection of a slow release preparation, for example, in a slowly dissociating polymeric or crystalline form; this sort of sustained administration can follow an initial delivery of the drug by more conventional routes (for example, those described above) .
  • the compounds can be administered using an infusion pump, thus allowing a precise degree of control over the rate of drug release, or through installation of the compounds in the nasal passages in a similar fashion to that used to promote absorption of insulin.
  • the compounds can be delivered by aerosol deposition of the powder or solution into the lungs.
  • the anti-cancer agents of the invention also can be administered locally to treat cancer. Since the desired action of the agent is generally upon a circumscribed mass of tissue, for example a tumor, delivery of the drug by means which result in high local concentrations in the vicinity of the tumor is especially desirable.
  • Recombinant HuAFP as a Diagnostic Agent is especially desirable.
  • Recombinant HuAFP (or fragment or analog thereof) linked to a detectable label finds diagnostic use in the detection or monitoring or assaying for the presence of a neoplasm (e.g. , breast or prostate cancers) .
  • a neoplasm e.g. , breast or prostate cancers
  • rHuAFP e.g., Tc-99m-labelled rHuAFP
  • the detectably labelled rHuAFP is administered intravenously and imaging can be performed using scanners by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g. , by radioimaging using scintigraphy.
  • a neoplasm or any cell bearing a receptor which is recognized by rHuAFP may be detected in a tissue sample, e.g., a biopsy, a bodily fluid, by using rHuAFP (or fragment or analog thereof) linked to a detectable label.
  • a tissue sample, a biopsy, or a sample of bodily fluid preferably lymph, blood, serum, or urine, is collected from the patient.
  • control samples for the assay include a tissue sample or a bodily fluid collected from individuals who do not have cells bearing alpha-fetoprotein (negative control) , or samples which contain a known, predetermined amount of alpha-fetoprotein receptor (positive control) .
  • the diagnostic assay may be performed in solution or may use a solid (insoluble) support (e.g. polystyrene, nitrocellulose, or beads) or in a tissue sample prepared for histological examination, using any standard methods.
  • a solid (insoluble) support e.g. polystyrene, nitrocellulose, or beads
  • the level of binding o f the detectably labelled rHuAFP in the test sample is compared to the level of binding in the negative and/or positive control samples.
  • a level of binding in the test sample greater than the level of binding in the negative control sample, or at least equal to the level of binding in the positive control sample indicates that the patient has cells bearing alpha-fetoprotein receptors.
  • kits for performing the diagnostic assays according to the methods of the invention may be provided as a kit having instructions for use.
  • the kit is composed in part of a rHuAFP (or fragment or analog thereof) .
  • This kit may further include a second reagent, e.g., a detectable label, which is used to label rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) .
  • the kits exemplified above are useful in, for example, detecting the presence of a tumor in a sample of human tissue in vitro. or for in vivo examination purposes.
  • MCF-7 human breast cancer cells implanted in the lateral thorax region of CB-17 SCID mice were grown to a size of 1 cm diameter (approx. 5 gm) under estrogen stimulation according to methods known in the art.
  • 99mTc-recombinant labelled alpha-fetoprotein was prepared from an AFP aliquot mixed with 0.5 ml 0.9% sodium chloride injection solution (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL) . The solution is added to an UltraTag RBC Reaction Vial (Mallinckrodt Medical Inc., St. Louis, MO 63134 Lot No. 0683040) , containing stannous chloride dihydrate, sodium citrate dihydrate, and dextrose anhydrous, in a lyophilized form stored under argon. The contents of the vial are mixed by gentle swirling, and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes.
  • a 24 gauge, 3/4 inch catheter (Surflo IV catheter, Teru o Medical) is then secured in a lateral tail vein. The animal is then further anesthetized with a slow infusion of 20-25 mg/kg body weight of pentobarbital intravenously. Anesthesia is maintained for restraint as required with injections of 5 mg of additional pentobarbital.
