US7585881B2 - Additional heteropolycyclic compounds and their use as metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists - Google Patents

Additional heteropolycyclic compounds and their use as metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists Download PDF

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US7585881B2
US7585881B2 US11/053,752 US5375205A US7585881B2 US 7585881 B2 US7585881 B2 US 7585881B2 US 5375205 A US5375205 A US 5375205A US 7585881 B2 US7585881 B2 US 7585881B2
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phenyl
triazol
methyl
alkyl
chloro
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US20050272779A1 (en
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Louise Edwards
Methvin Isaac
Martin Johansson
Annika Kers
Johan Malmberg
Donald McLeod
Alexander Mindis
Karin Staaf
Abdelmalik Slassi
Tomislav Stefanac
Thomas Stormann
David Wensbo
Tau Xin
Jalaj Arora
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AstraZeneca AB
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Assigned to NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., ASTRAZENECA AB reassignment NPS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WENSBO, DAVID, JOHANSSON, MARTIN, KERS, ANNIKA, MALMBERG, JOHAN, MINIDIS, ALEXANDER, STAAF, KARIN, STORMANN, THOMAS, SLASSI, ABDELMALIK, STEFANAC, TOMISLAV, MCLEOD, DONALD, ARORA, JALAJ, EDWARDS, LOUISE, ISAAC, METHVIN, XIN, TOA
Priority to US11/840,953 priority patent/US20080045571A1/en
Priority to US11/840,952 priority patent/US20080015234A1/en
Priority to US11/840,955 priority patent/US20080015204A1/en
Priority to US11/840,954 priority patent/US20070293545A1/en
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    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
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    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new class of compounds, to pharmaceutical formulations containing said compounds and to the use of said compounds in therapy.
  • the present invention further relates to the process for the preparation of said compounds and to new intermediates prepared therein.
  • Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate produces its effects on central neurons by binding to and thereby activating cell surface receptors. These receptors have been divided into two major classes, the ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, based on the structural features of the receptor proteins, the means by which the receptors transduce signals into the cell, and pharmacological profiles.
  • the metabotropic glutamate receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that activate a variety of intracellular second messenger systems following the binding of glutamate. Activation of mGluRs in intact mammalian neurons elicits one or more of the following responses: activation of phospholipase C; increases in phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis; intracellular calcium release; activation of phospholipase D; activation or inhibition of adenyl cyclase; increases or decreases in the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); activation of guanylyl cyclase; increases in the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP); activation of phospholipase A 2 ; increases in arachidonic acid release; and increases or decreases in the activity of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels.
  • PI phosphoinositide
  • cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • mGluR1 mGluR1
  • mGluR8 eight distinct mGluR subtypes, termed mGluR1 through mGluR8. Nakanishi, Neuron 13:1031 (1994), Pin et al., Neuropharmacology 34:1 (1995), Knopfel et al., J. Med. Chem. 38:1417 (1995). Further receptor diversity occurs via expression of alternatively spliced forms of certain mGluR subtypes. Pin et al., PNAS 89:10331 (1992), Minakami et al., BBRC 199:1136 (1994), Joly et al., J. Neurosci. 15:3970 (1995).
  • Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes may be subdivided into three groups, Group I, Group II, and Group III mGluRs, based on amino acid sequence homology, the second messenger systems utilized by the receptors, and by their pharmacological characteristics.
  • Group I mGluR comprises mGluR1, mGluR5 and their alternatively spliced variants. The binding of agonists to these receptors results in the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent mobilization of intracellular calcium.
  • Group I mGluRs Attempts at elucidating the physiological roles of Group I mGluRs suggest that activation of these receptors elicits neuronal excitation.
  • Various studies have demonstrated that Group I mGluRs agonists can produce postsynaptic excitation upon application to neurons in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and thalamus, as well as other CNS regions. Evidence indicates that this excitation is due to direct activation of postsynaptic mGluRs, but it also has been suggested that activation of presynaptic mGluRs occurs, resulting in increased neurotransmitter release. Baskys, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15:92 (1992), Schoepp, Neurochem. Int. 24:439 (1994), Pin et al., Neuropharmacology 34:1(1995), Watkins et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15:33 (1994).
  • Metabotropic glutamate receptors have been implicated in a number of normal processes in the mammalian CNS. Activation of mGluRs has been shown to be required for induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation and cerebellar long-term depression. Bashir et al., Nature 363:347 (1993), Bortolotto et al., Nature 368:740 (1994), Aiba et al., Cell 79:365 (1994), Aiba et al., Cell 79:377 (1994).
  • mGluR activation has been suggested to play a modulatory role in a variety of other normal processes including synaptic transmission, neuronal development, apoptotic neuronal death, synaptic plasticity, spatial learning, olfactory memory, central control of cardiac activity, waking, motor control and control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Nakanishi, Neuron 13: 1031 (1994), Pin et al., Neuropharmacology 34:1, Knopfel et al., J. Med. Chem. 38:1417 (1995).
  • Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and mGluR5 in particular, have been suggested to play roles in a variety of pathophysiological processes and disorders affecting the CNS. These include stroke, head trauma, anoxic and ischemic injuries, hypoglycemia, epilepsy, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and pain. Schoepp et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14:13 (1993), Cunningham et al., Life Sci. 54:135 (1994), Hollman et al., Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 17:31 (1994), Pin et al., Neuropharmacology 34:1 (1995), Knopfel et al., J. Med. Chem.
  • Group I mGluRs appear to increase glutamate-mediated neuronal excitation via postsynaptic mechanisms and enhanced presynaptic glutamate release, their activation probably contributes to the pathology. Accordingly, selective antagonists of Group I mGluR receptors could be therapeutically beneficial, specifically as neuroprotective agents, analgesics or anticonvulsants.
  • the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is prone to relaxing intermittently. As a consequence, fluid from the stomach can pass into the esophagus since the mechanical barrier is temporarily lost at such times, an event hereinafter referred to as “G.I. reflux”.
  • Gastro-esophageal reflux disease is the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal tract disease. Current pharmacotherapy aims at reducing gastric acid secretion, or at neutralizing acid in the esophagus. The major mechanism behind G.I. reflux has been considered to depend on a hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter. However, e.g. Holloway & Dent (1990) Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Amer. 19, pp. 517-535, has shown that most reflux episodes occur during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs), i.e. relaxations not triggered by swallows. It has also been shown that gastricacid secretion usually is normal in patients with GERD.
  • TLESRs transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
  • novel compounds according to the present invention are assumed to be useful for the inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) and thus for treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disorder (GERD).
  • TLESRs transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
  • GERD gastro-esophageal reflux disorder
  • TLESR transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
  • G.I. reflux is herein defined as fluid from the stomach being able to pass into the esophagus, since the mechanical barrier is temporarily lost at such times.
  • GFD gastro-esophageal reflux disease
  • the object of the present invention is to provide compounds exhibiting an activity at metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), especially at the mGluR5 receptor.
  • mGluRs metabotropic glutamate receptors
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula Ia
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula I
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula Ib
  • compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation including a compound of formula I for use in the treatment of mGluR5 receptor-mediated disorders, and particularly neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, acute and chronic pain, and gastrointestinal disorders.
  • a compound of formula I for use in therapy for the treatment of mGluR5 receptor-mediated disorders, and particularly neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, acute and chronic pain, and gastrointestinal disorders.
  • C 1-6 means a carbon group having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
  • C means 1 carbon atom.
  • alkyl includes both straight and branched chain alkyl groups and may be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl,
  • cycloalkyl refers to an optionally substituted, saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring system.
  • C 3-7 cycloalkyl may be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
  • alkenyl includes both straight and branched chain alkenyl groups.
  • C 2-6 alkenyl refers to an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and one or two double bonds, and may be, but is not limited to vinyl, allyl, propenyl, i-propenyl, butenyl, i-butenyl, crotyl, pentenyl, i-pentenyl and hexenyl.
  • alkynyl includes both straight and branched chain alkynyl groups.
  • aryl refers to an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon ring system containing at least one unsaturated aromatic ring. Examples and suitable values of the term “aryl” are phenyl, naphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, indyl and indenyl.
  • heteroaryl refers to an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic unsaturated, aromatic ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected independently from N, O or S.
  • heteroaryl may be, but are not limited to thiophene, thienyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolonyl, oxazolonyl, thiazolonyl, tetrazolyl and thiadiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, tetrahydrotriazolopyridyl, tetrahydrotriazolopyrimidinyl, benzofuryl, indolyl, isoindolyl, pyri
  • alkylaryl refers to a substituent that is attached via the alkyl group to an aryl, heteroaryl and cycloalkyl group.
  • a 5- or 6-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from C, N, O or S includes aromatic and heteroaromatic rings as well as carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings which may be saturated or unsaturated.
  • Such rings may be, but are not limited to furyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, triazolyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidyl, piperidonyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexenyl.
  • a 3- to 8-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from C, N, O or S includes aromatic and heteroaromatic rings as well as carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings which may be saturated or unsaturated.
  • rings may be, but are not limited to imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidyl, piperidonyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl or thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinonyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, phenyl, cyclopropyl, aziridinyl, cyclobutyl, azetidinyl, cyclopent
  • a 3- to 8-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from C, N, O or S, which group may optionally be fused with a 5- or 6-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from C, N, O or S, includes aromatic and heteroaromatic rings as well as carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings which may be saturated or unsaturated.
  • rings may be, but are not limited to naphthyl, norcaryl, chromyl, isochromyl, indanyl, benzoimidazol or tetralinyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, benzimidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl and benzotriazolyl.
  • ⁇ NR 5 and ⁇ NOR 5 include imino- and oximogroups carrying an R 5 substituent and may be, or be part of, groups including, but not limited to iminoalkyl, iminohydroxy, iminoalkoxy, amidine, hydroxyamidine and alkoxyamidine.
  • a subscript is the integer 0 (zero) the group to which the subscript refers, indicates that the group is absent, i.e. there is a direct bond between the groups.
  • halo may be fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • alkylhalo means an alkyl group as defined above, substituted with one or more halo.
  • C 1-6 alkylhalo may include, but is not limited to fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl and bromopropyl.
  • OC 1-6 alkylhalo may include, but is not limited to fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy and difluoroethoxy.
  • P may be hydrogen or C 3-7 alkyl or P may be a 3- to 8-membered ring containing one or more atoms selected from C, N, O or S said ring may be optionally fused with a 5- or 6-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from C, N, O, or S.
  • P is selected from 5 and 6 membered aromatic and heteroaromatic rings.
  • P is selected from thiophene, pyridyl, thiazolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl and phenyl, whereby the phenyl ring is substituted on position 3 or disubstituted on positions 2 and 5.
  • P is phenyl substituted on position 3 or disubstituted on positions 2 and 5.
  • P is optionally substituted via a carbon atom with 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups R 1 , wherein the number of R 1 substituents on the P ring is designated by the term m1.
  • m1 is 1 or 2.
  • m1 is 1.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, nitro, C 1-6 alkylhalo, OC 1-6 alkylhalo, C 1-6 alkyl, OC 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, OC 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, OC 2-6 alkynyl, C 0-6 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, OC 0-6 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 0-6 alkylaryl, OC 0-6 alkylaryl, CHO, (CO)R 5 , O(CO)R 5 , O(CO)OR 5 , O(CN)OR 5 , C 1-6 alkylOR 5 , OC 2-6 alkylOR 5 , C 1-6 alkyl(CO)R 5 , OC 1-6 alkyl(CO)R 5 , C 0-6 alkylCO 2 R 5 , OC 1-6 alkylCO 2 R 5 ,
  • R 1 is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, nitro, C 1-6 alkylhalo, OC 1-6 alkylhalo, C 1-6 alkyl, OC 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 0-6 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkylOR 5 , C 1-6 alkyl(CO)R 5 , C 0-6 alkylCO 2 R 5 , C 0-6 alkylcyano, C 0-6 alkylNR 5 R 6 , C 0-6 alkylSR 5 and a 5- or 6-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from the group consisting of C and O.
