US5485193A - Thermal head including at least one paralellogrammatic resistor - Google Patents

Thermal head including at least one paralellogrammatic resistor Download PDF

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Publication number
US5485193A
US5485193A US08/122,175 US12217593A US5485193A US 5485193 A US5485193 A US 5485193A US 12217593 A US12217593 A US 12217593A US 5485193 A US5485193 A US 5485193A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
resistor
opposite sides
resistors
thermal head
pair
Prior art date
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Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US08/122,175
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English (en)
Inventor
Nobuhiro Inoue
Katsunari Sasaki
Toshiro Nose
Yoshio Hatate
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Toshiba Corp
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Toshiba Corp
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Publication date
Priority claimed from JP19568689A external-priority patent/JP2825280B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP2066954A external-priority patent/JPH03268951A/ja
Application filed by Toshiba Corp filed Critical Toshiba Corp
Priority to US08/122,175 priority Critical patent/US5485193A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US5485193A publication Critical patent/US5485193A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/315—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material
    • B41J2/32—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads
    • B41J2/345—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads characterised by the arrangement of resistors or conductors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/315—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material
    • B41J2/32—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads
    • B41J2/335—Structure of thermal heads

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a thermal head, and more particularly, to a thermal head capable of half-tone printing.
  • Thermal heads with a novel faculty have been intensively developed of late such that half-tone printing can be effected by changing the size of printing dots to be printed.
  • Such thermal heads are disclosed in "Half Tone Wax Transfer Using a Novel Thermal Head", THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ADVANCES IN NON-IMPACT PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES pp. 273-276, "Thermo-Convergent Ink-Transfer Printing (TCIP) for Full Color Reproduction", Proceedings of 2nd Non-impact Printing Technologies Symposium pp. 105-108, “Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Nos. 60-58877 and 60-78768".
  • Each of the thermal heads is provided with a number of heating resistors each having a narrow-width portion.
  • each heating resistor increases its density at the narrow-width portion, so that heat is produced from a local region in the high-density portion.
  • thermal heads only those regions which produce heat higher than a certain value are effective for printing, and the regions capable of generating sufficient heat for the printing spread in proportion to voltage applied to the heating resistors. If higher voltage is applied to the heating resistors, therefore, the size of the printing dots increases in proportion.
  • the heating resistors have a complicated configuration, so that manufacturing them requires much time and labor, and it is difficult to provide uniform properties for the numerous heating resistors.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a thermal head of a simple construction capable of satisfactory half-tone printing.
  • the present invention provides a line-type thermal head, which comprises a substrate and a plurality of heating elements arranged on the substrate along a main scanning axis of the head, insulated from each other.
  • Each heating element includes at least one parallelogrammatic resistor for generating heat and means for supplying electric current to the resistor to make it generate heat.
  • the supply means of the thermal head includes head electrodes, each having a width equal to or larger than the length of the one pair of opposite sides of the resistor, connected electrically to the one pair of opposite sides.
  • the length of the one pair of opposite sides is equal to or greater than that of the other pair of opposite sides, and the acute angle formed by two adjacent sides is 45° or less.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view for illustrating the configuration of a thermal head according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view for illustrating the current distribution and heating state in a heating resistor shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram for illustrating the boundary element method
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing various pieces of information for specifying the shape of the heating resistor
  • FIGS. 5A to 5L are schematic views showing the current distribution in heating resistors of various shapes obtained by the boundary element method
  • FIGS. 6 to 11 are diagrams showing energy distribution obtained by calculation
  • FIGS. 12A, 12B, 13A, 13B, 14A and 14B are diagrams for illustrating variations of the recording characteristics of uniform-height heating resistors with various angles;
  • FIGS. 15 to 26 are graphs showing the results of measurement of the recording characteristics of the heating resistors with various angles
  • FIG. 27 shows equidensity curves representing various recording densities obtained with use of a heat-sensitive recording system
  • FIG. 28 shows equidensity curves representing various recording densities obtained with use of a thermal-transfer recording system
  • FIG. 29 is a diagram for illustrating the optimum conditions for the manufacture of the thermal head
  • FIG. 30 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a thermal head according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 31 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a thermal head according to still another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 32 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a thermal head according to a further embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 33 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a thermal head according to a still further embodiment of the invention.
