WO1995013350A1 - Additiv für die glasflaschenreinigung und seine verwendung zur verringerung der glaskorrosion - Google Patents
Additiv für die glasflaschenreinigung und seine verwendung zur verringerung der glaskorrosion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995013350A1 WO1995013350A1 PCT/EP1994/003618 EP9403618W WO9513350A1 WO 1995013350 A1 WO1995013350 A1 WO 1995013350A1 EP 9403618 W EP9403618 W EP 9403618W WO 9513350 A1 WO9513350 A1 WO 9513350A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- group
- acids
- additive
- additive according
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D7/265—Carboxylic acids or salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/02—Inorganic compounds
- C11D7/04—Water-soluble compounds
- C11D7/08—Acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/32—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C11D7/3245—Aminoacids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/36—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
Definitions
- the invention relates to a new additive for aqueous alkaline cleaning solutions for machine bottle cleaning systems for glass bottles, in particular for beverage bottles.
- the additive has the task of reducing the glass corrosion that usually occurs in alkaline bottle cleaning. Further aspects of the invention relate to the use of the additive in aqueous cleaning solutions for the mechanical cleaning of glass bottles.
- the labels Before refillable glass returnable bottles, the labels must be removed and the bottles cleaned thoroughly.
- strongly alkaline cleaning solutions containing sodium hydroxide solution are usually used for this.
- the alkali metal hydroxide content is usually in the range from 0.5 to 5, in particular 1 to 3,% by weight.
- the desired cleaning effect is achieved. Glass corrosion is an undesirable effect in bottle cleaning. This means that the surface of the glass bottles is chemically attacked, which leads to surface roughness. A consequence of this is often difficult cleaning of the rough surface and the risk of growth of microorganisms in cracks and holes in the surface. It is known from practice and from laboratory tests that the corrosiveness of the cleaning solutions containing sodium hydroxide increases due to an increased proportion of sodium carbonate.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a combination of active substances for aqueous alkaline cleaning solutions for the mechanical cleaning of glass bottles which, in addition to cleaning-enhancing properties, contributes to a reduction in glass corrosion.
- the object of the invention is to formulate this combination of active substances in the form of a concentrate which can be admixed as an additive to the aqueous alkaline cleaning solution on site.
- Aliphatic hydroxymono-, hydroxydi- or hydroxytricarboxylic acids with 3 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 5 hydroxyl groups are known as components of industrial cleaners. It is also known to add cleaning solutions to geminal diphosphonic acids of the general formula (I) given below, aminomethylenephosphonic acids of the general formula (II) or phosphonocarboxylic acids of the general formula (III). It is assumed that the acids or their anions mentioned have complexing properties, in particular in relation to the hardness-forming ions of water. The aforementioned phosphonic and phosphonocarboxylic acids also show so-called hardness-stabilizing (scale-inhibiting) properties.
- DE-C-2325829 describes a sequestering agent for 2- and 3-valent cations in the form of a mixture of 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, aminotrimethylenephosphonic acid and 2-phosphonobutane1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid or their water-soluble salts.
- This document contains detailed information on which geminal diphosphonic acids, aminomethylene phosphonic acids and phosphonocarboxylic acids can be selected as a sequestering agent combination.
- the phosphonic acid types specified in this document, which is hereby expressly made the subject of the present disclosure, are also suitable as phosphonic acid components in the sense of the present invention.
- hydroxyalkanoligocarboxylic acids as complexing agents in technical alkaline cleaners is also known.
- WO92 / 08824 also discloses an aqueous alkaline cleaner for aluminum a pH between 10 and 12, which contains an alkaline builder component, aminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyldiphosphonic acids, surfactants and complexing agents for aluminum. Gluconates and tartates, among others, are given as complexing agents for aluminum.
- the unpublished German patent application P 42 32 612.5 describes the use of a combination of a phosphonic acid, an oxidizing agent and at least one short-chain organic carboxylic acid, selected from tartaric acid and citric acid, among others, in acidic aqueous solutions which have a pH in the range from 0 to 3, known for removing magnetite deposits in water-bearing systems.