  • Any C 1-6 alkyl defined under R 1 may be substituted by one or more A.
  • R 1 is ethyl and A is hydroxyl.
  • R 1 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, hydroxy, methoxy, cyano, flouro, chloro, bromo, iodo, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, amino, nitro, dimethylamino, methylsulfanyl, vinyl, acetyl, formic acid methyl ester, methoxymethyl, ethanol and furyl.
  • P is selected from the group consisting of thiophene, pyridyl, thiazolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl or phenyl, whereby the phenyl ring is substituted on position 3 or disubstituted on positions 2 and 5 and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, nitro, C 1-6 alkylhalo, OC 1-6 alkylhalo, C 1-6 alkyl, OC 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 0-6 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkylOR 5 , C 1-6 alkyl(CO)R 5 , C 0-6 alkylCO 2 R 5 , C 0-6 alkylcyano, C 0-6 alkylNR 5 R 6 , C 0-6 alkylSR 5 and a 5-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from the group consisting of C and
  • P is phenyl substituted on position 3 or disubstituted on positions 2 and 5 and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, nitro, C 1-6 alkylhalo, OC 1-6 alkylhalo, C 1-6 alkyl, OC 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 0-6 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkylOR 5 , C 1-6 alkyl(CO)R 5 , C 0-6 alkylCO 2 R 5 , C 0-6 alkylcyano, C 0-6 alkylNR 5 R 6 , C 0-6 alkylSR 5 and a 5-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from the group consisting of C and O.
  • the ring P is connected to the core ring by M 1 , wherein M 1 can be a bond directly joining P to the core ring.
  • M 1 can also be a linker C 1-3 alkyl.
  • M 1 is a bond
  • M 1 When M 1 is not a direct bond M 1 can be further substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents R 2 wherein the number of substituents R 2 is designated by the term n.
  • the substituents R 2 may be selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, oxo, C 1-4 alkylhalo, halo and C 1-4 alkyl. In a preferred embodiment of the invention n is 0.
  • X 1 is selected from the group consisting of C, CO, N, O and S.
  • X 2 is selected from the group consisting of C, N, O and S.
  • X 3 is selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, or X 3 is selected from N, O, S, and C when X 2 is selected from N, O, or S, and when X 3 is C the substituent k on X 3 is H.
  • X 1 , X 2 and X 3 can be further substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents R wherein the number of substituents R is designated by the term t.
  • the substituent R may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 0-3 alkyl, halo, C 0-3 alkylOR 5 , C 0-3 alkylNR 5 R 6 , C 0-3 alkyl(CO)OR 5 , C 0-3 alkylNR 5 R 6 and C 0-3 alkylaryl.
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 0-3 alkyl and halo.
  • X 1 is C, N or O and R is selected from hydrogen, C 0-3 alkyl and halo. In one embodiment R is selected from hydrogen, chloro or methyl.
  • X 1 is N.
  • X 2 is selected from N, O and S, and R is hydrogen.
  • X 3 is N, O or S.
  • X 1 is O and one of X 2 and X 3 is O and the other is N.
  • X 1 is N and one of X 2 and X 3 is O and the other is N.
  • X 1 is C or CR and one of X 2 and X 3 is O and the other is N.
  • X 2 is O and X 3 is N, and in yet another preferred embodiment of the invention X 2 is N and X 3 is O.
  • X 1 is O and X 2 and X 3 are N.
  • the ring containing X 1 , X 2 and X 3 forms an oxadiazole, isoxazole, oxazole, chloro-isoxazole or a methyl-isoxazole.
  • the ring containing X 1 , X 2 and X 3 forms an oxadiazole. In another preferred embodiment of the invention the ring containing X 1 , X 2 and X 3 forms an isoxazole.
  • the ring containing X 1 , X 2 and X 3 should not be further annulated onto any other ring.
  • M 2 may be a direct bond from the core ring to the variable X 4 or M 2 may be selected from the group consisting of bond, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkynyl, C 0-4 alkyl(CO)C 0-4 alkyl, C 0-3 alkylOC 0-3 alkyl, C 0-3 alkylNR 5 C 1-3 alkyl, C 0-3 alkyl(CO)NR 5 , C 0-4 alkylNR 5 , C 0-3 alkyl(SO)C 0-3 alkyl and C 0-3 alkyl(SO 2 )C 0-3 alkyl.
  • M 2 is a bond or C 1-3 alkyl. In further preferred embodiments of the invention M 2 is C 1-3 alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl.
  • M 2 When M 2 is not a direct bond M 2 may be further substituted with 0, 1 or 2 R 3 groups wherein the number of substituents R 3 is designated by the term n. In one embodiment of the invention n is 1 or 2. In another embodiment of the invention n is 0.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 is selected from a group consisting of hydroxy, C 0-6 alkylcyano, oxo, ⁇ NR 5 , ⁇ NOR 5 , C 1-4 alkylhalo, halo, C 1-4 alkyl, O(CO)C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl(SO)C 0-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl(SO 2 )C 0-4 alkyl, (SO)C 0-4 alkyl, (SO 2 )C 0-4 alkyl, OC 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkylOR 5 and C 0-4 alkylNR 5 R 6 .
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or dimethyl.
  • M 2 may be selected from the group consisting of a bond, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkynyl, C 0-4 alkyl(CO)C 0-4 alkyl, C 0-3 alkylOC 0-3 alkyl, C 0-3 alkylNR 5 C 1-3 alkyl, C 0-3 alkyl(CO)NR 5 , C 0-4 alkylNR 5 , C 0-3 alkyl(SO)C 0-3 alkyl and C 0-3 alkyl(SO 2 )C 0-3 alkyl and R 3 is selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl.
  • M 2 is a bond or C 1-3 alkyl and R 3 is hydrogen, methyl or dimethyl.
  • M 2 may be selected from the group consisting of a bond, methyl and ethyl and R 3 is hydrogen, methyl or dimethyl.
  • M 2 is nitrogen. In yet a further embodiment of the invention M 2 is oxygen.
  • X 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 0-4 alkylR 5 R 6 , C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl(NR 5 R 6 ), NR 5 , C 0-4 alkyl(NR 5 R 6 ) ⁇ N, NR 5 C 0-4 alkyl(NR 5 R 6 ) ⁇ N, NOC 0-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkylhalo, O, SO, SO 2 and S, and wherein the bond between M 2 and X 4 is a single bond.
  • X 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 0-4 alkylR 5 R 6 , C 3-7 cycloalkyl, NR 5 , O, SO, SO 2 and S and R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl.
  • X 4 is selected from the group consisting of CH 2 , CHCH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 and NR 5 .
  • X 4 is NR 5 and R 5 is selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is methyl or hydrogen and R 6 is hydrogen.
  • X 4 is O. In yet another preferred embodiment of the invention X 4 is S.
  • Embodiments of the present invention include those wherein Q is a 5- or 6-membered ring.
  • Q is selected from the group consisting of the group consisting of triazolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, imidazolonyl, oxazolonyl, thiazolonyl, tetrazolyl and thiadiazolyl, and wherein any substitutable nitrogen atom in the ring is substituted with R 4 on such nitrogen atom.
  • the 5 membered ring Q is selected from the group consisting of triazolyl and thiadiazolyl. In another embodiment the 5 membered ring Q is selected from the group consisting of tetrazolyl and oxadiazolyl. In a further embodiment the 5 membered ring Q is imidazolyl.
  • Q can be further substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents R 4 , wherein the number of R 4 substituents is designated by the term m2. In a preferred embodiment m2 is 1 or 2.
  • the substituent R 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 0-6 alkylcyano, ⁇ NC 1-4 alkyl, ⁇ NOR 5 , C 1-4 alkylhalo, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, OC 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 0-2 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 0-6 alkylaryl, C 0-6 alkylheteroaryl, OC 0-6 alkylaryl, OC 0-6 alkylheteroaryl, NC 0-6 alkylaryl, NC 0-6 alkylheteroaryl, C 0-6 alkylOaryl, C 0-6 alkylOheteroaryl, C 0-6 alkylNaryl,
  • R 4 on the 5 membered Q ring is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkylhalo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 0-2 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 0-6 alkylaryl, C 0-6 alkylheteroaryl, OC 0-6 alkylaryl, OC 0-6 alkylheteroaryl, NC 0-6 alkylaryl, NC 0-6 alkylheteroaryl, C 0-6 alkylOaryl, C 0-6 alkylOheteroaryl, C 0-6 alkylNaryl, C 0-6 alkylNheteroaryl, OC 0-6 alkylOaryl, OC 0-6 alkylOheteroaryl, OC 0-6 alkylNaryl, OC 0-6 alkylNheteroaryl, NC 0-6 alkylOaryl, NC 0-6 alkylNaryl,
  • Q selected from the group consisting of triazolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl and thiadiazolyl, and wherein any substitutable nitrogen atom in the ring is substituted with R 4 on such nitrogen atom and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkylhalo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 0-2 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 0-6 alkylaryl, C 0-6 alkylheteroaryl, OC 0-6 alkylaryl, OC 0-6 alkylheteroaryl, NC 0-6 alkylaryl, NC 0-6 alkylheteroaryl,C 0-6 alkylOaryl, C 0-6 alkylOheteroaryl, C 0-6 alkylNaryl, C 0-6 alkylNheteroaryl, OC 0-6 alkylOaryl, and wherein any substitutable
  • the substituent R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, C 0-6 alkylcyano, ⁇ NR 5 , ⁇ NOR 5 , C 1-4 alkylhalo, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, OC 1-4 alkyl, OC 0-6 alkylaryl, O(CO)C 1-4 alkyl, C 0-4 alkyl(S)CO 4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl(SO)C 0-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl(SO 2 )C 0-4 alkyl, (SO)C 0-4 alkyl, (SO 2 )C 0-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkylOR 5 , C 0-4 alkylNR 5 R 6 and a 5- or 6-membered ring containing one or more atoms independently selected from C, N, O and S, which ring may optionally be fused with a 5- or 6-membered ring containing one or more atoms
  • R 4 on the 6 membered Q ring is selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or hexyl.
  • Q selected from the group consisting of benzoimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, tetrahydrotriazolopyridyl, tetrahydrotriazolopyrimidinyl, pyridonyl, pyridazinyl, imidazopyridyl, oxazolopyridyl, thiazolopyridyl, imidazopyridazinyl, oxazolopyridazinyl, thiazolopyridazinyl and purinyl and R 4 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of benzo[b]thiophenyl, benzodioxolyl, bromo, bromofuryl, butoxyphenyl, chloromethoxypyridyl, chlorophenyl, chlorophenylmethanol, chloropyridyl, chlorothiophene, cyanophenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, dichloro-phenyl, dichloropyridyl, difluorophenyl, dimethylthiazolyl, ethanol, ethoxymethyl, fluoromethylphenyl, fluorophenyl, formic acid methyl ester, furyl, hydrogen, hydroxyphenoxymethyl, hydroxyphenyl, imidazolyl, methoxyethyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyphenoxymethyl, methoxyphenyl, methoxyphenylethyl, methoxypyridazinyl, methoxypyr
  • R 4 is selected from acetic acid methylester, allyl, amino, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, ethyl, flourobenzyl, fluoroethyl, furylmethyl, hydroxyethyl, isobutyl, methoxyethyl, methyl, methylbenzyl, methylbutyl, methylsulfanylpropyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-propyl, tetrahydrofurylmethyl, thiophenylmethyl and trifluoroethyl.
