US8987480B2 - Process of separating chiral isomers of chroman compounds and their derivatives and precursors - Google Patents

Process of separating chiral isomers of chroman compounds and their derivatives and precursors Download PDF

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US8987480B2
US8987480B2 US14/116,880 US201214116880A US8987480B2 US 8987480 B2 US8987480 B2 US 8987480B2 US 201214116880 A US201214116880 A US 201214116880A US 8987480 B2 US8987480 B2 US 8987480B2
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isomers
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chiral
process according
acid
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US20140155636A1 (en
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Gerhard Schiefer
Thomas Netscher
Alexander Lucia Leonardus Duchateau
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DSM IP Assets BV
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
    • A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B55/00—Racemisation; Complete or partial inversion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B57/00—Separation of optically-active compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
    • C07D311/22—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring with oxygen or sulfur atoms directly attached in position 4
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
    • C07D311/58—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring other than with oxygen or sulphur atoms in position 2 or 4
    • C07D311/70—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring other than with oxygen or sulphur atoms in position 2 or 4 with two hydrocarbon radicals attached in position 2 and elements other than carbon and hydrogen in position 6
    • C07D311/72—3,4-Dihydro derivatives having in position 2 at least one methyl radical and in position 6 one oxygen atom, e.g. tocopherols

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of separating chiral isomers from each other. Particularly, it relates to the field of separating of chiral isomers of chroman compounds, particularly tocopherols and tocotrienols as well as the esters and intermediates thereof.
  • Chroman compounds represent an important class of chiral natural products and bioactive compounds.
  • An important class of chroman compounds are vitamin E and its esters. Often vitamin E is commercialized in the form of its esters because the latter show an enhanced stability.
  • any known separation method leads, inherently, only to a small amount of the desired isomer. This amount of a desired isomer gets smaller as the number of chiral centres increases. For explications' sake the following is discussed: if for statistical distribution at each chiral centre is assumed, the amount of the desired isomer is 50% in case of 1 chiral centre, 25% in case of 2 chiral centres, 12.5% in case of 3 chiral centres. As only the desired isomers are the target molecules, the majority of the products synthesized, i.e. the undesired isomers, are typically to be disposed or discarded which is, very costly.
  • the problem to be solved by the present invention is to offer a process of separating chiral isomers of chroman compounds, particularly of tocopherols and tocotrienols as well as the esters and intermediates thereof with a higher yield in the desired isomer and which would allow the use of mixtures of isomers being prepared by traditional synthesis processes.
  • an eluent which consists primarily of a hydrocarbon to which small amounts of an alcohol and/or an organic acid (S1) with a pK a of less than 6.0 is added.
  • FIG. 2 shows schematically the different possibilities whereby mixtures of R- and S-isomers of formula (I-A) can be chemically transformed to R- and S-isomers of formula (I-B) and whereby mixtures of R- and S-isomers of formula (I-B) can be chemically transformed to R- and S-isomers of formula (I-C);
  • FIG. 3 shows in a schematic chromatogram the situation in which the chiral phase separates the desired isomer (I);
  • FIG. 4 shows, by means of an analogously schematic chromatogram, the situation in which the chiral phase separates the desired isomer (I);
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic chromatogram of the residual (I′) and its isomers R (dotted line) and S (dashed line), respectively;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic chromatogram showing an optimal situation of a ratio of 50:50 of isomers R (dotted line) and S (dashed line), respectively;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic representation for the embodiment in which a mixture of chiral isomers of formula (I-A) is provided in step a); chromatographically separated in step b) by means of a chiral phase 1 into desired isomer (I) and residual (I′); the isomers of the residual (I′) are isomerized in step c) and then added to a mixture of isomers of formula (I-A);
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a mixture of chiral isomers of formula (I-A) being provided in step a), chromatographically separated in step b) by means of chiral phase 1 into desired isomer (I) and residual (I′); the isomers of the residual (I′) isomerized in step c) and then fed to an incoming stream of mixture of isomers in step a);
  • FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of a process using multiple separation columns or multiple SMB-units 1 whereby a mixture of isomers of formula (I-A) is separated by columns or multiple SMB-units 1 used in parallel arrangement to yield each of them the desired isomer (I) which is collected and the residual (I′) which then is isomerized and re-fed into the stream of isomers of formula (I-A);
  • FIGS. 10( a ) through 10 ( d ) are chromatograms obtained in Example 1 below;
  • FIGS. 11( a ) through 11 ( d ) are chromatograms obtained in Example 2 below;
  • FIGS. 12( a ) through 12 ( d ) are chromatograms obtained in Example 3 below;
  • FIG. 13 shows the chromatogram of the isomerized product of Example 7.
