WO1993014602A1 - Solid-state imaging device and solid-state imaging element used therefor - Google Patents
Solid-state imaging device and solid-state imaging element used therefor Download PDFInfo
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- WO1993014602A1 WO1993014602A1 PCT/JP1993/000007 JP9300007W WO9314602A1 WO 1993014602 A1 WO1993014602 A1 WO 1993014602A1 JP 9300007 W JP9300007 W JP 9300007W WO 9314602 A1 WO9314602 A1 WO 9314602A1
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- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 234
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M1/00—Analogue/digital conversion; Digital/analogue conversion
- H03M1/12—Analogue/digital converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/60—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise
- H04N25/67—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise applied to fixed-pattern noise, e.g. non-uniformity of response
- H04N25/671—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise applied to fixed-pattern noise, e.g. non-uniformity of response for non-uniformity detection or correction
- H04N25/672—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise applied to fixed-pattern noise, e.g. non-uniformity of response for non-uniformity detection or correction between adjacent sensors or output registers for reading a single image
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N17/00—Diagnosis, testing or measuring for television systems or their details
- H04N17/002—Diagnosis, testing or measuring for television systems or their details for television cameras
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/10—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths
- H04N23/13—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths with multiple sensors
- H04N23/15—Image signal generation with circuitry for avoiding or correcting image misregistration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/71—Charge-coupled device [CCD] sensors; Charge-transfer registers specially adapted for CCD sensors
- H04N25/75—Circuitry for providing, modifying or processing image signals from the pixel array
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid-state imaging device that receives an image of an object to be imaged and generates an image signal representing the image of the object in synchronization with a driving pulse, and a driving device that generates a driving pulse supplied to the solid-state imaging device.
- a solid-state imaging device including means for generating a sampling pulse for conversion, and a solid-state imaging device used in such a solid-state imaging device It is about the child.
- a solid-state image sensor as an image sensor
- Charge Coupled Device the signal read from the CCD is first sampled by a sampling circuit, for example, a Kayaseki double sampling circuit, and then an analysis such as filtering, gain adjustment, and non-linear processing for removing clock noise is performed.
- the digital signal is passed through a digital processing circuit, converted to a digital image signal by an AZD converter, sampled, and a television image signal is extracted.
- AZD converter a digital image signal is first sampled and held by a sample / hold circuit, and the held signal is converted into a digital signal.
- a flash type AZD converter When a flash type AZD converter is used as the AZD converter, the input analog image signal is directly converted to a digital surface image signal, but even in this case, the AZD conversion is synchronized with the sampling pulse. It has been done.
- the sampling pulse used in the AZD converter is referred to as the AZD conversion sampling pulse in order to distinguish it from the sampling pulse used in the Kayuan double sampling circuit.
- Fig. 1 shows the configuration of a conventional solid-state imaging device.
- CCD 1 receives a reference clock generated from a reference oscillator (0SC) 2 and generates a CCD drive signal.
- the signal is read out by the drive pulse from the, and this signal is sampled by the correlated double sampling circuit 4, and this signal is passed through the low-pass filter 5 to remove clock noise, gain adjustment, nonlinear processing, etc. Then, the signal is passed through an analog processing circuit 6 for performing analog / digital conversion using an A / D conversion sampling pulse in an AZD conversion circuit 7 to obtain a digital television image signal.
- the correlated double sampling circuit 4 described above has three sample-and-hold circuits 4a, 4b, and 4c driven by sampling pulses of different phases generated from the CCD drive gate array 3. 2 As shown in A, the signal read from CCD 1 is sampled at two sampling times, that is, the sampling value (black sample) sampled at black level sampling point B within the zero signal period. The difference from the sampling value (white sample) sampled at the white level sampling point W in the signal period is obtained by the differential amplifier 4d.
- This correlated double sampling circuit is located immediately after the CCD. Since this signal processes signals that have not passed through the analog processing circuit 6, the phase of the sampling pulse at this point and the position of the signal read from the CCD 1 Not a serious problem for aging of the difference is less stable with.
- the image signal obtained from the correlated double sampling circuit 4 is a low-pass signal. After passing through the over-filter 5 and the analog processing circuit 6, it is sampled in the AZD conversion circuit 7.
- the AZD conversion circuit 7 in this example is not a flash type but a normal type having a sample-and-hold circuit 7a and an AZD converter 7b.
- the AZD conversion sampling pulse for determining the sampling timing in the sample-and-hold circuit 7a of the A / D conversion circuit 7 is generated from the reference oscillator 2. In this way, the timing of reading the signal in the CCD 1 and the timing of the sampling in the AZD conversion circuit 7 are matched.
- pulse phase adjusters 9 and 10 are provided so as to adjust the phase of the sampling pulse supplied to the correlated double sampling circuit 4.
- These pulse phase adjusters 8 to 10 are circuits for manually adjusting the phase of the pulse, and are composed of a variable resistor, a capacitor, and a buffer amplifier. Can also be.
- an analog image signal is converted to a digital image signal by a normal AZD conversion circuit 7 having a sample / hold circuit 7a and an AZD converter 7b.
- a flash A / D conversion circuit without a sample / hold circuit is used instead of such an AZD conversion circuit. You can also.
- the sampling pulse for AZD conversion may be supplied to the AZD converter 7b as shown by the chain line in FIG.
- the pulse readout adjusters 9 and 10 are provided to adjust the timing at which the signal read from the CCD 1 is sampled by the dual-sampling circuit 4, and the AZD conversion circuit 7 is provided.