  • R 4 can be substituted with one or more substituents A, wherein A is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, nitro, oxo, C 0-6 alkylcyano, C 0-4 alkylC 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkylhalo, OC 1-6 alkylhalo, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 0-3 alkylaryl, C 0-6 alkylOR 5 , OC 2-6 alkylOR 5 , C 1-6 alkylSR 5 , OC 2-6 alkylSR 5 , (CO)R 5 , O(CO)R 5 , OC 2-6 alkylcyano, OC 1-6 alkylCO 2 R 5 , O(CO)OR 5 , OC 1-6 alkyl(CO)R 5 , C 1-6 alkyl(CO)R 5 , NR 5 OR 6 , OC 2-6 alkylNR 5 R 6 , C 0
  • the present invention relates to the use of compounds of formula I and IA as hereinbefore defined as well as to the salts thereof.
  • Salts for use in pharmaceutical formulations will be pharmaceutically acceptable salts, but other salts may be useful in the production of the compounds of formula I and Ia.
  • Some compounds of formula I may have chiral centres and/or geometric isomeric centres (E- and Z-isomers), and it is to be understood that the invention encompasses all such optical, diastereoisomers and geometric isomers.
  • the invention relates to the following compounds, which may be used as intermediates in the preparation of a compound of formula I;
  • composition may be in a form suitable for oral administration, for example as a tablet, pill, syrup, powder, granule or capsule, for parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion) as a sterile solution, suspension or emulsion, for topical administration as an ointment, patch or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository.
  • parenteral injection including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion
  • a sterile solution, suspension or emulsion for topical administration as an ointment, patch or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation comprising as active ingredient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipients and/or inert carrier.
  • Suitable daily doses of the compounds of formula I in the treatment of a mammal, including man are approximately 0.01 to 250 mg/kg bodyweight at peroral administration and about 0.001 to 250 mg/kg bodyweight at parenteral administration.
  • the typical daily dose of the active ingredients varies within a wide range and will depend on various factors such as the relevant indication, the route of administration, the age, weight and sex of the patient and may be determined by a physician.
  • mGluR5 is highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and in other tissues.
  • the compounds of the invention are well suited for the prevention and/or treatment of mGluR5 receptor-mediated disorders such as acute and chronic neurological and psychiatric disorders and chronic and acute pain disorders.
  • Alzheimer's disease senile dementia, AIDS-induced dementia, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's Chorea, migraine, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, acute anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, ophthalmological disorders such as retinopathies, diabetic retinopathies, glaucoma, auditory neuropathic disorders such as tinnitus, chemotherapy induced neuropathies, post-herpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, tolerance, dependency, addiction and craving disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders including Fragile X, autism, mental retardation, schizophrenia and Down's Syndrome.
  • the compounds are also well suited for the prevention and/or treatment of pain related to migraine, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain disorders such as diabetic neuropathies, arthritis and rheumatitiod diseases, low back pain, post-operative pain and pain associated with various conditions including angina, renal or billiary colic, menstruation, migraine and gout.
  • the dose required for the therapeutic or preventive treatment of a particular disorder will necessarily be varied depending on the host treated, the route of administration and the severity of the illness being treated.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in therapy.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in prevention and/or treatment of psychiatric disorders.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in prevention and/or treatment of chronic and acute pain disorders.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in prevention and/or treatment of mGluR5 receptor-mediated disorders.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's disease senile dementia, AIDS-induced dementia, Parkinson's disease, amylotropic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's Chorea, migraine, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, acute anxiety, ophthalmological disorders such as retinopathies, diabetic retinopathies, glaucoma, auditory neuropathic disorders such as tinnitus, chemotherapy induced neuropathies, post-herpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, tolerance, dependency, Fragile X, autism, mental retardation, schizophrenia and Down's Syndrome.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in prevention and/or treatment of pain related to migraine, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain disorders such as diabetic neuropathies, arthritis and rheumatitiod diseases, low back pain, post-operative pain and pain associated with various conditions including angina, renal or billiary colic, menstruation, migraine and gout.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in prevention and/or treatment of stroke, head trauma, anoxic and ischemic injuries, hypoglycemia, cardiovascular diseases and epilepsy.
  • the present invention relates to the use of a compound according to Formula I and Formula II in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
  • Another embodiment of the invention relates to the use of a compound according to Formula I and Formula II, for the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, for the treatment of GERD, for the prevention of G.I. reflux, for the treatment regurgitation, treatment of asthma, treatment of laryngitis, treatment of lung disease and for the management of failure to thrive.
  • the present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula I as defined hereinbefore, in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of mGluR5 receptor-mediated disorders and any disorder listed above.
  • the invention also provides a method of treatment and/or prevention of mGluR5 receptor-mediated disorders and any disorder listed above, in a patient suffering from, or at risk of, said condition, which comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of a compound of formula I, as hereinbefore defined.
  • the term “therapy” includes treatment as well as prevention, unless there are specific indications to the contrary.
  • the terms “therapeutic” and “therapeutically” should be construed accordingly.
  • the term ‘antagonist’ means a compound that by any means, partly or completely, blocks the transduction pathway leading to the production of a response by the ligand.
  • disorder means any condition and disease associated with metabotropic glutamate receptor activity.
  • the compounds of formula I or salt thereof are also useful as pharmacological tools in the development and standardisation of in vitro and in vivo test systems for the evaluation of the effects of inhibitors of mGluR related activity in laboratory animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, rats and mice, as part of the search for new therapeutics agents.
  • the pharmacological properties of the compounds of the invention can be analyzed using standard assays for functional activity.
  • glutamate receptor assays are well known in the art as described in for example Aramori et al., Neuron 8:757 (1992), Tanabe et al., Neuron 8:169 (1992), Miller et al., J. Neuroscience 15: 6103 (1995), Balazs, et al., J. Neurochemistry 69:151 (1997).
  • the methodology described in these publications is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the compounds of the invention can be studied by means of an assay that measures the mobilization of intracellular calcium, [Ca 2+ ] i in cells expressing mGluR5.
  • Intracellular calcium mobilization was measured by detecting changes in fluorescence of cells loaded with the fluorescent indicator fluo-3. Fluorescent signals were measured using the FLIPR system (Molecular Devices). A two addition experiment was used that could detect compounds that either activate or antagonize the receptor.
  • FLIPR experiments were done using a laser setting of 0.800 W and a 0.4 second CCD camera shutter speed. Each FLIPR experiment was initiated with 160 ⁇ L of buffer present in each well of the cell plate. After each addition of the compound, the fluorescence signal was sampled 50 times at 1 second intervals followed by 3 samples at 5 second intervals. Responses were measured as the peak height of the response within the sample period.
  • EC 50 and IC 50 determinations were made from data obtained from 8-point concentration response curves (CRC) performed in duplicate.
  • CRC concentration response curves
  • Agonist CRC were generated by scaling all responses to the maximal response observed for the plate.
  • Antagonist block of the agonist challenge was normalized to the average response of the agonist challenge in 14 control wells on the same plate.
  • IP 3 Inositol Phosphate
  • Antagonist activity was determined by pre-incubating test compounds for 15 minutes, then incubating in the presence of glutamate (80 ⁇ M) or DHPG (30 ⁇ M) for 30 minutes. Reactions were terminated by the addition of perchloric acid (5%). Samples were collected and neutralized, and inositol phosphates were separated using Gravity-Fed Ion-Exchange Columns.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula I, or salt thereof.
  • a transformation of a group or substituent into another group or substituent by chemical manipulation can be conducted on any intermediate or final product on the synthetic path toward the final product, in which the possible type of transformation is limited only by inherent incompatibility of other functionalities carried by the molecule at that stage to the conditions or reagents employed in the transformation.
  • Such inherent incompatibilities, and ways to circumvent them by carrying out appropriate transformations and synthetic steps in a suitable order will be readily understood to the one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Examples of transformations are given below, and it is to be understood that the described transformations are not limited only to the generic groups or substituents for which the transformations are exemplified.
  • MS-triggered preparative reversed phase chromatograpy was run on a Waters autopurification LC-MS system with a diode array detector and a ZQ mass detector using an XTerra MS C8, 19 ⁇ 100 mm, 5 ⁇ m as column.
  • Microwave heating was performed in a Smith Synthesizer Single-mode microwave cavity producing continuous irradiation at 2450 MHz (Personal Chemistry AB, Uppsala, Sweden).
  • a compound of formula V wherein R 7 is independently selected from a group consisting of M 1 -(R 2 ) n —P—(R 1 ) m1 , M 2 -(R 3 ) n —X 4 -Q-(R 4 ) m2 , and M 2 -(R 3 ) n -G wherein G is a leaving group or a group which may subsequently be transformed into a leaving group, may be prepared through cyclization of a compound of formula IV formed from a suitably activated compound of formula III, wherein LG is a leaving group, with a compound of formula II.
  • the compound of formula II may be prepared from a suitable nitrile by addition of hydroxylamine in a suitable solvent such as, methanol, ethanol, water or mixture thereof, using an appropriate base such as hydroxide, carbonate or acetate.
  • the compound of formula III may be activated as follows; i) as the acid chloride formed from the acid using a suitable reagent such as oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride; ii) as an anhydride or mixed anhydride formed from treatment with a reagent such as alkyl chloroformate; iii) using traditional methods to activate acids in amide coupling reactions such as EDCI with HOBt or uronium salts like HBTU; iv) as an alkyl ester when the hydroxyamidine is deprotonated using a strong base like tert-butoxide; v) by any other suitable method of activation for the desired substrate.
  • a suitable reagent such as oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride
  • an anhydride or mixed anhydride formed from treatment with a reagent such as alkyl chloroformate
  • a reagent such as alkyl chloroformate
  • the ester formation may be accomplished using an appropriate aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide or toluene, with optionally an appropriate organic base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine and the like or an inorganic base such sodium bicarbonate or potassium carbonate.
  • an appropriate aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide or toluene
  • organic base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine and the like or an inorganic base such sodium bicarbonate or potassium carbonate.
  • the cyclization of the ester to form an oxadiazole may be carried out on the crude ester, with evaporation and replacement of the solvent with a higher boiling solvent such as DMF, or with aqueous extraction to provide a semi-purified material or with material purified by standard chromatographic methods.
  • the cyclization may be accomplished by heating conventionally or by microwave irradiation (100-180° C.), in a suitable solvent such as pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or using a lower temperature method employing reagents like tetrabutylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran or by any other suitable known literature method.
  • Aryl nitrites are available by a variety of methods including cyanation of an aryl halide or triflate under palladium or nickel catalysis using an appropriate cyanide source such as zinc cyanide in an appropriate solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide.
  • the corresponding acid is available from the nitrile by hydrolysis under either acidic or basic conditions in an appropriate solvent such as aqueous alcohols.
  • Aryl acids are also available from a variety of other sources, including iodo- or bromo- lithium exchange followed by trapping with CO 2 to give directly the acid.
  • the acid may be converted to the primary amide using any compatible method to activate the acid, including via the acid chloride or mixed anhydride, followed by trapping with any source of ammonia, including ammonium chloride in the presence of a suitable base, ammonium hydroxide, methanolic ammonia or ammonia in an aprotic solvent such as dioxane.
  • This amide intermediate may be converted to the nitrile using a variety of dehydration reagents such as oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride.
  • This reaction sequence to convert an acid into a nitrile may also be applied to non-aromatic acids, including suitably protected amino acid derivatives.
  • a suitable protecting group for an amine, in an amino acid or in a remote position of any other acid starting material may be any group which removes the basicity and nucleophilicity of the amine functionality, including such carbamate protecting group as Boc.
  • 6-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid is prepared by dechlorination of 2-chloro-6-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid.
  • Certain types of substituted fluoro-benzonitriles and benzoic acids are available from bromo-difluoro-benzene via displacement of one fluoro group with a suitable nucleophile such as imidazole in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in a compatible solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide at elevated temperatures (80-120° C.) for extended periods of time.
  • the bromo group may subsequently be elaborated into the acid or nitrile as above.
  • 1,3-Disubsituted and 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzoic acids and benzonitriles may be prepared by taking advantage of readily available substituted isophthalic acid derivatives. Monohydrolysis of the diester allows selective reaction of the acid with a variety of reagents, most typically activating agents such as thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride or isobutyl chloroformate and the like. From the activated acid, a number of products are available.