- DE-A-3603 579 discloses acidic, phosphoric acid-containing cleaner concentrates which contain ethoxylated fatty amines of the general formula (V) as a constituent essential to the invention.
- n for an integer from 2 to 30,
- R a for a straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl radical having 8 to 24 carbon atoms and R b for a group
- R c is an alkylene radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms
- n, x and y each represent an integer from 0 to 30.
- the concentrates also contain a combination of different ones Phosphonic acids, which can be described by the general formulas I, II and III given below, and partly gluconic acid.
- the total phosphonic acid content is greater than the gluconic acid content.
- cleaning agents with a high wetting capacity are known, which are preferably used for cleaning plastic surfaces.
- constituents essential to the invention they contain monoamino- or diaminomono- or -dicarboxylic acids or their amides in combination with longer-chain carboxylic acids and nonionic surfactants.
- Optional components in these cleaners can be: hydroxypolycarboxylic acids such as tartaric acid and citric acid, geminal diphosphonic acids such as 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, aminophosphonic acids and phosphonopolycarboxylic acids.
- These cleaners may also contain alkali metal hydroxides as bath substances.
- the invention describes an additive in the form of an aqueous solution for addition to alkaline cleaning baths for the mechanical cleaning of glass bottles, consisting of a) 7 to 25% by weight, based on the free acid, of one or more aliphatic hydroxymono-, Hydroxy- or hydroxytricarboxylic acids with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 5 hydroxyl groups and / or aliphatic monoamino or diaminomono- or dicarboxylic acids with 2 to 6 carbon atoms or their water-soluble salts, b) 1 to 12% by weight , based on the free acid, of one or more geminal diphosphonic acids of the general formula (I) where R is an alkyl radical having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and Z is hydrogen, a hydroxyl or an amino group, and / or one or more aminomethylenephosphonic acids of the general formula (II)
- X and Y independently of one another are hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- R 3 is -PO 3 H 2 , and / or one or more phosphonocarboxylic acids of the general formula (III)
- R 1 is hydrogen, an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a group -CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH, or in each case their water-soluble salts, c) 63 to 92% by weight of water or an aqueous solution of further auxiliaries, the total concentration of the carboxylic acids of group a) being not less than the total concentration of the phosphonic acids of group b).
- the additive preferably contains 10 to 20% by weight, based on the free acid, of one or more of the carboxylic acids of group a) or their water-soluble salts, and / or, preferably and, 2 to 6% by weight, based on the free acid, one or more of the phosphonic acids of group b) or their water-soluble salts and 68 to 91% by weight, preferably 74 to 88% by weight of water or an aqueous solution of further auxiliaries.
- the acids which can be used according to the invention will be present in the form of their anions in the application solution, regardless of whether the additive contains them as free acids or as water-soluble salts.
- the carboxylic acids of group a) and / or the phosphonic acids of group b) are used as water-soluble salts
- the alkali metal or ammonium salts are particularly suitable, preferably sodium salts.
- water-soluble is to be understood in such a way that the salts are soluble in the aqueous phase of the additive in the concentration ranges mentioned above, based in each case on the free acids.
- Suitable hydroxycarboxylic acids of group a) are, in particular, hydroxyacetic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, tartronic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid.
- Aminocarboxylic acids of group a) are also suitable according to the invention.
- the naturally occurring alpha-amino acids or amino acid derivatives are generally chiral with respect to the carbon atom carrying the amino group and are in the L form. Although the chiral L-amino acids offer no particular advantage for the technical application according to the invention, they are preferably used as natural or nature-identical active ingredients.
- amino acids in the form of their racemates or in optically active form can be used, for example: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, aminomalonic acid, aminoadipic acid and 2-amino-2-methylpentanedioic acid.
- the amino acids can also carry hydroxyl groups. Examples include serine and threonine.