  • FIG. 14 shows the chromatogram of the isomerized product of Example 9
  • FIGS. 15 a ) through 15 c ) show the separation of isomers using different alcohols in the eluent
  • FIGS. 16 a ) through 16 d show the beneficial effect of an organic acid (S1) with a pK a of less than 6.0 in the eluent;
  • FIGS. 17 a ) through 17 d ) show the beneficial effect of combination of alcohol and organic acid (S1) with a pKa of less than 6.0 in the eluent on the loadability.
  • the present invention relates to a process of separating chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C)
  • vitamin E is used in the present document as a generic descriptor for all tocol and tocotrienol derivatives exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of ⁇ -tocopherol (IUPAC-IUB Recommendation 1981, Eur. J. Biochem. 123, 473-475 (1982)).
  • (all-rac)- ⁇ -tocopherol identifies (2RS,4′RS,8′RS)- ⁇ -tocopherol, i.e. ⁇ -tocopherol having a mixed configuration at all chiral centres (2, 4′ and 8′).
  • any dotted line represents the bond by which a substituent is bound to the rest of a molecule.
  • C x-y -alkyl resp. “C x-y -acyl” group, is an alkyl resp. an acyl group comprising x to y carbon atoms.
  • alkyl group is in the present document to be understood as to be limited not only to strictly, i.e. completely, saturated substituents consisting of C and H, but also to comprise such substituents consisting of C and H having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Therefore, for example, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—CH 3 as well as —CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—CH 3 are considered both to be C 7 -alkyl groups.
  • the pK a relates to the dissociation of the first proton (K a1 ).
  • the pK a values indicated are at room temperature. The person skilled in the art knows that the acidities of certain acids are measured in adequate solvents and may vary upon individual measurements or due to the fact the determination of the pK a has been measured in different solvents and hence different pK a values can be found for a specific acid.
  • the process allows the separation of chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C). Particularly this separation relates to the separation of chiral isomers having different configuration at the chiral centre(s) but having the same chemical structure, i.e. the same connectivity of atoms.
  • the residue R 5 represents a long chain residue and is particularly responsible for the hydrophobic behaviour of the molecules at issue.
  • the group R 5 is of formula (II).
  • m and p stand independently from each other for a value of 0 to 5 provided that the sum of m and p is 1 to 5. Furthermore, the substructures in formula (II) represented by s1 and s2 can be in any sequence.
  • the dotted line represents the bond by which the substituent of formula (II) is bound to the rest of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C).
  • m stands for 3 and p for 0.
  • p stands for 3 and m for 0.
  • cordiachromene (2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-2H-chromen-6-ol) which is a known compound exhibiting very specific biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory activity.
  • R 5 is preferably of formula (II-A), particularly (II-ARR), or (II-B).
  • R 1 , R 3 and R 4 Preferred are the following combinations of R 1 , R 3 and R 4 : R 1 ⁇ R 3 ⁇ R 4 ⁇ CH 3 or R 1 ⁇ R 4 ⁇ CH 3 ,R 3 ⁇ H or R 1 ⁇ H,R 3 ⁇ R 4 ⁇ CH 3 or R 1 ⁇ R 3 ⁇ H,R 4 ⁇ CH 3
  • the chiral isomers of formula (I-B) are the isomers of cordiachromene (2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-2H-chromen-6-ol).
  • chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) are the isomers selected from the group consisting of
  • R 2 represents either H or a phenol protection group.
  • a protection group is a group which protects the phenolic group (R 2 ⁇ H) and can be deprotected easily, i.e. by state-of-the-art methods, to the phenolic group again.
  • the phenol protection group forms with the rest of the molecule a chemical functionality which is selected from the group consisting of ester, ether or acetal.
  • the ester is an ester of an organic or inorganic acid.
  • the organic acid can be a monocarboxylic acid or a polycarboxylic acid, i.e. an acid having two or more COOH— groups.
  • Polycarboxylic acids are preferably malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, maleic acid or fumaric acid.
  • the organic acid is a monocarboxylic acid.
  • the substituent R 2 is preferably an acyl group.
  • the acyl group is particularly a linear or branched C 1-10 -alkyl or cycloalkyl or aralkyl group.
  • the substituent R 2 is a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group, particularly preferred a benzyl group.
  • the protection group can be easily deprotected by hydrogenation.
  • the ester is an ester of an inorganic acid
  • the inorganic acid is preferably nitric acid or a polyprotic acid, i.e. an acid able to donate more than one proton per acid molecule, particularly selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid.
  • the protection group is a benzoyl group or a C 1-4 -acyl group, particularly acetyl group.
  • the molecules in which R 2 represents an acyl group, particularly an acetyl group, can be easily prepared from the corresponding phenolic (R 2 ⁇ H) compound by esterification, respectively the phenolic compound can be obtained from the corresponding ester by ester hydrolysis.
  • Those reactions and their reaction conditions are well known to the person skilled in the art. It is already known that due to their significantly higher stability, tocopheryl esters, particularly tocopheryl acetate, are used commonly as vitamin E supplements. The tocopheryl esters are readily hydrolysed, for example in the body, to the corresponding free tocopherol.
