US5536089A - Method of producing a component having at least one split running face for rolling elements - Google Patents

Method of producing a component having at least one split running face for rolling elements Download PDF

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Publication number
US5536089A
US5536089A US08/325,396 US32539695A US5536089A US 5536089 A US5536089 A US 5536089A US 32539695 A US32539695 A US 32539695A US 5536089 A US5536089 A US 5536089A
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United States
Prior art keywords
running face
making
component
fracture
preform
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Expired - Lifetime
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US08/325,396
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English (en)
Inventor
Manfred Weber
Harald Neubert
Uwe Eilrich
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Sintermetallwerk Krebsoege GmbH
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Sintermetallwerk Krebsoege GmbH
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Assigned to SINTERMETALLWERK KREBSOGE GMBH reassignment SINTERMETALLWERK KREBSOGE GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EILRICH, UWE, NEUBERT, HARALD, WEBER, MANFRED
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C9/00—Bearings for crankshafts or connecting-rods; Attachment of connecting-rods
    • F16C9/04—Connecting-rod bearings; Attachments thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/003—Articles made for being fractured or separated into parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D31/00—Shearing machines or shearing devices covered by none or more than one of the groups B23D15/00 - B23D29/00; Combinations of shearing machines
    • B23D31/002—Breaking machines, i.e. pre-cutting and subsequent breaking
    • B23D31/003—Breaking machines, i.e. pre-cutting and subsequent breaking for rings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P25/00—Auxiliary treatment of workpieces, before or during machining operations, to facilitate the action of the tool or the attainment of a desired final condition of the work, e.g. relief of internal stress
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0068—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/22—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings
    • F16C19/44—Needle bearings
    • F16C19/46—Needle bearings with one row or needles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/60—Raceways; Race rings divided or split, e.g. comprising two juxtaposed rings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C9/00—Bearings for crankshafts or connecting-rods; Attachment of connecting-rods
    • F16C9/04—Connecting-rod bearings; Attachments thereof
    • F16C9/045—Connecting-rod bearings; Attachments thereof the bearing cap of the connecting rod being split by fracturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
    • C21D1/10—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/49288—Connecting rod making