  • Isotope biodistribution data is collected using a Elscint Dymax 409 gamma camera. This data is subsequently analyzed by a computer (Siemans Gammasonics Microdelta) . Animals are imaged in triples, being placed in the dorsal recumbent position on a thin polyethylene panel. To eliminate motion during imaging, the animals are restrained as necessary, on these panels by strips of tape over their extremities so as not to restrict respiration. Dynamic images obtained over 60 minutes are used to determine the biodistribution of the labeled protein. Typically, twelve sequential, five minute images are obtained with low energy general purpose collimation, and 1.5 hardware zoom into the computer matrices having 128 by 128 picture elements. Study animals are typically injected with 37MBq of Tc-99m labelled protein. RESULTS Tracer Biodistribution and Kinetics
  • tumor uptake was (0.8+/-0.1%IA) and T/A and tumor to background (T/B upper chest) region ratios were 1.43 ⁇ 0.41 and 2.66 ⁇ 0.54, respectively.
  • Studies comparing 99mTc-labelled rHuAFP to 99mTc-labelled human serum albumin (used as a non-specific protein control) repeated in the same animals showed that T/B image ROI activity ration was 2.7 and 5.8 for 99mTc-labelled rHuAFP at l and 24 hr, respectively and at 24 hours was 40% greater for 99mTc- labelled rHuAFP compared to Tc-99m human serum albumin.
  • rHuAFP can be labelled with Tc- 99m and that this labelled agent has low non-specific tissue uptake and rapid renal clearance from the blood. Localization in human breast cancer xenografts is initially rapid, increases with time, and is due to specific tumor uptake. These results demonstrate that rHuAFP labelled with Tc-99m is useful as a diagnostic agent for breast carcinoma. Diagnostic Administration As discussed above, rHuAFP (or fragment or analog thereof) linked to a detectable label finds diagnostic use in the detection or monitoring or assaying of a neoplasm (e.g., a breast cell carcinoma).
  • a neoplasm e.g., a breast cell carcinoma
  • patients who present with the classical symptoms of cancer e.g., breast cancer or prostate cancer, or have a medical history which indicates susceptibility to such cancer may be tested with the methods of the invention.
  • Other appropriate patients for such testing include those who have a family history of breast or prostate carcinomas.
  • Patients who are receiving drugs or have been exposed to toxins implicated in the induction of a cancer should also be tested.
  • the diagnostic methods employing detectably labelled rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) of the invention may be used to detect the presence of a cancer prior to, or after the onset of, clinical symptoms associated with the cancer.
  • the method of the invention facilitates diagnosis of a neoplasm prior to or coincident with the onset of clinical symptoms (e.g. , a palpable tumorous mass) .
  • the method of the subject invention may provide a diagnosis of breast cancer prior to onset of clinical symptoms.
  • the method of the invention allows the clinician to provide an accurate diagnosis of a neoplasm such as breast or prostate cancer.
  • Diagnostic imaging methods of the invention will be carried out using a diagnostically effective amount of a diagnostic agent of rHuAFP in a physiologically acceptable carrier. Suitable carriers and their formulation are described for example in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E.W. Martin.
  • the amount of the diagnostic agent to be administered varies depending upon the manner of administration, the age and body weight of the patient, and with the type of disease, extensiveness of the disease, and size of the patient suffering from the disease. Generally, however, amounts will be in the range of those used for other agents used in the diagnosis of cancer, although in certain instances lower amounts will be needed because of the increased specificity of the compound.
  • a detectably labelled rHuAFP is administered intravenously to a patient, as is described above, at a dosage that allows imaging of a neoplasm, e.g., by radioimaging using scintigraphy.
  • a dosage is in the range of 0.1 ng - 10 g/kg body weight.
  • the invention furhter provides a media containing rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) for cell culture. While media of the invention generally does not require the use of serum (e.g., fetal bovine serum, calf serum, horse serum, normal mouse serum, human serum, porcine serum, rabbit serum etc.), since such rHuAFP is intended to replace or supplement the use of serum, those skilled in the art will understand and recognize that serum can be added if desired. Media formulations are generally prepared according to methods known in the art.