  • a thermal head 10 comprises a plurality of parallelogrammatic heating resistors 14 formed on an insulated substrate 12 of ceramics or alumina. These heating resistors 14 are arranged at regular intervals in a straight line so that each pair of parallel opposite sides of each resistor 14 are connected individually to lead electrodes 16 and 18. These heating resistors 14 and lead electrodes 16 and 18 constitute one heating element 22 for recording one printing dot. The individual lead electrodes 16 are connected to one another, thus constituting a common electrode.
  • FIG. 2 shows current distribution in the resistors 14.
  • black spots represent points of measurement
  • the direction of each line indicates the direction of electric current at each corresponding measurement point
  • the length of the line indicates the magnitude of the current at the measurement point.
  • each resistor 14 is formed of a thin film whose thickness is so small that it is negligible.
  • the current distribution is supposed to be two-dimensional.
  • the current flowing through the heating resistors 14 is a steady-state current, which generates a static magnetic field. Since magnetic flux density B makes no time-based change, therefore, the following equation is obtained from the Maxwell equation: ##EQU1## where E is an electric field. Based on the principle of conservation of charge, moreover, we obtain
  • equation (6) will now be numerically analyzed.
  • the boundary element method as shown in FIG. 3, the boundary of a closed system is divided into elements, which are calculated using predetermined boundary conditions so that the solutions of all the elements are obtained.
  • the internal conditions of the system are detected.
  • the current distribution shown in FIG. 2 is obtained.
  • the heat release value at a certain point on the resistor 14 can be represented by the product of the square of the current value at that position and the resistance value of the resistor 14. Namely, the heat release value is proportional to the square of the current value. Thus, the heat value is large at the central portion of the heating resistor 14.
  • recording of printing dots requires a fixed amount of heat or more. If the voltage applied to the heating resistor 14 is low, therefore, the printing dots are recorded by heating within a range indicated by numeral 20a in FIG. 2. As the applied voltage is increased, the printing dots start to be recorded by heating within ranges indicated by numerals 20b and 20c.
  • the virtual heating area can be varied as indicated by 20a, 20b and 20c in FIG. 2, for example, so that the size of the printing dots can be modulated.
  • the current distribution in the heating resistor 14 varies depending on the shape of the resistor, and there is a resistor shape for optimum gradation recording.
  • This is a shape which enables heat concentration to a certain degree or higher.
  • Parameters indicative of a parallelogrammatic shape include the ratio g between the respective lengths La and Lb of sides 14a and 14b and the angle ⁇ (acute angle in this case) formed between the sides 14a and 14b, as shown in FIG. 4.
  • the optimum shape can be obtained under the following conditions:
  • the thermal head is applied to a standard-G3 facsimile.
  • the resolution in the main scanning direction is specified as being 8 dots/mm, so that the width or length La of each heating resistor 14 is
  • the 12 shapes may be classified into four types based on the combinations of the ratios g of 1, 1.5, and 2 and the angles ⁇ of 30° (type (a)), 45° (type (b)), 60° (type (c)), and 75° (type (d)).
  • FIGS. 5A to 5C show cases corresponding to the ratios g of 1, 1.5, and 2, respectively, for type (a), and FIGS. 5D to 5F, 5G to 5I, and 5J to 5L show similar cases for types (b), (c), and (d), respectively.
  • FIGS. 6 to 11 show e n / ⁇ obtained by dividing the energy density e n , calculated according to equation (7) on the basis of the obtained electric fields E, by the electric conductivity ⁇ .
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show cases corresponding to the horizontal and diagonal directions, respectively, for the ratio g of 1
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 show similar cases for the ratio g of 1.5
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 show similar cases for the ratio g of 2.
  • FIGS. 6 to 11 indicate the following circumstances. If the ratio g is 2 (FIGS. 10 and 11), the energy distribution is substantially uniform, and there is hardly any energy concentration. If the ratio g is 1.5, some energy concentration is caused. If the ratio g is 1, a considerable energy concentration is entailed. As seen from FIGS. 6 and 7, moreover, if the ratio g is 1, the energy concentration is conspicuous when the angle ⁇ is 45° or narrower.
  • each heating resistor 14 is g ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 45.
  • the width (main scanning direction) and height (auxiliary scanning direction) of each heating resistor depend on the resolution to be obtained.
  • the resolution used for the standard-G3 facsimile for example, is adjusted to 8 dots/mm in the main scanning direction and 15.4 lines/mm in the auxiliary scanning direction.
  • the height h of each thermal head used in the standard-G3 facsimile is given by
  • the height h is expected to be about 65 ⁇ m or more.
  • the width or length La of the heating resistor 14 is 100 ⁇ m.
  • the recording characteristic depends on the angle ⁇ . If the angle ⁇ is relatively wide, as shown in FIG. 12A, the degree of heat concentration is low, so that the recording characteristic curve is supposed to have a sharp leading edge, as shown in FIG. 12B. If the angle ⁇ is medium, as shown in FIG. 13A, the heat concentration is conspicuous, so that the recording characteristic curve is supposed to have a gentle leading edge, as shown in FIG. 13B. If the angle ⁇ is relatively narrow, as shown in FIG. 14A, heating resistor 14 is elongated, so that the degree of heat concentration is low, and therefore, the recording characteristic curve is supposed to have a sharp leading edge, as shown in FIG. 14B.
  • FIGS. 15 to 20 show recording characteristic curves obtained with use of the heat-sensitive system.
  • the curves of FIGS. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 represent the recording characteristics of thermal heads having heating resistors whose angles ⁇ are 35°, 38°, 41°, 45°, 49°, and 54°, respectively.
