US7732599B2 - Process for preparing tetrahydrobiopterin and analogs of tetrahydrobiopterin - Google Patents

Process for preparing tetrahydrobiopterin and analogs of tetrahydrobiopterin Download PDF

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US7732599B2
US7732599B2 US10/579,106 US57910604A US7732599B2 US 7732599 B2 US7732599 B2 US 7732599B2 US 57910604 A US57910604 A US 57910604A US 7732599 B2 US7732599 B2 US 7732599B2
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group
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chain alkyl
neopterin
tetrahydrobiopterin
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Rudolf Moser
Viola Groehn
Andreas Schumacher
Pierre Martin
Dirk Spielvogel
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Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc
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Merck Eprova AG
Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
    • C07D487/14—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D475/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems
    • C07D475/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems with an oxygen atom directly attached in position 4
    • C07D475/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems with an oxygen atom directly attached in position 4 with a nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2

Definitions

  • Tetrahydrobiopterin is a biogenic amine of the naturally-occurring pterin family. Pterins are present in physiological fluids and tissues in reduced and oxidized forms, however, only the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin is biologically active. Tetrahydrobiopterin is a chiral molecule, and the 6R enantiomer, and 1′R,2′S,6R diastereomer of the tetrahydrobiopterin is the known biologically active form.
  • Tetrahydrobiopterin plays a very important role as cofactor of essential enzymes (e.g., the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, the nitric oxide synthetases, as a coenzyme in a catecholamine-serotonin synthesis.) Tetrahydrobiopterin is an indispensable compound for biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine and hydroxytyptamine, of noradrenalin, adrenaline, and melatonin. The importance of tetrahydrobiopterin has been recognized in the course of the fundamental studies thereon. A deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin causes serious neurological disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU) and Parkinson's disease. Symptoms due to such diseases can be remarkably improved by administration of tetrahydrobiopterin. Further, it has been recognized that tetrahydrobiopterin is effective for curing infantile autism and depressions.
  • essential enzymes e.g., the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, the nitric oxide synth
  • tetrahydrobiopterin has been prepared by: (1) the reaction of 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) and 5-deoxy-L-arabinose as described in E. L. Patterson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 5868 (1956); (2) the reaction of TAP and 5-deoxy-L-arabinose phenylhydrazone, as described in Matsuura et al., Bull. Chem. Soc.
  • TAP 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-triaminopyrimidine
  • the method comprises the steps of protecting the 2-amino group of neopterin with a 2-amino protective group, which may make the product more soluble, followed by carrying out a selective reaction on the primary hydroxyl group.
  • the primary hydroxyl group of neopterin is selectively protected with a primary hydroxyl protecting group
  • the secondary hydroxyl groups also selectively protected with a secondary hydroxyl protecting group, and reduction is carried out on the primary hydroxyl position in the side chain.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to novel individual intermediates, such as selectively protected pterin derivatives.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the reaction scheme for preparing L-Neopterin.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a process described herein for the conversion of L-Neopterin to Tetrahydrobiopterin dihydrochloride salt.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a process described herein for the conversion of a 6-substituted Pterin to Tetrahydrobiopterin.
  • FIG. 4 is a is a schematic representation of a process described herein for the conversion of L-Neopterin to Tetrahydrobiopterin, wherein the primary hydroxyl group on L-Neopterin is converted to its corresponding thioether, and the resulting thioether is then reduced to product a deoxygenated Neopterin derivative.
  • Tetrahydrobiopterin is a heterocyclic compound that performs a central role in a number of biological processes.
  • the general structure of tetrahydrobiopterin is shown below:
  • Tetrahydrobiopterin contains three consecutive stereocenters, labeled above as 6, 1′, and 2′. Tetrahydrobiopterin, like a number of biologically active molecules, exhibits a substantially heightened biological activity when a single stereoisomer and enantiomer. Described herein are processes for the preparation of a substantially single enantiomer and stereoisomer of tetrahydrobiopterin, and analogs thereof.
  • L-Neopterin (CAS No 2277-43-2) is used as the starting material in one embodiment of the processes described herein.
