US7462574B2 - Silica glass containing TiO2 and optical material for EUV lithography - Google Patents

Silica glass containing TiO2 and optical material for EUV lithography Download PDF

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US7462574B2
US7462574B2 US11/174,533 US17453305A US7462574B2 US 7462574 B2 US7462574 B2 US 7462574B2 US 17453305 A US17453305 A US 17453305A US 7462574 B2 US7462574 B2 US 7462574B2
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tio
glass
sio
fluctuation
refractive index
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US20050245383A1 (en
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Yasutomi Iwahashi
Akio Koike
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AGC Inc
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Asahi Glass Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/06—Glass compositions containing silica with more than 90% silica by weight, e.g. quartz
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B19/00—Other methods of shaping glass
    • C03B19/14—Other methods of shaping glass by gas- or vapour- phase reaction processes
    • C03B19/1484—Means for supporting, rotating or translating the article being formed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
    • C03C4/0085—Compositions for glass with special properties for UV-transmitting glass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
    • C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
    • C03B2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi
    • C03B2201/40—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi doped with transition metals other than rare earth metals, e.g. Zr, Nb, Ta or Zn
    • C03B2201/42—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi doped with transition metals other than rare earth metals, e.g. Zr, Nb, Ta or Zn doped with titanium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
    • C03C2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals
    • C03C2201/40—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals containing transition metals other than rare earth metals, e.g. Zr, Nb, Ta or Zn
    • C03C2201/42—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals containing transition metals other than rare earth metals, e.g. Zr, Nb, Ta or Zn containing titanium

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a silica glass containing TiO 2 (hereinafter referred to as TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass) and a process for its production. Particularly, it relates to TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass to be used for an optical material for an exposure device to be used for EUV lithography and a process for its production.
  • EUV (Extreme Ultra Violet) light means light having a waveband in a soft X-ray region or in a vacuum ultraviolet region and specifically means light having a wavelength of from 0.2 to 100 nm.
  • an exposure device to transfer a fine circuit pattern onto a wafer to produce an integrated circuit.
  • microsizing of integrated circuit has been progressing, and an exposure device is required to form an image of a circuit pattern on a wafer with a high resolution in a deep focal depth, whereby blue shift of the exposure light source is in progress.
  • the exposure light source has been advanced from the conventional g-line (wavelength: 436 nm), i-line (wavelength: 365 nm) or KrF excimer laser (wavelength: 248 nm), and now an ArF excimer laser (wavelength: 193 nm) is being used.
  • EUVL extreme ultraviolet light
  • the optical material for the exposure device to be used for EUVL will be a photomask, a mirror or the like, and it is basically constituted of (1) a base material, (2) a reflective multilayer formed on the base material and (3) an absorber layer formed on the reflective multilayer.
  • a base material For the multilayer, it is studied to form layers of Mo/Si alternately, and for the absorber layer, it is studied to use Ta or Cr as the layer-forming material.
  • the base material a material having a low thermal expansion coefficient is required so that no strain will be formed even under irradiation with EUV light, and a glass having a low thermal expansion coefficient is being studied.
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass is known to be a very low thermal expansion material having a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) smaller than quartz glass, and the coefficient of thermal expansion can be controlled by the TiO 2 content in the glass, whereby it is possible to obtain a zero expansion glass having a coefficient of thermal expansion being close to zero. Accordingly, TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass is prospective as a material to be used for an optical material for the exposure device for EUVL.
  • CTE coefficient of thermal expansion
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass In a conventional method for preparing TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass, firstly, a silica precursor and a titania precursor are, respectively, converted into a vapor form, and then mixed. Such a vapor form mixture is feeded into a burner and thermally decomposed to form TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles. Such TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles will be deposited in a refractory container and at the same time will be melted to form TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass.
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass prepared by this method has had a periodical fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio, which appears as striped striae with a 100 to 200 ⁇ m pitch.
