US7992440B2 - Optical fiber vibration sensor - Google Patents

Optical fiber vibration sensor Download PDF

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US7992440B2
US7992440B2 US12/078,807 US7880708A US7992440B2 US 7992440 B2 US7992440 B2 US 7992440B2 US 7880708 A US7880708 A US 7880708A US 7992440 B2 US7992440 B2 US 7992440B2
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optical fiber
fiber
optical
loop portion
vibration sensor
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US20100281985A1 (en
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Tatsuya Kumagai
Wataru Ohnuki
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Hitachi Cable Ltd
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Hitachi Cable Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H9/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means
    • G01H9/004—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means using fibre optic sensors

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  • the present invention relates to an optical fiber vibration sensor, more particularly, to an optical fiber vibration sensor with excellent detection sensitivity.
  • a Sagnac interference vibration sensor As a conventional sensor for detecting physical external turbulence (vibration, impact) applied to an optical fiber by measuring a variation in an intensity of an interference light generated by an interference of a counter clockwise light and a clockwise light propagated and returned through a looped optical fiber, a Sagnac interference vibration sensor as shown in FIG. 7 has been known.
  • the optical fiber vibration sensor 101 comprises a light source 102 , an optical receiver 103 , a fiber loop part 104 comprising an optical fiber, an optical dividing/coupling part for inputting signal lights outputted from the light source 102 into the fiber loop part 104 in a counter clockwise direction and a clockwise direction and interfering the signal lights in the counter clockwise direction and the clockwise direction outputted from the fiber loop part 104 to provide an interference light to the optical receiver 103 , and a signal processing unit 106 for processing a received signal of the interference light received at the optical receiver 103 , in which the optical fiber composing the fiber loop part 104 is installed as an optical fiber for detecting a vibration into a vibration measuring object.
  • the fiber loop part 104 By installing the fiber loop part 104 at a fence, when the fence is vibrated, it is possible to obtain a received light signal similar to that obtained when a rotation angle velocity is generated in the fiber loop part 104 .
  • the Sagnac interference vibration sensor it is not possible to detect the number of vibration or an absolute value of vibration amplitude.
  • it is possible to detect that a specific article hits on the fence by previously measuring a variation in the received light signal when the specific article hits on the fence to provide a sample for comparison, and comparing the variation in the received light signal that is detected later with the sample for comparison.
  • This system can be applied to detect that a person shook the fence in a restricted zone, a private residence or the like as well as a protective wall for a road or a railway is shaken by a fallen stone.
  • Japanese patent Laid-Open No. 2003-247887 JP-A-2003-247887 discloses an example of the Sagnac interference vibration sensor.
  • the Sagnac interference vibration sensor disclosed by JP-A-2003-247887 has the sensitivity characteristic that the sensitivity is varied depending on a location in the fiber loop part 104 .
  • This phenomenon is caused by that the lights divided in the optical dividing/coupling part 105 and propagated in the counter clockwise direction and the clockwise direction pass at a substantially same time through a part in vicinity of a middle point of the fiber loop part 104 in a loop length direction.
  • the sensitivity is 0 at the middle point of the fiber loop part. Accordingly, the vibration detecting sensitivity is not uniform depending to the location in the vibration measuring object in which the fiber loop part 104 is installed.
  • an optical fiber vibration sensor comprises:
  • a light source for processing a signal received from the optical receiver
  • a fiber loop part for propagating lights divided by the optical dividing/coupling part as a counter clockwise light and a clockwise light
  • a housing for accommodating the light source, the optical receiver, the optical dividing/coupling part, the signal processing unit, and a part of the fiber loop part, wherein one end of the optical dividing/coupling part is connected to the light source and the optical receiver, and another end of the optical dividing/coupling part is connected to the fiber loop part
  • the optical dividing/coupling part comprises a first optical coupler to which the light source and the optical receiver are connected, a polarizer for polarizing a light output from the first optical coupler, a second optical coupler for dividing the light output from the polarizer to be inputted into the fiber loop part and coupling the light output from the fiber loop part,
  • the fiber loop part comprises a phase modulator
  • a part of an optical fiber composing the fiber loop part is provided in the housing as an optical fiber for delay while another part of the optical fiber composing the fiber loop part is installed outside the housing as a vibration detecting optical fiber.
  • the optical fiber for delay has at least a half length of the optical fiber composing the fiber loop part.
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber comprises two optical fibers arranged in parallel that are connected directly to each other or via an optical fiber for folding.
