WO1996011313A1 - Toit de batiment pourvu d'au moins un element de retenue de l'eau et element de retenue de l'eau pour toit de batiment de ce type - Google Patents

Toit de batiment pourvu d'au moins un element de retenue de l'eau et element de retenue de l'eau pour toit de batiment de ce type Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996011313A1
WO1996011313A1 PCT/DE1995/001269 DE9501269W WO9611313A1 WO 1996011313 A1 WO1996011313 A1 WO 1996011313A1 DE 9501269 W DE9501269 W DE 9501269W WO 9611313 A1 WO9611313 A1 WO 9611313A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
roof
water retention
water
retention element
web
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE1995/001269
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Johann Vielberth
Original Assignee
Institut Für Entwicklung Und Forschung Dr. Vielberth Kg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE4435581A external-priority patent/DE4435581A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19518200A external-priority patent/DE19518200A1/de
Application filed by Institut Für Entwicklung Und Forschung Dr. Vielberth Kg filed Critical Institut Für Entwicklung Und Forschung Dr. Vielberth Kg
Priority to AU34700/95A priority Critical patent/AU3470095A/en
Publication of WO1996011313A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996011313A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/16—Insulating devices or arrangements in so far as the roof covering is concerned, e.g. characterised by the material or composition of the roof insulating material or its integration in the roof structure
    • E04D13/1606—Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure
    • E04D13/1662—Inverted roofs or exteriorly insulated roofs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D11/00—Roof covering, as far as not restricted to features covered by only one of groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00; Roof covering in ways not provided for by groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00, e.g. built-up roofs, elevated load-supporting roof coverings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D11/00—Roof covering, as far as not restricted to features covered by only one of groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00; Roof covering in ways not provided for by groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00, e.g. built-up roofs, elevated load-supporting roof coverings
    • E04D11/002—Roof covering, as far as not restricted to features covered by only one of groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00; Roof covering in ways not provided for by groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00, e.g. built-up roofs, elevated load-supporting roof coverings consisting of two or more layers, at least one of the layers permitting turfing of the roof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/24—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation
    • Y02A30/254—Roof garden systems; Roof coverings with high solar reflectance
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B80/00—Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings
    • Y02B80/32—Roof garden systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a building roof according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a water retention element according to the preamble of claim 15 or 25.
  • Green roofs are made with plants that can withstand larger periods of drought. However, such greening requires a special, very expensive roof structure with complicated foils, which must also be root-resistant. Nevertheless, damage and leaks on the roof or on the roof membrane that seals the roof cannot be ruled out. Another disadvantage is that repairs on the roof and in particular on the roof skin are very labor-intensive and can only be carried out at high costs.
  • trough-like water storage elements are arranged on the supporting substructure provided with the sealing roof skin. Above this is a filter and irrigation fleece, which forms the base for the planting substrate used for rooting the vegetation. In heavy rain, the trough-like water retention elements can collect excess rainwater that has not been absorbed by the plant substrate, which then dries up through the filter and irrigation fleece the plant substrate is released again.
  • This well-known building roof in particular is complex and expensive.
  • the object of the invention is to show a building roof or a water retention element, which enables storage of rainwater and release of the stored water to the environment in an optimal manner by evaporation with extremely little effort, especially during manufacture.
  • a building roof is formed according to the characterizing part of claim 1 and a water retention element according to the characterizing part of claim 15 or 25.
  • the peculiarity of the building roof or the water retention element is that the water retention element is provided freely accessible on the top of the roof.
  • the water retention element is preferably a roll-up web made of plastic or rubber, which is integrally provided on one side with a structure which forms a multiplicity of water-absorbing cavities, which are each open to the side facing away from the web, ie to the top of the building roof.
  • This design of the water retention element enables a large amount of water to be stored per unit area. Furthermore, this training ensures, among other things, a rapid absorption of water and a rapid release of the water into the environment.