  • any standard medium e.g., RMPI-1630 Medium, CMRL Medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (D-MEM) , Fischer's Medium, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium, McCoy's Medium, Minimum Essential Medium, NCTC Medium, and the like can be formulated with rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) at the desired effective concentration.
  • media supplements e.g., salt solutions (e.g., Hank's Balanced Salt Solution or Earle's Balanced Salt Solution) , antibiotics, nucleic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and vitamins are added according to known methods.
  • growth factors colony-stimulating factors, cytokines and the like can also be added to media according to standard methods.
  • media of the invention can contain any of the following substances, alone or in combination, with rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) : erythropoietin, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF) , granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) , macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) , an interleukin (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, etc.), insulin-growth factor (IGF) , transferrin, albumin, and stem-cell growth factor (SCF) .
  • rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof
  • erythropoietin erythropoietin
  • GM- CSF granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating
  • Media of the invention are useful for culturing a variety of eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells, yeast cells, amphibian cells, and insect cells. Media can also be used for culturing any tissue or organ. Such media can also be used in a variety of culture conditions and for a variety of biological applications. Examples of such culture conditions include, without limitation, bioreactors (e.g. , continuous or hollow fiber bioreactors) , cell- suspension cultures, semisolid cultures, liquid cultures, and long-term cell suspension cultures. Media of the invention are also useful for industrial applications, e.g., culturing hybridoma cells, genetically-engineered mammalian cells, tissues or organs. Recombinant Human Alpha-Fetoprotein As A Cell- Proliferative Agent
  • Cell growth-promoting attributes of rHuAFP is evaluated by any standard assay for analysis of cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. As discussed infra. the art provides animal systems for n vivo testing of cell growth promoting or boosting characteristics of rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) . Furthermore, a wide variety of in vitro systems are also available for testing growth-promoting or growth-boosting aspects of rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) .
  • any cell that proliferates in response to rHuAFP can be identified according to standard methods known in the art.
  • proliferation of a cell e.g., a bone marrow cell
  • a cell e.g., a bone marrow cell
  • proliferation of a cell can be monitored by culturing in a liquid media containing the test compound, either alone or in combination with other growth factors, added artificially to a serum-free or serum-based medium.
  • bone marrow cells can be cultured in a semisolid matrix of dilute agar or methylcellulose, and the test compound, alone or in combination with other growth factors, can be added artificially to a serum-free or serum-reduced medium.
  • a bone marrow cell may be seen to give rise to a clone of a plurality of bone marrow cells, e.g., NK cells.
  • Such culture systems provide a facile way for assaying whether a cell responds to rHuAFP (a fragment or analog thereof) either alone or in combination with other growth factors.
  • cells may be analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) .
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • This procedure generally involves labelling cells with antibodies coupled to a fluorescent dye and separating the labeled cells from the unlabelled cells in a FACS, e.g., FACScan (Becton Dickson) .
  • FACScan Becton Dickson
  • any cell can be identified and separated, e.g., by analyzing the presence of cell surface antigens (see e.g., Shah et al., J. Immunol. 140:1861, 1988).
  • a population of cells is obtained, it is then analyzed biochemically or, alternatively, provides a starting population for additional cell culture, allowing the action of the cells to be evaluated under defined conditions in culture.
  • rHuAFP or a fragment or analog thereof
  • human bone marrow samples are obtained according to standard procedures after informed consent.
  • bone marrow is obtained from the iliac crest of a healthy donor and the marrow cells are diluted in phosphate- buffered saline at room temperature. Cells are then washed and cultured in an appropriate growth medium.
  • cultures can be set up by inoculating bone marrow cells in 20-30 ml of McCoy's medium containing 50 U/ml penicillin, 50 U/ml streptomycin and 2 mM L- glutamine.