- the additive contains 2 to 4, preferably 3 different carboxylic acids and in particular hydroxycarboxylic acids of group a), the combination of gluconic acid, lactic acid and citric acid leading to particularly positive results. It is advantageous if the additive gluconic acid, lactic acid and citric acid or their water-soluble salts in a weight ratio of 1: (0.5 to 1.5): (0.5 to 1.5), preferably in a weight ratio of 1: (0.7 to 1.0): (0.8 to 1.2) contains.
- Suitable phosphonic acids are listed in DE-C-2325829. Accordingly, the phosphonic acids of group b) or their water-soluble salts can preferably be selected from the following groups:
- Formula (III) phosphonosuccinic acid, methylphosphonosuccinic acid, 2phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid.
- the additive contains phosphonic acids or their water-soluble salts of the general formula (I) and / or (III), preferably at least one phosphonic acid of the formulas (I) and (III), in particular 1-hydroxyethane-1 , 1-diphosphonic acid and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid can be used.
- a preferred additive is characterized in that it is a phosphonic acid or its water-soluble salts of the general formulas (I) and (III) in a weight ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 10: 1, in particular 6: 1 to 9: 1.
- the effect according to the invention is already achieved if, in addition to the abovementioned components from groups a) and b), the additive only contains water. Depending on the application conditions, however, it may be advantageous to add further auxiliaries to the water phase of the additive.
- a defoamer solution is preferably used as the aqueous solution c), it being recommended in the context of the invention that the defoamer makes up a proportion of 1 to 25, preferably 10 to 20 and in particular 13 to 18% by weight, based on the total additive .
- the defoamer can be selected empirically depending on the type of contamination of the glass bottles. Those polyglycol ethers which are recommended in EP-B-124815 as foam-suppressing additives in low-foam cleaning agents have proven successful. Accordingly, the defoamer is preferably selected from the group of polyethylene glycol ethers of the general formula (IV)
- R 4 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 8 to 18 carbon atoms
- n is a number from 7 to 12, preferably from 8 to 10
- R 5 is an alkyl radical with 4 to 8 carbon atoms, in particular with 4 carbon atoms.
- Nonionic surfactants based on ethoxylation and / or propoxylation products of fatty alcohols or fatty amines can be used for this.
- a particularly suitable product group of ethoxylated fatty amines is described in DE-A-3603 579 cited above.
- the fatty amine ethoxylates described there are also suitable as auxiliaries for increasing the cleaning performance of the additives according to the invention.
- surface-active auxiliaries are reaction products of fatty amines with 10 to 18 carbon atoms with 8 to 16 moles of ethylene oxide. It is advantageous if the nonionic surfactant (s) are present in the aqueous solution c) in such an amount that they make up a proportion of 1 to 6, preferably 2 to 4,% by weight, based on the total additive.
- the polyether chain of the defoaming and the surface-active auxiliaries obtained by alkoxylation can be present in a conventional or in a so-called “narrowed" homolog distribution.
- a way of producing alkoxylation products with a narrow homolog distribution is given, for example, in DE-A-3843713.
- the ready-to-use cleaning solution or the concentrated additive contains analytical substances that are easy to determine.
- the additive contains such a conductive substance in a concentration that can be easily determined in the dilute bath solution, but does not lead to problems in use or wastewater technology.
- the additive according to the invention can contain 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of potassium iodide.
- the invention relates to the use of the additive in an aqueous cleaning solution containing alkali metal hydroxide for the mechanical cleaning of glass bottles.
- the use is therefore characterized is characterized in that the cleaning solution has an active ingredient content which can be adjusted by adding the above-described additive to the cleaning solution in such amounts that the cleaning solution content of carboxylic acids of group a) is 100 to 1,000 mg / l, preferably 200 to 800 mg / l, in particular 300 to 600 mg / l and of phosphonic acids of group b) 50 to 400 mg / l, preferably 75 to 200 mg / l.
- the NaOH content of the cleaning solution is in the industrially customary range from 0.5 to 5% by weight, preferably 1 to 3% by weight.