  • the at least one water retention element or the rain water-storing space is formed by the recesses of the honeycomb structure on the carrier web, this material being either rollable or formed by small, handy plates, i.e. heavy , rigid, trough-like or gutter-like water retention elements are avoided. Due to the honeycomb structure, a large number of stable recesses can be realized in the smallest of spaces, and in the most economical way.
  • the at least one water retention element is freely accessible on the outside of the roof.
  • Rainwater can thus be absorbed by the water retention element without delay and can also be released to the environment without delay in the absence of rain or in dry periods, so that the desired reduction in the drainage value of the building roof, ie the amount of rainwater flowing out via the sewer and the desired improvement in the water balance and the microclimate can be achieved in an optimal manner with little effort, in particular also with a low mass for the water retention element. Even in the case of extreme downpours, which are rather rare in our climate range, in which about 100 to 120 liters of rain per square meter fall in a short time, a relatively low layer height build-up is sufficient for the honeycomb structure.
  • the carrier web and the honeycomb structure are preferably made in one piece, namely from plastic material or from rubber.
  • the entire surface of the building roof with one or more water retention elements.
  • the height is variable and can be adapted to the desired drainage value. The system remains active even in winter, since retention is guaranteed in the cavities despite frost.
  • the respective water retention element can also be designed in color in order to achieve a certain visual impression.
  • the color design also increases and reduces the evaporation effect, i.e. for example, a dark or black color increases the evaporation, while a light or white color means less evaporation of the stored water.
  • building roof can be designed in the same way as conventional, green roofs with respect to the roof substructure and the roof sealing the roof skin, so no special constructions are necessary.
  • the at least one water retention element can be fastened to the roof in a wide variety of ways, namely by gluing, welding, mechanical fasteners of various types, by tensioning elements and also nets or net-like holding elements, etc.
  • the building roof according to the invention is characterized by a simple construction.
  • the water retention system or the retention elements used can also be retrofitted to common roof types without any problems. Additional static conditions are not necessary as snow loads are taken into account anyway.
  • the water retention elements can be removed at any time and replaced if necessary.
  • the invention is suitable for a wide variety of building roofs. In particular in industrial buildings, however, the invention enables the internal wastewater systems as well as the in-house water treatment or a water retention basin to be downsized and therefore contributes significantly to reducing costs.
  • the invention also offers significant advantages for municipalities, likewise by a possible reduction in the size or capacity of the public sewer network.
  • the invention ensures great retention.
  • the at least one water retention element also makes a not insignificant contribution to thermal insulation or to lowering the roof temperatures in summer. Furthermore, the water retention element protects the roof skin from UV radiation and thus contributes to increasing the life of the roof skin.
  • FIG. 1 shows a simplified perspective illustration of a building with a building roof designed as a flat roof according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross section through the building roof of FIG. 1 with a plurality of water retention elements provided on the outer surface of the building roof;
  • FIGS. 3 - 5 in an enlarged detail and in section the building roof with differently designed water retention elements
  • FIG. 6 in a simplified perspective view of a building with a
  • FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a building roof designed as a sloping roof according to the invention.
  • FIGS 8 and 9 in a perspective view water retention elements with different attachment.
  • FIG. 10 shows a simplified representation and in cross section of a building roof designed as a flat roof according to the invention
  • Fig. 1 1 in an enlarged partial view, a top view of the building roof of Fig. 1;
  • FIG. 12 and 13 in representations similar to FIG. 10 sloping roofs.
  • 1 shows in a very schematic representation a building 1 which has a building roof 2 designed as a flat roof, on which the usual chimneys 3 and also the usual ventilation elements or light domes 4 are provided in the embodiment shown.
  • the peculiarity of the building roof 2 is that it has a large number of water retention elements 5 on its upper side, each of which consists of a web 6 which extends or extends across almost the entire width of this building from a water-absorbing or storing material have a rectangular cross section in the embodiment shown and connect to one another at a distance from one another in the longitudinal direction of the building 1.
  • the webs 6 are each held by suitable means on the top of a support or intermediate layer 7, which in turn is attached with its underside to the roof structure below.
  • the latter consists of the load-bearing roof substructure 8, which is shown in FIGS. 2-5 for simplicity as a plate, for example a concrete slab, but can also be a different construction, for example a roof substructure made of profiled sheets with insulation arranged above it, one using Beams and wooden cladding, etc., again preferably with thermal insulation.