- a movement adjuster 8 is provided to adjust the sampling pulse for the AZD conversion at the time. At the time of initial setting, these pulse adjusters are adjusted to obtain the optimal phase relationship. However, during the use of the solid-state imaging device, the above-described sampling pulse phase relationship may deviate from an ideal one, so that it is necessary to perform the adjustment again.
- the CCD drive gate array 3 has a MOS structure, and the time lag between the timing of receiving the clock from the reference oscillator 2 and the timing of generating the CCD drive pulse causes the element to have a time lag. 10 to 20 ns due to variations and temperature changes.Also, the flash-type A / D conversion circuit 7 has a time lag of 10 times from receiving a sampling pulse until actual sampling is performed. ns, and the flash-type AZD conversion circuit 7 is provided after the low-pass filter 5 and the analog processing circuit 6 that delay the signal. This is because the relative phase between the signal supplied to the AZD conversion circuit 7 due to the delay time and the sampling pulse is affected by the delay time.
- phase adjuster 8 that controls the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse for the AZD conversion circuit 7 is re-used even during use. Need to adjust.
- the sampling period is 70 ns, but the sampling period may be less than 50 ns in the near future. Yes, fluctuations of about 10 ns cannot be tolerated. Furthermore, in a high-vision system, the sampling period is 14 ns, which is very small, about 1 to 2 ns. Even fluctuations cannot be ignored.
- a solid-state imaging device As described above, in a solid-state imaging device, it is necessary to perform initial adjustment of sampling evening and readjustment during use. Conventionally, this adjustment is performed using a tripod as shown in Fig. 3.
- a test chart 14 depicting a pattern that switches black and white at the highest frequency in the horizontal direction is placed, and the illumination device 15 illuminates this uniformly, and the solid-state imaging device Adjust the vertical correctly to the direction of the test pattern and fix the tripod.Fine-adjust the pattern cycle and the arrangement of the solid-state imaging device with the image sensor, and then perform AZD conversion.
- An object of the present invention is to eliminate the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art and to use the tripod, test chart, and illumination device, etc., and thus to achieve the above-described readout timing of the solid-state imaging device in a short time without skill.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a solid-state imaging device capable of adjusting the phase of a sampling pulse for AD conversion and a solid-state imaging device used in such a solid-state imaging device. Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention relates to a solid-state imaging device that receives an image of an object to be imaged and generates an image signal representing the image of the object in synchronization with a driving pulse, and a driving device that generates a driving pulse supplied to the solid-state imaging device.
- a test signal generating means for level Ru generates a test signal alternately changes between two successive pixels, the test signal and sampling It is characterized in that the configuration is such that the phase of the sampling pulse can be adjusted based on the obtained signal.
- a test signal whose level alternates between at least two sequential pixels is generated in synchronization with a drive pulse for reading the test signal inside the solid-state imaging device.
- a solid-state imaging device includes: a video section that receives a subject image and generates an image signal thereof; a transfer section that transfers an electric charge generated in the video section and outputs an image signal; The level changes alternately for each pixel, and the test signal generator that generates the test signal for adjusting the sampling timing of the image signal is formed integrally on the same semiconductor chip, or they are the same.
- the image part, the transfer part, and the test signal generation part are configured to be read out by a common drive pulse.
- test signal can be generated by itself, the configuration is simplified, and the driving pulse for reading the video signal from the video section is used. Therefore, since the test signal is generated, a test signal synchronized with the video signal can be always obtained, and the sampling timing can be adjusted accurately.
- the absolute value of the difference between the sequential digital test signals sampled by the sampling means and converted by the A / D conversion means is obtained.
- the phase of the sampling pulse for AZD conversion is controlled so that the integrated value becomes maximum.
- the phase of the analog test signal input to the AZD conversion means is compared with the phase of the -A / D conversion sampling pulse.
- the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse is controlled based on the result.
- Examples of applications of the solid-state imaging device of the present invention include phase matching between output signals of the solid-state imaging device in a solid-state imaging device using a plurality of solid-state imaging devices, and output signals in a correlated double sampling circuit. Sampling timing or phase matching with the clock signal can be easily performed.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,549 discloses a cell area capable of generating a black-level image signal and a cell area capable of generating a white-level image signal in a semiconductor chip on which a CCD is formed. Together It is disclosed that these cell areas are read out together with the reading of the original surface image signal.
- signals read from these cell regions are used as reference levels of black and white image signals, respectively, and these black and white cell regions are read alternately. Therefore, it is not possible to control the sampling pulse as in the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventionally known solid-state imaging device.
- 2A to 2G are signal waveform diagrams for explaining the operation.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration for adjusting the timing of a sampling pulse in a conventional device.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the configuration of one embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- 5A to 5H are signal waveform diagrams for explaining the operation.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an operation in another embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 shows a configuration of another embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention. It is a block diagram showing an example.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the configuration of another embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- 9A to 9I are signal waveform diagrams for explaining the operation.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a modification of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a configuration of one embodiment of the frequency multiplier shown in FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of an example of the analog variable delay line shown in FIGS.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a configuration of another modification of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention shown in FIG.
- 14A to 14E are signal waveform diagrams for explaining the operation.
- FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a configuration of still another modification of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention shown in FIG.
- 16A to 16I are signal waveform diagrams for explaining the operation.