- the use according to the invention can advantageously be carried out by adding the additive described above, which is an active ingredient concentrate, in the appropriate dosage to the alkali metal hydroxide-containing cleaning solution.
- the use according to the invention can of course also be carried out by adding the individual active ingredients separately in the concentration range mentioned above to the cleaning solution.
- concentrations of the active ingredients of groups a) and b) in the finished cleaning solution and in the additive it is easy to calculate the concentrations of the other auxiliaries nonionic surfactants, defoamers and lead substances that result from appropriate dilution of the additive.
- the use is further characterized in that the bottles are brought into contact with the cleaning solution at temperatures between 40 and 90 ° C, preferably between 55 and 85 ° C for a period of 1 to 30 minutes, preferably 3 to 20 minutes.
- test solutions contained 2% by weight sodium carbonate in order to approximate the conditions in technical baths. In practice, the sodium carbonate content of the cleaning solutions can fluctuate greatly. All test solutions contained 2.5% by weight NaOH, the components listed in Table 1 and water ad 100%. Comparative solution 1 was free of carbonate.
- Table 1 shows the test results.
- Additive concentrates were prepared in the form of aqueous solutions for addition to aqueous alkaline cleaning solutions for machine bottle cleaning by introducing the required amount of water and dissolving the other components therein with stirring at room temperature.
- a to K have the same meaning as in Table 1,
- L means potassium iodide.
- the active substance and auxiliary substance contents in the additive are stated in% by weight; the difference to 100% by weight is water.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DK94931560T DK0728180T3 (da) | 1993-11-12 | 1994-11-03 | Additiv til anvendelse ved rengøring af glasflasker og dets anvendelse til nedsættelse af glaskorrosion |
DE59406789T DE59406789D1 (de) | 1993-11-12 | 1994-11-03 | Additiv für die glasflaschenreinigung und seine verwendung zur verringerung der glaskorrosion |
EP94931560A EP0728180B1 (de) | 1993-11-12 | 1994-11-03 | Additiv für die glasflaschenreinigung und seine verwendung zur verringerung der glaskorrosion |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4338626A DE4338626A1 (de) | 1993-11-12 | 1993-11-12 | Additiv für die Glasflaschenreinigung und seine Verwendung zur Verringerung der Glaskorrosion |
DEP4338626.1 | 1993-11-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1995013350A1 true WO1995013350A1 (de) | 1995-05-18 |
Family
ID=6502420
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1994/003618 WO1995013350A1 (de) | 1993-11-12 | 1994-11-03 | Additiv für die glasflaschenreinigung und seine verwendung zur verringerung der glaskorrosion |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0728180B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE170213T1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2176336A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE4338626A1 (de) |
DK (1) | DK0728180T3 (de) |
PL (1) | PL314308A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1995013350A1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001024242A1 (en) * | 1999-09-27 | 2001-04-05 | Cabot Microelectronics Corporation | Cleaning solution for semiconductor surfaces following chemical-mechanical polishing |
US8900371B2 (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2014-12-02 | Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Cleaning agent for substrate and cleaning method |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19945169C2 (de) * | 1999-09-21 | 2001-09-20 | Tensid Chemie G Maier Gmbh | Verfahren zum Kaschieren von Oberflächenanteilen und/oder-zerklüftungen von Flaschen aus Glas sowie entsprechende Verwendung einer nichtionischen Tensidlösung |
EP1292661A1 (de) * | 2000-05-31 | 2003-03-19 | Unilever Plc | Klarspülmittelzusammensetzungen |
DE10049657C2 (de) * | 2000-10-07 | 2003-02-27 | Henkel Kgaa | Maschinelles Geschirreinigungsverfahren und maschinelle Geschirrspülmittel mit verbessertem Korrosionsschutz |