  • the substituent R 2 is preferably
  • the acetals formed so are preferably methoxymethyl ether (MOM-ether), ⁇ -methoxyethoxymethyl ether (MEM-ether) or tetrahydropyranyl ether (THP-ether).
  • the protection group can be easily deprotected by acid.
  • the protecting agents leading to the corresponding phenol protection groups are known to the person skilled in the art, as well as the chemical process and conditions for this reaction. If, for example, the phenol protection group forms with the rest of the molecule an ester, the suitable protecting agent is for example an acid, an anhydride or an acyl halide.
  • esters of inorganic polyprotic acids are tocopheryl phosphates and ditocopheryl phosphates, particularly ⁇ -tocopheryl phosphate and ⁇ -ditocopheryl phosphate.
  • R 2 is H.
  • the desired chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) are the isomers of a tocotrienol, particularly (2R)-tocotrienol, preferably (2R)- ⁇ -tocotrienol, or the acetate thereof.
  • the desired chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) has the R-configuration at the carbon marked by * in formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C).
  • the isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) may have other chiral centres. Particularly in one of the preferred embodiments where the isomers comprise the residue R 5 of formula (II-A) there exist further chiral centres.
  • the desired chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) are the isomers (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol or (2R,4′R, 8′R)- ⁇ -tocopheryl acetate.
  • the chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) are structurally inter-related and can be transformed easily to each other.
  • the molecules of formula (I-B) may be obtained from molecules of formula (I-A) by reduction to the corresponding alcohols, followed by elimination of water.
  • the molecules of formula (I-C) may be obtained from molecules of formula (I-B) by reduction, e.g. by catalytic hydrogenation.
  • a preferred way of synthesizing compounds of formula (I-A) is from the corresponding 2-acetyl-methylhydrochinone, 2-acetyl-dimethylhydrochinone resp. 2-acetyl-trimethylhydoquinone of formula (III-A) and the methylketone of formula (IV-A), particularly from farnesylacetone or tetrahydrogeranylacetone in the presence of a base, particular in the presence of pyrrolidine, as disclosed in detail by Kabbe and Heitzer, Synthesis 1978; (12): 888-889 the whole disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the phenol protecting group can be introduced by reacting compound of formula (I-A) having R 2 being H with a corresponding protecting agent. Kabbe and Heitzer disclose the introduction of an acetyl group by its reaction with acetanhydride in the presence of pyridine and toluene.
  • the compound of formula (I-B) can be obtained for example by reduction of formula (I-A) by sodium boranate as disclosed by Kabbe and Heitzer, Synthesis 1978; (12): 888-889.
  • the compound of formula (I-C) can be obtained from chemical transformation of compound of formula (I-B) by reduction, e.g. by partial hydrogenation, particularly by sodium/ethanol such as described in Manecke and Bourwieg, Chem. Ber. 95, 1413 (1962) the whole disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the compound of formula (I-C) can also be obtained from chemical transformation of compound of formula (I-A). Particularly this chemical transformation is made by the reaction of metallic zink in the presence of an acid or an acid mixture, for example as disclosed for in U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,907 the whole disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the compound of formula (I-C) having a completely saturated C 6-25 -alkyl group as substituent R 5 may also be synthesized from the corresponding methyl-, dimethyl-resp. trimethylhydoquinone of formula (III-C) and the corresponding alcohol of formula (IV-C1) resp. (IV-C2) in a known manner (Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Release 2010, 7 th Edition, “Vitamins”, page 44-46)
  • the residue R 5 comprises at least one chiral carbon centre
  • the corresponding alcohols of formula (IV-C1) resp. (IV-C2) are typically also mixtures of isomers having different configuration(s) at said additional chiral carbon centre(s).
  • Traditional industrial synthesis yields mixtures of the individual isomers.
  • the alcohol of formula (IV-C1), resp. (IV-C2), used is isophytol, resp. phytol, which is typically an isomeric mixture of 4 isomers ((R,R)- (R,S)-, (S,R)- and (S,S)-isomer) being synthesized according the traditional methods.
  • the compound of formula (I-C) is prepared from natural phytol.
  • natural phytol resp. isophytol
  • the potential of using natural phytol, resp. isophytol, for industrial scale synthesis of tocopherols is rather limited.
  • WO 2006/066863 A1 discloses a method of asymmetrical hydrogenation of alkenes using chiral iridium complexes. It has been found that using this method leads to the desired isomer of the chiral hydrogenation products of the corresponding alkene in selectivity which then can be converted chemically to the desired isomer of phytol resp. isophytol. Phytol respectively isophytol then can be transformed by further known chemical transformations finally to the desired isomer of tocopherol.
  • the compound of formula (I-C) is prepared from isophytol being obtained in a multistep reaction comprising an asymmetrical hydrogenation of alkene in the presence of a chiral iridium complex.