  • Cultures are incubated in the presence or absence of the test compound alone, or in combination with other growth factors, e.g., transferrin or GM-CSF. The cultures are subsequently incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% C0 2 , 5% 0 2 , and 90% N 2 for the desired time period.
  • Cell proliferation assays are performed according to standard methods. For example, replicate samples cultured in the presence and absence of the test compound are analyzed by pulsing the cells with 1-2 ⁇ Ci of 3 HTdR. After an incubation period, cultures are harvested onto glass-fiber filters and the incorporated 3 H measured by liquid scintillation. Comparative studies between treated and control cells, 2787 PCI7US96/00996
  • test molecule in stimulating cell proliferation.
  • a molecule which stimulates cell proliferation is considered useful in the invention.
  • the test molecule is administered to sublethally irradiated mice (or mice treated with an immunosuppressive agent such as cyclosporine or FK-506, or a chemotherapeutic agent such as 5-fluorouracil or cyclophosphamide or any other method known in the art to deplete bone marrow) and normal mice according to standard methods, e.g., intravenously or intraperitoneally, at an appropriate dosage on a daily basis.
  • an immunosuppressive agent such as cyclosporine or FK-506, or a chemotherapeutic agent such as 5-fluorouracil or cyclophosphamide or any other method known in the art to deplete bone marrow
  • test compound administered to treated mice is initiated prior to and/or after treating the animal, e.g., with sublethal radiation or immunotherapy or chemotherapy.
  • Control animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin or diluent, similarly administered as for rHuAFP or related molecules.
  • the effect of the test molecule on hematopoiesis is monitored by standard techniques. For example, white blood cell count in peripheral blood and spleen in both treated and control animals are analyzed.
  • Qualitative and quantitative analyses of bone marrow e.g., lymphocytic lineage or myeloid lineage or any other cell type, can also be determined and analyzed according to conventional methods.
  • Comparative data between treated and control animals are used to determine the relative efficacy of the test molecule in promoting cell proliferation, e.g., stimulates bone marrow cell production, mature B lymphocyte, thymocyte, or peripheral T lymphocyte cell production.
  • a test molecule which stimulates cell proliferation is considered useful in the invention.
  • the following example demonstrates that unglycosylated rHuAFP stimulates the growth of bone marrow cells in vitro. This example is provided to illustrate, not limit, the invention.
  • Bone marrow cells (250,000) were cultured in 96-well round-bottom microtiter plates (Flow Laboratories, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) .
  • the culture medium was serum-free RPMI plus 4 mM L-glutamine, 20 mM Hepes, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin (GIBCO Laboratories, Burlington, Ontario, Canada) , 5 ⁇ g/ml transferrin, and 5 X 10 ⁇ 5 2-mercaptoethanol (Eastman Chemicals Co., Rochester N.Y.).
  • Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of rHuAFP at a concentration of 400 ⁇ g/ml, respectively. Total volume of all cultures was 0.2 ml. Cultures were maintained at 37°C in 95% humidified air and 5% C0 2 .
  • rHuAFP The effects of purified rHuAFP on cultured murine bone marrow was evaluated in serum-free medium.
  • 2.5 X 10 5 viable cells from bone marrow of CBA/J mice were cultured for 72 hours in serum-free RPMI media in the presence or absence of rHuAFP at a final concentration of 400 ⁇ g/ml and transferrin at a final concentration of 5 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Data shown in Fig. 10 indicate that bone marrow cells undergo a strong proliferative response in the presence of unglycosylated rHuAFP; with a stimulation index (SI) of 35. No such proliferation was observed when bone marrow cells were cultured in the absence of rHuAFP.
  • SI stimulation index
  • rHuAFP is effective in promoting the proliferation of cells and accordingly is useful for therapy involving the promotion of cell proliferation, e.g. , proliferation of bone marrow cells, and in treatment for the prevention of side effects of immunosuppressive therapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or other therapies known to depress the immune system and suppress bone marrow production, causing myelotoxicity.
  • rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) is employed to treat deficiencies in hematopoietic progenitor or stem cells, or related disorders.
  • Recombinant HuAFP may also be employed in methods for treating cancer and other pathological states resulting in myelotoxcity, exposure to radiation or drugs, and including for example, leukopenia, bacterial and viral infections, anemia, B cell or T cell deficiencies, including immune cell or hematopoietic cell deficiency following autologous or non-autologous bone marrow transplantation.
  • Recombinant HuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) may also be employed to stimulate development of megakaryocytes and natural killer cells in vitro or in vivo.
  • the media, compositions, and methods of the invention are also useful for treating cancers that are treated by bone marrow transplants (BMT) that involve removing bone marrow cells from the patient, maintaining these cells in an ex vivo culture while the patient is treated with radiation or chemotherapy, and then transplanting these cells back into the patient after the treatment has been completed to restore the patient's bone marrow.
  • BMT bone marrow transplants
  • rHuAFP may be employed for BMT as a means for reconstituting bone marrow in ex vivo cell culture medium and for promoting bone marrow cell proliferation in vivo.
  • Recombinant HuAFP (a fragment or analog thereof) is also useful for other cell therapies, e.g. cell expansion and/or gene therapy protocols, therapies requiring ex vivo cell culture.
  • Recombinant HuAFP (a fragment or analog) is also useful in the prevention of autologous or aUogenic bone marrow transplant rejection.
  • Recombinant HuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) can be formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions.
  • Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein e.g., rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof)
  • rHuAFP is preferably administered to the patient in an amount which is effective in preventing or ameliorating the symptoms of myleotoxcity.
  • a dosage of 0.1 ng/kg to 10 g/kg body weight is adequate.
  • treatment of human patients will be carried out using a therapeutically effective amount of rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) in a physiologically acceptable carrier.
  • Suitable carriers and their formulation are described for example in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E.W. Martin.
  • rHuAFP The amount of rHuAFP to be administered will vary depending upon the manner of administration, the age and body weight of the patient, and with the type of disease, and size of the patient predisposed to or suffering from the disease.
  • Preferable routes of administration include, for example, oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intrperitoneally, intramuscular, transdermal or intradermal injections which provide continuous, sustained levels of the drug in the patient.
  • rHuAFP can be given to a patient by injection or implantation of a slow release preparation, for example, in a slowly dissociating polymeric or crystalline form; this sort of sustained administration can follow an initial delivery of the drug by more conventional routes (for example, those described above) .
  • rHuAFP can be administered using an external or implantable infusion pump, thus allowing a precise degree of control over the rate of drug release, or through installation of rHuAFP in the nasal passages in a similar fashion to that used to promote absorption of insulin.
  • rHuAFP can be delivered by aerosol deposition of the powder or solution into the lungs.
  • the therapeutic method( ⁇ ) and compositions of the present invention may also include co-administration with other human growth factors.
  • cytokines or hematopoietins for such use include, without limitation, factors such as an interleukin (e.g., IL-l) , GM-CSF, G- CSF, M-CSF, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) , transferrin, and erythropoietin.
  • growth factors like B cell growth factor, B cell differentiation factor, or eosinophil differentiation factors may also prove useful in co- administration with rHuAFP (or a fragment or analog thereof) .
  • the dosage recited above would be adjusted to compensate for such additional components in the therapeutic composition. Progress of the treated patient can be monitored by conventional methods.
  • Treatment is started generally with the diagnosis or suspicion of myelotoxcity and is generally repeated on a regular or daily basis to ameliorate or prevent the progression or exacerbation of the condition. Protection or prevention from the development of a myleotoxcemic condition is also achieved by administration of rHuAFP prior to the onset of the disease. If desired, the efficacy of the treatment or protection regimens is assessed with the methods of monitoring or diagnosing patients for myelotoxcity.
  • the method(s) of the invention can also be used to treat non-human mammals, for example, domestic pets, or livestock.