  • the general structure of L-Neopterin is shown below:
  • FIG. 1 A schematic representation of the process for preparing L-Neopterin from L. Arabinose is shown in FIG. 1 (L-Neopterin is also available from Schircks Laboratories of Jona, Switzerland). The process for preparing L-Neopterin is also described in Pfleiderer et al, Helv. Chim. Acta, Vol. 73, p. 808 (1990), and Viscontini et al, Helv. Chim. Acta, Vol. 53, p. 1202 1970, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • linear chain alkyl and “branch chain allyl” encompasses, alkyl groups that may contain as few as one carbon atom or as many as fourteen carbon atoms, including but not limited to, cycloalkyl groups, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl groups.
  • linear chain alkyl and “branch chain alkyl” also include alkyl groups that may be substituted with a variety of substituents, including but are not limited to, acyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, carboxy, hydroxy, carboxamido and/or N-acylamino moieties.
  • an “aryl” encompasses, but is not limited to, a phenyl, pyridyl, pyrryl, indolyl, naphthyl, thiophenyl or furyl group, each of which may be substituted by various groups, which includes, but are not limited, acyl, aryl alkoxy, aryloxy, carboxy, hydroxy, carboxamido or N-acylamino moieties.
  • aryloxy groups include, but are not limited to, a phenoxy, 2-methylphenoxy, 3-methylphenoxy and 2-naphthoxy.
  • Examples of acyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, acetoxy, propanoyloxy, butyryloxy, pentanoyloxy and hexanoyloxy.
  • alkoxycarbonyl encompass, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, n-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, hydroxypropylcarbonyl, aminoethoxycarbonyl, secbutoxycarbonyl and cyclopentyloxycarboniyl.
  • acyl groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl and penanoyl.
  • alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy and cyclopentyloxy.
  • the solvent medium useful in the reactions of the processes described herein includes a wide variety of solvents.
  • the reactions described herein are preferably performed wherein the reaction starting materials (e.g., 6-substituted neopterin, neopterin, neopterin derivatives, biopterin and tetrahydrobiopterin) are dissolved in the solvent medium.
  • the solvents used in the reactions described herein are preferably polar solvents capable of dissolving the polar compounds used and created according to the processes described herein.
  • the solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide (also referred to herein as DMF).
  • the concentration of the reactants in the reaction mixture is in the range of about 0.1% to about 20% by weight, more preferably 0.2% to 10%.
  • the materials quickly dissolve in a polar reaction medium, at the beginning of a reaction the substances can exist in a solid form. In such a case, the substances can be gradually dissolved in the medium as the reaction proceeds.
  • One embodiment of the processes and compounds described herein includes a process for forming enantiomerically-enriched tetrahydrobiopterin or a salt thereof from neopterin, including the following steps: (a) reacting the primary hydroxyl group of neopterin with a silyl protecting group; (b) protecting the secondary hydroxyl groups with a secondary hydroxyl-protecting group; (c) converting the silyl group formed in step (b) to a surrogate group selected from the group consisting of halogens, sulfonates, and thioethers; (d) reduction at the substituted formed in step (e) to a methyl group; and (e) removing the secondary hydroxyl-protecting group added at step (d).
  • Step (c) can be performed by: i) direct conversion of the primary hydroxyl protecting group to a halogen; or (ii) selective cleavage of the silylether followed by a conversion of the protected primary hydroxyl group to a group selected from the group consisting of halogens, sulfonates, and thioethers.
  • the conversion in step (e) is performed by a direct conversion of the primary hydroxyl protecting group to a halogen. It has been found that this embodiment of the processes described herein can be performed without the protection of the 2-amino group on the neopterin.
  • step (a) it may be preferable to first protect the 2-amino group of L-Neopterin before performing step (a) as described above. If the process of this embodiment is performed with the use of a 2-amino protecting group, the 2-amino protecting group is preferably removed after step (a) is performed.
  • An example of the reactions of this process, wherein the 2-amino groups are protected/deprotected, is exemplified in FIG. 2 .
  • the 2-amino group can be protected before performing step (a).
  • the protection of the 2-amino group on the L-Neopterin is preferably performing using a variety of protecting groups.
  • the protecting group for the 2-amino position on L-Neopterin is selected from the group consisting of dialkylformamidedialkylacetal groups, and pivaloyl groups. More preferably, the protecting group is one of N,N-dimethylformamidediethylacetal, and N,N-dimethylformamidedimethylacetal.
  • the reaction to protect the 2-amino group is carried out in a polar solvent, more preferably in dimethylformamide.
  • 2-(N,N-dialkylaminomethylene-imino) Neopterin derivatives are much more soluble in non-polar organic solvents than the unprotected neopterin, and the protection of the 2-amino group to with a 2-(N,N-dialkylaminomethylene-imino) protecting group could be performed in a less polar solvent than DMF.