  • a further possibility of synthesizing tocopherols or their esters, particularly their acetates, i.e. molecule of formula (I-C) having R 5 being of formula (II-ARR), is from tocotrienols or their esters, particularly their acetates, i.e. molecule of formula (I-C) having R 5 being of formula (II-B), by the above asymmetrical hydrogenation of alkenes using chiral iridium complexes.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the preferred embodiments of producing (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopherol (R 2 ⁇ H), resp. (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopheryl acetate (R 2 ⁇ COCH 3 ).
  • reaction scheme RS1 in FIG. 1 the tocotrienols or their acetates, are first separated (using the separation process according to the present invention) into the isomer having the R-resp.
  • the tocotrienols or their acetates first are asymmetrically hydrogenated using chiral iridium complexes leading to a mixture of (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopherol and (2S,4′R,8′R)-tocopherol, also known as 2-ambo-tocopherol, resp. their acetates, which then are separated in a further step using the separation process according to the present invention yielding the desired isomer.
  • the chiral iridium complexes as well as the method of asymmetrical hydrogenation of alkenes using chiral iridium complexes is preferably the one which is disclosed in WO 2006/066863 A1, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • mixture of at least two isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C)” in step a) relates primarily to a mixture of isomers of the same formula having different chirality at the carbon atom indicated by *, i.e. such mixtures are mixtures of R- and S-configuration of isomers of formula (I-A) in a first instance, of formula (I-B) in a second instance and of formula (I-C) in a third instance.
  • FIG. 2 shows schematically the different possibilities.
  • the mixture of R- and S-isomers of formula (I-A) can be chemically transformed to R- and S-isomers of formula (I-B) (horizontal arrows).
  • the mixture of R- and S-isomers of formula (I-A) can also be separated into the desired (in the present representation the R-isomer) isomer of formula (I-A) by the process of the present invention (vertical arrow).
  • isomers of formula (I-B) and (I-C) can be obtained also differently, i.e. not from formula (I-A), resp. (I-B).
  • isomers of formula (I-C) can be obtained by the method described before when discussing the synthesis using the alcohol of formula (IV-C1) resp. (IV-C2).
  • the process of separating chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) comprises a further step
  • Chromatography is a known separation technique since a long time. It is also known that chiral compounds can be separated by means of using chiral phases.
  • the chiral phase is a chiral stationary phase (CSP).
  • CSP chiral stationary phase
  • the chiral stationary phase can be prepared by attaching a suitable chiral compound to the surface of an achiral solid support such as silica gel.
  • the chiral compound may be immobilized or form a coating on the support material.
  • the chiral compound can be adsorbed or chemically bound to the support.
  • the chiral compound is chemically bound to the support.
  • the chiral compound can be used directly as such in the chiral separation. This is particular the case if the chiral compound is of mineral origin or if a highly molecular insoluble chiral polymer is used where no support material is needed.
  • the chiral phase is a polysaccharide or a derivative thereof, particularly immobilized on an achiral solid support such as silica gel.
  • an achiral solid support such as silica gel.
  • Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof are described for example in Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 79, No. 9, 2007, 1561-1573, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference, as suitable chiral phases.
  • Particularly suitable chiral phases are those of the group consisting of celluloses, amyloses, chitins, chitosans, xylans, curdlans, dextrans, inulins and cyclodextrines and their derivatives.
  • chiral phases selected from tartrate phases, polyacrylamide phases, chiral coordination complex phases or Charge—Transfer Phases, chiral ion-exchange phases or Pirkle phases may be used for the purpose of the invention.
  • Particularly preferred chiral phases are those of the group consisting of celluloses, amyloses, dextrans and cyclodextrines and their derivatives.
  • amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate), cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate), cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenyl-carbamate), cellulose tris(4-methylphenylcarbamate) or cellulose tris(4-methyl-benzoat) which are immobilized or coated on silica support.
  • Most preferred chiral phases is amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) which is immobilized or coated on silica support.
  • chiral phases which are commercially available under the trademarks Eurocel® (from Knauer GmbH, Germany), Regispack® (from Regis Technologies, Inc., USA) Chiralcel® and Chiralpak® (from Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd., Japan), preferably Chiralpak® IA, Chiralpak® IB, Chiralpak® IC and Chiralcel® OD, Chiralcel® OD-I (from Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd., Japan).
  • the particle size of the chiral phase is in one embodiment smaller than 25 micrometer, particularly between 3 and 25 micrometer, preferably between 5 and 25 micrometer.
  • the chromatographic separation is undertaken by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). It has been found that by using such small particle sizes a better separation of the isomers (in one chromatographic run) can be achieved, however, that a higher pressure is required. The pressure for this particle size is typically larger than 20 bar.
  • the particle size of the chiral phase is larger than 25 micrometer, particularly between 50 and 70 micrometer. It has been found that by using such larger particle sizes a lower pressure is required, but that the separation of the isomers (in one chromatographic run), however, is much lower.