- FIG. 17A and 17B are diagrams showing a configuration of an embodiment of a solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a waveform diagram showing a test signal according to the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a configuration of another embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a configuration of still another embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a configuration of still another embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a configuration of still another embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a configuration of a modification of the solid-state imaging device of the present invention shown in FIG.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing a configuration of an embodiment of a color television camera to which the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing the configuration of another embodiment of a color television camera to which the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 26 is a diagram showing the configuration of still another embodiment of a power television camera to which the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing the configuration of still another embodiment of a color television camera to which the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the configuration of one embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- the CCD 21 is used as a solid-state imaging device, and a test signal is mixed during a horizontal blanking period of a signal read from the CCD. The sampling is performed based on the test signal. It is configured to adjust the timing automatically.
- a reference oscillator 22 is provided, and the generated reference clock is supplied to a CCD drive gate 23 to generate a drive pulse for reading out the CCD and two sampling pulses for a correlated double sampling circuit 24. Let it.
- the correlated double sampling circuit 24 includes three samples, hold circuits 24a, 24b, 24c, and a differential amplifier 24d, and the configuration and operation are the same as those of the conventional one.
- the output signal of the correlated double sampling circuit 24 is supplied to an AZD conversion circuit 27 via a low-pass filter 25 and an analog processing circuit 26.
- This A / D conversion circuit 26 is a normal one having a sample and hold circuit 27a and an AZD converter 27b.
- the A / D conversion circuit 27 may be a type having a built-in sample and hold circuit 27a, and it is of course possible to use an A / D conversion circuit of a type which does not include a sample and hold circuit. is there. In such a case, sample before the AZD conversion circuit. • A hold circuit may be added so that the sample / hold circuit is supplied with an A / D conversion sampling pulse whose phase has been adjusted.
- the sample-and-hold circuit 27a is not required, but the sampling pulse for A / D conversion is converted to an AZD-converted signal. Need to be supplied to the vessel.
- the CCD sampling signal 24 is used to sample the output signal of the CCD, it can be replaced with another substitute circuit or without using such a sampling circuit. good.
- FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention
- the above-described correlated double sampling circuit and Z or analog circuit are not necessarily required to carry out the present invention. Not necessary.
- a test signal read from the CCD 21 and subjected to a predetermined process is extracted from the output signal of the AZD conversion circuit 27, and the digitized test signal becomes a predetermined test signal.
- the phase of the sampling pulse supplied to the AZD conversion circuit 27 is automatically adjusted to an optimum value.
- the test signal read from CCD21 may be a signal that alternates between white and black levels in at least two sequential cycles.
- a test signal that alternates between white and black levels for 10 cycles during the horizontal blanking period shall be used to detect the peak-to-peak values of these white and black levels.
- the output signal of the AZD conversion circuit 27 is passed through a delay circuit 28 having a delay time of one clock cycle, and the difference between the delayed signal and the non-delayed signal is obtained by a subtraction circuit 29.
- the output signal of the circuit is supplied to the absolute value circuit 30 to determine the absolute value of the difference.
- the peak-to-peak value obtained in this way becomes maximum when the test signal is sampled at the optimal phase position, and decreases as the test signal deviates from the optimal phase position.
- the output signal of the subtraction circuit 30 is supplied to one side of the addition circuit 32 via the switch 31 which is turned on only during the test signal generation period, and the output signal of the addition circuit has a delay time of one clock cycle.
- the output signal of the delay circuit 33 is supplied to the other input terminal of the adder circuit 32.
- the adder circuit and the delay circuit 33 constitute an integrating circuit, and the absolute value of the image signal supplied from the absolute value circuit 30 during the period when the switch 31 is on, that is, the peak-to-peak value. Is multiplied. In this way, the integrated value of the absolute value of the peak-to-peak value of the test signal read from the CCD 21 during a certain horizontal blanking period is stored in the first buffer memory 34.
- the product stored in the first buffer memory 34 Min value after the second buffer and the first integration value is Kioku in the buffer memory 34 c for storing therein is transferred to the memory 35, the second bus Ffamemori 35 Kioku has been being integral value That is, the comparison circuit 36 compares the peak-to-peak integrated value of the absolute value of the test signal detected during the immediately preceding horizontal blanking period in the comparison circuit 36, and outputs the digital signal output from this comparison circuit.
- a digital signal is supplied to a digital code conversion circuit 37, and the output signal of the digital code conversion circuit converts the digital signal inserted into the transmission path of the sampling pulse from the reference oscillator 22 to the AZD conversion circuit 27.
- the signal is supplied to the delay circuit 38 to adjust the phase of the A / D conversion sampling pulse.
- the comparison circuit 36 outputs the digital code to the line 39 when the integrated value of the first buffer memory 34 is larger than the integrated value of the second buffer memory 35, and It is configured to output digital code to 40.
- the digital variable delay circuit 38 converts the control code into a digital code conversion circuit so as to advance the sampling pulse for AZD conversion. If a digital code is supplied to the line 40 from the 37, a control code for delaying the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse is received.
- the integrated value stored in the first buffer memory 34 is used as the second buffer memory 35 If the integrated value is larger than the integral value stored in the AZD, the digital code is output to the line 39, and the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse is further advanced. In other words, the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse gradually shifts toward the optimum value. After reaching the optimal value, the integrated value of the first buffer memory 35 becomes smaller than the integrated value of the second buffer memory 36, so that the comparison circuit 36 supplies the control code to the line 40. However, the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse is delayed accordingly.
- the control code may be configured to fix the sampling pulse to the stop control code and fix the phase of the sampling pulse. In the above method, integration is performed to improve the accuracy of level comparison of the test signal, but it can be realized by other methods.