  • the invention includes the use of rHuAFP (or fragment or analog thereof) for the prevention or treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) .
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • test compounds are administered to an appropriate animal (e.g., a human patient), according to standard methods, e.g., intravenously or intraperitoneally, at an appropriate dosage on a daily basis as is discussed above.
  • administration is initiated prior to the onset of AIDS and/or after the clinical appearance of AIDS.
  • Control animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin, similarly administered as for rHuAFP or related molecules.
  • the effect of the test compound on AIDS is monitored according to standard methods. For example, analysis of the ability of the test compound to inhibit or prevent or ameliorate the destruction of helper T cells can be monitored. Comparative studies between treated and control animals are used to determine the relative efficacy of the test compounds in preventing or ameliorating AIDS.
  • a molecule which prevents or ameliorates (decreases or suppresses or relieves or promotes remission of) the symptoms of AIDS is considered useful in the invention.
  • rHuAFP or fragment or analog thereof for inhibiting the rejection of a transplanted organ (e.g., the heart, the liver, the lung, the pancreas, and the kidney), tissue (e.g., skin, bone marrow, dura mater, bone, implanted collagen, an implanted bioreactor) , or cell (e.g., ⁇ islet cells of the pancreas, stem cells, hematopoietic cells, lymph cells, neuroendocrine or adrenal cells) in a mammal.
  • a transplanted organ e.g., the heart, the liver, the lung, the pancreas, and the kidney
  • tissue e.g., skin, bone marrow, dura mater, bone, implanted collagen, an implanted bioreactor
  • cell e.g., ⁇ islet cells of the pancreas, stem cells, hematopoietic cells, lymph cells, neuroendocrine or adrenal cells
  • transplanted organs, tissues, or cells may be derived from any source, e.g., such biological material can be aUogenic, phenogenic, autologous, synthetic, artificial or genetically-engineered.
  • the method can also be used when the patient is the recipient of an allograft such a heart or kidney from another species.
  • the immunosuppressive effect of rHuAFP on clinical transplantation i.e., the ability of rHuAFP to prevent or ameliorate transplant rejection (e.g., hyperacute rejection, acute rejection and chronic rejection)
  • transplant rejection e.g., hyperacute rejection, acute rejection and chronic rejection
  • administration of rHuAFP is initiated prior to the transplant, e.g., transplantation of a kidney and/or after the transplant procedure.
  • Control animals receive a placebo, e.g., human serum albumin, similarly administered as for rHuAFP.
  • the effect of rHuAFP on transplant rejection is monitored according to standard methods.
  • One manifestation of the rejection process is diminished function of the transplanted organ, for example, analysis of urine output can be monitored.
  • histological inspection e.g. , by using any standard histochemical or immunohistochemical procedure, see e.g., Ausubel et al., supra; Bancroft and Stevens, supra
  • tissue samples obtained by biopsy are examined microscopically for evidence of transplant rejection, e.g., chronic interstitial fibrosis, vascular thrombosis, or the presence of abnormal lymphocytic infiltrates.
  • Comparative studies between treated and control animals are used to determine the relative efficacy of rHuAFP in preventing or ameliorating transplant rejection.
  • Recombinant HuAFP (a fragment or analog thereof) which prevents or ameliorates (decreases or suppresses or relieves or promotes remission of) the symptoms of transplant rejection is considered useful in the invention.
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE protein
  • TATCTCCAAA TCTAAACAGG TTTTTAGGAG ATAGAGATTT TAACCAATTT TCTTCAGGGG 1080
  • CTGTCTCAGT AATTCTAAGA GTTGCTAAAG GATACCAGGA GTTATTGGAG AAGTGTTTCC 1200
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20: AAAAAAATCG ATATGTCCTA CATATGTTCT CAA 33
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)

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PCT/US1996/000996 1995-01-24 1996-01-24 Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein and uses thereof WO1996022787A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP8523001A JPH10513347A (ja) 1995-01-24 1996-01-24 組換え型ヒトα−フェトプロテインおよびその利用
AU49035/96A AU700975B2 (en) 1995-01-24 1996-01-24 Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein and uses thereof
CA2211324A CA2211324C (en) 1995-01-24 1996-01-24 Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein and uses thereof
EP96905219A EP0805687A4 (en) 1995-01-24 1996-01-24 ALPHA-F RECOMBINANT HUMAN TOPROTEIN AND USES THEREOF
HK98111257A HK1010153A1 (en) 1995-01-24 1998-10-15 Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein and uses thereof.