  • reduction to the hydroxymethyl analog may be carried out on the mixed anhydride or acid chloride using a variety of reducing agents such as sodium borohydride in a compatible solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.
  • the hydroxymethyl derivative may be further reduced to the methyl analog using catalytic hydrogenation with an appropriate source of catalyst such as palladium on carbon in an appropriate solvent such as ethanol.
  • the hydroxymethyl group may also be used in any reaction suitable for benzylic alcohols such as acylation, alkylation, transformation to halogen and the like. Halomethylbenzoic acids of this type may also be obtained from bromination of the methyl derivative when not commercially available.
  • Ethers obtained by alkylation of the hydroxymethyl derivatives may also be obtained from the halomethylaryl benzoate derivatives by reaction with the appropriate alcohol using an appropriate base such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydroxide in an appropriate solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or the alcohol. When other substituents are present, these may also be employed in standard transformation reactions. Treatment of an aniline with acid and sodium nitrite may yield a diazonium salt, which may be transformed into a halide such as fluoride using tetrafluoroboric acid. Phenols react in the presence of a suitable base such as potassium carbonate with alkylating agents to form aromatic ethers.
  • a suitable base such as potassium carbonate with alkylating agents to form aromatic ethers.
  • a suitable base such as sodium bicarbonate or triethylamine
  • 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition with acetylenes of type VII can also be effected using substituted nitromethanes of type VIII via activation with an electrophilic reagent such as PhNCO in the presence of a base such as triethylamine at elevated temperatures (50-100° C.). Li, C-S.; Lacasse, E.; Tetrahedron Lett. (2002) 43; 3565-3568.
  • Several compounds of type VII are commercially available, or may be synthesized by standard methods as known by one skilled in the art.
  • compounds of formula X which are available from a Claisen condensation of a methyl keone and an ester using basic conditions using such bases as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide, may yield compounds of formula IX via condensation and subsequent cyclization using hydroxylamine, for example in the form of the hydrochloric acid salt, at elevated temperatures (60-120° C.).
  • these transformations may include, but is not limited to either of following three procedures: a) Complete reduction using a suitable reducing agent such as LAH in solvents such as THF. b) Partial reduction using a suitable selective reducing agent such as DIBAL followed by alkylation with an alkylhalide. c) Alkylation using an alkylmetal reagent such as an alkyl magnesium halide in solvents such as toluene or THF, followed by reduction with for example sodium borohydride in methanol.
  • a suitable reducing agent such as LAH in solvents such as THF.
  • a suitable selective reducing agent such as DIBAL followed by alkylation with an alkylhalide.
  • Alkylation using an alkylmetal reagent such as an alkyl magnesium halide in solvents such as toluene or THF, followed by reduction with for example sodium borohydride in methanol.
  • a reagent such as DCC or EDCI
  • compounds of formula XIV may also be prepared from acyl hydrazide of type XII via heating in the presence of compounds of formula XIII or III, wherein LG is a leaving group such as chloride or alkoxide, at elevated temperatures (60-130° C.) in one step.
  • the reaction of compounds of Formula XIII may be carried out neat or using a suitable aprotic solvent such as benzene or xylene, or a protic solvent such as ethanol or n-butanol, and may be facilitated by the presence of abase such as KOtBu or a acid such as p-toluene sulfonic acid or acetic acid.
  • a dehydrating agent such as phosphorous pentoxide may be used to increase cyclization of the formed reaction intermediate as has been previously been decribed for example by Kakefuda, Akio; et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2002), 10; 1905-1912.
  • a compound of formula XX may be used to displace the leaving group LG in compounds of formula XIX (R 7 is M 1 -(R 2 ) n —P—(R 1 ) m1 ).
  • X 4 is represented by a heteroatom such as N and S
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of an appropriate base such as potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, triethylamine or the like, which may facilitate the reaction by deprotonation of the X 4 residue and prevent the formation of any excess acid that would be generated by the reaction in the absence of a base.
  • the reaction may be accomplished using any appropriate solvent such as acetonitrile or DMF, and may be carried out at room temperature or at elevated temperature (35-100° C.) to accelerate the reaction.
  • NaH in DMF is preferred as desribed in literature precedences, for example Murdoch, Robert; Tully, W. Roger; Westwood, Robert; J. Heterocycl. Chem.; (1986), 23; 833-841.
  • a stronger base needs to be employed to achieve deprotonation, such as for example LDA, n-butyllithium or any other alkyl metal base in apropriate aprotic solvents such as THF, hexane or toluene at temperatures generally below ambient temperatures, e.g. at ⁇ 78° C. or 0° C.
  • An alternative procedure for the synthesis of above described type of thiomethyl oxadiazole is to form an acyclic ester IVa and IVb from the combination of a suitably substituted hydroxyamidine and activated acid coupling partner also suitably substituted.
  • Displacement of the chloride using the thiol nucleophile may occur immediately prior to cyclization using one of the methods of oxadiazole formation described above.
  • the displacement can also be carried out on the chloromethyl hydroxyamidine or chloromethyl acid starting materials followed by the two step esterification and cyclization as above.
  • the conditions described may be used with appropriate modifications of employed equipment for parallel synthesis using standard techniques known to the one skilled in the art.
  • Any suitable acylating agent such as an acid chloride or an activated acid or the corresponding acid under amide coupling conditions as mentioned above, is reacted with a suitable 4-alkyl-3-thiosemicarbazide in the presence of a base such as pyridine or non-nucleophilic amines to form the acyclic intermediate compound of formula XXV, wherein R 4 is as defined above.
  • a suitable 4-alkyl-3-thiosemicarbazide in the presence of a base such as pyridine or non-nucleophilic amines
  • Cyclization to give a compound of formula XXVI is easily effected by treatment with an appropriate inorganic base such as hydroxide or bicarbonate at elevated temperature in an appropriate solvent such as water, water-dioxane, an aqueous alcohol or mixture thereof.
  • an appropriate inorganic base such as hydroxide or bicarbonate at elevated temperature in an appropriate solvent such as water, water-dioxane, an aqueous alcohol or mixture thereof.
  • Such conditions may be used with appropriate modifications of employed equipment when using a solid phase base instead of above-mentioned ones, such as for example P-BEMP for parallel synthesis using standard techniques known to the one skilled in the art.
  • the triazole thiones XXIX and XXXI alkylated on the other nitrogen atoms of the ring (1 and 2) are available through similar procedures.
  • the 2-alkyl triazole thione XXVIII may be obtained by treatment of an aroyl isothiocyanate with an alkyl hydrazine in toluene at elevated temperatures, e.g. 85° C., followed by heating with aqueous bicarbonate.
  • the same product may also be obtained through treatment of the analogous 2-alkyl-3-thiosemicarbazide with an activated acid in the presence of a suitable base such as pyridine or triethylamine followed by alkaline ring closure in a manner similar to the alkaline ring closure yielding product XXVI above.
  • a suitable base such as pyridine or triethylamine
  • the 1-alkyl triazole thiones XXXI may be prepared by the reaction of a suitable N-alkyl-N-acylhydrazide with potassium thiocyanate in the presence of an acid such as HCl or other compatible strong acid via the 1-acyl-1-alkyl-3-thiosemicarbazide intermediate which undergoes alkaline ring closure in a manner similar to the alkaline ring closure yielding compounds of formula XXVI above.
  • the alkylation with for example methyliodide as alkylating agent can be done in several solvents (DMF, acetone, CH 2 Cl 2 etc.) at room temperature or elevated temperatures and will give the product as its hydroiodide salt as has been previously described by Kennedy, Kevin J.; Simandan, Tiberiu L.; Dix, Thomas A.; Synth.
  • fused triazoles of formula XXXIII may be formed through the thermal acylation and condensation reaction between compounds of formula XXI wherein LG is a leaving group as for example a halide, and compounds of formula XXXIIc. Such reactions may be conducted in pyridine or in EtOH or toluene in the presence of base. Normal heating or microwave irradiation may be used.
  • XXXIII may be prepared in the presence of a base, such as sodium methoxide in a suitable solvent such as methanol or ethanol at elevated temperatures where XXI may also be an ester or carboxylic acid.
  • Acyclic thioureas of formula XXXIId may also be employed using a similar method to obtain compounds of formula XXXIIIa, wherein the introduction of the hydrazine portion may be carried out using either hydrazine followed by acylation, or by using a preformed acyl hydrazine.
  • Compounds of formula XXXIVb may be prepared by using similar methods as above, e.g. by activation of XXXIVa to give the corresponding imidoyl chloride by using oxalyl chloride or pentachlorophosphine in the optional presence of a base such as triethylamine.
  • the intermediate may be used in-situ or may be isolated prior to trapping by a compound of formula XXIII as has been used above.
  • the subsequent product may be cyclized under acidic or basic conditions in a suitable solvent such as DMF to give compounds of formula XXXV.
  • XXXV may be an intermediate used in the formation of compounds of Formula I, or may be the final bioactive compound of Formula I.
  • a compound of formula XXXV, wherein R 8 is selected independently from a group as depicted above may also be prepared through reaction of compounds of formula XXXVIa (ethyl imidoate is depicted as example) and XXXVIb followed by cyclization at elevated temperatures (40-80° C.) in the presence of an amine, whereas the amine preferably should have, but is not limited to, a low boiling point such as that it can be used in excess and simplify the work-up procedure.
  • Examples for such amines may be, but are not limited to methylamine or ethylamine which may be used as solutions in for example methanol, THF or dichloromethane.
  • a compound of formula XXXVIa, wherein R 8 is selected independently from a group as depicted above may be prepared through reaction of a nitrile of formula XXXVIe in an alcohol such as ethanol in the presence of a protic acid, for example hydrochloric acid.
  • the nitrile may be obtained from an acid XXXVId as described above.
  • Compounds of formula XXXVId may also be used to prepare acyl hydrazides of formula XXXVIb, wherein R 8 is selected independently from a group as depicted above. This type of substance XXXVIb may also be formed directly from an acid.
  • Compound of formula XXXVId & XXXVIf may be prepared by either of the non-limiting methods: a) reaction of acyl hydrazide compounds of formula XII with a cyclic anhydride or monoesterified diacid followed by the cyclization of the formed intermediate would lead to 1,3,4-oxadiazoles of type XXXVId and XXXVIf respectively (X 1 ⁇ O, X 2 and X 3 ⁇ N); b) reaction and cyclization of an hydroxyamidine of Formula II with a cyclic anhydride or with the monoesterified diacid may be used to provide the 1,2,4-oxaziazole analogs XXXVId and XXXVIf wherein X 1 and X 2 ⁇ N, X 3 ⁇ O; c) reaction of a compound
  • a compound of formula Ib, wherein R 7 is selected from a group M 1 -(R 2 ) n —P—(R 1 ) m1 may be prepared from compounds of formula XXXVII, generated from XIV as described below, through selective O alkylation using Me 3 OBF 4 or dimethyl sulfate (as described in literature precedences, for example: a) Sheu, Jennline; Smith, Michael B.; Oeschger, Thomas R.; Satchell, Jacqueline; Org. Prep. Proced.
  • Compounds of formula b may be generated through selective O alkylation of a cyclic lactam a using Me 3 OBF 4 or dimethyl sulfate (as described in literature precedences, for example: a) Sheu, Jennline; Smith, Michael B.; Oeschger, Thomas R.; Satchell, Jacqueline; Org. Prep. Proced. Int.; (1992); 24, 147-158; or b) Hutchinson, Ian S.; Matlin, Stephen A.; Mete, Antonio, Tetrahedron Lett.; (2001); 42; 1773-1776).
  • the methoxy group may then be displaced by or hydrazine to form intermediate c which can be acylated to provide intermediate d.
  • the methoxy group may be displaced using an acyl hydrazide to yield d directly.