- the digital variable delay circuit 38 can be configured with a digital variable delay line having a phase shift of about 1 nsec per step and a total of 70 steps of adjustment. If a strange adjustment is needed, the phase shift per step
- It can also be configured with a digital s variable delay line that can be adjusted in a total of 2000 steps in about 5 psec.
- a digital s variable delay line that can be adjusted in a total of 2000 steps in about 5 psec.
- the AZD conversion sampling is performed.
- Figure 5 shows the operation of adjusting the pulse phase to the optimum value.
- FIG. 5A shows the input signal of the AZD conversion circuit 27.
- FIG. 5B shows an output signal of the AZD conversion circuit 27, and FIG.
- FIG. 5D shows a signal delayed by one clock cycle in the delay circuit 28,
- FIG. 5D shows an output signal of the subtraction circuit 29, and
- FIG. 5F shows the output signal of the logarithmic circuit 30, and FIG.
- the drive signal is read during one horizontal blanking period.
- Fig. 5 G is one clock cycle delay that constitutes the integration circuit
- FIG. 5H shows the integrated value of the output of the extension circuit 33.
- the addition circuit 32 is also cleared by this pulse. In this way, the integrated value of the peak-to-peak value of the test signal read during the horizontal blanking period is obtained, and that value is returned to the first buffer memo in response to the rewriting pulse (Fig. 5H). It is configured to be stored in the file 34.
- the phase of the A / D conversion sampling pulse supplied to the AZD conversion circuit 27 is automatically adjusted so that the integrated value of the test signal is always maximized.
- the signal read from the CCD is always sampled at the optimal phase position, even if the phase of the drive pulse for the input signal fluctuates or the delay time in the low-pass filter 25 and the analog processing circuit 26 fluctuates.
- a digital image signal can be obtained.
- the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse for the AZD conversion circuit 27 is adjusted, but the phase of the sampling pulse for the correlated double sampling circuit 24 is not adjusted. As described above, this is because the input signal of the correlated double sampling circuit 24 does not pass through the low-pass filter 25 including the delay time variation element and the analog Is small. However, when the time variation of the input signal of the correlated double sampling circuit 24 cannot be ignored, the phase of the sampling pulse can be adjusted by the phase adjusters 41 and 42.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of a flowchart in the case where the test signal is processed by the combination device to control the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse.
- the control code is set so that the delay amount of the digital variable delay circuit 38 becomes a value substantially in the middle of the maximum delay amount. Is set so that the digital code conversion circuit 37 outputs it. As the initial setting, the previous value can be used as it is instead of such a value.
- the test period during which the test signal is read out from the CCD 21 is during the test period. If the test period is determined, the output signal of the AZD conversion circuit 27 is determined. The absolute value of the difference between the signal levels in the cycle of the successive clock pulse is calculated and integrated.
- this integrated value is stored as the first integrated value S1.
- the same integrated value S2 is calculated and compared with the first integrated value. As a result of this comparison, it is determined whether or not the difference D is within a predetermined limit value range ⁇ sat d. If the difference D is within this range, the digital signal supplied to the digital variable delay circuit 38 is determined. Maintain the same state without changing the key. That is, in this case, the phase of the sampling pulse for AZD conversion is at or near the optimum value, so that it is not necessary to adjust the phase.
- the sampling pulse for AZD conversion is used. Change the phase. The direction of this change can be arbitrarily determined. In this example, the phase of the A / D conversion sampling pulse is advanced. That is, if the result of the first comparison exceeds a predetermined range, a control code for advancing the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse by a predetermined amount is supplied to the digital variable delay circuit 38.
- the absolute value of the difference between the signals whose level changes alternately in the cycle of the successive clock pulse of the output signal of the AZD conversion circuit 27 during the test period is calculated again. This is integrated during the test period to obtain the integrated value S3.
- the integrated value obtained in this way is compared with the integrated value S2 previously obtained. If the difference from this comparison still exceeds the specified range, In addition, half an IJ is made to determine whether or not this comparison is the first one after initialization. In this case, since it is the second comparison, it is determined to be no. Next, it is determined whether or not the difference as a result of this comparison decreases.
- the control code is changed so as to further advance the sampling pulse for AZD conversion. If it does not decrease, change the control code to delay the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse.
- the difference between the integrated values of the peak values of the test signals read out during the successive horizontal blanking period comes within a predetermined range, and the sample / hold circuit of the AZD conversion circuit 27 The phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse supplied to 27b is optimal.
- the power for automatically adjusting the sampling pulse for A / D conversion by processing the test signal In the present invention, the sampling pulse for AD conversion is manually adjusted. Uta can be adjusted.
- FIG. 7 shows an embodiment configured as described above. In FIG. 7, a pulse position adjuster 45 is provided in the path of the sampling pulse supplied from the reference oscillator 22 to the AZD conversion circuit 27, and the signal output from the AZD conversion circuit is supplied to the mouthpiece analyzer 46.
- the pulse phase adjuster 45 may be manually adjusted so that the difference between the white level and the black level is maximized.
- the pulse phase adjuster 45 is composed of a variable resistor, a capacitor and a buffer amplifier as in the conventional example shown in FIG. 1, and the pulse phase is adjusted by adjusting the variable resistance.
- other types of pulse phase adjusters can be used.
- the test signal is processed to adjust the phase of the A / D conversion sampling pulse for the A / D conversion circuit 27.