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US37731795A 1995-01-24 1995-01-24
US37731695A 1995-01-24 1995-01-24
US37731195A 1995-01-24 1995-01-24
US08/377,311 1995-01-24
US08/377,317 1995-01-24
US08/377,309 US5965528A (en) 1991-09-27 1995-01-24 Recombinant human alph-fetoprotein as an immunosuppressive agent
US08/377,316 1995-01-24
US08/377,309 1995-01-24
US08/505,012 US6331611B1 (en) 1991-09-27 1995-07-21 Expression and purification of cloned human alpha-fetoprotein
US08/505,012 1995-07-21

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HK (1) HK1010153A1 (xx)
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WO1998035981A1 (en) * 1997-02-13 1998-08-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Prevention and treatment of hepatocellular cancer
WO2000040693A2 (en) * 1999-01-06 2000-07-13 Atlantic Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. Expression of secreted human alpha-fetoprotein in transgenic animals
WO2001003501A2 (en) * 1999-07-12 2001-01-18 Universite Libre De Bruxelles Non-human genetically modified mammal lacking the alpha-fetoprotein
WO2001058922A2 (en) * 2000-02-10 2001-08-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Method and compositions for treating hepatocellular cancer
WO2004033500A1 (en) * 2002-10-09 2004-04-22 Elena Ivanovna Dudich Peptides modulating caspase activation
US6774108B2 (en) 1991-09-27 2004-08-10 Martinex R & D Inc. Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein as an immunosuppressive agent
WO2006031611A1 (en) * 2004-09-09 2006-03-23 Serometrix Llc Compositions and methods of using alpha-fetoprotein growth inhibitory peptides
US7022892B1 (en) 1999-07-12 2006-04-04 Universite Libre De Bruxelles Non-human genetically modified mammal lacking the alpha-fetoprotein
US7098306B2 (en) 1997-02-13 2006-08-29 The Regents Of The University Of California Method and compositions for treating hepatocellular cancer
EP1585968A4 (en) * 2002-10-22 2006-11-22 Bio Merieux Inc ISOTHERMIC AMPLIFICATION-BASED TEST FOR DETECTING AND QUANTIFYING ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN MRNA
US7208576B2 (en) 1999-01-06 2007-04-24 Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Non-glycosylated human alpha-fetoprotein, methods of production, and uses thereof
WO2008029138A2 (en) * 2006-09-06 2008-03-13 Ucl Business Plc Peptides and methods
US7423024B2 (en) 1995-01-24 2008-09-09 Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein as an immunosuppressive agent
WO2008113970A2 (en) * 2007-03-16 2008-09-25 Ucl Business Plc Peptides
US9931373B2 (en) 2005-07-07 2018-04-03 Igor Dudich Method of reducing cancer cell proliferation by administering recombinant alpha-fetoprotein

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AU2007338771A1 (en) * 2006-12-19 2008-07-03 Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Coadministration of alpha-fetoprotein and an immunomodulatory agent to treat multiple sclerosis
CN105732795A (zh) * 2016-03-21 2016-07-06 海南医学院 一种获得人类甲胎蛋白的方法
CN112898399A (zh) * 2019-12-03 2021-06-04 香雪生命科学技术（广东）有限公司 源自于afp抗原的短肽
CN113416729B (zh) * 2021-05-18 2022-11-22 遵义医科大学附属医院 一种肝脏靶向调控甲胎蛋白基因的shRNA和cDNA及其应用

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Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6774108B2 (en) 1991-09-27 2004-08-10 Martinex R & D Inc. Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein as an immunosuppressive agent