  • Ring closing condensation to form the triazole heterocycle e may be done in ethanol, toluene, DMF or pyridine under thermal conditions with regular heating or microwave irradiation, as has been previously described by for example Lawson, Edward C.; Hoekstra, William J.; Addo, Michael F.; Andrade-Gordon, Patricia; Damiano, Bruce P.; Kauffman, Jack A.; Mitchell, John A.; Maryanoff, Bruce E.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.; (2001); 11; 2619-2622.
  • a compound of formula g, wherein R 7 is selected from a group M 1 -(R 2 ) n —P—(R 1 )m 1 may be prepared from compounds of formula e, by deprotonation and reaction with compounds of formula f. Although this can be accomplished using a strong base due to the stabilization of the aromatic triazole ring, the reaction is facilitated when R is a group which provides additional stabilization of the resulting carbanions, such as an ester, nitrile or sulfone.
  • Compounds of type XXXVII may be prepared by the reaction of cyclic amides, lactams, which are readily alkylated in the ⁇ -position to the carbonyl by successive treatment with 2 equivalents of a strong base e.g n-Buli to generate the dianion followed by addition of 1 equivalent of compounds of formula XIX, in an aprotic solvent such as THF, as has been previously described by for example Grieco, Paul A.; Kaufman, Michael D.; J. Org. Chem.; (1999); 64; 6041-6048).
  • a N-protected lactam may be used in which only 1 equivalent base e.g.
  • LDA is needed to generate the anion for the alkylation as has been previously described by for example Padwa, Albert; Beall, L. Scott; Heidelbaugh, Todd M.; Liu, Bing; Sheehan, Scott M.; J. Org. Chem.; (2000); 65; 2684-2695.
  • a compound of formula Ic wherein R 7 is consisting of M 1 -(R 2 ) n —P—(R 1 ) m1 , may be prepared through reaction with subsequent cyclization of compounds of formula XXXVIII, with a compound of formula XXXIX.
  • the compound of formula XXXIX may be prepared from a suitable secondary amide using oxalyl chloride or pentachlorophosphine in the optional presence of a base such as triethylamine and used either in-situ or as isolated material as described above from XXXIVa.
  • Compounds of formula XXXVIII may be prepared from the corresponding alcohol by reacting it with phosgene or preferably a phosgene analog such as carbonyldiimidazole followed by coupling to hydrazine.
  • the alcohols may be prepared either directly upon synthesis of the oxadiazole or isoxazole part as described above under general synthesis of compounds of formula V. Alternatively they may be prepared from an oxadiazole or isoxazole unit with an appropriate leaving group such as a halide, e.g. chloride, using a three step sequence as described by Palazzo et al. J. Heterocycl. Chem. (1979) 16:1469, followed by a standard reduction protocol of the resulting aldehyde (or hydrate thereof) using for example sodium borohydride in methanol.
  • an appropriate leaving group such as a halide, e.g. chloride
  • Yet another method may involve the reaction of a compound of structure XIV unit containing an appropriate leaving group such as a halide, e.g. chloride with hydroxybenzotriazole in the presence of a suitable base such as potassium carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent such as DMSO, acetonitrile, acetone, DMF to give compounds of type XLa.
  • a suitable base such as potassium carbonate or triethylamine
  • a suitable solvent such as DMSO, acetonitrile, acetone, DMF
  • XLa may be obtained if hydroxybenzotriazole is present during cyclization to the oxadiazole, either as a co-activator with EDCI or as a result of a byproduct from a coupling reagent such as HBTU as described above under the reaction of compounds of formula II-V.
  • XLa may be converted to the alcohol by the addition of samarium diiode, preferably over an elongated period of time (5-360 minutes) in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, methanol, water or mixtures thereof, with THF being a preferred solvent, at an appropriate temperature ( ⁇ 75° C.-+75° C.).
  • a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, methanol, water or mixtures thereof, with THF being a preferred solvent, at an appropriate temperature ( ⁇ 75° C.-+75° C.).
  • the cleavage of the N—O bond can alternatively be done using commonly used hydrogenation methods in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as raney-nickel as known by the one skilled in the art.
  • a suitable catalyst such as raney-nickel as known by the one skilled in the art.
  • the oxobenzotriazole functionality may also serve as a leaving group.
  • compounds XLa may react with compounds XX as described above.
  • a compound of formula Ie, wherein R 7 is M 1 -(R 2 ) n —P—(R 1 ) m1 , may be prepared through nucleophilic substitution of compounds of type XLIIIb with compounds of type XIX as described above.
  • Compounds of type XLIIIb may be prepared by reaction of their oxo-analogues XLIIIa using P 2 S 10 or Lawesson's reagent under thermal conditions. Synthesis of compounds of type XLIIIa has been described by Takeuchi, H., Hagiwara, S., Eguchi, S., Tetrahedron (1989); 45; 6375-6386.
  • substitution on the Q ring is desired, one may choose an appropriately substituted aryl or heteroaryl thiol to use for the displacement reaction. The same is valid for other nucleophilic reagents other than substituted or non-substituted aryl or heteroaryl thiols serving to substitute the same in the final compounds.
  • aryl or heteroaryl residue has an amenable reactive moiety, either directly introduced or as a result of a deprotection reaction, including but not limited to a free NH site as in aniline, imidazole, benzimidazole, indole and the like
  • a compound of formula If (R 7 is M 1 -(R 2 ) n —P—(R 1 ) m1 ) may be substituted with R 4 using a suitable base such as an alkyllithium or alkali-metal hydride or hydroxide to deprotonate the NH residue, followed by the addition of a suitable electrophilic reagent such as an alkyl halides, acid chlorides or anhydrides, chloroformates, carbamoyl chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates and the like to provide the substituted product of Formula Ia.
  • a suitable base such as an alkyllithium or alkali-metal
  • substitution may be achieved by deprotonation of compound of Formual Ia with a strong base such as an alkyllithium or an alkali-metal hydride in a suitable aprotic non-acidic solvent like THF or diethylether followed by trapping of the resulting anion with a suitable electrophile such as alkyl halides, acid chlorides or anhydrides, chloroformates, carbamoyl chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates and the like.
  • a strong base such as an alkyllithium or an alkali-metal hydride in a suitable aprotic non-acidic solvent like THF or diethylether
  • a suitable electrophile such as alkyl halides, acid chlorides or anhydrides, chloroformates, carbamoyl chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates and the like.
  • MCPBA oxidation it is possible to obtain a mixture of products from a single reaction and separate them by standard column chromatography or to obtain selectively the sulfoxide or sulfone by controlling the stoichiometry and temperature of the reaction.
  • one of the subsitutents e.g. R 4 contains one or more nitrogen atoms as for example a pyridine moiety or any other susbtituent as defined above
  • oxidation of this nitrogen may occur in the above reaction of Ia with an oxidant such as MCPBA to give the corresponding N-oxide.
  • MCPBA oxidant
  • N-oxide may be obtained by separation via standard column chromatography or any other standard purifcation protocol even in the case of mixtures containing for example Ih and N-oxide.
  • the formation of N-oxides may be reduced by choice of suitable reaction conditions such as using acidic media to protect the nasic amine.
  • the functionality may be employed to further elaborate the product.
  • a suitable reactive functionality such as an aryl halide or triflate
  • the functionality may be employed to further elaborate the product.
  • 3-halo-phenyl is present in P—(R 1 ) m1
  • aliphatic alcohol may for example be converted to a fluoro group by the use of a fluorinating agent such as DAST, or other halide groups by the use of for example triphenylphosphine and either iodine, N-bromosuccinimide or N-chlorosuccinimide
  • a fluorinating agent such as DAST
  • halide groups by the use of for example triphenylphosphine and either iodine, N-bromosuccinimide or N-chlorosuccinimide
  • alcohols may be transformed to leaving grous such as the non-limiting examples mesyl or tosyl by employing the appropriate sulfonyl halide or sulfonyl anhydride in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base together with the alcohol to obtain the sulfonic ester derivative.
  • R 7 is M 1 -(R 2 ) n —P—(R 1 ) m1 ), where halogenation may be undergone on a carbon-atom of an oxazole unit employing a chlorinating agent such as sulfuryl chloride.
  • alkylsulphonyl[1,2,4]triazoles can be prepared from the corresponding [1,2,4]triazolethiones by initial alkylation of the sulphur atom with primary alkyl halides such as MeI and EtI (alkyl is Me and Et respectively) in MeOH, EtOH, THF, acetone or the like at ⁇ 30 to 100° C., followed by oxidation of the sulphur atom using for example KMnO 4 in mixtures of water and acetic acid, or mCPBA in DCM, at °20 to 120° C., or by using any other suitable oxidant.
  • primary alkyl halides such as MeI and EtI (alkyl is Me and Et respectively) in MeOH, EtOH, THF, acetone or the like at ⁇ 30 to 100° C.
  • oxidation of the sulphur atom using for example KMnO 4 in mixtures of water and acetic acid, or mCPBA in DCM, at °
  • [1,2,4]triazolethiones are for example prepared by N-acylation of a thiosemicarbazide, using any suitable acylating agent such as acid chlorides (LG is Cl) in for example pyridine, or acids (LG is OH), that are activated by the treatment with standard activating reagents as described herein below, in DMF, THF, DCM or the like at ⁇ 20 to 120° C., followed by ring closure of the initially formed acyclic intermediate either spontaneously under the conditions of the acylation, or by heating at 50 to 150° C.
  • acylating agent such as acid chlorides (LG is Cl) in for example pyridine, or acids (LG is OH)
  • This acyclic intermediate can also be formed by treatment of the proper acyl hydrazide with a suitable isothiocyanate in for example 2-propanol, DCM, THF or the like at ⁇ 20 to 120° C.
  • amino[1,2,4]triazoles are obtained by treating carbonohydrazonic diamides with a proper acylating agent carrying a leaving group LG in suitable solvent such as THF, pyridine or DMF at ⁇ 20 to 100° C.
  • suitable solvent such as THF, pyridine or DMF
  • the reaction initially leads to an open intermediate that either forms a triazole ring spontaneously, or can be made to do so by heating at 50 to 200° C. in for example pyridine or DMF.
  • the leaving group LG may be chloro or any other suitable leaving group as for example generated by in situ treatment of the corresponding acid (LG is OH) with standard activating reagents as described herein below.
  • Carbonohydrazonic diamides may be generated from isothioureas, in which the S-alkyl (for example S-Me or S-Et) moiety acts as a leaving group upon treatment with hydrazine in solvents such as pyridine, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, THF or the like at ⁇ 20 to 180° C.
  • the open intermediate can also be directly generated by treatment of isothioureas with acylhydrazines under the same conditions as described for the reaction with hydrazine.
  • Isothioureas are obtained by S-alkylation of the corresponding thioureas with for example MeI or EtI in acetone, EtOH, THF, DCM or the like at ⁇ 100 to 100° C.
  • imidoyl chlorides react with acyl hydrazides in suitable solvents, such as THF, pyridine or DMF at ⁇ 20 to 100° C. to initially form an open intermediate that either forms a triazole ring spontaneously, or can be made to do so by heating at 50 to 200° C. in for example pyridine, DMF or water, with or without the presence of a base such as NaHCO 3 or Na 2 CO 3 .
  • Imidoylchlorides may in turn be obtained from the corresponding amides by standard methods such as by treatment with oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride.
  • Imidazole-4-carbaldehydes (X 5 is C) are for example prepared by reacting suitably substituted amidines with 2-bromo-3-isopropoxyacrylaldehyde in for example well-stirred mixtures of an organic solvent, such as chloroform, DCM, or toluene and water in the presence of a base such as a carbonate at 10 to 100° C.
  • an organic solvent such as chloroform, DCM, or toluene and water
  • a base such as a carbonate at 10 to 100° C.
  • the amidine starting material might be prepared using standard methods from the corresponding nitrile via the imidate ester (alkyl is for example Me or Et), by treatment with for example a hydrochloric acid solution in the corresponding alcohol solvent followed by treatment with an amine substituted with the group R 5 , or directly from the corresponding nitrile by reacting with the same amine together with trimethylaluminum.