  • FIGS. 21 to 26 show recording characteristic curves obtained with use of the thermal-transfer system.
  • the curves of FIGS. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 represent the recording characteristics of the thermal heads having the heating resistors whose angles ⁇ are 35°, 38°, 41°, 45°, 49°, and 54°, respectively.
  • FIGS. 27 and 28 show 0.1-interval equidensity curves related to recording densities obtained with use of the heat-sensitive recording system and thermal-transfer recording system, respectively, and representing relationships between the energy E and angle ⁇ .
  • An optimum angle A n for the half-tone printing is obtained corresponding to the point at which the equidensity curves are at the widest intervals.
  • the optimum angle A n is 45°.
  • each heating resistor 14 is g ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 45.
  • the angle ⁇ , height h, ratio g, and the lengths La and Lb of the sides 14a and 14b of each heating resistor 14 have the following relationships:
  • Equation (11) is illustrated in the graph of FIG. 29 in which the axes of abscissa and ordinate represent the angle ⁇ and ratio g, respectively, and the height h is used as a parameter. In FIG. 29, the curve moves to the right as the height h increases.
  • the hatched region of FIG. 29 corresponds to a range in which the requirements (g ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 45) and the requirement (h ⁇ 65 ⁇ m) provided by the standards for standard-G3 facsimiles are all fulfilled.
  • Prevailing resolutions of the standard-G3 facsimiles include, for example, 8 dots/mm ⁇ 7.7 lines/mm and 8 dots/mm ⁇ 3.85 lines/mm. These resolutions in the auxiliary scanning direction are lower than 15.4 lines/mm. Although the thermal head according to the above embodiment is suited for the case where the resolution in the auxiliary scanning direction is 15.4 lines/mm, it cannot be applied to such low-resolution recording.
  • FIG. 30 a thermal head according to another embodiment of the present invention suited for low-resolution recording will be described.
  • like reference numerals refer to members equivalent to the ones used in the foregoing embodiment, and a detailed description of those members is omitted.
  • the thermal head 10 comprises a large number of heating elements 22 for recording one printing dot each. These elements 22 are arranged one-dimensionally at regular intervals on an insulated substrate 12. Each heating element 22 includes two heating resistors 14 which are connected electrically to each other by means of an intermediate electrode 24 formed of high-conductivity material.
  • each heating resistor 14 included in each heating element 22 cooperates with each other to function as one heating section, thereby recording only one printing dot.
  • each heating resistor 14 has the same shape as in the foregoing embodiment, that is, if the width, height, and angle are 100 ⁇ m, 70 ⁇ m, and 45°, respectively, the height of the heating section is about 140 ⁇ m, which corresponds to 7.7 lines/mm.
  • the heating resistors 14 are temporarily subjected to current concentration, the current is uniform in the intermediate electrode 24.
  • the intermediate electrode 24 serves as an equipotential surface, and similar current concentration is caused in the other heating resistor 14.
  • the heating characteristics are suited for gradation recording, and satisfactory gradation recording can be effected with the resolution of 8 dots/mm ⁇ 7.7 lines/mm.
  • an intermediate electrode 24 is in the shape of a parallelogram inclined at the same angle as heating resistors 14. Also, lead electrodes 16 and 18 are inclined at the same angle as the resistors 14. Thus, the heating resistors 14, intermediate electrode 24, and lead electrodes 16 and 18 are arranged in a straight line.
  • the intermediate electrode 24 and the lead electrodes 16 and 18 are formed by the photo-etching process (PEP). More specifically, the thermal head 10 is manufactured by selectively forming the intermediate electrode 24 and the lead electrodes 16 and 18 on a plurality of parallelogrammatic resistors including two heating resistors 14 in each heating element 22.
  • the respective centers of the two heating resistors 14 included in each heating element 22 are deviated in the main scanning direction (arrangement direction of the heating members 22) by a in the thermal head of FIG. 30 and by ⁇ in the case of FIG. 31.
  • two heating regions for forming one printing dot are deviated individually by a and D in the main scanning direction, so that the quality of some of recorded images may possibly be lowered.
  • a thermal head 10 is constructed in the same manner as the thermal head shown in FIG. 30, provided that two parallelogrammatic heating resistors 14 included in each heating element 22 are inclined in opposite directions.
  • the two heating resistors 14, used to record one printing dot are situated on one and the same auxiliary scanning line without being deviated in the main scanning direction. Accordingly, satisfactory gradation recording can be effected with the resolution of 8 dots/mm ⁇ 7.7 lines/mm, and improved recording can be ensured without entailing deterioration in printed image quality.
  • FIG. 33 a still further embodiment of the present invention will be described.
  • two heating resistors 14 included in each heating element 22 are arranged parallel to each other so that their respective centers are situated on one and the same auxiliary scanning line.
  • the heating resistors 14 in the heating element 22 are situated on the same auxiliary scanning line, so that satisfactory gradation recording can be effected with the resolution of 8 dots/mm ⁇ 7.7 lines/mm, and improved recording can be ensured without entailing deterioration in printed image quality.
  • each heating element includes two heating resistors to provide the resolution of 8 dots/mm ⁇ 7.7 lines/mm.
  • heating resistors may be used in each heating element to obtain a resolution of 8 dots/mm ⁇ 3.85 lines/mm. Further, any desired resolution may be obtained by suitably changing the number of heating resistors in each heating element.
  • printing-dots are changed in size by applying various voltages to the resistor in the above embodiments, they may be changed by varying time for supplying electric current to the resistor.