- the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse is Since the adjustment is made in relation to the phase of the drive pulse of the CCD 21, the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse for the AZD conversion circuit is fixed, and the phase of the drive pulse for the CCD is adjusted by processing the test signal. You may do it. That is, the digital variable delay circuit 38 can be arranged between the reference clock oscillator 22 and the CCD drive gate array 23 as shown by a broken line in FIG. Of course, in this case, a sampling pulse that does not pass through the digital variable delay circuit 38 is supplied to the AZD conversion circuit 27 as a sampling pulse.
- the phase of the sampling pulse for the correlated double sampling circuit 24 is adjusted, but the phase is read from the CCD.
- the difference between the phase of the sampled signal and the sampling and evening sampling in the correlated double sampling circuit is not corrected, and the correlated double sampling is obtained by sampling on the EI path 24.
- the phase shift between the phase of the image signal and the AZD conversion sampling pulse in the AZD conversion circuit 27 is corrected.
- the integrated values of the peak-to-peak values of the test signals inserted during the successive horizontal blanking periods are sequentially compared, and the integrated value is maximized, that is, the test signal is maximized.
- the phase of the sampling pulse for the AZD conversion circuit 27 is set to an optimum value so that the signal level becomes maximum, according to the principle of the present invention, the phase of the output signal after AZD conversion is detected, Ideally, this should be compared with the phase of the analog image signal input to the AZD conversion circuit to detect the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse.
- the circuit configuration may be complicated.
- FIG. 8 shows the configuration of the fourth embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention.
- the same parts as those in the previous example are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- a pulse generation circuit that generates a driving pulse for the CCD 21 and a sampling pulse for the correlated double sampling circuit 24 is denoted by reference numeral 101.
- the signal sampled by the correlated double sampling circuit 24 and passed through the low-pass filter 25 and the analog processing circuit 26 is supplied to the gate circuit 102.
- a gate pulse for extracting a test signal contained in the output signal of the CCD 21 is supplied from the pulse generation circuit 101 to the gate circuit 102 as shown in FIG.
- the test signal is extracted as follows.
- FIG. 9E shows the test signal portion shown in FIG. 9B with the time axis enlarged.
- This test signal is then supplied to a waveform shaping circuit 103, which generates a rising and falling signal at successive zero-cross timings as shown in FIG. Is supplied to one input terminal of the phase comparator 104a.
- This digital phase comparison circuit 104 can be configured with, for example, “MC4044” or “CX23065A”.
- the first sampling pulse (hereinafter referred to as S / H 1) supplied to the correlated double sampling circuit 24 is also supplied to an analog type variable delay line 105, and the output pulse of this variable delay line is supplied to a second variable delay line 105.
- the sump It is supplied as a ring pulse (hereinafter referred to as S / H2) to the sample / hold circuit 27a of the AZD conversion circuit 27 via the fine adjustment delay circuit 107. Therefore, the second sampling pulse is a pulse that is the basis of the above-described A / D conversion sampling pulse.
- S / H1 and S / H2 are shown in FIGS. 9G and 9H.
- the second sampling pulse S / H2 output from the variable delay line 105 is also supplied to the 1/2 divider 106, and the frequency is divided into the first and second sampling pulses as shown in Figure 9I.
- a signal having a duty ratio of 50% is generated at 1/2 of this, and this signal is supplied to the other input terminal of the phase comparator 104a. Therefore, this phase comparator 104a compares the phase difference between the signal shown in FIG. 9F obtained by shaping the test signal shown in FIG. 9E and the signal shown in FIG. 9I, and compares the difference.
- the corresponding signal (FIG. 9D) is supplied to the variable delay line 105 to control the phase of the second sampling pulse S / H2 so that the phase difference between the signal shown in FIG. 9F and the signal shown in FIG.
- a kind of PLL phase-locked loop is constructed so that it becomes zero.
- the amplitude of the output signal of the low-pass filter 104b shown in FIG. 9D is shown to fluctuate greatly, but in practice, the fluctuation is extremely small. .
- the signal shown in Figure 9F is the test shown in Figure 9E. Since the signal is generated based on the zero crossing of the signal, the phase of the second sampling pulse shown in Fig. 9H is shifted by 90 degrees from the phase of the ideal AZD conversion sampling pulse. Therefore, the phase of the second sampling pulse S / H2 output from the variable delay line 105 whose phase is controlled is delayed by 90 degrees, and the AZD conversion circuit 27 actually inputs the AZD conversion sampling pulse after the AZD conversion sampling pulse is input.
- a sampling pulse for AZD conversion is generated through a fine adjustment delay circuit 107 for compensating a delay time until the sample is held, and supplied to a sample / hold circuit 27 a of the AZD conversion circuit 27.
- the gate pulse generated from the pulse generation circuit 101 is also supplied to the phase comparator 104a so that the phase comparator operates only during a period in which the test signal is included in the image signal read from the CCD 21.
- FIG. 10 shows a fifth embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention, which is similar to the fourth embodiment shown in FIG.
- the frequency of the second sampling pulse S / H2 output from the variable delay line 105 is divided by two and the phase is compared with the waveform-shaped test signal output from the waveform shaping circuit 103.
- the frequency of the test signal is multiplied by 2 and compared with the phase of the second sampling pulse S / H2. That is, the frequency of the test signal extracted by the gate circuit 102 is doubled by the frequency delay multiplication circuit 110 and input to the waveform shaping circuit 10 3.
- the second sampling pulse S / H2 output from the variable delay line 105 is supplied to the phase comparator 104a as it is. '
- FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram showing a specific configuration of an example of the frequency delay multiplication circuit 110.
- the signal sin ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ given to the input terminal 111 is multiplied by the signal sin ⁇ ⁇ .