  • [1,2,4]triazolecarbaldehydes (X 5 is N) can be prepared by oxidizing the corresponding primary alcohols, using for example MnO 2 or any other standard oxidant for this type of transformation. These alcohols, in turn, may be prepared by hydroxymethylation of the corresponding C unsubstituted triazoles using for example formaline at elevated temperature. C unsubstituted triazoles are for example prepared through standard desulphurization of [1,2,4]triazolethiones with Raney-Ni.
  • isoxazoles are formed by reaction and in-situ cyclization of dioxo butyric ester derivatives with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in solvents such as ethanol, 2-propanol or DMF at temperatures from 40 to 140° C.
  • Dioxo butyric esters are formed through the reaction of acetophenones with dialkyl oxolates (alkyl is for example Me or Et) in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydride in solvents such as DMF or toluene at temperatures from ⁇ 20 to 120° C.
  • [1,2,4]oxadiazoles with a carbon alpha to the heterocycle wherein G 1 , G 2 and G 3 are defined as described in scheme 6, are formed by cyclization of G 1 - and G 2 -substituted-acyloxyimidamides in solvents such as pyridine, DMF, or water containing mixtures thereof, at 40 to 140° C., alternatively in aqueous alcoholic solvents in the presence of sodium acetate at temperatures from 40 to 140° C., with the later method being preferred if one of the groups G 1 or G 2 contains a chiral stereocenter.
  • solvents such as pyridine, DMF, or water containing mixtures thereof
  • Acyloxyimidamides are formed by coupling with a proper acylating agent carrying a leaving group LG with a G 1 -substituted hydroxamidine.
  • the leaving group LG may be chloro or any other suitable leaving group as for example generated by in situ treatment of the corresponding acid (LG is OH) with standard activating reagents as described herein below.
  • G 1 -substituted hydroxamidines are formed by reaction of the corresponding nitrile with the free base of hydroxylamine, or hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, pyridine or sodium carbonate, in solvents such as ethanol, water or pyridine at temperatures from ⁇ 20 to 120° C.
  • amino[1,2,4]oxadiazoles are obtained from the corresponding bromo[1,2,4]oxadiazoles by reaction with an excess alkylamine in solvents such as methanol or ethanol at elevated temperatures.
  • Intermediate bromo[1,2,4]oxadiazoles are obtained by reaction of benzonitrile derivatives with hydroxycarbonimidic dibromide in the presence of a base such as NaHCO 3 in solvents such as toluene or DMF at elevated temperatures.
  • aliphatic alcohols may for example be converted by standard methods to the corresponding halides by the use of for example triphenylphosphine in combination with either iodine, N-bromosuccinimide or N-chlorosuccinimide, or alternatively by treatment with tribromo phosphine or thionylchloride.
  • alcohols may be transformed to other leaving groups such as mesylates or tosylates by employing the appropriate sulfonyl halide or sulfonyl anhydride in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base together with the alcohol to obtain the corresponding sulfonates.
  • Clorides or sulphonates can be converted to the corresponding bromides or iodides by treatment with bromide salts, for example LiBr, or iodide salts.
  • bromide salts for example LiBr, or iodide salts.
  • Further standard methods to obtain alcohols include the reduction of the corresponding carbonyl containing groups such as methyl or ethyl esters, aldehydes (R 3 is H) or ketones (R 3 is not H), by employing common reducing agents such as boranes, lithium borohydride, lithium aluminiumhydride, or hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst such as complexes of for example ruthenium or iridium, or alternatively palladium on charcoal.
  • Enantiomerically pure or enriched products as depicted in scheme 10 are obtained by kinetic resolution of racemic or scalemic secondary alcohols using enzyme-catalyzed acetylation with for example polymer bound Candida Antarctica Lipase (Novozyme 435®), or other esterases, for example Candida rugosa or Pseudomonas fluorescens, in organic solvents such as toluene, tert-butyl methyl ether, tert-butanol or DCM at temperatures from 0 to 90° C., using acetylating reagents such as vinyl acetate, other substitued alkyl acetates, pentafluorophenyl acetate or nitro- or halophenyl acetates, which yields the enriched (R)-acetate and the enriched (S)-alcohol.
  • the (R)-acetate may be hydrolyzed to the corresponding alcohol by e.g.
  • Isothioureas may be obtained by substitution of a leaving group LG (LG is for example Cl, Br or OMs) by a R 4 -substituted amine in solvents such as MeOH or EtOH at temperatures from 0 to 150° C.
  • LG is for example Cl, Br or OMs
  • R 4 -substituted amine in solvents such as MeOH or EtOH at temperatures from 0 to 150° C.
  • the product is added to an isocyanate substituted with R 5 in solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, methanol or DMF at temperatures from ⁇ 20 to 100° C., yielding a thiourea intermediate, which may be alkylated by an alkylating agent such as methyl- or ethyliodide or any other suitable primary alkyl halide or sulphonate, in solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile or acetone, in the presence or absence of a base such as triethylamine or potassium carbonate.
  • solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, methanol or DMF at temperatures from ⁇ 20 to 100° C.
  • Propionic acid derivatives such as saturated alkyl esters, saturated free carboxylic acids or saturated acyl hydrazides may be prepared as depicted in scheme 12.
  • Carboxylic acids are obtained upon hydrolysis of the corresponding esters for example under basic conditions such as sodium hydroxide in methanol or any other method known to the one skilled in the art.
  • the corresponding saturated alkyl esters in turn may be obtained from the unsaturated ester by reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond using hydrogen at atmorpheric pressure or elevated pressures up to 100 bars in the presence of a metal catalyst such as palladium on charcoal or any other selective reducing agent suitable for this type of compounds as known to the one skilled in the art.
  • any halide substituents attached to aromatic groups R 6 will be removed by hydro-dehalogenation.
  • Unsaturated esters in turn may be obtained by an olefination reaction such as the Wittig or Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons type by reacting an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a suitable base such as n-BuLi or DBU with approprietly substitued phosphorylides or phosphonates such as triethyl-2-phosphonopropionate, or 2-(diethoxy-phosphoryl)-propionic acid ethyl ester in suitable solvents such as acetonitititrile or THF at temperatures from ⁇ 90 to 100° C.
  • a suitable base such as n-BuLi or DBU
  • approprietly substitued phosphorylides or phosphonates such as triethyl-2-phosphonopropionate
  • compounds of formula I can be prepared by bond formation through nucleophilic replacement of a leaving group (LG) in which X 4 is acting as nucleophile.
  • X 4 can be a carbon or nitrogen atom in it's anionic form, generated by treatment of the corresponding protonated neutral atom with bases in suitable solvents such as LDA or nBuLi in THF, diethylether or toluene, or NaH in for example DMF, or K 2 CO 3 in acetonitile or ketones such as 2-butanone at a temperature from ⁇ 100 to 150° C.
  • LG is preferable bromo
  • X 4 is nitrogen examples of suitable leaving groups LG are chloro, bromo, OMs and OTs.
  • the reaction may also be undertaken in a stereoselective manner by employing enantiomerically pure or enriched starting materials in which the leaving group LG is attached to the stereocenter.
  • catalytic or stochiometric amounts of an alkali metal iodide, such as LiI can be present in the reaction to facilitate the same through in situ displacement of the leaving group to iodo.
  • compounds of formula I can be prepared by bond formation through nucleophilic replacement of a leaving group (LG) in which an alcohol is acting as O-nucleophile under basic conditions to facilitate the reaction.
  • LG a leaving group
  • base for example NaH or Cs 2 CO 3 is used, the latter being preferred for obtaining enantiomerically pure products, at temperatures from 0 to 100° C. in polar aprotic solvents such as DMF or acetonitrile.
  • suitable leaving groups are sulphonates such as OMs and halogens such as chloro.
  • compounds of formula I substituted with no group R 3 can be either mono- or dialkylated at the position alpha to ring Q. Dialkylation can be performed sequentially for the introduction of two different or same groups R 3 .
  • primary alkyl halides, mesylates, or tosylates are used as alkylating reagents (R 3 -LG) in the reaction with an intermediate carbanionic nucleophile generated upon treatment of compounds of formula I, substituted with no or one group R 3 , with strong bases such as NaH, LDA or HMDS alkali metal salts in solvents such as for example THF, diethylether, hexanes or toluene at a temperature of ⁇ 100 to 50° C.
  • intermediates carrying a leaving group LG 1 can undergo reaction with hydrazine in solvents such as pyridine, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, THF or the like at ⁇ 20 to 180° C.
  • solvents such as pyridine, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, THF or the like
  • acylation with an acylating agent carrying a leaving group LG 2 in suitable solvent such as THF, pyridine or DMF at 0 to 100° C. leads to an open intermediate that either forms a triazole ring spontaneously, or can be whipped to do so by heating at 50 to 200° C., resulting in the formation of a compound of formula I.
  • the ring Q of compounds of formula I may be formed by reaction of esters (G is for example OMe or OEt) or activated acid derivatives, such as acid chlorides (G is Cl) or else as generated upon treatment of the corresponding acids (G is OH) with standard activating reagents as described herein above, with N-hydroxyamidines.
  • esters for example OMe or OEt
  • activated acid derivatives such as acid chlorides (G is Cl) or else as generated upon treatment of the corresponding acids (G is OH) with standard activating reagents as described herein above, with N-hydroxyamidines.
  • suitable conditions include the use of the solvents 1-propanol, 2-propanol, EtOH or toluene, together with a stochiometric amount of a base such as potassium tert-butoxide at 0 to 180° C.
  • the reaction can for example be run in DMF, DCM, THF, pyridine or the like at ⁇ 20 to 120° C.
  • the initially formed acyclic intermediate may ringclose spontaneously to form an [1,2,4]oxadiazole, or may be heated in pyridine, DMF, EtOH, MeOH or aqueous mixtures thereof, with or without additives such as sodium acetate, at 50 to 200° C.
  • compounds of formula I are prepared by bond formation through nucleophilic replacement of a leaving group (LG) in which the nitrogen atom, to which the group R 3 is attached, is acting as nucleophile.
  • the reaction is facilitated by deprotonation of this nitrogen atom to generate a stronger nucleophile by treatment with bases in suitable solvents such as LDA, alkali metal salts of HMDS or nBuLi in THF, diethylether or toluene, or NaH in for example DMF at a temperature from ⁇ 100 to 150° C.
  • suitable solvents such as LDA, alkali metal salts of HMDS or nBuLi in THF, diethylether or toluene, or NaH in for example DMF at a temperature from ⁇ 100 to 150° C.
  • suitable leaving groups include for example chloro, bromo, iodo, OMs or OTs.
  • Useful intermediates carrying such a leaving group can for example be prepared by halogenation of the corresponding compound in which LG is hydrogen.
  • alpha-chloro triazoles LG is Cl and X 5 is N
  • solvents such as DCM and DMF.
  • Compounds of formula I in which X 4 is nitrogen and R 4 is alkyl, preferably methyl, can be converted to the corresponding compounds in which R 4 is hydrogen by incubation with human liver microsome protein, or other sources of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes including preferably the 3A4 isoenzyme, at 35-40° C. in for example aqueous phosphate buffer in the presence of NADPH.
  • the compounds prepared according to Examples 40 to 99 and 329 to 794 are end products.
  • a hydrogen filled balloon was attached to a flask containing 2-chloro-6-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid (2 g, 12.0 mmol), palladium 10 wt. % on activated carbon (0.5 g), triethyl amine (4.8 ml) and ethanol (24 ml) and then stirred overnight at room temperature.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered through celite, washed with methanol and concentrated. The residue was titurated with dichloromethane and then filtered to afford 6-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid as a white solid; 1.05 g (66%).
  • Triethylamine (2.2 ml, 16.0 mmol) and isobutyl chloroformate (1.0 ml, 8.0 mmol) were added to an ice-cooled solution of 5-fluoro-isophthalic acid monomethyl ester (1.3 g, 6.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml) and then warmed to room temperature. After stirring for 2 h, the reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated. The residue was re-dissolved tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) and then sodium borohydride (1.1 g, 29.02 mmol) in water (3ml) was added drop-wise.