  • U.S. patent application publication No. 2002/157421 discloses a method which comprises forming a TiO 2 —SiO 2 porous glass body, converting it to a glass body, and then obtaining a mask substrate therefrom.
  • the striped striae of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass are considered to form as the difference in the refractive index increases due to the periodical fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio in the glass material.
  • the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass is required to be polished so that the glass will have an ultra smooth surface.
  • the mechanical and chemical properties of the glass vary depending upon the composition, whereby the polishing rate tends to be non-uniform, and it is difficult to finish so that the glass surface after polishing will be ultra smooth.
  • MSFR Mobile-Spatial Frequency Roughness
  • the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio it is important to make the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio uniform in the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass, with a view to minimizing the fluctuation of the coefficient of thermal expansion within the glass. Accordingly, in addition to minimizing the fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio in the small areas so-called striae, it is preferred to minimize the fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio in the entire region of the material.
  • Embodiment 1 of the present invention provides a silica glass containing TiO 2 , characterized in that the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) is at most 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 within an area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm in at least one plane.
  • Embodiment 2 provides the silica glass containing TiO 2 according to Embodiment 1, wherein the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) is at most 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 within an area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm in each of two orthogonal planes.
  • Embodiment 3 provides a silica glass containing TiO 2 , characterized in that the TiO 2 concentration is at least 1 mass %, and the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the TiO 2 concentration is at most 0.06 mass % within an area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm in at least one plane.
  • Embodiment 4 provides the silica glass containing TiO 2 according to Embodiment 3, wherein the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the TiO 2 concentration is at most 0.06 mass % within an area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm in each of two orthogonal planes.
  • Embodiment 5 provides a silica glass containing TiO 2 , characterized in that the TiO 2 concentration is at least 1 mass %, and the striae pitch is at most 10 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 6 provides the silica glass containing TiO 2 according to Embodiment 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the striae pitch is at most 10 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 7 provides an optical material for EUV lithography, characterized in that it is made of a silica glass containing TiO 2 , and the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) is at most 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.
  • Embodiment 8 provides the optical material for EUV lithography according to Embodiment 7, wherein there is no striae which cause a fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) exceeding 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.
  • Embodiment 9 provides an optical material for EUV lithography, characterized in that it is made of a silica glass containing TiO 2 , wherein the TiO 2 concentration is at least 1 mass %, and the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the TiO 2 concentration is at most 0.06 mass % in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.
  • Embodiment 10 provides the optical material for EUV lithography according to Embodiment 9, wherein there is no striae which cause a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the TiO 2 concentration, exceeding 0.06 mass % in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.
  • Embodiment 11 provides the optical material for EUV lithography according to any one of Embodiments 6 to 10, wherein the striae pitch is at most 10 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 12 provides an optical material for EUV lithography employing the silica glass containing TiO 2 , as defined in any one of Embodiments 1 to 6.
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass having a small surface roughness. Accordingly, it is very useful as a material for a component constituting an optical system to be used for EUVL.
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass is known to have a coefficient of thermal expansion which changes depending upon the concentration of TiO 2 contained, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass containing about 7 mass % of TiO 2 becomes substantially zero at near room temperature.
  • the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of the present invention is preferably a silica glass containing from 1 to 12 mass % of TiO 2 . If the content of TiO 2 is less than 1%, zero expansion may not be accomplished, and if it exceeds 12 mass %, the coefficient of thermal expansion is likely to be negative. The content of TiO 2 is more preferably from 5 to 9 mass %.
  • the striae pitch is preferably at most 10 ⁇ m, more preferably at most 7 ⁇ m. If the striae pitch exceeds 10 ⁇ m, it tends to be difficult to reduce MSFR of the polished surface.
  • the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration is defined to be the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the TiO 2 concentration in one plane.
  • the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration in each area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm, that is small area, is preferably at most 0.06 mass %, more preferably at most 0.04 mass %. If the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration exceeds 0.06 mass %, it tends to be difficult to obtain an adequate smoothness by polishing.