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of producing a component having at least one split running face for rolling elements which is disposed partially on a bearing cap and partially on the component.
  • Such components may be configured, for example, as connecting rods having a small connecting rod eye, a shaft and a large connecting rod eye, wherein the large connecting rod eye is provided with a split bearing seat for supporting the connecting rod at the crankshaft. Since the invention relates in particular to the production of a connecting rod, the discussion below is devoted primarily to a connecting rod, but only by way of example and not by way of limitation.
  • a connecting rod is generally produced in that first a preform is produced, e.g., by means of forging, casting or powder-metallurgy methods, with the inside dimension of the large connecting rod eye having an oversize in the region of the future separation location. At this location the large connecting rod is separated, e.g., by means of sawing, thus extensively eliminating the oversize.
  • the separation surfaces of the connecting rod cap formed in this manner, on the one hand, and of the remainder of the connecting rod on the other are processed in a further method step, e.g., by means of grinding, so as to fit together precisely.
  • the connecting rod cap is attached to the remainder of the connecting rod by means of connecting rod screws; the screw holes required for this purpose may be bored before or after separation.
  • the mechanical processing of the bearing seat is subsequently effected to receive bearing shell halves, which are disposed between connecting rod and crankshaft, forming a friction bearing.
  • rolling elements are arranged between crankshaft and connecting rod, it is necessary for the outer running face, this means the running face disposed on the connecting rod, to also have a high degree of hardness in order to withstand the constant stress of the rolling elements. Furthermore, it is necessary for assembly reasons that this running face also be configured as a split running face. The use of customary bearing shell halves or of correspondingly configured outer bearing races for the rolling elements is therefore not easily possible. In addition, the simultaneous use of rolling elements on the one hand and a split outer bearing race on the other would increase the physical dimensions of the connecting rod and thus of the material mass that can be moved back and forth inside the motor and thus the weight of the motor, which, inter alia, would have an unfavorable influence on the motor's fuel consumption.
  • the bearing seat surfaces of the split bearing seat with a hardness suitable for antifriction bearings, e.g., by means of skin layer hardening.
  • the materials used for the manufacture of the connecting rods do not have the required carbon content, since an increased carbon content is an obstacle to reshaping as well as mechanical processing. Therefore, it is necessary that, prior to the skin layer hardening, such connecting rods be carburized in a carbon-containing atmosphere. In this process, it must be taken into account that, owing to the special stress on the connecting rod, carburization should only take place in the region of the running face, which means that complex preparatory measures must be taken to avoid carburization of the skin layer of the remainder of the connecting rod.
  • a further problem during the manufacture of a component with a split running face for rolling elements is that the rolling elements move over the separation location between the bearing cap and the remainder of the connecting rod during each turning movement. Even with the most careful mechanical processing it cannot be ruled out that the separation location will remain in existence in the form of a minimal separation line. Furthermore, there is the risk that the separation line is made larger because of lateral displacement of the bearing cap on the remainder of the component after assembly, both in the radial and in the axial direction, so that the running face no longer has a planar configuration. As a result of both phenomena, premature wear of the rolling elements must be expected, which may lead to motor failure.
  • the object of the invention is to create a method of producing a component having at least one split running face for rolling elements in which the above-named disadvantages are avoided to the greatest possible extent. Additionally, the implementation of the method should be simple and cost-effective.
  • a preform is made from a material having a carbon content of at least 0.5% by weight from which the bearing cap is separated by means of fracture separation, and the component is provided, at least in the region of the running face, with a Rockwell hardness of at least 55, preferably at least 60 according to the cone method, by means of skin layer hardening.
  • the separation of the bearing cap by means of fracture separation can take place before or after the skin layer hardening.
  • the preform may be produced, for example, by means of powder-metallurgy methods, e.g., sintering or sinter-forging.
  • a fracture-initiating notch in the region of the running face be provided in the preform by means of mechanical processing, for example, milling.
  • the pressing tool that is required for the powder-metallurgical production of the preform is provided with suitably configured regions for the forming of the green compact so that the green compact is already provided with the notches prior to the sintering process that follows.
  • a further modification of the invention provides that, after the fracture separation, the fracture-initiating notch is essentially removed completely by mechanical processing and that the skin layer hardening and the mechanical superfinishing of the running face are initiated only thereafter. This has the advantage that the mechanical processing for the removal of the fracture-initiating notch takes place on a component that has not yet been hardened so that simple tools are sufficient for this process.
  • the fracture-initiating notch in the region of the separation location has a depth that is smaller in dimension than the hardening depth that may be achieved by skin layer hardening.
  • the fracture-initiating notch is created during the production of the green compact with suitably configured pressing tools.
  • the surface of the fracture-initiating notch is provided with a protective layer, particularly an oxide layer, which is almost completely closed during subsequent forging to form the preform.
  • the bearing cap is again detachably connected to the remainder of the component after having been separated from it.
  • the subsequent processing operations namely skin layer hardening and/or mechanical processing for the removal of the fracture-initiating notches and/or mechanical superfinishing, may then take place while the component is in the assembled state.
  • this has the advantage that a precision-fitting processing of the individual running face sections forming the split running face can take place.
  • it is only necessary to again separate the individual parts from each other when the connecting rod is assembled which, on the one hand, avoids confusion of the parts associated with each other to the greatest possible extent and, on the other hand, prevents the fracture surface from being damaged. Damage to the fracture surface, e.g., through mechanical deformation, would mean that the parts could no longer be placed on top of each other and be connected with each other.
  • a sintered material with a carbon content of 0.5 to 1% by weight is used. It is advisable for the carbon content to amount to 0.7% by weight. Depending on the requirements, it may further be provided for the carbon content to exceed 1% by weight, for example, 1 to 2% by weight. A sufficient skin layer hardening can take place because of the high carbon content of the material.
  • the skin layer hardening can take place by means of induction hardening. This method can be implemented simply and cost-effectively.
  • hardening depths of 0.01 to 6 mm are achieved, depending on the type of method. If the removal of the fracture-initiating notch only takes place after the skin layer hardening, it is advisable to provide for a greater hardening depth so that also after the mechanical removal of the fracture-initiating notch and the subsequent mechanical superfinishing of the running face, a sufficiently hardened layer is present on the component.
  • the material For the production of a flawless fracture surface it is necessary for the material to have a sufficient brittle fracture behavior.
  • embrittle the preform at least in the region of the separation location prior to the fracture separation by means of targeted thermal treatment, e.g., cooling.
  • the cooling at the separation location may, for example, take place by means of partial application or spraying of a liquefied gas, e.g., nitrogen.
  • the invention also relates to a component with at least one split running face for rolling elements which is disposed partially on a bearing cap and partially on the component, the component being provided, at least in the region of the running face, with a hardened skin layer having a Rockwell hardness of at least 55 according to the cone method, and the fracture location between bearing cap and the remainder of the component having a separation surface generated by means of fracture separation.
  • This component consists of a material with a carbon content of at least 0.5% by weight.
  • the component is configured, for example, as a connecting rod for internal combustion engines with a split connecting rod head. It is particularly useful if the component or the connecting rod are produced according to the method of the invention described above.
  • FIG. 1 a view of a connecting rod
  • FIG. 2 a bearing cap after fracture separation
  • FIG. 3 detail III according to FIG. 1 and
  • FIG. 4 detail III according to FIG. 1, but in a different embodiment.
  • Component 11 shown in the drawing which is configured as connecting rod, is provided with a shaft 12, a small connecting rod eye 14 and a large connecting rod eye 15.
  • the large connecting rod eye 15 is configured in a split manner, with the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4 illustrating a state of the connecting rod before the bearing cap 18 has been separated from the remainder of the connecting rod 13 by means of fracture separation.
  • a fracture-initiating notch 17 or 24 is provided in the region of the running face 20.
  • the running face is understood to be the respective inner surface of the large connecting rod eye facing the shaft independent of the connecting rod eye's mechanical processing.
  • the fracture-initiating notch 17 is incorporated into the running face 20 of the connecting rod 11 in approximately a wedge-shaped manner.
  • Other configurations of the fracture-initiating notch are also possible.
  • the fracture-initiating notch 17 may, for example, be provided on the running face by means of mechanical processing or by suitable configuration of the pressing tool for the production of the green compact.
  • a closed fracture-initiating notch 24 is shown which was closed through the forging process during the production of the preform by means of sinter-forging following the application of a protective layer after sintering.
  • the protective layer is, for example, configured as an oxide layer which is produced in that the preform with the fracture-initiating notch is taken to forging through the ambient atmosphere after sintering.
  • the original fracture-initiating notch may also have been produced by suitably configured pressing tools or by mechanical processing.
  • FIG. 2 shows a bearing cap 18 after the same has been separated from the remainder of the connecting rod 13 by means of fracture separation.
  • the separation surface 19 created through fracture separation is provided with a large and irregular surface which only fits onto the corresponding separation surface of the remainder of the connecting rod 13.
  • the bearing cap 18 is again connected to the remainder of the connecting rod 13 after fracture separation by means of connecting rod screws that are not shown.
  • the bores for the connecting rod screws may be produced before or after fracture separation.
  • the connecting rod is provided with a region 22 in which the skin layer has been hardened, illustrated in the drawing by the dot-dash line 23.
  • the hardening depth is larger in dimension than the depth of the fracture-initiating notch 17 or 24 so that also after corresponding mechanical processing for the removal of the notch 17 or 24 and subsequent superfinishing for precision-fitting processing of the running face 20, a sufficiently dimensioned layer of greater hardness is provided.
  • the fracture separation would take place after the skin layer hardening. It is, of course, also possible for the skin layer hardening to take place after fracture separation, whereby approximately the same hardening depth--as shown in the drawing--could be set.
  • connecting rod produced according to powder-metallurgy methods.
  • Other methods for the production of the connecting rod for example, forging, are, of course, also possible to the extent that these methods can be applied in view of the increased carbon content.
  • a flawless fracture separation of the component must be ensured in particular.
US08/325,396 1993-03-01 1994-01-26 Method of producing a component having at least one split running face for rolling elements Expired - Lifetime US5536089A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4306280A DE4306280A1 (de) 1993-03-01 1993-03-01 Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Bauteils mit wenigstens einer geteilten Lauffläche für Wälzkörper
DE4306280.6 1993-03-01
PCT/EP1994/000198 WO1994020765A1 (de) 1993-03-01 1994-01-26 Verfahren zum herstellen eines bauteils mit wenigstens einer geteilten lauffläche für wälzkörper