- Such a frequency delay multiplying circuit is well known, and various types other than those described above are known, and any of them may be used in the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram showing a specific example of the analog variable delay line 105 used in the fourth and fifth embodiments of the present invention shown in FIGS. 8 and 10 described above.
- a large number of parallel circuits consisting of a coil and a variable capacitance diode are connected in cascade, and the phase of the input signal V IN is adjusted according to the value of the control signal BE V DL and the output signal is adjusted. V. It is configured to obtain UT .
- the variable delay line 105 of the analog type is not limited to such a configuration, and various other known types can be used.
- the output signal of the digital phase comparator 104 is supplied as a control signal to the analog type variable delay line 105.
- the digital It is of course possible to use a variable delay circuit of the type. In this case, it is necessary to provide an AZD converter between the digital phase comparison circuit 104 and the digital variable delay circuit.
- FIG. 13 shows the configuration of a sixth embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention, which is similar to the fourth embodiment shown in FIG.
- a configuration is adopted in which a second sampling pulse S / H2 whose phase is controlled is generated by connecting a VCC Voltage Controlled Oscilator to the output side of the phase comparison circuit 104. That is, a signal (FIG. 14B) obtained by shaping the test signal (FIG. 14A) extracted by the gate circuit 102 by the waveform shaping circuit 103 is converted into one input of the phase comparator 104a of the digital phase comparator 104. Supply to terminal.
- the output signal of the digital phase comparator 104 is supplied to VC0115, and the output pulse (FIG. 14D) of VC0 is passed through a 1/2 frequency divider 106 to obtain a signal (FIG. 14C) obtained by the other phase comparator 104a. Connect to input terminal Pay. In this way, control can be performed so that the phase difference between the two signals supplied to the phase comparator 104a becomes zero.
- FIG. 15 shows a seventh embodiment of the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention, which is a modification of the embodiment shown in FIG. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, a control signal for VC0U5 is created by a digital signal comparison circuit, but a multiplier is used in this embodiment.
- the test signal extracted by the gate circuit 102 is supplied to one input terminal of the multiplier 121, and the output signal of the VC0115 is divided by the 1/2 divider 106 to the other input terminal of the multiplier 121.
- Supply signal Further, the output signal of the multiplier 121 is supplied to VC0115 via a low-pass filter 122, a clamp circuit 123 and a DC amplifier 124.
- FIG. 16 shows signal waveforms for explaining the operation of this example. In this example, when the phase difference between the signal (Fig. 16A) output from VC0115 and divided by the 1/2 divider 106 (Fig. 16A) and the test signal (Fig. 16B) is 90 degrees, it is stable.
- the output signal of the multiplier 121 has a positive polarity and a negative polarity appearing symmetrically as shown in FIG. 15C.
- the DC control voltage applied to VC0115 becomes zero.
- a positive control voltage is applied to VC0U5 as shown in FIGS. 16D to 16F, and conversely, when these signals are out of phase, as shown in FIGS.
- a negative control voltage is applied to VC0115. Therefore, by controlling VC0115 so that the average value of the output of multiplier 121 becomes zero, the phase difference stabilizes at 90 degrees.
- the output signal of VC0115 is supplied to the monostable multivibrator 116 to generate a second sampling pulse S / H2, which is passed through the fine adjustment delay circuit 107 to generate the AZD conversion sampling pulse. Generated and supplied to the AZD conversion circuit 27.
- the delay time of the fine adjustment delay circuit 107 is determined by the sample-hold circuit 27a of the AZD converter circuit 27a after the A / D conversion sampling pulse is input, as in the above-described embodiment. It can be determined in consideration of the delay time before being loaded.
- a portion for generating a test signal is formed integrally with a semiconductor chip 51 constituting a CCD. That is, the semiconductor chip 51 has an image pickup base as shown in FIG. 17A.
- a video section 52 that receives an image of the subject and converts it into an electrical signal
- a test signal generator 53 located on the right side of this video section
- a shift register 54 for horizontal transfer
- an output section In general, a readout amplifier 55 called an amplifier is formed physically.
- the test signal generating section 53 has pixels arranged at the same pixel pitch as the video section 52 when viewed in the horizontal and vertical directions as shown in the enlarged view of FIG.17B, and alternate pixel columns viewed in the vertical direction. Are formed as white pixels 56 and black pixels 57.
- a charge injection amplifier 58 is connected to each white pixel 56 so that charges corresponding to the white level can be injected. Then, since it is not necessary to irradiate the test signal generating section 53 with light, it is covered with a mask so as not to irradiate light.
- white spots in CCDs are defects that occur in pixels with an abnormally large amount of ⁇ current.
- a white defect is intentionally created, and a pixel defect called a black defect is created in the black pixel 57 portion. That is, for the pixel that creates the black signal, For example, this can be realized by removing the photoelectric conversion function and providing only the transfer function.
- an amplifier 58 is connected to each white pixel 56 corresponding to the white of the test signal, but one amplifier is provided, and this is connected in parallel to all the white pixels. May be.
- the charges accumulated in the pixels on a certain horizontal scanning line of the video unit 52 and the test signal generation unit 53 are horizontally transferred.
- the test signal is transferred during the horizontal blanking period as shown in Fig. 18 by transferring the charges in the shift register 54 sequentially, reading out the charges in the shift register 54, and amplifying and outputting the charges in the read amplifier 55.
- FIG. 18 shows signals obtained when an image of a subject that continuously changes from black to white when viewed in the horizontal direction is captured.