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber comprises a folded part of the fiber loop part installed outside the housing and a flexible tube for accommodating the folded part of the fiber loop part.
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber is freely detachable from and attachable to the housing.
  • the optical fiber used in the light source, the optical receiver, and the optical dividing/coupling part and the optical fiber composing the fiber loop part are polarization-maintaining optical fibers.
  • an optical fiber vibration sensor comprises:
  • an fiber loop part comprising an optical fiber with a loop structure for propagating a counter clockwise light and a clockwise light
  • an optical dividing/coupling unit connected to the light source and the optical receiver at one end and connected to the fiber loop part at another end, for dividing a light output from the light source to be input to the fiber loop part and coupling lights output from the fiber loop part to be input to the optical receiver;
  • phase modulator for imparting a phase difference between the counter clockwise light and the clockwise light
  • a part of the fiber loop part constitutes a sensor cable to be installed in a measuring object
  • the sensor cable comprises two optical fiber parts arranged in parallel.
  • a part of the half part of the fiber loop part constitutes an optical fiber delay unit.
  • the optical dividing/coupling unit comprises a polarizer.
  • the two optical fiber parts are formed by folding a single optical fiber.
  • an optical fiber vibration sensor with the excellent and uniform detection sensitivity.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of an optical fiber vibration sensor in a preferred embodiment
  • FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a polarizer
  • FIG. 2B is a perspective view of a phase modulator
  • FIG. 3A is a perspective view of an optical fiber delay unit
  • FIG. 3B is an explanatory diagram showing a side view of the optical fiber delay unit
  • FIG. 4 is a stereogram of the optical fiber vibration sensor shown in FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a sensitivity characteristic diagram of a fiber loop part in a Sagnac interference type vibration
  • FIG. 6A is a sensitivity characteristic diagram of a sensor cable (vibration detecting optical fiber) in the preferred embodiment according to the present invention
  • FIG. 6B is another sensitivity characteristic diagram of a sensor cable (vibration detecting optical fiber) in the preferred embodiment according to the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a conventional optical fiber vibration sensor.
  • an optical fiber vibration sensor 1 in the preferred embodiment according to the present invention comprises a vibration sensor main body 10 including a housing 10 a , and a vibration detecting optical fiber 9 installed outside the housing 10 a of the vibration sensor main body 10 .
  • the vibration sensor main body 10 comprises a light source 2 , an optical receiver 3 , an optical dividing/coupling part 5 for dividing or coupling a light, a signal processing unit 7 for processing a signal received from the optical receiver 3 , a housing 10 a , and a vibration detecting optical fiber 9 , a part of which is installed outside the housing 10 a as a fiber loop part (optical closed circuit) 4 .
  • the fiber loop part 4 comprises a phase modulator 6 , and an optical fiber delay unit 8 in the housing 10 a .
  • the optical fiber delay unit 8 comprises an optical fiber 8 b having at least a half length of the fiber loop part 4 . Detailed structure of each part will be explained later.
  • a laser diode (LD) or a super luminescent diode (SLD) having a short coherence length is used.
  • a photodiode (PD) is used.
  • a connecting optical fiber is connected to each of the light source 2 and the optical receiver 3 to be connected to the optical dividing/coupling part 5 as described below.
  • the optical dividing/coupling part 5 comprises a first optical coupler 18 a connected to the light source 2 and the optical receiver 3 , a second optical coupler 18 b connected to the fiber loop part 4 to be described below, and a polarizer 19 connected between the first optical coupler 18 a and the second optical coupler 18 b.
  • the polarizer 19 is a fiber type polarizer manufactured by forming a part of an optical fiber 19 a which connects the first optical coupler 18 a with the second optical coupler 18 b to have a coil shape, in which a birefringence of a core is increased.
  • the fiber loop part 4 comprises an optical fiber connected to the second optical coupler 18 b composing the optical dividing/coupling part 5 , in which optical paths are formed such that lights divided by the second optical coupler 18 b are circulated (propagated) respectively in a counter clockwise direction and a clockwise direction.
  • the phase modulator 6 is installed in the fiber loop part 4 for providing a phase modulation with a relative time delay with each of the counter clockwise light and the clockwise light.
  • the phase modulator 6 comprises a cylindrical piezoceramic (PZT) 6 a , and an optical fiber 6 b composing a part of the fiber loop part 4 that is wound around the cylindrical PZT 6 a , for modulating a phase of the propagated light by expanding and contracting the optical fiber 6 b wound around the cylindrical PZT 6 a by applying a voltage to the cylindrical PZT 6 a.