  • the outer skin 9, which seals the roof in particular against water and rain, is applied in a conventional manner, which in the illustration of FIGS. 1-5 consists of several sealing sheets 10, which likewise extend transversely to the building and extend along the longitudinal edges of the building connect each other overlapping and are connected to each other by suitable means on the top of the roof substructure 8 and also at their overlapping areas.
  • the sealing sheets 10 are each with a variety of washers 1 1 stored on the roof substructure 8.
  • composite sheets extending in the longitudinal direction of the sealing sheets 10 can also be used, for example.
  • the sealing sheets 10 are, for example, those made of plastic or, in the simplest case, bitumen sealing sheets.
  • the roof outer skin 9 can of course also be formed from other materials commonly used for roofing, for example roof tiles, bitumen or plastic shingles, roof tiles, etc.
  • the water retention elements 5 are attached with the underside of their base layer 7 to the top of the outer roof skin 9 or the sealing sheets 10 in a suitable manner, for example by gluing, welding, etc., in any case such that the tightness of the outer roof skin 9 is not lost by this attachment.
  • the water retention elements 5 are located with their long sides laterally from the long sides of the sealing sheets 10 or their overlap area 10 ', so that these long sides of the sealing sheets or the overlap areas 10' are kept clear.
  • the water retention elements 5 or their webs 6 and base layer 7 are preferably each made of plastic, namely from an elastic or soft plastic, which makes it possible for the water retention elements 5 and their base layer 7 or to roll up the sealing sheets 10 produced with these elements or to supply them as rollable material.
  • a preferred plastic material is PVC, for example
  • FIGS. 3-5 show different possibilities for the formation of the water retention elements or their tracks, the water retention elements being designated 5a-5c and the associated tracks 6a-6c in these figures for better differentiation.
  • the webs 6a are formed from an open-cell foam or the like. Sponge-like material.
  • the water retention elements 5b of FIG. 4 use webs 6b which are formed from a non-woven material or a non-woven material with high absorbency or water absorption options.
  • 5 shows water retention elements 5c, the webs 6c of which consist of a flat material which has a plurality of tubular recesses 12 or capillaries which are open at least on the upper side of the respective web 6c and which each extend over the entire thickness of the web 6c and each of which has an internal cross section that is only a fraction of the thickness of the web 6c.
  • 13 also indicates a cover layer or upper protective layer which consists of a material which is permeable to water and water vapor, for example a thin fleece, and is fastened in a suitable manner on the upper side of the web 6c.
  • This layer 13 which acts as a filter layer and which, of course, can generally be provided on the outer surface of the water retention elements 5 or their web 6, that is to say also on the water retention elements 5a and 5b or the webs 5a and 5b there, causes foreign substances, in particular also dirt retained so that these foreign substances cannot penetrate into the capillaries 12 or into the water collection space of the respective water retention element 5 and thus contamination or a resulting reduction in the storage capacity or the storage capacity of the water retention element 5 is avoided.
  • FIG. 8 again shows a perspective view of a water retention element 5 consisting of the web 6 and the support layer 7 or sealing membrane 10 supporting this web.
  • Fig. 6 the building 1 is shown with a building roof 14, which differs from the building roof 2 only in that instead of the water retention elements 5, which are connected flat to the outer skin of the building roof, water retention elements 15 are used, which have their underside rest on the roof outer skin 9 and are held by tensioning straps or similar tensioning elements 16 on anchors 17 projecting above the roof outer skin 9.
  • the water retention elements 15 are also made in web form and can be rolled up, specifically on the support layer 7 and the water-storing web 6 provided on the top of this support layer 7.
  • the water retention elements 15 are in turn transverse to the building and parallel to one another, with the one shown Embodiment in the longitudinal direction of the building successive water retention elements 15 are spaced apart.
  • the loop-like tensioning elements 16 are preferably provided on the support layer 7, with which the respective water retention element 15 rests on the outer roof skin 9 and which is larger Strength than the material forming the web 6.
  • the water retention elements 15, the webs 6 of which in turn consist of materials as described in connection with FIGS. 3-5 and / or are provided with the filter layer 13, have the advantage that they can be removed or exchanged without problems, for example by To carry out repairs on the roof structure (for example on the outer roof skin) or to replace dirty water retention elements 15 with new ones.
  • FIG. 7 shows a building roof 18 designed as a sloping roof, which corresponds to the building roofs 2 and 14 insofar as the building roof 18 in turn has the load-bearing roof substructure 8 with the roof outer skin 9, but which in the building roof 18 also consists of roof tiles, shingles or roof panels can exist.
  • roof outer skin 9 water retention elements corresponding to the water retention elements 15 are fastened, namely short water retention elements 15a, which only extend over the width of a roof slope, and longer water retention elements 15b, which each run or are stretched over the ridge of the roof and thus extend over both roof slopes .