  • the pressure to be used for the chromatographic separation is for this particle size preferably between 1 and 18 bar, particularly between 2 and 17 bar, preferably between 5 and 15 bar.
  • hydrocarbon solvent is used as eluent.
  • suitable hydrocarbon solvents are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons such as C 6 -C 8 -alkane particularly n-octane, n-heptane, n-hexane as well as all the structural isomers thereof; cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane; benzene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and toluene or mixture thereof.
  • a single hydrocarbon, particularly hexane or heptane is used as hydrocarbon solvent as eluent.
  • the chromatographic separation in step b) is in presence of at least one alcohol.
  • alcohols selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, tert.-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol and allylalcohol.
  • the alcohol is n-propanol or iso-propanol. Most preferred is 1-propanol.
  • Mixtures of alcohols may also be used.
  • the alcohol is part of the eluent, particularly present combined with the hydrocarbon solvent.
  • the chromatographic separation in step b) is in presence of at least an organic acid (S1) with a pK a of less than 6.0, particularly between 0.5 and 6.0, preferably between 3.0 and 6.0, particularly to acetic acid.
  • organic acids having with a pK a of between 3.0 and 6.0 are particularly citric acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, succinic acid, cinnamic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, butanoic acid, propanoic acid and octanoic acid.
  • Acids having with a pK a of less than 6.0 are those mentioned above as well as acids such as sulphonic acids or halogenated acids are trifluoroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, methanesulphonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and nonafluorobutanesulphonic acid.
  • the eluent used for the chromatographic separation in step b) comprises
  • the eluent comprises at least one a hydrocarbon, at least one alcohol and at least one organic acid with a pK a of less than 6.0, particularly between 3.0 and 6.0.
  • Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) chromatography is used for the chiral chromatographic separation.
  • Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) chromatography is a known method for separating racemic mixtures and is disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,625 and WO 03/051867 A1, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the separation is essentially complete, preferable complete.
  • FIGS. 3 to 9 illustrate by means of schematic chromatograms, respectively diagrams, more details of these aspects of the invention.
  • the peak having the lower retention time (t ret ) is assumed to have the R-configuration and the peak at the higher retention time (t ret ) has the S-configuration at the chiral centre indicated by *.
  • the sequence of R- and S-isomer strongly depends on the system and the column material and needs, therefore to be identified by further measurements or derivatisation methods.
  • FIG. 3 shows in a schematic chromatogram the situation in which the chiral phase separates the desired isomer (I) (in the present representation the R-isomer) completely as the first eluted component.
  • the x-axis of the schematic chromatogram represents the retention time (t ret ) in arbitrary units (a.u.).
  • the y-axis of the schematic chromatogram represents the absorbance (A) in arbitrary units (a.u.) by which the isomer distribution is detected. If the eluate (continuous line) is collected until a retention time indicated by the double line, the isomer R (dotted line) can be completely separated form the isomer S (dashed line).
  • FIG. 4 shows, by means of an analogously schematic chromatogram, the situation in which the chiral phase separates the desired isomer (I) (in the present representation the R-isomer) only partial. If the eluate (continuous line) is collected until a retention time indicated by the double line a part of the desired isomer R (dotted line) may be separated from the residual.
  • the residual in this case comprises not only the isomer S (dashed line) but also some of the desired isomer R.
  • the residual (I′) hence, comprises 100% of the S-isomer and about 85% of the desired R-isomer.
  • FIG. 5 shows this situation by a schematic chromatogram of the residual (I′) and its isomers R (dotted line) resp. S (dashed line).
  • the process of separating chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) comprises a further step
  • step c) The isomerization in step c) may be taken place by different methods.
  • the isomerization in step c) takes place by exposure of the residual (I′) to a temperature of above 150° C., particularly between 160 and 500° C.
  • a temperature should not be too high to avoid undesired degradation of the isomers. It has been found that a temperature between 160 and 300° C. give good results.
  • This method of isomerization has been found to be very suitable for the isomerization of isomers of formula (I-B).
  • the isomerization in step c) takes place by exposure of the residual (I′) to a base of which the corresponding acid has a pK a of larger than 13.
  • the base has suitable basicity to deprotonate an keto-enol proton.
  • Particularly suited as bases are alkoholates of alkali metals, particularly of sodium, potassium and lithium.
  • Preferred bases are bases are sodium methanolate and sodium ethanolate. This method of isomerization has been found to be very suitable for the isomerization of isomers of formula (I-A).
  • the isomerization can take place batchwise or continuously.
  • the base being added is removed prior to step d). Preferably the removal is complete.
  • the base is preferable removed prior to step d), i.e. after the isomerization. This is advantageous in view of the isomerization stability of the final isomers.
  • step c) takes place by exposure of the residual (I′) to an acid of a pK a of smaller than 2, particularly smaller than 1.