  • PZT cylindrical piezoceramic
  • the signal processing unit 7 determines a location that the vibration is generated, a magnitude of the vibration, or the like by processing the received signal output from the optical receiver 3 .
  • the signal processing unit 7 also controls an output level of the light source 2 and a modulation level of the phase modulator 6 .
  • the optical fiber delay unit 8 comprises a bobbin 8 a , and an optical fiber 8 b with a predetermined entire length that is would around the bobbin 8 a to be centralized in one place.
  • the optical fiber 8 b has a length corresponding to a half or more of an optical path length of the fiber loop part 4 .
  • the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 comprises a part 8 b - 1 wound in one direction (i.e. a clockwise direction) and a part 8 b - 2 wound in an opposite direction (i.e. a counter clockwise direction).
  • the part 8 b - 1 wound in the clockwise direction (hereinafter referred as “CW part”) and the part 8 b - 2 wound in the counter clockwise direction (hereinafter referred as “CCW part”) have the same fiber lengths and the same winding numbers, so that cross sections of the CW part 8 b - 1 and the CCW part 8 b - 2 of the optical fiber 8 b wound in the opposite directions are equal to each other.
  • a middle point M of the optical fiber 8 b of the fiber loop part 4 composing the optical fiber delay unit 8 is determined appropriately, and one side part and an opposite side part folded at the middle point M are arranged in parallel and wound around the bobbin 8 a.
  • the optical fiber delay unit 8 accommodated in the housing 10 a does not detect a rotation movement and a malfunction in detecting the vibration does not occur.
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is installed in a vibration sensing object, and preferably construed as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the optical fiber vibration sensor 1 as shown in FIG. 1 is different in structure from the conventional device a follows.
  • the conventional device an entire length of the fiber loop part 104 is installed in the vibration sensing object.
  • the fiber loop part 4 comprises the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 that is not installed in the vibration sensing object and the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 to be installed in the vibration sensing object.
  • the optical fiber used in the light source 2 , the optical receiver 3 , and the optical dividing/coupling part 5 and the optical fiber composing the fiber loop part 4 are polarization-maintaining fibers.
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is installed outside of the housing 10 a of the vibration sensor main body 10 .
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is construed to be freely detachable from and attachable to the vibration sensor main body 10 .
  • the fiber loop part 4 comprises an optical fiber composing the phase modulator 6 , the optical fiber delay unit 8 and the like to be installed in the vibration sensor main body 10 , and the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 installed outside the vibration sensor main body 10 .
  • the optical fiber composing a part of the fiber loop part 4 in the vibration sensor main body 10 is connected to the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 composing another part of the fiber loop part 4 installed outside the vibration sensor main body 10 via receptacle portions 11 , 12 provided at an outer surface of the housing 10 a of the vibration sensor main body 10 .
  • the receptacle portions 11 , 12 are provided at the outer surface of the housing 10 a , and are connected respectively to optical connectors 13 a , 13 b provided at both ends of the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 .
  • the optical fiber composing the part of the fiber loop part 4 in the vibration sensor main body 10 is connected to the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 composing another part of the fiber loop part 4 installed outside the vibration sensor main body 10 , to provide the fiber loop part 4 .
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 comprises two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b arranged in parallel, and a connecting portion 15 for connecting the two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b at one ends of the optical fibers 14 a , 14 b .
  • the two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b are accommodated in a flexible tube 16 .
  • a total of the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 and the flexible tube 16 is referred as a sensor cable 17 .
  • the sensor cable 17 comprises the optical fiber 14 a , 14 b composing parts of the fiber loop part 4 that are disposed in parallel for advancing and returning lights, and the flexible tube 16 for bundling the optical fibers 14 a , 14 b into one, and the sensor cable 17 is construed to be freely detachable from and attachable to the vibration sensor main body 10 .
  • the sensor cable 17 By installing the sensor cable 17 in the vibration sensing object and mounting the sensor cable 17 on the vibration sensor main body 10 , it is possible to detect the vibration.
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is installed in a chain-link fence, the sensor cable 17 is fastened to the wire gauze by means of a fastener made of a resin.
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is construed by using an optical fiber cable comprising the two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b in the flexible tube 16 .
  • the connecting portion 15 is formed by removing an optical fiber coating at a tip portion of the optical fiber cable by a predetermined length (for example, 10 mm) to expose the two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b , and connecting exposed portions of the two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b , finally recoating a connected portion. Thereafter, the partially removed two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b including the connecting portion 15 are accommodated in an optical fiber casing (not shown) within a limit of an allowable bending diameter.