  • a process for producing a TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass having the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration controlled to be within 0.06 mass % is as follows.
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles (soot) obtained by flame hydrolysis or thermal decomposition of a Si precursor and a Ti precursor as glass-forming materials, by a soot process, are deposited and grown on a target to obtain a porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body, and the obtained porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body is heated to a vitrification temperature to obtain a verified TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body.
  • the target made of quartz glass may, for example, be used for this process.
  • the present inventors have investigated the relationship between the rotational speed of the target in the step of obtaining the porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body and the striae pitch of the obtained TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body in detail. As a result, they have found that as the rotational speed of the target becomes high, the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration in the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body becomes small, and the striae pitch is reduced.
  • a rotational speed of the target at the step of obtaining the porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body is preferably adjusted to be at least 25 rpm, more preferably at least 50 rpm, particularly preferably at least 100 rpm.
  • the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration in the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body will be at most 0.06 mass %, and the striae pitch will be at most 10 ⁇ m by this method.
  • the striae observed in a TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass are attributable to the fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio. Further, if the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio fluctuates, the absolute refractive index of glass will fluctuate. For example, at a portion where the TiO 2 concentration is high, the refractive index tends to be high as compared with a portion where the TiO 2 concentration is low.
  • the present inventors have measured the absolute refractive indices of several TiO 2 —SiO 2 glasses having different TiO 2 concentrations and have found that the following relation is satisfied between the TiO 2 concentration and the refractive index within a range where the TiO 2 concentration is at most 12 mass %.
  • Absolute refractive index 3.27 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ TiO 2 concentration(mass %)+1.459 (1)
  • the formula (1) it will be possible to calculate the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration ( ⁇ TiO 2 ) from the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass. Specifically, when the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) is 200 ppm, the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration ( ⁇ TiO 2 ) is 0.06 mass %.
  • the method of obtaining the striae pitch is as follows.
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) in the plane is measured, and the distance from the portion where the refractive index is high to the portion where the refractive index is low, is measured by means of a microscope.
  • the method for measuring the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) is different as between the case of the fluctuation of the refractive index in small areas ( ⁇ n 1 ), and the case of the fluctuation of the refractive index in a broad area ( ⁇ n 2 ), as shown hereinafter.
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index in small areas ( ⁇ n 1 ) so-called striae is measured as follows. From the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body, a cube of about 40 mm ⁇ 40 mm ⁇ 40 mm is, for example, cut out, and each side of the cube is sliced in a thickness of 1 mm to obtain a plate-shaped TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass block of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm ⁇ 1 mm.
  • a helium neon laser beam is vertically irradiated to an area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm of this glass block, and the refractive index distribution within the area is examined by magnifying to 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm, for example, where the striae can be sufficiently observed, and the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) is measured.
  • the entire area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm is divided into a lot of small areas at a level of, for example, 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm, and the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n 1 ) in each small area, is measured, and the maximum value is taken as the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) in an area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm.
  • one pixel corresponds to about 4 square ⁇ m in a visual field of 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm. Accordingly, striae with a pitch of at least 10 ⁇ m can be sufficiently detected, but striae smaller than this may not be detected sometime. Therefore, in a case where striae of at most 10 ⁇ m are to be measured, it is advisable to set at least that one pixel corresponds to at most 1 to 2 square ⁇ m. In Examples in this specification, the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n 1 ) was measured so that one pixel corresponds to about 2 square ⁇ m by measuring an area of 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm by means of CCD having 900 ⁇ 900 valid pixels.
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index in a broad area such as an area irradiated with EUV light to be used for exposure is measured as follows.
  • a formed TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm ⁇ 150 mm is sliced into a block of 7 mm in thickness to obtain a TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass block of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm ⁇ 7 mm.
  • a helium neon laser beam is vertically irradiated to the face of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm of this glass block, and the refractive index distribution within an area of 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm is examined, and the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n 2 ) is measured.