  • R1 is selected from the group consisting of single substituted linear chain alkyl groups, single substituted branched chain alkyl groups, aryl substituted amido groups, an acetamido group, and a 2,2-dimethylpropanamido group.
  • R1 preferably single linear chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethylene-imine groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethylene-imine groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethylene-imine groups, and double branched chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethylene-imine groups.
  • Another protecting group that can be used to protect the 2-amino group is an acyl group, preferably a pivaloyl group.
  • acyl group preferably a pivaloyl group.
  • These compounds are obtained by the preparation of the acyl or tetrapivaloylderivative of neopterin, followed by an alkaline hydrolysis of the three ester groups, as described in the literature, e.g., Russell et al., Tet. Let., vol. 33, No. 23, pp 3371-3374 (1992), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • R5 is —COR′
  • R′ is selected from the group consisting of linear chain alkyl groups, branched chain alkyl groups, aryl groups, and t-butyl
  • R6 is selected from the group consisting of linear chain alkyl groups, branched chain alkyl groups, and aryl groups.
  • Step 5 The next step in the process, as exemplified in FIG. 2 as Step 5 , is the selective protection of the primary hydroxyl group of a compound of Formula 6 (as prepared according to Step 4 ), to yield a compound of Formulae 7 and 7a (both shown below).
  • R1 is selected from the group consisting of single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and 2,2-dimethylpropanamide; and wherein R2 is a silyl group that is stable under acidic conditions.
  • R1 comprises N,N-dimethylaminomethylene amino
  • R2 is selected from the group consisting of diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylphenylsilyl, diphenylisopropoxysilyl, diphenyl-t-butoxysilyl, di-t-butylmethylsilyl, di-t-butylsilylene, methyldiisopropylsilyl, methyldiphenylsilyl, t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, thexyldimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, 1,1,3,3,-tetra-isopropyldisiloxane, triisopropylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyloxycabomyl, and t-butyldiphenylsilanoyl. More preferably, R2
  • the selective protection reaction is preferable carried out in a polar solvent, more preferably in dimethylformamide.
  • the use of alkylchlorosilanes reagents as protecting agents yields in a highly selective protection of the primary hydroxyl function. According to this method there was no observed influence on the secondary hydroxyl groups within the molecule.
  • the reaction is carried out in presence of a base, preferably the base is imidazole.
  • the selective protection step can also be carried with a compound of Formula 15.
  • a 2-amino protecting group is utilized in this embodiment, is possible to selectively cleave of the protection group at the 2-amino function with an in situ reaction.
  • the selective deprotection can be performed with ammonium hydroxide in dioxane
  • the selective deprotection can be performed with ammonium hydroxide
  • the selective deprotection can be performed with ammonium hydroxide in dioxane and preferably with zinc dichloride in ethanol.
  • the selective deprotection of the 2-amino group yields Formula 7a.
  • R2 is a silyl group that is stable under acidic conditions.
  • R2 is selected from the group consisting of diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylphenylsilyl, diphenylisopropoxysilyl, diphenyl-t-butoxysilyl, di-t-butylmethylsilyl, di-t-butylsilylene, methyldiisopropylsilyl, methyldiphenylsilyl, t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, thexyldimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, 1,1,3,3,-tetra-isopropyldisiloxane, triisopropylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyloxycabomyl, and t-butyldiphenylsilanoyl. More preferably
  • Step 6 The next step in the process, as exemplified in FIG. 2 as Step 6 , is the protection of the secondary hydroxyl groups of a compounds of Formulae 7 and/or 7a (as prepared according to example shown in Step 5 ), to yield a compound of Formula 8 (shown below).
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , 2,2-dimethylpropanamide, single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups;
  • R2 is a silyl group that is stable under acidic conditions; and R4 a substituted acetal or ketal group that is stable under alkaline conditions.
  • R4 is a substituted acetal or ketal group is selected from the group consisting of linear alkyl substituted acetals or ketals, branched alkyl chain substituted acetals or ketals, and aryl substituted acetals or ketals.