- the black portion of the test signal can be used as the black of the optical black. With this configuration, it is not necessary to provide a separate optical black area, and the CCD chip size can be reduced.
- FIG. 19 schematically shows the configuration of another embodiment of the CCD 21 used in the present invention.
- the semiconductor chip 51 A test signal generating section 59 in which a horizontal transfer shift register 54 and a horizontal transfer shift register 54 are integrally formed, and a test signal generating section 59 in which white pixels and black pixels are alternately arranged at the end of the horizontal transfer shift register 54 and its white A charge injection pump 60 for injecting a charge into a pixel is integrally formed.
- a signal to which a test signal is added during each horizontal blanking period can be output.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the configuration of still another embodiment of the CCD 21 used in the present invention.
- the function of generating a test signal is integrally formed with the semiconductor chip 51 on which the video section 52 is formed.
- the function of generating the test signal is performed separately from the semiconductor chip 51 during the horizontal blanking period.
- a pulse generator 61 that generates a pulse twice as long as the read clock cycle only during a predetermined period of time is provided, and the pulse generated from this pulse generator is transferred to the horizontal transfer shift register 54. Supply to the injection pump 62.
- FIG. 21 and FIG. 22 show the configuration of still another embodiment of the CCD 21 having a test signal generating function according to the present invention.
- the test signal is generated by alternately injecting charges corresponding to the white level and the black level into the horizontal transfer shift register.
- the test signal is generated by an optical method. That is, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 21, a CCD 64 for generating a test signal is provided in a package 63 holding the CCD 21 for generating a video signal, and every other pixel of the CCD for generating a test signal is provided for each pixel.
- test signal generating CCD 64 is configured to be uniformly illuminated.
- a light emitting member 70 for example, an optical member for irradiating a bias light as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 62-21313 can be used.
- an optical black CCD 72 and a test signal generation CC D73 In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22, an optical black CCD 72 and a test signal generation CC D73.
- the portion corresponding to the black pixels of the test signal generating CC D73 is covered with a light-shielding mask 74 as shown by diagonal lines, and the test signal generating CC D 73 is illuminated by the same illumination means as the illumination means shown in FIG. It is configured to illuminate uniformly.
- a test signal is supplied to a predetermined portion during the horizontal blanking period as shown in FIG. The added signal can be read.
- FIG. 23 shows a modification of the embodiment shown in FIG. In FIG. 21, the test signal generating CCD 64 is housed in the same package as the package 63 holding the video signal generating CCD 21, but in this example, they are completely separate. That is, the test signal generation CCD 64 is housed in a dedicated package 76. Further, FIG. 23 also shows the configurations of the CCD 21 for generating the image signal, the drive circuit of the CCD 64 for generating the test signal, and the processing circuit for processing the signal read from the CCD.
- the reference clock pulse generated from the reference oscillator 77 is supplied to the first and second CCD drive gate arrays 78 and 79. From these gate arrays, the drive pulse for the image signal generating CCD 21 and the test signal generating CCD 64 are supplied.
- FIGS. 24 to 27 are diagrams showing the configuration of some embodiments when the above-described solid-state imaging device of the present invention is applied to a color television camera.
- signals read from CCDs 91 R, 91 G, and 91 B which capture red, green, and blue images of a subject separated by the three-color separation optical system 90, respectively, are used.
- the AZD conversion circuits 92R, 92G, and 92B are configured to sample and output red, blue, and green signals.
- a correlated double sampling circuit, a low-pass filter, an analog processing circuit, etc. are inserted between these CCD 91R, 91G and 91B and the AZD conversion circuits 92R, 92G and 92B. However, it is omitted to simplify the drawing.
- sampling pulses for AD conversion generated from sampling pulse generator 93 are supplied through variable delay circuits 94R, 94G and 94B, respectively.
- Each of the CCDs 91R, 91G, and 91B is configured to read out a signal to which a test signal is added during a horizontal blanking period, and the test signal appearing at the output side of the AZD conversion circuits 92R, 92G, and 92B is read out.
- phase control circuits 95R, 95G, and 95B respectively extract and process the signals as described above to generate phase control signals, which are supplied to the variable delay circuit circuits 94 94G and 94B as control signals, respectively, and are subjected to AZD conversion.
- ⁇ Automatically controls the sampling pulse phase so that optimal sampling is performed. As described above, in this example, the configuration is such that the phase of the sampling pulse can be adjusted independently for the image signal of each color.
- FIG. 25 shows the configuration of the second embodiment when applied to a color television camera.
- the output signals of the AZD conversion circuits 92R, 92G, and 92B are selected by the switching switch 96, and the selected signal is phase-adjusted. It is supplied to the control circuit 95.
- the control circuit 95 For example, when extracting a red signal as shown in FIG. 25, a test signal included in the red signal is extracted to generate a phase control signal, and this is sampled from the red signal.
- the variable delay circuit 94R that controls the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulse for the ZD conversion circuit 92R, and controls the timing of the AD conversion sampling pulse so that the red signal is sampled at the optimal timing. .
- the same process is performed on the green signal by switching the switch 96, and the variable delay circuit 94G is controlled so that the green signal is sampled at the optimum timing. Further, the switch 96 is switched to extract a blue signal, and the variable delay circuit 94B is controlled so that the blue signal is sampled at an optimum timing. In this way, it is possible to control the phase of the A / D conversion sampling pulse so that sampling is performed at the optimum timing in all the red, blue, and blue channels.
- switching switch 96 may be switched automatically, the switching is manually performed because the sampling pulse phase control has enough time.