  • suitable acids are organic acids, particularly sulphonic acids or halogenated acids, strongly acid ion-exchange resins (particularly containing SO 3 H groups), bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide and methane trisulphonate.
  • Suitable sulphonic acids or halogenated acids are trifluoroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, methanesulphonic acid, trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid and nonafluorobutanesulphonic acid, or their polymer-bound forms.
  • suitable acids are inorganic acids (mineral acids). Particularly preferred acids are sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphomolybdic acid and phosphotungstic acid.
  • p-toluenesulphonic acid is used as acid having a pK a of smaller than 2 for the isomerization in step c).
  • isomerization of isomers of formula (I-C) occurs by exposure the residual (I′) to an acid of a pK a of smaller than 2, particularly smaller than 1, at temperatures of higher than 90, particularly at temperatures between 90° C. and 160° C.
  • the isomerization can take place batchwise or continuously.
  • the acid having a pK a of smaller than 2 is added to the residual (I′) being separated in step b), particularly in form of an aqueous solution.
  • the acid having a pK a of smaller than 2 or the base is immobilized on a solid carrier.
  • the residual (I′) being separated in step b) is preferably brought in contact, for example by passing through a column or a packed bed comprising the immobilized acid.
  • the acid having a pK a of smaller than 2 being added is removed prior to step d).
  • the removal is complete.
  • small amounts of acids left may be tolerated in certain cases. It is preferred that at least 95% of the acid is removed.
  • the acid having a pK a of smaller than 2 is preferable removed prior to step d), i.e. after the isomerization. This is advantageous in view of the isomerization stability of the isomers collected in step e).
  • the removal may particularly be undertaken by extraction or phase separation.
  • the isomerization leads to a change of the configuration at the chiral centre indicated by * in formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C).
  • the isomerization in step c) leads to a change of the configuration at the centre indicated by *, so that, after isomerization, the ratio of numbers of molecules in the R-configuration to the one in the S-configuration is about 50:50.
  • real isomerization may differ from a ratio of 50:50 despite the isomerization is complete.
  • complete isomerization is desired, also incomplete isomerizations are useful for the present invention as long as the amount of desired isomer is increased by the isomerization. It has been found that the ratio of the amount of desired isomer:amount of the non-desired isomer is at least 25:75, particularly at least 30:70, preferably at least 40:60 after the isomerization step.
  • the optimal situation of a ratio of 50:50 is shown by the schematic chromatogram of FIG. 6 .
  • the isomerization leads in this example to a schematic chromatogram of FIG. 6 showing the isomerized residual (continuous line) and the individual isomers R (dotted line) respectively isomer S (dashed line).
  • the process of separating chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) comprises a further step
  • Said mixture can be stored and transported or used at once.
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation for the embodiment in which said mixture is stored.
  • a mixture of chiral isomers of formula (I-A) is provided in step a); chromatographically separated in step b) by means of a chiral phase 1 into desired isomer (I) and residual (I′); the isomers of the residual (I′) are isomerized in step c) and then added to a mixture of isomers of formula (I-A).
  • This mixture can be stored until a further separation is desired.
  • the isomerization is performed by contacting the residual (I′) with a column 2 comprising the immobilized acid.
  • the desired isomer (I) is collected in step e).
  • the process of the current invention is a continuous process, particularly in that the mixture of at least two isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) being object of further separation is the mixture of at least two isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) of step a). So in other words it is preferred that the isomerized isomers obtained in step c) are added to a stream of at least two isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) in step a).
  • step a a mixture of chiral isomers of formula (I-A) is provided in step a), chromatographically separated in step b) by means of chiral phase 1 into desired isomer (I) and residual (I′); the isomers of the residual (I′) isomerized in step c) and then fed to an incoming stream of mixture of isomers in step a).
  • the isomerization is performed by contacting the residual (I′) with a column 2 comprising the immobilized acid.
  • step e This process is much preferred as it allows in a very cost efficient way to produce continuously the desired isomer (I) collected in step e), i.e. directly after the separation of desired isomer (I) and residual (I′) in step b).
  • the process of separating chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) comprises a further step
  • the desired isomer (I) is preferably collected directly after chromatographic separation in step b).
  • Said process produces in an efficient way the desired isomer (I) out of a mixture of at least two isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C).
  • the process is the more efficient the better the separation of the isomers is in step b).
  • said separating efficiency is higher if particle sizes of the chiral phase is in one embodiment smaller than 25 micrometer, particularly between 3 and 25 micrometer are used in combination with HPLC, particularly in case that the eluent used for the chromatographic separation in step b) comprises a hydrocarbon and an alcohol and/or an organic acid (S1) with a pK a of less than 6.0, particularly between 3.0 and 6.0.
  • FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of a process using multiple separation columns or multiple SMB-units 1.