  • R4 is selected from the group consisting of methylene acetal, ethylidene acetal, t-butylmethylidene ketal, 1-t-butylethylidene ketal, 1-phenylethylidene ketal, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene acetal, 2,2,2-trichloroethylidene acetal, acrolein acetal, cyclopentylidene ketal, cyclohexylidene ketal, cycloheptylidene ketal, benzylidene acetal, p-methoxybenzylidene acetal, 2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene ketal, 3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene acetal, 2-nitrobenzylidene acetal, 4-nitrobenzylidene acetal, mesitylene acetal, 1-naphthaldehyde
  • Cyclic ortho-esters and other 1,2-diol protective groups which are stable to alkaline conditions and cleaved under acidic conditions are suitable protecting groups for the secondary hydroxyl groups.
  • the reaction of exemplified in FIG. 2 as Step 6 is preferably performed a polar solvent, more preferably in acetone.
  • R4 is acetonedimethylacetal, and the reaction is performed in acetone and in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • Other protecting groups and details of processes for their introduction/removal may be found in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Green et al., 3 rd Ed. (1999) Wiley & Sons, p 201-245, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • Step 7 The next step or series of steps in the process, as exemplified in FIG. 2 as Step 7 , and Step 9 and Step 7 a conversion of the silyl ether to a halide.
  • the silyl ether such as in a compound of Formula 8
  • Steps 9 and 7 a of FIG. 2 the conversion goes through a deprotection step.
  • the result is the formation of a compound of Formula 9 (shown below).
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , 2,2-dimethylpropanamide, single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups;
  • R4 is selected from the group consisting of linear alkyl substituted acetals or ketals, branched alkyl chain substituted acetals or ketals, and aryl substituted acetals or ketals; and wherein R5 is a halogen.
  • the halogen is preferably introduced into the molecule by triphenylphosphine halogen, preferably with triphenylphosphine bromide.
  • the reaction is preferably carried out a solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, dimethylformamide, and dimethylacetamide.
  • a solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, dimethylformamide, and dimethylacetamide.
  • Other reaction conditions and details of the conversion of the silyl ether to a halide can be found in Hanessian et al, J. Org. Chem., 34(7), p 2163 (1969), Kim et al, J. Org. Chem., 53, p 3111-3113 (1988), Ashton, J. Org. Chem., 61(3), p905 (1996), Aizpurua et al, J. Org. Chem., 51(25), p 4942 (1986), and Mattes, Tet. Let., 28
  • an alternative method for the preparation of a compound of Formula 9 includes the deprotection of the primary hydroxyl followed by the formation of the halide.
  • a compound of Formula 8 is treated with a base in a protic solvent (e.g., KOH in CH 3 OH), the silyl ether protecting group is cleaved to form a compound of Formula 11.
  • a protic solvent e.g., KOH in CH 3 OH
  • P3 is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , 2,2-dimethylpropanamide, single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of linear alkyl substituted acetals or ketals, branched alkyl chain substituted acetals or ketals, and aryl substituted acetals or ketals.
  • the deprotection of the primary hydroxyl group as described above is preferably carried out in an alcohol, more preferably in methanol.
  • the conversion may also be achieved by using fluorides (e.g., tetrabutylammoniumfluoride in tetrahydrofuran or other apolar solvents.
  • the deprotected primary hydroxyl group is then converted to a halide as shown, for example, in Step 7 a in FIG. 2 .
  • This conversion is performed under the same conditions as described above for example shown in Step 7 of FIG. 2 , and yields a compound of Formula 9. Further details regarding the reaction conditions and processes for this conversion can be found in “Comprehensive Organic Transformations”, R. C. Larock, 2nd ed., Wiley VCH, p689-697 (1999), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • the primary hydroxyl group on a compound of Formula 11 can be converted to a sulfonate group (e.g., a tosylate group) such as in a compound of Formula 12, such as, for example, as shown in Step 10 of FIG. 2 .
  • a sulfonate group e.g., a tosylate group
  • a compound of Formula 12 such as, for example, as shown in Step 10 of FIG. 2 .
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , 2,2-dimethylpropanamide, single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups;
  • R4 is selected from the group consisting of linear alkyl substituted acetals or ketals, branched alkyl chain substituted acetals or ketals, and aryl substituted acetals or ketals;
  • R6 is selected from the group consisting of linear chain alkyl substituted sulfonates, branched chain alkyl substituted sulfonates, and aryl substituted sulfonates.
  • R4 is dimethylacetal
  • R3 is an N,N-dimethylaminomethylene substituted amino group
  • R6 is a tosyl group.
  • the reaction exemplified in Step 10 of FIG. 2 is preferably carried out with sulfonylchloride in the presence of a base.