  • the water retention elements 15 are in turn held by the tensioning elements 16, which are preferably attached to snow guard elements or snow grids 19 of the building roof 18, wherever this is possible. Otherwise, anchorings 17 projecting beyond the roof outer skin 9 are also provided in the building roof 18.
  • the water retention elements 5 and 15 or the building roofs 2, 14 and 18 provided with these elements also have the advantage that the amounts of water stored in the water retention elements 5 and 15 can be released unhindered and quickly back into the surrounding air, which in turn briefly Storage capacity for the re-uptake of water is created. Furthermore, the building roofs 2 and 14 also allow the replacement of defective or no longer effective or soiled water retention elements 5 and 15. Finally, there is the possibility of adapting the roof area occupied by the water retention elements 5 and 15 to the respective climatic conditions so that an optimal one Climate improvement is achieved.
  • water retention elements 5 and 15 can also be retrofitted to existing building roofs.
  • layer 13 is a filter layer.
  • the layer 13 can also be one that is water-permeable, but improves the strength and resilience of the respective water retention element 5, in particular also against loads from wind, snow and / or from mechanical influences.
  • the layer 13 consists of a UV light-resistant material and thus also reduces the influence of the UV light on the web 6.
  • FIG. 10 shows in a very schematic representation a building roof 20 designed as a flat roof, on which a plurality of water retention elements 21 are provided on the surface, which, for example, occupy the entire surface of the building roof 20.
  • the water retention elements 21 consist of webs 22, which are made in one piece on the top with a honeycomb structure 23, which form a plurality of honeycomb-shaped and adjacent tubular recesses 24, each of which has a hexagonal cross-section, on the top, that is, on the carrier web 22 opposite side are open and are closed at the bottom and circumference.
  • the honeycomb structure 22 is preferably produced in one piece with the respective carrier web from an elastic material, so that the carrier web with the honeycomb structure for transport can be rolled up.
  • the carrier web and the honeycomb structure 23 are preferably made in one piece.
  • the building roof 20 also consists of the roof substructure 25, which forms the actual load-bearing construction of the building roof 20 and is shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity as a plate, for example as a concrete plate, but can also have another known construction, for example one Construction from profiled sheets with insulation arranged above, or a construction using beams and wooden cladding, again preferably with thermal insulation.
  • the roof skin 26 which seals the roof in particular against water and rain, is applied in a conventional manner, which e.g. consists of several sealing sheets 27, which extend over the building roof and adjoin one another overlapping on their longitudinal edges and are tightly connected to one another by suitable means on the top of the roof substructure 25 and also at their overlapping areas.
  • the sealing sheets 27 are, for example, those made of plastic or, in the simplest case, bitumen sealing sheets.
  • the roof outer skin 26 can of course also be formed from other materials that are commonly used for roofing, for example roof tiles, bitumen and plastic shingles, roof tiles, etc.
  • the water retention elements 21 are fastened on the roof outer skin 26 in such a way that the tightness of this outer skin is not lost, for example by gluing or welding the carrier web 22 to the outer surface of the roof skin 26. Other fastening methods are also conceivable.
  • the carrier webs 22 and honeycomb structure 23 consist, for example, of plastic or rubber. Other materials are also conceivable, in particular it is also conceivable to design the water retention elements 21 each as rigid or semi-elastic plate-like elements, the carrier web 22 then being a plate made of a rigid, less deformable or semi-elastic plastic or rubber.
  • the water retention elements 21 can also be provided on pitched roofs.
  • the individual recesses 24 no longer lie with their axes in the vertical direction, but are inclined above the vertical.
  • the recesses 24 of the honeycomb structure 23 have an axial height which is greater than the maximum cross-sectional dimension.
  • FIG. 4 shows, in a similar representation, FIG. 3 a sloping roof 20 ′′ provided with a tile covering, on which water retention elements 21 are provided.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention vise à améliorer la qualité de l'environnement et à réduire l'indice d'évacuation de l'eau de toits de bâtiments. A cet effet, un toit de bâtiment comporte au moins un élément de retenue de l'eau (5b, 5c) mis à découvert sur la face supérieure du toit et constitué d'une bande (6b, 6c) déroulable d'un matériau emmagasinant l'eau. Cette bande comporte plusieurs cavités absorbant l'eau qui sont ouvertes sur la face supérieure de l'élément de retenue de l'eau, mais sont sinon fermées.
PCT/DE1995/001269 1994-10-05 1995-09-15 Toit de batiment pourvu d'au moins un element de retenue de l'eau et element de retenue de l'eau pour toit de batiment de ce type WO1996011313A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU34700/95A AU3470095A (en) 1994-10-05 1995-09-15 Building roof with at least one water-retaining component and water-retaining component for such a building roof