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US5536089A true US5536089A (en) 1996-07-16

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US08/325,396 Expired - Lifetime US5536089A (en) 1993-03-01 1994-01-26 Method of producing a component having at least one split running face for rolling elements

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US (1) US5536089A (de)
EP (1) EP0638147B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3547744B2 (de)
KR (1) KR100293168B1 (de)
BR (1) BR9404302A (de)
DE (2) DE4306280A1 (de)
WO (1) WO1994020765A1 (de)

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US5775817A (en) * 1996-11-04 1998-07-07 General Motors Corporation Fracture process with bore distortion controls
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USD872837S1 (en) 2017-08-28 2020-01-14 Qa1 Precision Products, Inc. Bleed needle
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US11085502B2 (en) 2017-08-28 2021-08-10 Qa1 Precision Products, Inc. Bleed needle for a hydraulic system
US11105390B2 (en) 2017-08-28 2021-08-31 Qa1 Precision Products, Inc. Shock absorber with dry valving
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EP0638147B1 (de) 1996-12-27
DE4306280A1 (de) 1994-09-08
KR100293168B1 (ko) 2001-06-15
JPH07506661A (ja) 1995-07-20
JP3547744B2 (ja) 2004-07-28
KR950701047A (ko) 1995-02-20
WO1994020765A1 (de) 1994-09-15
DE59401385D1 (de) 1997-02-06
EP0638147A1 (de) 1995-02-15
BR9404302A (pt) 1999-06-15

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