US5116586A - Method for the reduction of nitrogen oxides from waste gases using a zeolite - Google Patents

Method for the reduction of nitrogen oxides from waste gases using a zeolite Download PDF

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US5116586A
US5116586A US07/448,198 US44819889A US5116586A US 5116586 A US5116586 A US 5116586A US 44819889 A US44819889 A US 44819889A US 5116586 A US5116586 A US 5116586A
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range
catalyst
temperature
ammonia
type zeolite
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Michael Baacke
Reinhold Beand
Bernd Engler
Akos Kiss
Peter Kleine-Mollhoff
Peter Kleinschmit
Edgar Koberstein
Mustafa Siray
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Evonik Operations GmbH
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Degussa GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/54—Nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/56—Nitrogen oxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/18—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the mordenite type
    • B01J29/26—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the mordenite type containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/18—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the mordenite type
    • B01J29/20—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the mordenite type containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/24—Iron group metals or copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/20—Reductants
    • B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
    • B01D2251/2062—Ammonia
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/206—Rare earth metals
    • B01D2255/2065—Cerium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20738—Iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20761—Copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20769—Molybdenum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/50—Zeolites

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a zeolite catalyst and a method for the reduction of oxides of nitrogen present in waste gases containing oxygen, using this catalyst
  • the reduction takes place in the presence of ammonia, in which method, the waste gases containing nitrogen oxides are mixed with ammonia gas and passed at an elevated temperature over a zeolite catalyst containing a subgroup metal.
  • Nitrogen oxides which arise in combustion processes, are among the main causes of acid rain and the environmental damage associated therewith. Therefore, their emission should be prevented by removing the nitrogen oxides from the waste gases before they are released into the environment.
  • Sources for the emission of nitrogen oxide into the environment are vehicular traffic; combustion plants, especially powerplants with furnaces; stationary internal combustion engines; and industrial plants.
  • Vehicular traffic is a major contributor to the pollution problem.
  • a reduction of the nitrogen-oxide concentration in waste gas can be achieved in powerplants with boiler firing by using very pure fuels or by optimizing the combustion systems; however, these firing measures are subject to technical and economic limits. Because of these limitations, it has not been possible in the past to produce waste gas which is largely free of nitrogen oxides.
  • Waste gases from furnaces or from internal-combustion engines operated in an excessively stoichiometric manner usually contain a rather large amount of excess oxygen, in addition to the nitrogen oxides.
  • nitrogen oxides can be selectively reduced by treatment with a reducing gas, such as ammonia, in the presence of a catalyst.
  • a reducing gas such as ammonia
  • ammonia gas reacts readily with the oxides of the nitrogen, but it reacts only to a slight extent with the oxygen.
  • full catalysts In the catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, e.g. with NH 3 , so-called full catalysts are used, e.g. in the form of bulk material or extrudate bodies, which exhibit numerous parallel conduits running in the direction of flow of the gas (monoliths or honeycombs).
  • full catalyst denotes a catalytic body which comprises an active mass of catalytic material throughout. The active mass may also contain additives of carrier material in addition to the actual catalysts.
  • subgroup metal oxides e.g. oxides of vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum or iron
  • Carrier materials with catalytically enhancing action can be TiO 2 , BaSO 4 or Al 2 O 3 (DE-PS 24 58 888 and DE-PS 28 42 147).
  • such catalysts may also be compounded with noble metals such as platinum or palladium (U.S. Pat. No. 4,018,706).
  • Carrier catalysts with monolithic or honeycomb structure are better suited than bulk catalysts for the removal of nitrogen from waste gases with a low dust content. This is because the monolithic or honeycomb structure has a lower flow resistance. These catalysts are preferably used after a dust filter or behind a flue-gas desulfurization system.
  • carrier catalysts include a catalytically inert structural strengthener with a coating of catalytically active material deposited on it.
  • the catalytically active material can be mixed with a carrier material which acts to increase the surface area or as a so-called interspersant
  • the structural strengthener usually used for this application are ceramic or metallic, chemically inert carriers with a honeycomb structure consisting e.g. of cordierite, mullite, ⁇ -aluminum oxide, zirconia, zirconium mullite, barium titanate, porcelain, thorium oxide, steatite, boron carbide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride or fine steel.
  • the oxides of vanadium and molybdenum can be carried out of catalyst formulations containing vanadium and molybdenum by sublimation or by abrasion caused by the flue dust. These oxides contribute to the undesired contamination of the separated flue dust and the gypsum, produced in the desulfurization of flue gas with heavy metals.
  • Catalysts containing iron oxide with a high iron content can be irreversibly deactivated in sulfurous waste gases by means of sulfate formation.