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n 2 ) was measured so that one pixel corresponds to about 300 to 400 square ⁇ m by measuring an area of 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm by means of CCD having 320 ⁇ 240 valid pixels.
  • the refractive index difference in an area of about 1 mm can be measured.
  • the absolute value of the refractive index can not be measured, and only the refractive index difference can be obtained. Accordingly, if the divided small areas are measured without directly measuring the entire area irradiated with EUV light to be used for exposure, the refractive indices at both ends of the material can not be compared, and it is possible that the fluctuation of the refractive index is estimated to be small. Therefore, the fluctuation of the refractive index is measured over the entire area irradiated with EUV light to be used for exposure, and the measured value is taken as the fluctuation of the refractive index in a plane perpendicular to the incident direction ( ⁇ n).
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index in small areas is measured by the above-mentioned method on the same face, if the fluctuation of the refractive index in the small areas ( ⁇ n 1 ) is larger than the fluctuation of the refractive index in the entire area ( ⁇ n 2 ), the fluctuation of the refractive index in the small areas ( ⁇ n 1 ) is taken as the fluctuation of the refractive index in the plane perpendicular to the incident direction ( ⁇ n).
  • the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio it is very important to make the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio uniform in a broad area such as an area irradiated with EUV light to be used for exposure when the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass is used as a material for the exposure device for EUVL, with a view to minimizing the fluctuation of the coefficient of the thermal expansion within the material.
  • This fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio causes the refractive index of glass. Accordingly, the fluctuation of the refractive index may be used as an index for the uniformity of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 composition.
  • ⁇ n in the plane perpendicular to the incident light direction is preferably within a range of 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 , more preferably within 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 , particularly preferably within 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 .
  • ⁇ n in an area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm is preferably within 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 , more preferably within 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 , particularly preferably within 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 , most preferably within 0.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 . If ⁇ n exceeds the above range, the polishing rate will not be constant depending upon the position, and it tends to be difficult to finish so that the glass surface after polishing will be ultra smooth surface.
  • the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass having a striae pitch of at most 10 ⁇ m or the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of which a fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration is at most 0.06 mass %, obtained by the present invention is cut into a size of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm ⁇ 7 mm, and then, an area of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm is polished, the value of MSFR (Mid-Spatial Frequency Roughness) which has a waving pitch within a range of from 10 ⁇ m to 1 mm and is an index showing smoothness of a polished surface, will be a roughness (rms) of at most 1.5 nm, which is suitable for an optical material for the exposure device for EUVL.
  • MSFR Mod-Spatial Frequency Roughness
  • the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass having a striae pitch of at least 10 ⁇ m or the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass having a fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration being at least 0.06 mass % it is difficult to bring MSFR of the polished surface to be at most 1.5 nm, whereby such a glass tends to be inadequate for an optical material for the exposure device for EUVL.
  • the fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio or An usually becomes largest at the portion having the striae. Accordingly, in such a case, if the fluctuation of the refractive index or the fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio is reduced in an area of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm in at least one plane, by reducing the degree of the striae, it is possible to reduce the fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio or the fluctuation of the refractive index in each of two orthogonal planes simultaneously.
  • the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of the present invention By using the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of the present invention, it becomes easy to obtain an optical material for EUV lithography, which is made of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass and wherein the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) is at most 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.
  • the degree of the striae itself is reduced, whereby it is possible to easily obtain an optical material for EUV lithography which is made of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass and wherein the striae are not present which cause the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) to exceed 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.
  • the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of the present invention it is possible to easily obtain an optical material for EUV lithography which is made of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass having a TiO 2 concentration of at least 1 mass % and wherein the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the TiO 2 concentration is at most 0.06 mass %, in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.
  • an optical material for EUV lithography which is made of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass having a TiO 2 concentration of at least 1 mass % and wherein the striae are not present which cause the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the TiO 2 concentration to exceed 0.06 mass % in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.