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP4435581.5 1994-10-05
DE4435581A DE4435581A1 (de) 1994-10-05 1994-10-05 Gebäudedach mit wenigstens einem Wasserrückhalteelement sowie Wasserrückhalteelement für ein solches Gebäudedach
DE19512912 1995-04-06
DE19512912.1 1995-04-06
DE19517849 1995-05-16
DE19517849.1 1995-05-16
DE19518200.6 1995-05-18
DE19518200A DE19518200A1 (de) 1994-10-05 1995-05-18 Gebäudedach mit wenigstens einem Wasserrückhalteelement sowie Wasserrückhalteelement für ein solches Gebäudedach

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996011313A1 true WO1996011313A1 (fr) 1996-04-18

Family

ID=27436061

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/DE1995/001269 WO1996011313A1 (fr) 1994-10-05 1995-09-15 Toit de batiment pourvu d'au moins un element de retenue de l'eau et element de retenue de l'eau pour toit de batiment de ce type

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU3470095A (fr)
WO (1) WO1996011313A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1251218A1 (fr) 2001-04-21 2002-10-23 Bert Dautzenberg Dispositif de recueil et de stockage d'eau de pluie

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2755958A1 (de) * 1977-12-15 1979-06-21 Walter Zink Gartenanlage
DE8632713U1 (fr) * 1986-12-06 1987-10-29 Hermann Trautmann Garten- Und Landschaftsbau Gmbh, 4300 Essen, De
EP0384023A1 (fr) * 1989-02-23 1990-08-29 Hans Steinbronn Plaque porteuse pour gazonner un toit
DE4108994A1 (de) * 1990-03-21 1991-09-26 Adolf Baumjohann Unterlagsmatte fuer den aufbau von dachbegruenungen
FR2677062A1 (fr) * 1991-05-30 1992-12-04 Induplast Sa Panneau support de revetement a usage pietonnier.
DE4328787A1 (de) * 1992-10-01 1994-04-07 Isola A S Notodden Vorrichtung bei einer Schutzplatte oder Dränagenplatte
DE4303726A1 (de) * 1993-02-10 1994-08-11 Stein Cadenbach Bernd Wasserregulierungsmatte für Begründungsaufbauten

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2755958A1 (de) * 1977-12-15 1979-06-21 Walter Zink Gartenanlage
DE8632713U1 (fr) * 1986-12-06 1987-10-29 Hermann Trautmann Garten- Und Landschaftsbau Gmbh, 4300 Essen, De
EP0384023A1 (fr) * 1989-02-23 1990-08-29 Hans Steinbronn Plaque porteuse pour gazonner un toit
DE4108994A1 (de) * 1990-03-21 1991-09-26 Adolf Baumjohann Unterlagsmatte fuer den aufbau von dachbegruenungen
FR2677062A1 (fr) * 1991-05-30 1992-12-04 Induplast Sa Panneau support de revetement a usage pietonnier.
DE4328787A1 (de) * 1992-10-01 1994-04-07 Isola A S Notodden Vorrichtung bei einer Schutzplatte oder Dränagenplatte
DE4303726A1 (de) * 1993-02-10 1994-08-11 Stein Cadenbach Bernd Wasserregulierungsmatte für Begründungsaufbauten

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1251218A1 (fr) 2001-04-21 2002-10-23 Bert Dautzenberg Dispositif de recueil et de stockage d'eau de pluie
WO2002086253A1 (fr) 2001-04-21 2002-10-31 Bert Dautzenberg Dispositif de collecte et de stockage d'eau de l'environnement ambiant

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
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