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , 2,2-dimethylpropanamide, single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain all substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of linear alkyl substituted acetals or ketals, branched alkyl chain substituted acetals or ketals, and aryl substituted acetals or ketals.
  • R4 is dimethylacetal
  • R3 is an N,N-dimethylaminomethylene substituted amino group.
  • the reduction of a compound of Formulae 12 and 9 is preferably carried out with sodium borohydride and/or lithium aluminum hydride, and preferably in a polar, non-aqueous aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide or sulfolane.
  • a polar, non-aqueous aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide or sulfolane.
  • a sulfonate can be prepared from the deprotected alcohol of Formula 11. As described below, the sulfonate can be converted into its corresponding thioether with the use of the Mitsunobu reaction, and then the resulting thioether can be reduced to yield a compound of Formula 10.
  • a compound of Formula 11a is another embodiment of the processes and compounds described herein:
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , 2,2-dimethylpropanamide, single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups;
  • R4 is selected from the group consisting of linear alkyl substituted acetals or ketals, branched alkyl chain substituted acetals or ketals, and aryl substituted acetals or ketals;
  • R7 is selected from the group consisting of linear chain alkyl groups, branched chain alkyl groups, and aryl groups.
  • This reaction to convert a compound of Formula 11a into a compound of Formula 10 is preferably performed using the Mitsunobu reaction (e.g., PPh3/ROOCN ⁇ NCOOR), followed by reduction of the resulting thioether using, for example, Raney-Nickel.
  • the reduction of the thioether is performed using a Raney-Nickel and hydrogen, more preferably Raney-Nickel, hydrogen, in an ethanol solvent medium.
  • Step 12 The next step in the process, as exemplified in FIG. 2 as Step 12 , is the reduction of a compound of Formula 10 (as prepared according to Steps 8 and 12 ), to stereoselectively yield tetrahydrobiopterin.
  • the tetrahydrobiopterin can then be converted to its salt form, including but not limited to its dihydrochloride salt as shown below:
  • the reduction of a compound of Formula 10 is carried out either according to methods well known in the common literature (e.g., sodium borohydride in a alkaline medium) or preferably with a catalytic amount of platinum dioxide and hydrogen.
  • Tetrahydrobiopterin may be isolated preferably as dihydrochloride by crystallization techniques well known in the art, such as suspension, precipitation, re-crystallization, evaporation, solvent like water sorption methods or decomposition of solvates. Diluted, saturated, or super-saturated solutions may be used for crystallization, with or without seeding with suitable nucleating agents.
  • Another embodiment of the processes and compounds described herein is a process for forming enantiomerically-enriched tetrahydrobiopterin or a salt thereof, including the following steps: (a) reacting pterin at the C-6 position to prepare a 6-substituted pterin; (b) protecting the primary amine group at C-2 of neopterin with a 2-amino protecting group; (c) metalation of the protected 6-substituted pterin; (d) coupling of the product of the metalation of the protected 6-substituted pterin with lactic acid or a precursor of lactic acid; (e) removing the 2-amino protecting group; and (f) erythro-selective reduction.
  • the first step in this embodiment utilizes a 6-substituted pterin, including but not limited to 6-halogenated pterins and 6-sulfonated pterins.
  • the 6-substituted pterins are 6-halogenated pterins, more preferably, the pterin starting material is selected from the group consisting of 6-chloropterin, 6-bromopterin, and 6-iodopterin. It has been found that 6-iodopterin is the preferred 6-halogenated pterins for use in the coupling reaction described below.
  • the first step in this embodiment is the protection the 2-amino group of the 6-substituted pterin, as exemplified in FIG. 3 as Step 1 , is the protection of the 2-amino group in the 6-substituted pterin.
  • the protection of the 2-amino group is performed as described above (for the preparation of a compound of Formula 6 (exemplified as Step 4 in FIG. 2 ), and the product of this step is a compound of Formula 2 (shown below).
  • the protecting group used to protect the 2-amino group is selected from the group consisting of linear chain alkyl single substituted amido groups, branched chain alkyl single substituted amido groups, aryl substituted amido group, a pivaloyl group, and 2,2-dimethylpropanamido. More preferably, the protecting group is a pivaloyl group.
  • R1 is selected from the group consisting of single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, single linear chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethylene-imine groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethylene-imine groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethylene-imine groups, and double branched chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethylene-imine groups; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear chain alkyl groups, branched chain alkyl groups, and aryl groups.