US6835702B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-12-28 | Ecolab Inc. | Compositions and methods for mitigating corrosion of applied color designs |
DE102009025411B4 (de) | 2009-06-16 | 2011-05-19 | Innovent E.V. Technologieentwicklung | Verwendung von Zinkstaubpartikeln oder Partikelstaub, der Zink oder eine Zinkverbindung enthält, als Korrosionsschutzmittel für Glas |
ES2884253T3 (es) * | 2014-03-24 | 2021-12-10 | Chemische Fabrik Dr Weigert Gmbh & Co Kg | Agente de limpieza y procedimiento para el lavado de la vajilla |
BE1021365B1 (fr) | 2014-09-01 | 2015-11-06 | Sopura S.A. | Additif de lavage |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0203523A2 (de) * | 1985-05-30 | 1986-12-03 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Schmelzblockförmige, alkalihydroxidhaltige Mittel für das maschinelle Reinigen von Geschirr und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
EP0231886A2 (de) * | 1986-02-06 | 1987-08-12 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Verwendung ethoxylierter Fettamine als Lösungsvermittler |
EP0476212A1 (de) * | 1990-09-17 | 1992-03-25 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Flüssige Waschmittelzusammensetzung |
JPH0633096A (ja) * | 1992-07-17 | 1994-02-08 | Daisan Kogyo Kk | ガラス洗浄剤 |
DE4232612A1 (de) * | 1992-09-29 | 1994-03-31 | Henkel Kgaa | Entfernung von Magnetitbelägen in wasserführenden Systemen |
-
1993
- 1993-11-12 DE DE4338626A patent/DE4338626A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1994
- 1994-11-03 DK DK94931560T patent/DK0728180T3/da active
- 1994-11-03 EP EP94931560A patent/EP0728180B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-11-03 CA CA002176336A patent/CA2176336A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-11-03 WO PCT/EP1994/003618 patent/WO1995013350A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1994-11-03 DE DE59406789T patent/DE59406789D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-11-03 PL PL94314308A patent/PL314308A1/xx unknown
- 1994-11-03 AT AT94931560T patent/ATE170213T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0203523A2 (de) * | 1985-05-30 | 1986-12-03 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Schmelzblockförmige, alkalihydroxidhaltige Mittel für das maschinelle Reinigen von Geschirr und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
EP0231886A2 (de) * | 1986-02-06 | 1987-08-12 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Verwendung ethoxylierter Fettamine als Lösungsvermittler |
DE3603579A1 (de) * | 1986-02-06 | 1987-08-13 | Henkel Kgaa | Verwendung ethoxylierter fettamine als loesungsvermittler |
EP0476212A1 (de) * | 1990-09-17 | 1992-03-25 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Flüssige Waschmittelzusammensetzung |
JPH0633096A (ja) * | 1992-07-17 | 1994-02-08 | Daisan Kogyo Kk | ガラス洗浄剤 |
DE4232612A1 (de) * | 1992-09-29 | 1994-03-31 | Henkel Kgaa | Entfernung von Magnetitbelägen in wasserführenden Systemen |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
DATABASE WPI Week 9410, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 94-080214[10], "Glass cleaner without whitening esp. for bottle cleaning in factory" * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001024242A1 (en) * | 1999-09-27 | 2001-04-05 | Cabot Microelectronics Corporation | Cleaning solution for semiconductor surfaces following chemical-mechanical polishing |
US6395693B1 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2002-05-28 | Cabot Microelectronics Corporation | Cleaning solution for semiconductor surfaces following chemical-mechanical polishing |
US6541434B2 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2003-04-01 | Cabot Microelectronics Corporation | Cleaning solution for semiconductor surfaces following chemical-mechanical polishing |
US8900371B2 (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2014-12-02 | Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Cleaning agent for substrate and cleaning method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK0728180T3 (da) | 1999-06-28 |
ATE170213T1 (de) | 1998-09-15 |
DE4338626A1 (de) | 1995-05-18 |
PL314308A1 (en) | 1996-09-02 |
DE59406789D1 (de) | 1998-10-01 |
CA2176336A1 (en) | 1995-05-18 |
EP0728180A1 (de) | 1996-08-28 |
EP0728180B1 (de) | 1998-08-26 |
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