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/122,175 US5485193A (en) 1989-07-28 1993-09-17 Thermal head including at least one paralellogrammatic resistor

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1-195686 1989-07-28
JP19568689A JP2825280B2 (ja) 1989-07-28 1989-07-28 サーマルヘッドおよび熱記録装置
JP2066954A JPH03268951A (ja) 1990-03-19 1990-03-19 サーマルヘッド
JP2-66954 1990-03-19
US55848090A 1990-07-27 1990-07-27
US88829692A 1992-05-26 1992-05-26
US702993A 1993-01-21 1993-01-21
US08/122,175 US5485193A (en) 1989-07-28 1993-09-17 Thermal head including at least one paralellogrammatic resistor

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US702993A Continuation 1989-07-28 1993-01-21

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US08/122,175 Expired - Fee Related US5485193A (en) 1989-07-28 1993-09-17 Thermal head including at least one paralellogrammatic resistor

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US (1) US5485193A (fr)
EP (2) EP0607533B1 (fr)
KR (1) KR940005322B1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2022088C (fr)
DE (2) DE69012249T2 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2807546A1 (fr) * 2000-04-11 2001-10-12 Commissariat Energie Atomique Structure d'elements a haute densite formee par assemblage de couches et son procede de fabrication
EP1419888A2 (fr) 2002-11-13 2004-05-19 Agfa-Gevaert Imprimante à tête thermique et procédé d'impression sur materiaux d'impression thermographiques
US7023460B2 (en) 2002-11-13 2006-04-04 Agfa Gevaert Thermal head printer and process for printing substantially light-insensitive recording material

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2815787B2 (ja) * 1993-07-09 1998-10-27 ローム株式会社 サーマルヘッド

Citations (13)