US7423024B2 (en) 1995-01-24 2008-09-09 Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein as an immunosuppressive agent
WO1998035981A1 (en) * 1997-02-13 1998-08-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Prevention and treatment of hepatocellular cancer
JP2010222379A (ja) * 1997-02-13 2010-10-07 Regents Of The Univ Of California 肝細胞癌の予防又は処置のための組成物
US7098306B2 (en) 1997-02-13 2006-08-29 The Regents Of The University Of California Method and compositions for treating hepatocellular cancer
US7208576B2 (en) 1999-01-06 2007-04-24 Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Non-glycosylated human alpha-fetoprotein, methods of production, and uses thereof
WO2000040693A2 (en) * 1999-01-06 2000-07-13 Atlantic Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. Expression of secreted human alpha-fetoprotein in transgenic animals
EP1958503A3 (en) * 1999-01-06 2008-11-26 Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Expression of secreted human alpha-fetoprotein in transgenic animals
WO2000040693A3 (en) * 1999-01-06 2000-09-28 Atlantic Biopharmaceuticals In Expression of secreted human alpha-fetoprotein in transgenic animals
WO2001003501A3 (en) * 1999-07-12 2001-07-12 Univ Bruxelles Non-human genetically modified mammal lacking the alpha-fetoprotein
WO2001003501A2 (en) * 1999-07-12 2001-01-18 Universite Libre De Bruxelles Non-human genetically modified mammal lacking the alpha-fetoprotein
US7022892B1 (en) 1999-07-12 2006-04-04 Universite Libre De Bruxelles Non-human genetically modified mammal lacking the alpha-fetoprotein
WO2001058922A3 (en) * 2000-02-10 2002-02-14 Univ California Method and compositions for treating hepatocellular cancer
WO2001058922A2 (en) * 2000-02-10 2001-08-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Method and compositions for treating hepatocellular cancer
US7446095B2 (en) 2002-10-09 2008-11-04 Elena Ivanovna Dudich Peptides modulating caspase activation
WO2004033500A1 (en) * 2002-10-09 2004-04-22 Elena Ivanovna Dudich Peptides modulating caspase activation
EA010058B1 (ru) * 2002-10-09 2008-06-30 Эдуард Борисович Татулов Пептиды, модулирующие активацию каспазы
EP1585968A4 (en) * 2002-10-22 2006-11-22 Bio Merieux Inc ISOTHERMIC AMPLIFICATION-BASED TEST FOR DETECTING AND QUANTIFYING ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN MRNA
WO2006031611A1 (en) * 2004-09-09 2006-03-23 Serometrix Llc Compositions and methods of using alpha-fetoprotein growth inhibitory peptides
US9931373B2 (en) 2005-07-07 2018-04-03 Igor Dudich Method of reducing cancer cell proliferation by administering recombinant alpha-fetoprotein
WO2008029138A3 (en) * 2006-09-06 2008-09-25 Ucl Business Plc Peptides and methods
WO2008029138A2 (en) * 2006-09-06 2008-03-13 Ucl Business Plc Peptides and methods
WO2008113970A2 (en) * 2007-03-16 2008-09-25 Ucl Business Plc Peptides
WO2008113970A3 (en) * 2007-03-16 2008-12-24 Ucl Business Plc Peptides

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EP0805687A4 (en) 2000-05-31
AU700975B2 (en) 1999-01-14
HK1010153A1 (en) 1999-06-17
CN1150030C (zh) 2004-05-19
AU4903596A (en) 1996-08-14
EP0805687A1 (en) 1997-11-12
CN1179106A (zh) 1998-04-15
JP2008073041A (ja) 2008-04-03
JPH10513347A (ja) 1998-12-22
CA2211324C (en) 2012-07-10
CA2211324A1 (en) 1996-08-01

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