  • the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass can be made to be a zero expansion glass, of which the coefficient of thermal expansion is within a range of 0 ⁇ 200 ppb/° C.
  • the temperature range wherein the coefficient of the thermal expansion shows substantially zero can be made wider.
  • the coefficient of the thermal expansion can be made to be within a range of 0 ⁇ 200 ppb/° C.
  • the optical material for EUVL when the optical material for EUVL is prepared, by adjusting so that striae will be parallel to patterning surface, it is also possible to reduce the fluctuation of the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ratio or the fluctuation of the refractive index in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction and to reduce MSFR.
  • the coefficient of thermal expansion is measured within a range of from ⁇ 150 to +200° C. by means of a laser interferometer type expansion meter (LIX-1, by manufactured by ULVAC-RIKO, Inc.).
  • LIX-1 laser interferometer type expansion meter
  • the fluctuation of the coefficient of thermal expansion is measured as follows.
  • a TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass block of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm ⁇ 150 mm is cut and divided into small pieces of TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm ⁇ 10 mm.
  • the coefficient of thermal expansion of each small piece is measured in accordance with the above-mentioned method, to obtain the fluctuation of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass block of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm ⁇ 30 mm.
  • the optical material for EUV lithography is required to have a small fluctuation of the coefficient of thermal expansion.
  • the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the TiO 2 concentration is at most 0.06 mass %, so the fluctuation of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of the present invention obtained by a calibration curve will be at most about ⁇ 5 ppb/° C. at room temperature.
  • the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of the present invention can be made to have a fluctuation of the coefficient of thermal expansion being, for example, at most ⁇ 5 ppb/° C. at room temperature, and as such, is suitable for an optical material for EUV lithography.
  • the following process can be employed for producing the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass of the present invention.
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles obtained by flame hydrolysis of a Si precursor and a Ti precursor as glass-forming materials, are deposited and grown on a rotating target to obtain a porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body (the target as disclosed, for example, in JP-B-63-24973).
  • the glass-forming materials are not particularly limited so long as they are materials capable of being gasified.
  • the Si precursor may, for example, be a silicon halide compound, such as a chloride such as SiCl 4 , SiHCl 3 , SiH 2 Cl 2 or SiH 3 Cl, a fluoride such as SiF 4 , SiHF 3 or SiH 2 F 2 , a bromide such as SiBr 4 or SiHBr 3 or an iodide such as SiI 4 , or an alkoxy silane represented by R n Si(OR) 4 ⁇ n (wherein R is a C 1-4 alkyl group, and n is an integer of from 0 to 3), and the Ti precursor may, for example, be a titanium halide compound such as TiCl 4 or TiBr 4 , or a titanium alkoxide represented by R n Si(OR) 4 ⁇ n (wherein R is a C 1-4 alkyl group, and n is an integer of from 0 to 3).
  • a silicon halide compound such as a chloride such as SiCl 4 , SiHCl 3
  • the Si precursor and the Ti precursor a compound of Si and Ti, such as a silicon-titanium alkoxide, may also be used.
  • the target may not be limited to a rod shape, and a plate-shaped substrate may be employed.
  • the porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body is heated to a vitrification temperature for vitrification to obtain a vitrified TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body.
  • the vitrification means a state where the porous glass body is densified to such an extent that void spaces can no longer be detected by an optical microscope
  • the vitrification temperature means the temperature at which the porous glass body can be densified until void can no longer be detected by an optical microscope.
  • the vitrification temperature is usually from 1,400 to 1,700° C., particularly preferably from 1,450 to 1,650° C.
  • the atmosphere is preferably an atmosphere of 100% inert gas such as helium or an atmosphere containing an inert gas such as helium, as the main component.
  • the pressure may be a reduced pressure or a normal pressure. Especially in the case of a normal pressure, helium gas may be employed. In the case of a reduced pressure, a pressure of at most 13,000 Pa is preferred. In this specification, “Pa” is meant for an absolute pressure i.e. not a gauge pressure.