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JPS5385435A (en) * 1977-01-07 1978-07-27 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Thermal head
EP0037664A1 (fr) * 1980-03-21 1981-10-14 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Tête thermographique à deux dimensions
JPS58163679A (ja) * 1982-03-25 1983-09-28 Toshiba Corp サ−マルヘツド
JPS58208076A (ja) * 1982-05-31 1983-12-03 Hitachi Ltd 感熱記録ヘツド
JPS59178268A (ja) * 1983-03-29 1984-10-09 Sony Corp サ−マルヘツド
JPS6058877A (ja) * 1983-09-13 1985-04-05 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 感熱記録ヘッド
US4514736A (en) * 1982-01-13 1985-04-30 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Thermal head
JPS6078768A (ja) * 1983-10-05 1985-05-04 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd サ−マル記録ヘツド
JPS62108071A (ja) * 1985-11-06 1987-05-19 Hitachi Ltd 感熱記録ヘツド
US4698643A (en) * 1984-12-27 1987-10-06 Kyocera Corporation Serial type thermal head
US4737860A (en) * 1984-12-13 1988-04-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image recording apparatus
EP0310378A1 (fr) * 1987-09-30 1989-04-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Tête d'enregistrement thermique
US4851861A (en) * 1987-01-16 1989-07-25 Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Thermal transfer recording device

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5385435A (en) * 1977-01-07 1978-07-27 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Thermal head
EP0037664A1 (fr) * 1980-03-21 1981-10-14 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Tête thermographique à deux dimensions
US4514736A (en) * 1982-01-13 1985-04-30 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Thermal head
JPS58163679A (ja) * 1982-03-25 1983-09-28 Toshiba Corp サ−マルヘツド
JPS58208076A (ja) * 1982-05-31 1983-12-03 Hitachi Ltd 感熱記録ヘツド
JPS59178268A (ja) * 1983-03-29 1984-10-09 Sony Corp サ−マルヘツド
JPS6058877A (ja) * 1983-09-13 1985-04-05 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 感熱記録ヘッド
JPS6078768A (ja) * 1983-10-05 1985-05-04 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd サ−マル記録ヘツド
US4737860A (en) * 1984-12-13 1988-04-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image recording apparatus
US4698643A (en) * 1984-12-27 1987-10-06 Kyocera Corporation Serial type thermal head
JPS62108071A (ja) * 1985-11-06 1987-05-19 Hitachi Ltd 感熱記録ヘツド
US4851861A (en) * 1987-01-16 1989-07-25 Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Thermal transfer recording device
EP0310378A1 (fr) * 1987-09-30 1989-04-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Tête d'enregistrement thermique

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Title
Tsumura et al., Half Tone Wax Transfer Using a Novel Thermal Head, published in The Fourth International Congress on Advances in Non impact Printing Technologies, Mar. 20 25, 1988, pp. 273 276. *
Tsumura et al., Half-Tone Wax Transfer Using a Novel Thermal Head, published in The Fourth International Congress on Advances in Non-impact Printing Technologies, Mar. 20-25, 1988, pp. 273-276.

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2807546A1 (fr) * 2000-04-11 2001-10-12 Commissariat Energie Atomique Structure d'elements a haute densite formee par assemblage de couches et son procede de fabrication
WO2001076879A1 (fr) * 2000-04-11 2001-10-18 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Structure d'elements a haute densite formee par assemblage de couches et son procede de fabrication
US20030052945A1 (en) * 2000-04-11 2003-03-20 Francois Baleras High density element structure formed by assembly of layers and method for making same
US6909445B2 (en) 2000-04-11 2005-06-21 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique High density element structure formed by assembly of layers and method for making same
EP1419888A2 (fr) 2002-11-13 2004-05-19 Agfa-Gevaert Imprimante à tête thermique et procédé d'impression sur materiaux d'impression thermographiques
US7023460B2 (en) 2002-11-13 2006-04-04 Agfa Gevaert Thermal head printer and process for printing substantially light-insensitive recording material

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EP0410486A1 (fr) 1991-01-30
DE69012249T2 (de) 1995-03-09
CA2022088A1 (fr) 1991-01-29
CA2022088C (fr) 1994-07-26
EP0410486B1 (fr) 1994-09-07
KR910002605A (ko) 1991-02-25
EP0607533B1 (fr) 1997-03-12
EP0607533A2 (fr) 1994-07-27
DE69030201T2 (de) 1997-08-07
EP0607533A3 (en) 1995-08-23
DE69012249D1 (de) 1994-10-13
DE69030201D1 (de) 1997-04-17
KR940005322B1 (ko) 1994-06-16

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