  • the next step in this embodiment of the processes disclosed herein is the metalation of the 6-substituted pterin as exemplified in FIG. 3 as Step 2 .
  • the metalation of the protected 6-substituted pterin is performed with a reagent selected from the group consisting of RMgX (i.e., a Grignard reagent), alkyl-metal complexes, and metals, wherein X is a halogen, and R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, and aryl groups.
  • the alkyl-metal complex is an alkyl-metallic lithium complex, more preferably n-butyllithium and/or t-butyllithium.
  • R1 is selected from the group consisting of single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups; branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and 2,2-dimethylpropanamide
  • R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear chain alkyl groups, branched chain alkyl groups, and aryl groups
  • M is selected from the group consisting of boron, silicon, zirconium, titanium, sodium, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, scandium, chromium, ytterbium, lithium, magnesium, zinc, palladium, copper, manganese, cesium, and tin.
  • the metalation reaction is preferably performed in non-polar solvents such as ethers, preferably diethylether, dioxane, and/or tetrahydrofuran (THF).
  • the metalation is performed with a Grignard reagent, and preferably the Grignard reagent is isopropylmagnesiumchloride.
  • the reaction temperature during the metalation set is preferably kept in the range of about ⁇ 80° C. up to about +30° C., and preferably one to four equivalents of the metalating reagent (e.g., Grignard reagent) are used for the metalation.
  • the next step in this embodiment is the coupling of the product from the metalation step with lactic acid or a lactic acid precursor as exemplified in FIG. 3 as Step 3 .
  • the coupling is performed between the protected 6-metalated pterin and a protected lactic acid chloride, more preferably between the protected 6-metalated pterin and a hydroxyl protected lactic acid chloride such as 2-acetoxypropionic chloride.
  • the precursor of lactic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-oxopropanoyl chlorides, and 2-oxopropanal.
  • R1 is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , 2,2-dimethylpropanamide, single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, and branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups;
  • R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear chain alkyl groups, branched chain alkyl groups, and aryl groups; and
  • R3 is an acyl group.
  • R1 is an N,N-dimethylaminomethylene substituted amino group.
  • the coupling step can also be performed with a 2-oxopropanoyl chlorides or with 2-oxopropanale with the use of Pd(OAc) 2 , Me 6 Sn 2 , PPh 3 in dioxane, then Pd(PPh 3 )Cl 2 and lactic acid chloride or derivatives thereof.
  • Pd(OAc) 2 , Me 6 Sn 2 , PPh 3 in dioxane then Pd(PPh 3 )Cl 2 and lactic acid chloride or derivatives thereof.
  • the next step in this embodiment of the processes described herein is deprotecting of the coupling product, and the erythro-selective reduction of the deprotected product to yield tetrahydrobiopterin as exemplified in FIG. 3 as Steps 4 and 5 .
  • an acyl group is used as the protecting group R3 in a compound of Formula 4, the protecting group on the can be performed wherein on the protecting group at the 2-amino position is removed.
  • another embodiment of the processes and compound described herein is a compound of Formula 5:
  • R3 is an acyl group.
  • the tetrahydrobiopterin prepared by the reduction, as exemplified in FIG. 3 as Step 5 , can then be converted to its salt form, including but not limited to its dihydrochloride salt as shown below:
  • the erythro-selective reduction of a compound of Formula 4 is carried out either according to methods well known in the common literature (e.g. sodium borohydride in a alkaline medium) or preferably with a catalytic amount of platinum dioxide and hydrogen.
  • Tetrahydrobiopterin may be isolated preferably as dihydrochloride by crystallization techniques well known in the art, such as suspension, precipitation, re-crystallization, evaporation, solvent like water sorption methods or decomposition of solvates. Diluted, saturated, or super-saturated solutions may be used for crystallization, with or without seeding with suitable nucleating agents.
  • another embodiment of the processes and compounds described herein is a process for forming enantiomerically-enriched tetrahydrobiopterin or a salt thereof from neopterin, including the following steps: (a) protecting the primary amine group at C-2 of neopterin with a 2-amino protecting group; (b) converting the primary hydroxyl group of neopterin to a thioether; and (c) reduction of the thioether leaving a methyl group at the C-3′ position on the neopterin side chain.