  • the mixture of isomers of formula (I-A) is separated by columns or multiple SMB-units 1 used in parallel arrangement to yield each of them the desired isomer (I) which is collected and the residual (I′) which then is isomerized and re-fed into the stream of isomers of formula (I-A).
  • the column, resp. SMB-unit 1, shown in separation process is operated at low pressure of typically between 5 and 15 bar and uses chiral phase of particle size of more than 25 micrometer.
  • the separation efficiency is relative low which can be visualized by the schematic chromatogram represented by FIG. 4 .
  • the isomerization is performed by contacting the residual (I′) with a column 2 comprising the immobilized acid.
  • the disclosed process enables separating the isomers in industrial scale.
  • almost all undesired isomers can be converted to the desired isomer.
  • almost no undesired isomers being produced by non-stereospecific synthesis needs to be discarded and, hence, a yield of almost in 100% in the desired isomer can be obtained.
  • This is economically and ecologically particular advantageous and, therefore, represents a remarkable and important step forward in the development in this field of technology.
  • a further aspect of the invention represents a method of producing a compound of formula (I-C) having a substituent R 5 of formula (II-ARR) and the desired configuration, particularly having the R-configuration, at the chiral centre indicated by *.
  • the isomer having the desired, particularly the R-, configuration at the chiral centre indicated by * is collected by using the process—described above in detail—of separating chiral isomers of formula (I-C) having a substituent R 5 of formula (II-B).
  • the desired isomer is then hydrogenated by an asymmetrical hydrogenation using a chiral iridium complex, to yield the compound of formula (I-C) having a substituent R 5 of formula (II-ARR) and the desired configuration, particularly having the R-configuration, at the chiral centre indicated by *.
  • the chiral iridium complexes and the asymmetrical hydrogenation are particularly those described in WO 2006/066863 A1.
  • (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopherols can be obtained by an asymmetrical hydrogenation using a chiral iridium complex from (2R)-tocotrienol, particularly (2R)- ⁇ -tocotrienol, which has been formerly obtained using the above mentioned separation process from tocotrienol, respectively tocotrienyl acetate, particularly from ⁇ -tocotrienol, respectively ⁇ -tocotrienyl acetate (see also reaction scheme RS1 in FIG. 1 ).
  • the isomers of formula (I-C) having a substituent R 5 of formula (II-B) are hydrogenated by an asymmetrical hydrogenation using a chiral iridium complex, to yield the compound of formula (I-C) having a substituent R 5 of formula (II-ARR) and the mixture of R/S configuration at the chiral centre indicated by * which in a second step is then separated using the process—described above in detail- to yield compound of formula (I-C) having a substituent R 5 of formula (II-ARR) and the desired configuration, particularly having the R-configuration, at the chiral centre indicated by *.
  • the chiral iridium complexes and the asymmetrical hydrogenation are particularly those described in WO 2006/066863 A1.
  • a further method of producing (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopherols, particularly (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol, respectively (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopheryl acetates, particularly (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopheryl acetate is by the above mentioned separation process from 2-ambo-tocopherol, respectively from 2-ambo-tocopheryl acetate, which has been formerly obtained from tocotrienol, respectively tocotrienyl acetate, particularly from ⁇ -tocotrienol, respectively ⁇ -tocotrienyl acetate by asymmetrical hydrogenation using a chiral iridium complex (see also reaction scheme RS2 in FIG. 1 ).
  • the process is such that the desired chiral isomer is tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate obtained from tocotrienol, respectively tocotrienyl acetate, by a step of asymmetrical hydrogenation using a chiral iridium complex which takes place either before step b) or after step e).
  • the process further comprises a step f) with the protecting agent to yield the protected chiral isomer of tocopherol of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C).
  • the process further comprises a step f)
  • (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopherols is as described above in detail, separated and collected as desired isomer (I) and reacted in step f) with a protecting agent, to yield (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopherols, particularly (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol, in its protected form, preferably (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopherols acetate, particularly (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol acetate.
  • the chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) being separated by the process of the present invention can be used in several fields of application. Particularly they find use in the field of food or feed or beverage or pharmaceuticals. Particularly in these fields it is very advantageous or is even necessary to offer chiral compounds in a predetermined chirality. Particularly beneficial for these fields of application is if only a single desired isomer out of an initial isomer mixture can be separated. The present process of separation is enabling that target.
  • the present invention relates, hence, to a food or feed or beverage comprising the desired chiral isomer of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) which has been separated by a process of separating chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) as described above.
  • a food or feed or beverage comprises (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopherols, particularly (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol, or (2R,4′R,8′R)-tocopheryl acetates, particularly (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopheryl acetate.
  • the present invention relates, hence, to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the desired chiral isomer of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) which has been separated by a process of separating chiral isomers of formula (I-A) or (I-B) or (I-C) as described above.
  • such pharmaceutical composition comprises a desired isomer of cordiachromene (2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-2H-chromen-6-ol).