  • the vitrified TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body obtained in step (b) is heated to a temperature above near the softening temperature and formed into a desired shape to obtain a formed TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body.
  • the temperature for forming is preferably from 1,500 to 1,800° C. If it is lower than 1,500° C., no substantial deadweight transformation takes place, since the viscosity of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass is high, and growth of cristobalite being a crystalline phase of SiO 2 or growth of rutile or anatase being a crystalline phase of TiO 2 takes place, thus leading to so-called devitrification. If the temperature exceeds 1,800° C., vaporization of SiO 2 tends to be not negligible.
  • the fictive temperature of the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass is controlled by carrying out annealing treatment wherein the formed TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body obtained in step (c) is held at a temperature of from 600 to 1,200° C. for at least 5 hours, and then, the temperature is lowered to not higher than 500° C. at an average cooling rate of at most 10° C./hr. After the temperature is lowered to not higher than 500° C., the glass body may be cooled.
  • the atmosphere in such a case is preferably an atmosphere of 100% inert gas such as helium, argon or nitrogen or an atmosphere containing such an inert gas as the main component, or an atmosphere of air, and the pressure is preferably a reduced pressure or a normal pressure.
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles obtained by gasifying TiCl 4 and SiCl 4 as glass-forming materials for TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass, respectively, then mixing them and feeding them to heat hydrolysis (flame hydrolysis) in oxyhydrogen flame, were deposited and grown on a target made of quartz glass rotating at a rate of 25 rpm, to form a porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body having a diameter of 80 mm and a length of about 100 mm (step (a)).
  • the obtained porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body was heated to 1,550° C. in an atmosphere of 100% He and held at this temperature for 10 hours for vitrification to obtain a vitrified TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body (step (b)).
  • the obtained vitrified TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body was heated to 1,600° C. i.e. higher than the softening point for deadweight transformation and formed into a block shape of 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm ⁇ 10 mm (step (c)).
  • the obtained block was set in an electric furnace and held at 950° C. for 100 hours. Then, the temperature was lowered to 500° C. at a rate of 5° C./hr, and then the block was cooled to room temperature (step (d)) to obtain TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass.
  • Example 1 In the step (a) in Example 1, the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles were deposited and grown on a target made of quartz glass rotating at a rate of 100 rpm. Other than this, in the same manner as in Example 1, TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass was obtained.
  • Example 1 In the step (a) in Example 1, the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles were deposited and grown on a target made of quartz glass rotating at a rate of 250 rpm. Other than this, in the same manner as in Example 1, TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass was obtained.
  • Example 1 In the step (a) in Example 1, the TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles were deposited and grown on a target made of quartz glass rotating at a rate of 5 rpm. Other than this, in the same manner as in Example 1, TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass was obtained.
  • TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass particles obtained by gasifying TiCl 4 and SiCl 4 as glass-forming materials for TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass, respectively, then mixing them and feeding them to heat hydrolysis (flame hydrolysis) in oxyhydrogen flame, were deposited and grown on a target made of quartz glass rotating at a rate of 25 rpm, to form a porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body having a diameter of 30 mm and a length of 80 cm (step (a)).
  • the obtained porous TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body was heated to 1,430° C. in an atmosphere of 100% He and held at this temperature for 2 hours for vitrification to obtain a vitrified TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass body (step (b)).
  • step (c) it was heated to 1,680° C. i.e. higher than the softening point for deadweight transformation and formed into a block shape of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm ⁇ 150 mm (step (c)). Then, it was sliced into a block of 7 mm in thickness. The obtained block of 160 mm ⁇ 160 mm ⁇ 7 mm was set in an electric furnace and held at 950° C. for 100 hours. Then, the temperature was lowered to 500° C. at a rate of 5° C./hr, and then the block was cooled to room temperature (step (d)) to obtain TiO 2 —SiO 2 glass.