  • N-hydroxy-benzamidine (4.83 g, 91%, white solid) was obtained from benzonitrile (4 g, 38.9 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (8.89 ml, 44.0 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (4.49 ml, 45.0 mmol) in ethanol (30 ml).
  • N-Hydroxy-3-methyl-benzamidine (3.65 g, 94%, white solid) was obtained from m-tolunitrile (3 g, 26.0 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (5.9 ml, 29.6 mmol), and sodium hydroxide (3.0 ml, 29.9 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml).
  • Examples 11-14 were prepared in an analogous method to the procedure given in Example 10.
  • 3-(3-Chloromethyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-benzonitrile (3.57 g, 43%) was obtained from 2-chloro-N-hydroxy-acetamidine (4.05 g, 37.4 mmol) and 3-cyanobenzoyl-chloride (6.2 g, 37.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (60 ml) with triethylamine (6.5 ml, 46.7 mmol). Purification was performed by silica gel chromatography.
  • Examples 17-30 were prepared in an analogous method to the procedure given in Example 16.
  • 3-Chloromethyl-5-thiophen-3-yl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (197 mg, 20% yield over 2 steps, white solid) was obtained from 3-thiophenecarboxylic acid (700 mg, 4.96 mmol), EDCI (950 mg, 4.96 mmol), HOBt (670 mg, 4.96 mmol) and 2-chloro-N-hydroxy-acetamidine (538 mg, 5.46 mmol) in DMF (10 ml).
  • the acyclic product was purified by flash column chromatography eluting with 2:1.2:0.8 dichloromethane:hexane:ethyl acetate.
  • 3-(3-Chloromethyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-pyridine 25 mg, 4% yield over 2 steps was obtained from 5-methynicotinic acid (472 mg, 3.44 mmol), EDCI (652 mg, 3.44 mmol), HOBt (465 mg, 3.44 mmol) and 2-chloro-N-hydroxy-acetamidine (340 mg, 3.13 mmol) in DMF (10 ml).
  • the acyclic intermediate was purified by flash column chromatography using 100% ethyl acetate; 200 mg (30%) of the acyclic ester was also isolated as side product.
  • 3-Chloromethyl-5-(3-nitro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (335 mg, 30% yield over 2 steps, yellow solid) was obtained from 3-nitrobenzoic acid (847 mg, 5.07 mmol), EDCI (972 mg, 5.07 mmol), HOBt (685 mg, 5.07 mmol) and 2-chloro-N-hydroxy-acetamidine (500 mg, 4.61 mmol) in DMF (10 ml).
  • the acyclic intermediate was purified by flash column chromatography using 100% ethyl acetate. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate in hexane.
  • 3-Chloromethyl-5-(3-iodo-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (2.9 g, 44%, white solid) was obtained from 3-iodo-benzoic acid (5.0 g, 20.2 mmol), 2-chloro-N-hydroxy-acetamidine (2.4 g, 22.2 mmol), EDCI (4.3 g, 22.2 mmol) and HOBt (3.0 g, 22.2 mmol) in DMF (10 ml).
  • the acyclic ester intermediate was purified by flash column chromatography using 50-80% ethyl acetate in hexanes.
  • 3-Chloromethyl-5-(3-methoxymethyl-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (193 mg, 34%, light yellow oil) was obtained from 3-methoxymethyl-benzoic acid (395 mg, 2.4 mmol), 2-chloro-N-hydroxy-acetamidine (284 mg, 2.6 mmol), EDCI (501 mg, 2.6 mmol) and HOBt (353 mg, 2.6 mmol) in DMF (5 ml). Purification was performed by SPE (flash) chromatography using 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes.
  • Examples 32-35 were prepared in an analogous method to the procedure given in Example 31.
  • Examples 37-39 were prepared in an analogous method to the procedure given in Example 36.
  • Examples 41-92 were prepared in an analogous method to the procedure given in Example 40.
  • the title compound was prepared from 3-chloromethyl-5-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (50 mg, 0.22 mmol), potassium carbonate (92.4 mg, 0.67 mmol), 4-methyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiol (52.8 mg, 0.27 mmol) in acetonitrile (1 ml) at room temperature. Purification was performed by SPE (flash) chromatography using 30-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes afforded 76 mg (90%) of the title compound as a white solid.
  • 3-(4-Methyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-4H-[1,2,4]traiazol-3-ylsulfanylmethyl)-5-phenyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (41.2 mg, 44%, off-white solid) was obtained from 3-chloromethyl-5-phenyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (50 mg, 0.26 mmol), potassium carbonate (106 mg, 0.77 mmol), 4-methyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiol (60.8 mg, 0.31 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 ml) at 60° C. overnight.
  • 3-(4-Methyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylsulfanylmethyl)-5-m-tolyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (76 mg, 85%, white solid) was obtained from 3-chloromethyl-5-m-tolyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (50 mg, 0.24 mmol), potassium carbonate (99.4 mg, 0.72 mmol), 4-methyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiol (56.7 mg, 0.27 mmol) in acetonitrile (1 ml) at room temperature.
  • 3-(4-Methyl-5-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylsulfanylmethyl)-5-m-tolyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (55.8 mg, 67%, white solid) was obtained from 3-chloromethyl-5-m-tolyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (48.4 mg, 0.23 mmol), potassium carbonate (96 mg, 0.70 mmol), 4-methyl-5-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiol (44.4 mg, 0.23 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 ml) at 60° C. overnight.
  • 3-(4-Methyl-5-p-tolyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylsulfanylmethyl)-5-m-tolyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (57.8 mg, 81%, off-white solid) was obtained from 3-chloromethyl-5-m-tolyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (40 mg, 0.19 mmol), potassium carbonate (79 mg, 0.58 mmol), 4-methyl-5-p-tolyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiol (39.4 mg, 0.19 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 ml) at 60° C. overnight.
  • Example 94 was prepared in an analogous method to the procedure given in Example 93.
  • the second product to elute was 2-[5-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-ylmethylsulfanyl]-1-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (12 mg, 47%).
  • Example 96-97 was prepared in an analogous method to the procedure given in Example 95.
  • Dichloromethane (2.5 ml) was added to a mixture of 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxoic acid (57-85%, 49.5 mg, 0.16-0.25 mmol) and 3-(4-methyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylsulfanylmethyl)-5-m-tolyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (45 mg, 0.12 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by the addition of dichloromethane (10 ml) and 1 M sodium hydroxide (3 ml).
  • the second product to elute was 3-(4-methyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-sulfinylmethyl)-5-m-tolyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (33.2 mg, 71%).
  • reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with 1N HCl (2 ⁇ ), saturated sodium bicarbonate (2 ⁇ ), saturated sodium sulfite, 1N sodium hydroxide, and saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated.
  • GC-MS revealed that the reaction mixture contained 1-Bromo-3-cyclopropyl-benzene and 1-bromo-3-vinyl-benzene.
  • Step 1 5-Chloro-2-fluoro-benzoic acid methyl ester: Methanol (20 ml) was added to a solution 5-chloro-2-fluoro-benzoyl chloride (1.2 g, 6.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml) in an ice-bath. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred for 3 h and then concentrated to afford 5-chloro-2-fluoro-benzoic acid methyl ester (1.17 g, 100%).
  • Step 2 5-Chloro-2-fluoro-benzoic acid hydrazide: A mixture of 5-chloro-2-fluoro-benzoic acid methyl ester (1.17 g, 6.2 mmol) and hydrazine monohydrate (0.451 ml, 9.3 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and then the residue was triturated with diethyl ether to afford 5-chloro-2-fluoro-benzoic acid hydrazide (497 mg, 42%, white solid).
  • Example 108 was prepared analogously to example 107.
  • HOBt (823 mg, 6.09 mmol), and EDCI (1.2 g, 6.09 mmol) were added to a suspension of 2-chloro-isonicotinic acid (800 mg, 5.08 mmol) in acetonitrile (10.3 ml) at room temperature. After two h a solution of hydrazine monohydrate (0.493 ml, 10.2 mmol) in acetonitrile (5.0 ml) was added drop-wise at 0° C.
  • 3,5-Dichloro-benzoic acid (382 mg, 2 mmol) was mixed with triethylamine (606 mg, 3 mmol) in THF (6 ml) at 10° C. Then isobutyl chloroformate (300 mg, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise and stirred for 45 min. To the reaction mixture, 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (238.4 mg, 2 mmol) was added. After being stirred at room temperature for 10 min, the reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. overnight. Standard work-up.
  • Step 1 N-Ethyl-2-(methoxyacetyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide: Methoxyacetic acid 360 mg, 3.99 mmol), 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (581 mg, 4.87 mmol), diisopropylcarbodiimide (615 mg, 4.87 mmol) and hydroxybenzotriazole (69.6 mg, 0.51 mmol) were mixed in dimethylformamide (10 ml) and stirred under argon at ambient temperatures for 19 h. After evaporation to dryness the crude was used directly in the next step. MS (ESI) m/z 192 (M+1).
  • Step 2 4-Ethyl-5-methoxymethyl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione: N-Ethyl-2-(methoxyacetyl(hydrazinecarbothioamide (760 mg crude, 4 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (560 mg, 6.6 mmol) were suspended in water (15 ml) and refluxed for 5 h. After cooling and filtration the filtrate was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. After evaporation to dryness the crude was recrystallized in ethyl acetate/heptane.
  • Example No. Name 177 4-Methyl-5-pyridin-4-yl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione 178 4-Allyl-5-furan-2-yl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione 179 4-Ethyl-5-(4-methoxy-phenoxymethyl)-2,4- dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione 180 4-Ethyl-5-phenoxymethyl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione 181 4-Ethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione 182 4-Ethyl-5-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole- 3-thione 183 4-Ethyl-5-methylsulfanylmethyl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole
  • Step 1 6-Chloro-pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid: Potassium dichromate (3.3 g, 11.2 mmol) was added in portions to a solution of 3-Chloro-6-methyl-pyridazine (1.2 g, 9.3 mmol) in H 2 SO 4 (10 ml). After addition the mixture is stirred at 50° C. on. The reaction was pored on ice and the mixture was extracted three times with diethyl ether. The combined organic phases were dried and concentrated to give the title compound (840 mg, 57%). LC-MS (M++1): 159 and 161 (3:1).
  • Step 2 6-Chloro-pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: A solution of 6-chloro-pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid (700 mg, 4.53 mmol) in thionyl chloride (15 ml) was refluxed for 3 h. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature and evaporated to dryness. Sodium methoxide (244 mg, 4.53 mmol) in MeOH (20 ml) was added to the residue and the solution was stirred on at room temperature (rt). H 2 O was added and the mixture was extracted three times with DCM. The combined organic phases were dried and concentrated.
  • Step 4 4-Ethyl-5-(6-methoxy-pyridazin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione: NaOMe (86 mg, 1.6 mmol) was added to a solution of 6-methoxy-pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (210 mg, 1.25 mmol) and 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (190 mg, 1.6 mmol) in MeOH (6 ml) and the mixture was heated to 70° C.
  • Step 1 5-Methoxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester: 5-Methoxy-2-methyl-pyridine (700 mg, 5.69 mmol) was dissolved in H 2 O (20 ml) and heated to 80° C. KMnO 4 (4 g, 25.3 mmol) was added in portion to the solution over 1 h. After stirring at 80° C. for 5 h the mixture was filtrated and the filtrate was washed with H 2 O (60° C.). The combined water phase was concentrated. DMF (20 ml), K 2 CO 3 (785 mg, 5.7 mmol) followed by MeI (540 ml, 8.6 mmol) was added to the remaining residue and the mixture was heated to 80° C. on.