  • the present invention is further illustrated by the following experiments.
  • Solvents and reagents used as received were heptane (Fluka, 51750), ethanol (Merck, 1.00983), isopropanol (Sigma-Aldrich, 59300) and acetic acid (Fluka, 45730).
  • 6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl) chroman-4-one was prepared according to the example 6a in Kabbe and Heitzer, Synthesis 1978; (12): 888-889.
  • FIG. 10 b shows this chromatogram. It shows that the product is a 49.5:50.5 mixture (Retention time 13.2 and 14.2 min.)
  • FIG. 10 a shows the chromatogram of the preparative HPLC separation.
  • FIG. 10 c ), respectively FIG. 10 d show the chromatogram of the first fraction, respectively the second fraction.
  • the separation of the two isomers (Retention time 13.2 min, resp. 14.2 min) in the two fraction shows to be 94.9:5.1 ( FIG. 10 c )) resp. 7.1:92.9 ( FIG. 10 d )).
  • the two isomers have been separation by preparative chromatography almost completely.
  • FIG. 11 a shows the chromatogram of the preparative HPLC separation.
  • FIG. 11 c shows the chromatogram of the first fraction (Retention time 7.2 min), respectively the second fraction (Retention time 8.2 min).
  • the separation of the two isomers has been shown to be complete.
  • the isomers have been identified to be (2R)- ⁇ -tocopherol ( FIGS. 11 c ) and (2S)- ⁇ -tocopherol ( FIG. 11 d ).
  • FIG. 12 a shows the chromatogram of the preparative HPLC separation.
  • FIG. 12 c ), respectively FIG. 12 d show the chromatogram of the first fraction, respectively the second fraction.
  • the separation of the two isomers (Retention time 7.2 min, resp. 8.2 min) in the two fraction shows to be 99.5:0.5 ( FIG. 12 c )) resp. 0.8:99.2 ( FIG. 12 d ).
  • the two isomers have been separation by preparative chromatography almost completely.
  • the isomers have been identified to be (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol (retention time 7.2 min) and (2S,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol (retention time 8.2 min).
  • Vitamin E compounds used for isomerization reactions were containing >99% of the (2R)-stereoisomer in all cases.
  • (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -Tocopherol (Covitol® F1490, content min. 96%) was from Henkel (Lot 4C11504), and Cognis (Lot U40C03F002, (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol, (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol, (2R,4′R,8′R)- ⁇ -tocopherol, and (2R,4′R,8′R)-3,4-dehydro- ⁇ -tocopherol were prepared by chromatographic isolation and chemical modification from natural source material.
  • Solvents and reagents used as received were acetonitrile (LiChrosolv Merck 1.00030), water (for chromatography Merck 1.15333), toluene (Fluka, 89681), n-heptane (Fluka, purum 51750, content 99%), ethylene carbonate (Aldrich, E26258, content 99.9%), p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (Fluka, 89760), polytungstic acid hydrate (Aldrich 455970, content 88.9%).
  • FIG. 13 shows the chromatogram of the isomerized product of Example 7.
  • FIG. 14 shows the chromatogram of the isomerized product of Example 9.
  • the following experiments relate to the quality of chromatographic separation of isomers of (all-rac)- ⁇ -tocopherol (DSM Nutritional Products) (100 mg/ml) by means of chiral phases (Daicel Chiralpak® IA (3 ⁇ m), 250 mm ⁇ 4.6 mm) using different eluents flow 1 ml/min; detection 280 nm).
  • FIG. 15 shows the separation of isomers using different alcohols in the eluent. In all cases 5 ⁇ l corresponding to an absolute amount of 0.5 mg (all-rac)- ⁇ -tocopherol have been injected.
  • FIG. 15 c shows that particularly 1-propanol shows a preferentially good separation quality.
  • FIG. 16 shows the beneficial effect of an organic acid (S1) with a pK a of less than 6.0 in the eluent. In all cases 5 ⁇ l corresponding to an absolute amount of 0.5 mg (all-rac)- ⁇ -tocopherol have been injected.
  • FIG. 17 shows the beneficial effect of combination of alcohol and organic acid (S1) with a pK a of less than 6.0 in the eluent on the loadability. Different amounts have been injected.

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CN104854068A (zh) 2012-12-18 2015-08-19 帝斯曼知识产权资产管理有限公司 由(r)-6,10-14-三甲基十五碳-5-烯-2-酮制备的(6r,10r)-6,10,14-三甲基十五烷-2-酮
CN105358542B (zh) 2013-07-05 2017-10-24 帝斯曼知识产权资产管理有限公司 使用手性吡咯烷来形成手性4‑苯并二氢吡喃酮
CN105358540B (zh) 2013-07-05 2017-11-03 帝斯曼知识产权资产管理有限公司 在脲或硫脲的存在下使用手性吡咯烷来形成手性4‑苯并二氢吡喃酮
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