  • the optical fiber casing comprises a resin or a metal.
  • the connecting portion 15 and the removed two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b are fixed to the optical fiber casing to by potting of the resin.
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 may be provided by folding a single optical fiber. However, with considering handling workability for fixing the cable to the fence or the like, it is preferable to connect the two optical fibers by using the optical fiber cable having the two optical fibers to provide the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 .
  • the optical fiber vibration sensor 1 is one of the Sagnac interference type vibration sensors.
  • a vibration is applied to an optical fiber 14 (namely, the optical fiber 14 a or 14 b ) composing the fiber loop part 4 , an intensity of an optical signal detected by the optical receiver 3 is changed.
  • ⁇ ( t ) A ⁇ sin(2 ⁇ fm ⁇ / 2) ⁇ cos(2 ⁇ fm ⁇ t ) (1)
  • A is a constant of an intensity (amplitude) of the vibration.
  • the phase difference ⁇ has a specific value other than 0 when the vibration is applied to the optical fiber 14 .
  • the propagation delay time difference ⁇ is increased in accordance with a distance from the middle point M, so that the phase difference ⁇ with respect to the vibration having the same intensity is increased.
  • the sensitivity for the vibration is increased in accordance with an increase in the distance from the middle point M.
  • the propagation delay time difference ⁇ is a very small value. Therefore, a sine function in the formula (1) can be approximated by a linear expression.
  • a maximum value of the propagation delay time difference ⁇ is calculated from a refractive index n of an optical fiber core and a light velocity c as follows:
  • the phase difference ⁇ is proportional to the propagation delay time difference ⁇ .
  • the sensitivity of the Sagnac interference type vibration sensor is proportional to the propagation delay time difference ⁇ .
  • the Sagnac interference type vibration sensor has the sensitivity characteristics in which the sensitivity is varied in accordance with the positions in the fiber loop part 4 .
  • FIG. 5 is a sensitivity characteristic diagram in which the propagation delay time difference ⁇ is shown in a horizontal scale and the vibration detection signal intensity based on the phase difference ⁇ is shown in a vertical scale. As shown in FIG. 5 , the vibration detection signal intensity is proportional to the propagation delay time difference ⁇ . Since the propagation delay time difference ⁇ is a function of a distance from the middle point M of the fiber loop part 4 , it is possible to provide the sensitivity characteristic diagram of the fiber loop part 4 by showing the position in the fiber loop part 4 in the horizontal scale.
  • the sensitivity for detecting the vibration is non-uniform in accordance with the positions in the fiber loop part 104 installed in the vibration sensing object.
  • the sensitivity is 0 in the middle point of the fiber loop part 104 , and the sensitivity in vicinity of the middle point is very small.
  • the sensitivity is increased in accordance with the distance from the middle point, and the sensitivity is at maximum at input and output ends (in just proximity of optical fiber couplers) of the fiber loop part 104 .
  • the delay detecting optical fiber 8 has the length corresponding to a half or more of the entire length of the optical fiber composing the fiber loop part 4 , so that it is possible to provide the middle point M of the fiber loop part 4 at the receptacle portion 11 that is a connecting point between the one end of the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 and the housing 10 a .
  • By connecting another end of the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 to the receptacle portion 12 it is possible to provide a structure in which the sensitivity from one end to another end is increased from 0 in proportion to a distance from one end of the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 .
  • the sensitivity at the connecting portion 15 including a center (turning point) C of the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 has an intermediate value between the sensitivity in vicinity of the receptacle portion 11 and the sensitivity in vicinity of the receptacle portion 12 .
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 installed outside the housing 10 a is accommodated in a single flexible tube 16 to provide the sensor cable 17 , so that sensitivity distributions of the optical fibers 14 a , 14 b that are positioned in parallel for advancing and returning lights are overlapped, thereby providing a uniform sensitivity regardless the position in the longitudinal direction of the sensor cable 17 .
  • FIG. 6A is a sensitivity characteristic diagram in which a distance from a connecting point with the vibration sensor main body 10 to a turning point C in the sensor cable 17 is shown in a horizontal scale and the vibration detection signal intensity based on the phase difference ⁇ is shown in a vertical scale.
  • the sensitivity of the sensor cable 17 according to the present invention is constant in the longitudinal direction.
  • the sensitivities of the two optical fibers 14 a , 14 b are superimposed to provide a constant value.
  • Table 1 shows a clockwise direction distance and counter clockwise direction distance at respective measuring points P 1 to P 6 in the fiber loop part 4 shown in FIG. 4 , where the entire length of the fiber loop part 4 is 4 L.