  • this zeolite type has proven to be very sensitive to acidic components in waste gases which are produced, for example, during the combustion of fossil fuels such as brown coal, hard coal or petroleum (SO 2 , SO 3 , HCl, HF or NO 2 ).
  • An additional problem is the fact that water vapor is present in the mentioned waste gases in concentrations of approximately 8 to over 20% by volume.
  • DE-OS 33 28 653 indicates the use of a ceramic molecular sieve for the same application whose channel diameter should range from below the critical molecular diameter of ammonia to above the critical molecular diameter of nitrogen
  • the channel diameter should preferably be between 2.5 and 4.0 angstrom units.
  • DE-OS 36 35 284 suggests the use of a zeolite of the ZSM-5 type in the H form charged with subgroup metals for the same application
  • This catalyst is stable against acids, but its ion-exchange capacity is very small.
  • the diameters of the zeolite pores are so small that it can be assumed that the indicated subgroup metals are not present in a form which is bound to the zeolites, but rather, in the form of an oxide precipitated onto the zeolite grain.
  • the zeolite material thus probably functions only as carrier material for the subgroup metal oxides.
  • One feature of the invention is a method for the reduction of oxides of nitrogen present in waste gases containing oxygen in which the nitrogen oxides and the waste gases containing them are homogeneously mixed with ammonia gas.
  • the mixture is passed at elevated temperatures over a zeolite catalyst containing a subgroup metal.
  • the method is characterized in that the reduction is carried out on an acid-resistant zeolite containing copper and/or iron at temperatures of 200°-600° C. and a space velocity of 1,000-60,000 h -1 . This corresponds to an area velocity of 0.5-100 m 3 /h ⁇ m 2 at standard temperature and pressure.
  • Catalysts containing copper as the sole metal with 0.2-5.2% by weight copper are especially suitable for use in SO 2 -poor waste gases at flue-gas temperatures between 200 and 350° C.
  • Catalysts containing iron as the sole metal with 0.1-4.5% by weight iron are, on the other hand, suitable for use in flue gases with a temperature above 350° C.
  • Catalysts containing copper and iron in combination are suitable for use in flue gases with high SO 2 portions over a broad temperature range of approximately 280° to 550° C.
  • a particularly suitable acid-resistant zeolite is one of the mordenite type preferably exhibiting a SiO 2 : Al 2 O 3 molar ratio (or modulus) of over 8.
  • Ratios of 10-30, especially 15 and 25 have especially proven themselves for practical use in flue gases of coal furnaces exhibiting a high amount of acidic components. This is due to the fact that mordenites of this type are subject to practically no demonstrable dealuminization during use, nevertheless possess a sufficiently high metal-adsorption capacity.
  • a zeolite which is charged within its ion-exchange capacity with the subgroup metals copper and/or iron as well as, optionally, cerium or molybdenum.
  • the introduction of metals or metal compounds into the zeolite can take place according to various preparatory methods. They include ion exchange and impregnation or precipitating, as well as the mixing of oxides or metal salts with the zeolite with subsequent calcination in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere or in an evolving ammoniacal atmosphere.
  • oxides of the provided metals can be deposited onto the zeolite surface with the last-named preparatory method by performing a thermal decomposition of a metal-salt impregnation or of a precipitate or co-precipitate in air.
  • Suitable metal salts have proven to be, among others, copper sulfate, copper nitrate, copper acetate, iron sulfate, iron nitrate, cerium nitrate, cerium acetate and ammonium molybdate.
  • the zeolite used comprises a total content of subgroup metals of 0.1 to 13.5% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 7.5% by weight and especially 0.3 to 5% by weight relative to the zeolite weight.
  • a zeolite containing copper contains at least 0.2%, and at the most 5.2%, by weight of this element relative to the weight of the zeolite.
  • a zeolite containing iron contains at least 0.1%, and at the most 4.5%, by weight of this element relative to the weight of the zeolite.
  • concentrations of the catalytically active metal or catalytically active metals may be introduced into the zeolite solely by ion exchange. In most applications, this method produces zeolites with a sufficient concentration of the metal or metals. This method of preparation is therefore preferred. However, zeolites modified according to the other methods of introduction mentioned above can also readily lead to suitable results.
  • the ion exchange that is, the conversion of the H + form or of the Na + form of the zeolite into the transitionmetal form, can take place according to known preparatory techniques (see D. W. Breck, Zeolite Molecular Sieves, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974).
  • the optimum preparation parameters worked out within the framework of the present invention are described in more detail in the examples which follow.
  • the zeolite catalyst can be used in the method of the invention either as a surface coating on a formed, ceramic or metallic carrier which is resistent to the waste gases, or it may be a full catalyst, preferably in monolithic or honeycomb form.
  • Full catalysts can be obtained by working in a suitable binder such as TiO 2 (anatase), TiO 2 -WO 3 -mixed oxide or bentonite and pressing or extruding in a known manner.