  • step (c) above when step (c) above is performed at elevated temperatures (e.g., above 50 degrees Celsius), the reaction conditions for the reduction reaction of step (c) will also remove the 2-amino protecting group and perform an erythro-selective reduction of the C5-C6 and C7-C8 double bonds on neopterin to yield tetrahydrobiopterin.
  • elevated temperatures e.g., above 50 degrees Celsius
  • step (c) if the reduction of step (c) does not result in the erythro-selective reduction of the C5-C6 and C7-C8 and the removal of the 2-amino protecting group, the process further includes the two additional steps of removal of the 2-amino protecting group and an erythro-selective hydrogenation.
  • the purity and stability of the tetrahydrobiopterin product produced according to this embodiment can be improved by forming a salt of tetrahydrobiopterin.
  • the tetrahydrobiopterin is preferably conferred to its corresponding salt, more preferable to the dichloride salt of tetrahydrobiopterin.
  • the dichloride salt of tetrahydrobiopterin is further recrystallized.
  • the first step in this embodiment is the protection of the 2-amino group on L-Neopterin.
  • the protection of the 2-amino group on the L-Neopterin is preferably performing using a variety of protecting groups.
  • the protecting group for the 2-amino position on L-Neopterin is selected from the group consisting of dialkylformamidedialkylacetal groups, and pivaloyl groups. More preferably, the protecting group is one of N,N-dimethylformamidediethylacetal, and N,N-dimethylformamidedimethylacetal.
  • the reaction to protect the 2-amino group is carried out in a polar solvent, more preferably in dimethylformamide.
  • 2-(N,N-dialkylaminomethylene-imino) Neopterin derivatives are much more soluble in non-polar organic solvents than the unprotected neopterin, and the protection of the 2-amino group to with a 2-(N,N-dialkylaminomethylene-imino) protecting group could be performed in a less polar solvent than DMF.
  • the second step in this embodiment is the conversion of the primary hydroxyl group to a thioether.
  • This conversion is preferably performed with the use of the Hata reagent.
  • the primary hydroxyl is selectively converted to a thioether with the use of a disulfide reagent and a trialkylphosphine reagent, more preferably diphenyl disulfide and tributylphosphine.
  • R1 is selected from the group consisting of single linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, single branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted amino groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted amino groups, aryl single substituted amino groups, linear chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, branched chain alkyl substituted sulfur groups, single linear chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethyleneimine groups, or single branched chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethyleneimine groups, double linear chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethyleneimine groups, double branched chain alkyl substituted alkylaminomethyleneimine groups; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of linear chain alkyl groups, branched chain alkyl groups, and aryl groups.
  • R1 is a dialkylalkylaminomethyleneimine group, more preferably, dimethylaminomethyleneimine.
  • R2 is benzene.
  • the next step in the process of this embodiment is the reduction of the thioether, wherein the net result is the replacement of the thioether with a hydrogen (i.e., 2-amino protected Biopterin).
  • the reduction of the thioether is performed with the use of a Raney-Nickel a reducing agent. It has been found that the reduction of the thioether does not proceed to yield product (i.e., 2-amino protected L-Biopterin) when the reaction is carried out in a protic solvent.
  • the reduction reaction is preferably performed in a polar aprotic solvent and at room temperature.
  • Steps 4 and 5 include the deprotection of the 2-amino group (i.e., removal of the 2-amino protecting group), and the erythro-selective reduction of the product resulting from the deprotection (i.e., L-Biopterin).
  • deprotection of the 2-amino group i.e., removal of the 2-amino protecting group
  • erythro-selective reduction of the product resulting from the deprotection i.e., L-Biopterin
  • N2-N,N-Dimethylaminomethylene-L-neopterin (a compound of Formula 6 wherein R1 is an dimethylaminomethylene-imine group) was prepared by adding 15.8 ml of N,N-dimethylformamidediethylacetal to a flask containing a suspension of 11.68 g of L-neopterin and 850 ml of dry N,N-dimethylformamide. The mixture was stirred at room temperature until all starting material dissolved. After 6 hours of stirring at room temperature, 280 ml dry methanol was added and the reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred for an additional 12 hours.