  • an optical fiber composing other parts than the optical fiber delay unit 8 and the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is assumed to be so shorter than the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 and the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 that the length of the other optical fiber can be ignored.
  • the entire length of the fiber loop part 4 is 400 m while a length of the optical fiber 6 b of the phase modulator 6 is 1 m.
  • x is a distance between the vibration sensor main body 10 and the measuring point in the sensor cable 17 .
  • the counter clockwise distance and the clockwise distance at the measuring point P 1 connected to the receptacle portion 11 are (2 L, 2 L).
  • the counter clockwise distance and the clockwise distance at the measuring point P 6 connected to the receptacle portion 12 are (4 L, 0).
  • the length of the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 is 2 L
  • the length of the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is 2 L.
  • the counter clockwise distance and the clockwise distance at the measuring points P 2 and P 5 are (2 L+x, 2 L ⁇ x) and (4 L ⁇ x, x).
  • the difference between the clockwise direction distance and the counter clockwise direction distance (referred as “distance” in Table 1) at the respective measuring points P 1 to P 6 in FIG. 4 are 0 and 4 L (P 1 and P 6 ), 2x and 4 L-2x (P 2 and P 5 ), and 2 L and 2 L (P 3 and P 4 ).
  • the propagation delay time difference ⁇ is proportional to the difference between the clockwise direction distance and the counter clockwise direction distance
  • the sensitivity is proportional to the propagation delay time difference ⁇ , so that the difference shown in Table 1 can be considered as the sensitivity.
  • the total of the sensitivities of the optical fibers 14 a , 14 b for the counter clockwise light and the clockwise light in the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is 4 L for any location. This sensitivity characteristics coincides with the sensitivity characteristics shown in FIG. 6A .
  • the optical fiber vibration sensor 1 in this preferred embodiment even when the vibration occurs at an arbitrary point in the sensor cable 17 , it is possible to detect the vibration with the constant sensitivity.
  • the length of the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 is 2 L, and the length of the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is 2 L, so that the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 corresponds to a half of the length of the fiber loop part 4 .
  • the present invention is not limited thereto, and similar effect can be obtained when the length of the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 is not less than a half of the length of the fiber loop part 4 .
  • the vibration detection signal intensity at the main body connecting point shown in FIG. 6A (for example, P 1 , P 6 shown in FIG. 4 ) is greater than 0, so that the graphs of the sensitivities of the optical fibers 14 a , 14 b and the total sensitivity are shifted upwards.
  • the sensitivity (vibration detection signal intensity) is uniform regardless the measuring point.
  • FIG. 6B is another sensitivity characteristic diagram in which a distance from a connecting part with the vibration sensor main body 10 to a turning point C in the sensor cable 17 is shown in a horizontal scale and the vibration detection signal intensity based on the phase difference ⁇ is shown in a vertical scale, when the length of the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 is greater than a half of the length of the fiber loop part 4 . As shown in FIG. 6B , the total of the sensitivities is greatly improved.
  • the entire length of the optical fiber 14 to be installed outside the housing 10 a of the vibration sensor main body 10 as the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 is installed in the fence that was the object to be measured.
  • the length of the optical fiber 8 b of the optical fiber delay unit 8 may be equal to or less than a half of the entire length of the fiber loop part 4 , in the case that the middle point M of the fiber loop part 4 exists in the other part of the optical fiber 14 than the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 .
  • the vibration detecting optical fiber 9 comprising the optical fiber 14 a , 14 b arranged in parallel as the sensor cable 17 , it is possible to realize the uniform vibration detecting sensitivity of the optical fiber vibration sensor 1 .
  • the phase modulator 6 is formed by using the optical fiber 6 b that is a part of the optical fiber composing the fiber loop part 4 , in order to construe an open loop type optical fiber vibration sensor for modulating the phase of the propagated light by applying a sinusoidal voltage with a predetermined frequency.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto, and it is also possible to construe a closed loop type optical fiber vibration sensor, in which the detected phase of the propagated light is fed back to the phase modulator.
  • a double coupler system using the first optical coupler 18 a and the second optical coupler 18 b connected to the optical dividing/coupling part 5 is adopted.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto. It is also possible to use a single coupler system using an optical coupler having two ports at both ends, in which the light source 2 and the optical receiver 3 are connected to one end and the input and output ends of the fiber loop part 4 are connected to another end. Further, the polarizer 19 provided at the optical dividing/coupling part 5 may be omitted.

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