  • Step 2 4-Ethyl-5-(5-methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione: NaOMe (4 ml, 4.0 mmol, 1M) was added to a solution of 5-Methoxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (200 mg, 1.2 mmol), 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (145 mg, 1.2 mmol) in MeOH (10 ml) and the mixture was heated to 70° C. on. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature and evaporated to dryness. H 2 O (10 ml) was added to the residue and the mixture was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the title compound 50 mg (18%) was collected by filtration.
  • Step 1 1- ⁇ 1-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-ethoxy ⁇ -1H-benzotriazole: 2-(1-Chloro-ethyl)-5-(3-chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazole (109 mg, 0.45 mmol), hydroxybenzotriazole (76.4 mg, 0.56 mmol) and potassium iodide (23.0 mg, 0.14 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (2.5 ml), followed by the addition of potassium carbonate (74.0 mg, 0.53 mmol).
  • Step 1 N- ⁇ 4-[(Z)- ⁇ [5-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]methylene ⁇ (oxido)amino]phenyl ⁇ -N,N-dimethylamine:
  • the title compound was synthesized according to the method described in Palazzo et al. J. Heterocycl. Chem. (1979) 16:1469.
  • 1-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-ylmethyl]-pyridinium chloride (1.81 g, 5.87 mmol) was dissolved in water (20 ml).
  • Step 2 [5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-methanediol: N- ⁇ 4-[(Z)- ⁇ [5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]methylene ⁇ (oxido)amino]phenyl ⁇ -N,N-dimethylamine (2.08 g wet) was suspended in diethyl ether (30 ml), followed by the addition of 1 molar aqueous hydrochloric acid. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 20 min, transferred to a separation funnel and diluted with diethyl ether and 1 molar aqueous hydrochloric acid.
  • Step 3 [5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-methanol: Step 3: [5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-methanol: 1-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-ylmethyl]-pyridinium chloride (99.3 mg, 0.44 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (4 ml) followed by the addition of sodium borohydride (32 mg, 0.84 mmol). More sodium borohydride was added after 2 h and the reaction was allowed to run over night.
  • sodium borohydride 32 mg, 0.84 mmol
  • Step 1 4-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-2,4-dioxo-butyric acid ethyl ester: Sodium hydride (60% oil dispersion, 1.24 g, 31.1 mmol) was added in portions to a solution of 3-chloroacetophenone (4.0 g, 25.9 mmol) and diethyl oxalate (4.54 g, 31.1 mmol) in DMF (32 ml) at 0° C. The mixture stirred at room temperature for 1 h and was then heated at 80° C. for a half an h. After cooling, the mixture was treated with 3N HCl and then diluted with ethyl acetate.
  • Step 2 5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: A solution of 4-(3-chloro-phenyl)-2,4-dioxo-butyric acid ethyl ester (3.0 g, 11.8 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.46 g, 35.4 mmol) in methanol (60 ml) was heated at 80° C. for 4 h. After cooling, the mixture was filtered and washed with cold methanol to afford 5-(3-chloro-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (2.0 g, 71%, white solid).
  • Step 3 1-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-isoxazol-3-yl]-ethanone: In a screw cap vial equipped with stir bar added methyl magnesium iodide (3M in diethyl ether) (0.79 ml, 2.38 mmol), toluene (1 ml), tetrahydrofuran (0.39 ml, 4.77 mmol) and triethylamine (1 ml, 7.15 mmol). Cooled the solution down to 0° C.
  • methyl magnesium iodide 3M in diethyl ether
  • the isolated residue was dissolved in methanol (8 ml) and 20% potassium hydroxide (aqueous, 1 ml). The mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 30 min. At this point the mixture was concentrated, in-vacuo.
  • the isolated residue was dissolved in toluene (60 ml), sequentially washed with water (50 ml), saturated sodium bicarbonate (aqueous, 50 ml) and water (50 ml). The organic phase was concentrated, in-vacuo.
  • the crude residue was purified on silica gel using 2% ethyl acetate in hexanes to isolate the desired compound as a white solid (156 mg, 60%).
  • Step 4 1-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-isoxazol-3-yl]-ethanol: In a screw cap vial equipped with stir bar added 1-[5-(3-chloro-phenyl)-isoxazol-3-yl]-ethanone (100 mg, 0.45 mmol), sodium borohydride (34 mg, 0.90 mmol) and methanol (3 ml). Left the resulting mixture stirring at room temperature for 3 h.
  • Example No. Name 280 5-(2-Fluoro-5-methyl-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 281 5-Thiophen-3-yl-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 282 5-Phenyl-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 283 5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester 284 5-(5-Chloro-thiophen-3-yl)-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
  • Lithium aluminum hydride (320 mg, 8.4 mmol) was slowly added to a solution of 5-(3-chloro-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carcoxylic acid ethyl ester (2.0 g, 8.4) in
  • Step 1 3-Chloro-N-hydroxy-benzamidine: A solution of 3-chlorobenzaldehyde (3.35 ml, 0.030 mmol) in ethanol (40 ml) was added to a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.47 g, 0.036 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (1.42 g, 0.036) in water (20 ml) at room temperature and then heated at 90° C. for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was concentrated, the residue diluted with water and then the precipitate was filtered and dried to afford 3-chloro-N-hydroxy-benzamidine (1.13 g, 93%).
  • Step 2 3-Chloro-N-hydroxy-benzimidoyl chloride: N-chlorosuccinimide (858 mg, 6.4 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-chloro-N-hydroxy-benzamidine (1 g, 6.4 mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 1 h.
  • Step 1 5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-2-methyl-oxazole: To a solution of Tl(OAc)3 (4.2 g, 11.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (80 ml), trifluoromethanesulfuric acid (5 g, 33.3 mmol) was added dropwise at room temperature and stirred for 15 min. The reaction mixture was then heated to 80° C. and 1-(3-chloro-phenyl)-ethanone (1.14 g, 7.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (40 ml) was added. After one h, the reaction was quenched with dichloromethane and saturated sodium bicarbonate.
  • Step 2 2-Bromomethyl-5-(3-chloro-phenyl)-oxazole: 5-(3-chloro-phenyl)-2-methyl-oxazole (580 mg, 3 mmol) was mixed with NBS (531 mg, 3 mmol) and BPOA (36.3 mg, 0.15 mmol) in CCl 4 at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 75° C. for 2 h and then quenched with water and dichloromethane.
  • Step 1 5-(5-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carbaldehyde: In a 50 ml round bottom flask equipped with stir bar and drying tube added 5-(5-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.78 g, 2.89 mmol) and dichloromethane (10 ml). Cooled the solution down to ⁇ 78° C. and to this stirred solution added diisobutylaluminum hydride (1M hexanes, 5.3 ml, 5.3 mmol). The resulting mixture was left stirring at ⁇ 78° C. for 3 h.
  • Step 2 1-[5-(5-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-isoxazol-3-yl]-ethanol: In a 50 ml round bottom flask equipped with stir bar added 5-(5-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carbaldehyde (0.55 g, 2.42 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (6 ml). Cooled the mixture down to 0° C. and to it added methyl magnesium iodide (3M in diethyl ether, 3.23 ml, 9.67 mmol). The resulting mixture was left stirring at 0° C. for 3 h.
  • Reaction mixture was quenched with hydrochloric acid (1N, aqueous, 10 ml), extracted with diethyl ether (3 ⁇ 50 ml). Combined organic phase was washed with water (50 ml), brine (50 ml), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered and concentrated in-vacuo. The crude residue was purified on silica gel using 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to isolate the desired compound as clear oil (179 mg, 31%).
  • Step 1 (5-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenylethynyl)-trimethyl-silane: In a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar and reflux condenser added 4-chloro-2-bromo-1-fluoro-benzene (5 g, 23.9 mmol), triphenylphosphine (250 mg, 0.10 mmol), (trimethylsilyl)acetylene (5.2 ml, 36.5 mmol)and triethylamine (60 ml). The reaction mixture was purged with argon, followed by addition of palladium (II) acetate (108 mg, 0.05 mmol). The resulting mixture was left stirring at reflux under argon, overnight.
  • 4-chloro-2-bromo-1-fluoro-benzene 5 g, 23.9 mmol
  • triphenylphosphine 250 mg, 0.10 mmol
  • (trimethylsilyl)acetylene 5.2 ml
  • Step 2 4-Chloro-2-ethynyl-1-fluoro-benzene: In a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with stir bar added (5-chloro-2-fluoro-phenylethynyl)-trimethyl-silane (5.42 g, 23.9 mmol), potassium carbonate (16.5 g, 120 mmol) and methanol (60 ml).
  • Step 3 Chloro-hydroxyimino-acetic acid ethyl ester: In 1 L round bottom flask equipped with stir bar added amino-acetic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (20 g, 143 mmol) and water (30 ml). The solution was cooled down to 0° C. followed by sequential addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (11.8 ml, 143 mmol) and dropwise addition of sodium nitrite (9.89 g, 143 mmol) solution in water (15 ml). After 10 min added another equivalent each of concentrated hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite solution in water. The reaction mixture was left stirring at 0° C . for 1 h. Reaction mixture was extracted with ether (4 ⁇ 100 ml).
  • Step 4 5-(5-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: In a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with stir bar added 4-chloro-2-ethynyl-1-fluoro-benzene (2 g, 12.9 mmol), chloro-hydroxyimino-acetic acid ethyl ester (3.92 g, 25.9 mmol), sodium bicarbonate (7.07 g, 84.1 mmol) and toluene (50 ml). Reaction mixture was left stirring at room temperature for 48 h, after which it was concentrated in-vacuo.
  • Step 5 [5-(5-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-isoxazol-3-yl]-methanol:
  • 5-(5-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.78 g, 2.89 mmol)
  • tetrahydrofuran 10 ml
  • To this stirred solution added solution of lithium aluminum hydride (0.12 g, 2.89 mmol) in tetrahydrfuran (2 ml). The resulting mixture was left stirring at room temperature for 1 h. Reaction was quenched using sodium sulfate decahydrate.
  • Step 1 3-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-propionic acid: 3-Chloro-benzoic acid hydrazide (3.4 g, 20 mmol) and succinic anhydride (2. g, 20 mmol) was mixed in ethyl acetate (50 ml) at room temperature for 15 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether and the precipitate was filtered to give 5.1 g of 4-[N′-(3-chloro-benzoyl)-hydrazino]-4-oxo-butyric acid.
  • Step 2 3-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-propionic acid hydrazide: 3-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-propionic acid (2.52 g, 10 mmol) was mixed with iodomethane (5.68 g, 40 mmol) and K 2 CO 3 (5.52 g, 40 mmol) in DMF (25 ml) at room temperature overnight.
  • reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water 3 times, dried with MgSO 4 and concentrated to give 2.57 g of 3-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-propionic acid methyl ester.
  • the methyl ester (2.54 g, 9.52 mmol) was mixed with 98% hydrazine hydrate (4.76 g, 95.2 mmol) in methanol (10 ml) for an h.
  • Step 1 2- ⁇ 1-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-ethyl ⁇ -malonic acid dimethyl ester: 2-(1-Chloro-ethyl)-5-(3-chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazole (331 mg, 1.36 mmol) was mixed with dimethyl malonate (360 mg, 2/76 mmol) and DBU (207 mg, 1.36 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 ml) at 70° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was dilute with dichloromethane and washed with water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated.
  • Step 2 3-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-butyric acid methyl ester: 2- ⁇ 1-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-ethyl ⁇ -malonic acid dimethyl ester (352.8 mg, 1.0 mmol) was mixed with sodium chloride (76.3 mg, 1.3 mmol) and a drop of water in DMSO (1.5 ml) at 175° C. for an h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water and concentrated.
  • Step 3 3-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-butyric acid hydrazide: 3-[5-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-butyric acid hydrazide (146 mg, %) was obtained from 3-[5-(3-chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-butyric acid methyl ester (215 mg, 0.766 mmol) reacted with hydrazine hydrate (0.74 ml) in methanol (3 ml) at room temperature for 2.5 h.

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