  • the 1H-NMR-data (200 MHz, solvent: DMSO-d6) for the protected L Neopterin is as follows: 11.98 ppm, bs, N3-H; 1H, 8.79 ppm, s, CH ⁇ N, C7-H, 2H, 5.64 ppm, d, C1′-OH, 1H, 4.75 ppm, d, C2′-OH, 1H, 4.63 ppm, dd, C1′-H, 1H; 4.47 ppm, t, C3′-OH, 1H, 3.81 ppm, m, C2′H, 1H, 3.54 ppm, m, C3′H1, 1H, 3.43 ppm, m, C3′H2, 1H, 3.22 ppm, s, N—CH3, 3H, 3.09 ppm, s, N—CH3, 3H.
  • the selective protection of the primary hydroxyl group was performed with the 2-amino protected L-Neopterin that was prepared according to Example 1.
  • the N2-N,N-Dimethylaminomethylene-3′O(t-butyl-diphenylsilyl)-L-neopterin was prepared by first suspending 10 g of N2-N,N-Dimethylaminomethylen-L-neopterin in 250 ml of dry N,N-dimethylformamide, and then adding 4.9 g imidazole and 10 g t-butyldiphenylchlorosilane to the reaction mixture.
  • the 1H-NMR-data (200 MHz, solvent: DMSO-d6) for the product is as follows: 11.99 ppm, bs, N3-H; 1H, 8.82 ppm, s, CH ⁇ N, C7-H, 2H, 7.63 ppm, m, Ph, 4H, 7.41 ppm, m, Ph, 6H; 5.73 ppm, d, C1′-OH, 1H, 5.00 ppm, d, C2′-OH, 1H, 4.79 ppm, dd, C1′-H, 1H, 4.05 ppm, m, C2H, 1H, 3.78 ppm, m, C3′H1, 1H, 3.68 ppm, m, C3′H2, 1H, 3.23 ppm, s, N—CH3, 3H, 3.10 ppm, s, N—CH3, 3H, 0.93 ppm, s, C(CH3)3, 9H.
  • the selective protection of the primary hydroxyl group was also performed with the 2-amino protected L-Neopterin that was prepared according to Example 1, and after the selective protection, the deprotection of the 2-amino group was performed in the same reaction flask to yield 3′O-(t-butyl-diphenylsilyl)-L-neopterin.
  • reaction mixture was then allowed to stir at room temperature for 14 hours after which the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue of crude N2-N,N-Dimethylaminomethylen-3′(t-butyl-diphenylsilyl)-L-neopterin was dissolved in 160 ml ethanol.
  • 15 g of zinc-chloride was added to the reaction flask, and the mixture was heated to 80° C. for 3 hours. During the course of the three hours a solid separated out from the mixture.
  • the suspension was then cooled to 58° C. and the solid was collected, washed with 100 ml ethanol and dried in vacuum at 40° C.
  • the 1H-NMR-data (200 MHz, solvent: DMSO-d6) for 3′O-(t-butyl-diphenylsilyl)-L-neopterin was as follows: 11.40 ppm, bs, N3-H; 1H, 8.73 ppm, s, CH ⁇ N, C7-H, 2H, 7.63 ppm, m, Ph, 4H, 7.42 ppm, m, Ph, 6H, 6.86 ppm, bs, NH2, 2H, 5.68 ppm, d, C1′-OH, 1H, 4.97 ppm, d, C2′-OH, 1H, 4.74 ppm, dd, C1′-H, 1H, 4.02 ppm, m, C2H, 1H, 3.77 ppm, m, C3′H1, 1H, 3.66 ppm, m, C3′H2, 1H, 0.93 ppm, s, C(CH3)3,
  • the protection of the secondary hydroxyl groups was performed to prepare 1′2′-isopropylidene-3′O-(t-butyl-diphenylsilyl)-L-neopterin by adding 3.8 g para-toluenesulfonic acid to a reaction flask containing 10 g 3′(t-butyl-diphenylsilyl)-L-neopterin (prepared according to Example 3) in 50 ml acetone-dimethylacetal. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 14 hours at room temperature. The resulting solid was collected, washed with 30 ml of acetone-dimethylacetal and vacuum dried at 35° C. to yield 6.5 g of 1′2′-isopropylidene-3′(t-butyl-diphenylsilyl)-L-neopterin.
  • the thioether product prepared in Example 5 was reduced with Raney-Nickel according to the following procedure.
  • the thioether (9 grams, 22 mmole) was added to a flask, and the flask was charged with 360 ml of ethanol.
  • To a stirring mixture of the thioether in ethanol 90 grams of Raney-Nickel in ethanol, and the reaction mixture was placed under an atmosphere of hydrogen of 5 bar of pressure. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 17 hours.

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