  • Example 1 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with the above-mentioned measuring methods, respectively.
  • the results of evaluation of Examples 1 to 5 are summarized in Table 1.
  • Examples 1, 2, 3 and 5 are Examples of the present invention, and Example 4 is a Comparative Example.
  • the striae pitch is not more than 10 ⁇ m, and in at least one plane, the fluctuation of the refractive index in small areas is not more than 200 ppm, and the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration is not more than 0.06 mass %.
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index or the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration are attributable to the striae, and the strength of the striae is reduced in Examples 1 and 2, whereby MSFR can easily be reduced by polishing and it will be possible to be ultra smooth surface.
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index is not more than 200 ppm, and the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration is not more than 0.06 mass %.
  • Example 3 the presence of striae can be visually confirmed, and by the measurement microscope, the striae pitch was confirmed to be 1 ⁇ m, but the fluctuation of the refractive index could not be detected by the above-mentioned method. Accordingly, it is considered that the fluctuation of the refractive index is not more than 50 ppm, and the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration is not more than 0.06 mass %. Accordingly, in Example 3, MSFR can be reduced more easily, and it is possible to obtain ultra smooth surface.
  • the striae pitch is at least 10 ⁇ m
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index in small areas is at least 200 ppm
  • the fluctuation of the TiO 2 concentration is at least 0.06 mass %.
  • the degree of striae was very high, and it was difficult to reduce MSFR by polishing.
  • the fluctuation of the refractive index in a broad area is not more than 200 ppm, and it becomes possible to obtain an optical material for EUV lithography wherein the fluctuation of the refractive index ( ⁇ n) is at most 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 in a plane perpendicular to the incident light direction.

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US20070263281A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-11-15 Maxon John E Reduced striae low expansion glass and elements, and a method for making same
US20090017257A1 (en) * 2006-04-12 2009-01-15 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Processing method of glass substrate, and highly flat and highly smooth glass substrate
US8137574B2 (en) * 2006-04-12 2012-03-20 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Processing method of glass substrate, and highly flat and highly smooth glass substrate
US20090062102A1 (en) * 2007-08-31 2009-03-05 Nicholas Francis Borrelli Photomachinable glass compositions having tunable photosensitivity
US7799711B2 (en) * 2007-08-31 2010-09-21 Corning Incorporated Photomachinable glass compositions having tunable photosensitivity
US20100261597A1 (en) * 2007-12-27 2010-10-14 Asahi Glass Company Limited Tio2-containing silica glass
US7989378B2 (en) 2007-12-27 2011-08-02 Asahi Glass Company, Limited TiO2-containing silica glass
US20100323873A1 (en) * 2008-02-09 2010-12-23 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Tio2-containing silica glass and optical member for lithography using the same
US8034731B2 (en) 2008-02-25 2011-10-11 Asahi Glass Company, Limited TIO2-containing silica glass and optical member for lithography using the same
US8178450B2 (en) 2008-02-26 2012-05-15 Asahi Glass Company, Limited TiO2-containing silica glass and optical member for EUV lithography using high energy densities as well as special temperature controlled process for its manufacture
US8093165B2 (en) 2008-02-27 2012-01-10 Asahi Glass Company, Limited TiO2-containing silica glass and optical member for EUV lithography using the same
US7998892B2 (en) 2008-02-29 2011-08-16 Asahi Glass Company, Limited TiO2-containing silica glass and optical member for lithography using the same
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DE602004009553T3 (de) 2014-10-09
JP5367204B2 (ja) 2013-12-11
EP1608599B1 (fr) 2007-10-17
WO2004089838A1 (fr) 2004-10-21
DE602004009553T2 (de) 2008-07-31
US20050245383A1 (en) 2005-11-03
EP1608599A1 (fr) 2005-12-28
JP2004315351A (ja) 2004-11-11
EP1608599B2 (fr) 2014-08-06

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