- switching is performed by detecting that the difference between the absolute value of the peak-to-peak value of the test signal and the integral of the absolute value falls within a predetermined limit range.
- switching may be performed after a preset time has elapsed.
- FIG. 26 shows still another embodiment in which the solid-state imaging device of the present invention is applied to a color television camera.
- the AZD conversion circuit 92G supplies the green signal output from the AZD conversion circuit 92G to the phase control circuit 95, extracts a test signal contained in the green signal, generates a phase control signal, and converts this signal into all AZD signals.
- the phase of the sampling pulse in all the color signal channels is commonly controlled by the phase control signal obtained by processing the test signal included in one color signal.
- the configuration becomes simple.
- FIG. 27 shows the configuration of still another embodiment in which the solid-state imaging device of the present invention is applied to a power television camera.
- the red, green, and blue signals are supplied to a luminance matrix 97 and mixed at a predetermined ratio to create a luminance signal, and the luminance signal is supplied to a phase control circuit 95.
- test signals are added to these color signals, and these test signals are also added at a predetermined rate. It will be mixed.
- the phase control circuit 95 extracts the synthesized test signal obtained in this manner and creates a phase control signal. This is used to control the phase of the AZD conversion sampling pulses for all the AZD conversion circuits 92R, 92G and 92B.
- the test signal is inserted during the horizontal blanking period.
- a portion that does not affect the image may be inserted during the vertical blanking period, for example.
- the time required for adjusting the phase of the sampling pulse for A / D conversion is longer than in the above-described embodiment. There is no problem because this phase adjustment does not need to be performed so quickly.
- the sampling of the image signal after processing by the circuit including more causes of the fluctuation of the delay time is performed.
- the sampling pulse for A / D conversion is adjusted based on the test signal, but the sampling pulse is controlled for the correlated double sampling circuit that is usually placed immediately after the CCD. You can also.
- a very slight deviation of the sampling timing has a great effect, so that it is desirable to control the phase of the sampling pulse for the Kabaegin double sampling circuit.
- the test signal added during the horizontal blanking period of the image signal is alternately set to the white level and the black level at the pixel pitch, but in the present invention, these levels are not necessarily the white level. It is not necessary to match with the black level and the black level, as long as the level difference becomes clear. Further, as the configuration of the solid-state imaging device that generates a signal to which such a test signal is added, various configurations other than the above-described embodiment can be considered.
- a test signal for adjusting the sampling timing of an image signal is generated by being added to the image signal, so that a special pattern is drawn as in the prior art. There is no need to prepare a stock, a lighting device to illuminate it, or a tripod to support the camera, and set them up. This makes it possible to adjust the sampling timing to a desired evening extremely easily and without any skill.
- the configuration of the additional circuit for generating the test signal becomes very simple.
- the solid-state imaging device including the above-mentioned CCD can be implemented with a slight design change.
- test signal generated in the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention is used as a reference signal when matching the phases of R, G, and B signals in an analog television camera using a CCD. It can also be used.
- the present invention generates whether or not each signal is input with an appropriate phase relationship at the encoder input in the analog processing system after the CCD. It can be easily determined using the test signal.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/098,273 US5406329A (en) | 1992-01-08 | 1993-01-07 | Solid state image pickup apparatus having test signal generator |
DE69320890T DE69320890T2 (de) | 1992-01-08 | 1993-01-07 | Festkörperbildaufnahmevorrichtung und -element hierfür |
EP93901562A EP0579838B1 (en) | 1992-01-08 | 1993-01-07 | Solid-state imaging device and solid-state imaging element used therefor |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP164092 | 1992-01-08 | ||
JP4/1640 | 1992-01-08 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1993014602A1 true WO1993014602A1 (en) | 1993-07-22 |
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ID=11507127
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1993/000007 WO1993014602A1 (en) | 1992-01-08 | 1993-01-07 | Solid-state imaging device and solid-state imaging element used therefor |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5406329A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0579838B1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69320890T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1993014602A1 (ja) |
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JP2008054281A (ja) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-03-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 撮像回路の自動調整装置 |
JP2017183659A (ja) * | 2016-03-31 | 2017-10-05 | ソニー株式会社 | 固体撮像素子、撮像装置、および電子機器 |
JP2020159837A (ja) * | 2019-03-26 | 2020-10-01 | 株式会社島津製作所 | 衝撃試験機 |
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FR2856547B1 (fr) | 2003-06-23 | 2005-09-23 | St Microelectronics Sa | Procede de traitement du niveau de noir d'une matrice de pixels d'un capteur d'image, et capteur correspondant |
TWI235961B (en) * | 2004-02-02 | 2005-07-11 | Via Tech Inc | Method for transmitting image frame |
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JP2003061908A (ja) * | 2001-08-29 | 2003-03-04 | Pentax Corp | 電子内視鏡システム用プロセッサ |
JP4648593B2 (ja) * | 2001-08-29 | 2011-03-09 | Hoya株式会社 | 電子内視鏡システム用プロセッサ |
JP2008054281A (ja) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-03-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 撮像回路の自動調整装置 |
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JP2020159837A (ja) * | 2019-03-26 | 2020-10-01 | 株式会社島津製作所 | 衝撃試験機 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0579838A1 (en) | 1994-01-26 |
EP0579838A4 (ja) | 1994-04-13 |
DE69320890T2 (de) | 1999-01-28 |
EP0579838B1 (en) | 1998-09-09 |
DE69320890D1 (de) | 1998-10-15 |
US5406329A (en) | 1995-04-11 |
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