  • the reduction of the nitrogen oxides takes place using the preferred embodiments of the catalyst in a temperature range of 250-550° C., preferably 280-500° C., and especially 300-480° C.
  • an oxygen component of at least 0.1% by volume, better yet, of more than 0.5% by volume, or even over 1.0% by volume should be present in the waste gas in order to be able to achieve the full efficiency of the catalyst.
  • FIGS. 1-4 briefly described as follows:
  • FIG. 1 shows the values for NOx conversions ( ⁇ NO x ) for various examples as a function of the flue-gas temperature
  • FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1, using different examples, and includes a comparison to the reference example;
  • FIG. 3 shows the NOx conversions for different samples at a variety of temperatures
  • FIG. 4 shows the change in NO x conversion as a function of time for various samples at various temperatures.
  • the activity of the catalysts was first tested with a dust-free gas in a laboratory test system, and then with the waste gas of an oil-furnace system. Long-term tests were carried out with the flue gas of a hard coal dry furnace and with a hard coal slag tap furnace (cf. FIG. 4).
  • the catalysts made according to the invention exhibited significant superiority over the state of the art in the long-term tests in coal furnaces, especially at flue-gas temperatures above 350° C., as well as in an especially clear fashion when used after hard-coal slag tap furnaces.
  • a 0.1-0.25 molar copper-salt solution is prepared by dissolving copper sulfate in 50 liters deionized water.
  • the pH of the solution is adjusted between 1 and 10 by adding sulfuric acid or ammonia. Concentration and pH adjustment depend on the copper concentration desired in the final product of copper-mordenite.
  • the solution prepared in this manner is heated to 80 ⁇ C. Then, 25 kg H-mordenite with a modulus (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratio) of 19 is introduced.
  • the mordenite suspension is maintained at 80° C. under further agitation for 30 minutes and subsequently filtered.
  • the filter cake obtained thereby is rewashed twice with deionized water.
  • the drying of the copper-mordenite can take place either at 120° C. in a tray furnace or by spray drying.
  • the chemical composition and the characteristic physical data of the H-mordenite are indicated in table 1.
  • H-mordenite 25 kg of H-mordenite is introduced analogously to the method described in examples 1-7 into a 0.1-0.25 molar iron-nitrate nitrate solution under agitation at 80° C.
  • the pH of the exchange solution is adjusted before hand to between 1 and 2.
  • the exchange time is 30 minutes.
  • the exchange method is optionally repeated several times.
  • the work-up of the iron-mordenite takes place as described in examples 1-7.
  • the catalysts listed in table 5 are prepared according to the method described in examples 1-27.
  • the introduction of the cerium takes place in examples 28, 30 and 32 by means of a second, subsequent ion exchange using a mordenite containing copper and/or iron which exchange is carried out with a 0.1 molar cerium-salt solution at 80° C.
  • a comparable catalytic effect is achieved by a subsequent impregnation, carried out according to examples 29, 31 or 33, of the mordenite already present as extrudate and containing copper and/or iron with cerium-nitrate solutions.
  • the addition of an appropriate amount of solid, finely powdered cerium oxide to the mordenite mass containing copper and iron took place before the shaping process described in preparation methods A and B.
  • the exchange time is 30 minutes.
  • the work-up of the Cu-mordenite takes place according to the method described in examples 1-7.
  • preparation method A a mullite honeycomb body with a 2 mm cell division (web + cell opening) is coated.
  • a subsequent impregnation of the honeycomb body with an aqueous ammonium-molybdate solution then follows, as described in the prior art.
  • Example 44 the molybdenum is added by means of the addition of an appropriate amount of finely powdered molydbenum oxide to the mordenite mass containing the copper and iron before the shaping process described in preparation methods A and B.
  • Table 7 indicates copper, iron and molybdenum contents int he final product, as well as the particular preparation method.
  • CuFe-, CuFeCe- and CuFeMo-mordenite catalysts are prepared in accordance with the methods described in examples 14-44.
  • H-mordenite with different moduli SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratio
  • Table 8 shows the chemical compositions of the H mordenite used.
  • Table 9 lists the prepared CuFe-mordenite catalysts with different modulus values.
  • Table 10 lists the prepared CuFe/Ce-mordenite catalysts with different modulus values.
  • Table 11 lists the prepared CuFeMo-mordenite catalysts with different modulus values.
  • the conduits of the monolithic carrier are blown open with compressed air and then dried at 150° C. in an air current.
  • the coating process must be repeated until approximately 160 g catalyst mass per cubic decimeter of carrier volume has been applied.
  • the coated and dried honeycomb bodies are tempered for two hours at 550° C.
  • the coating suspension can be prepared by the following method. After the washing out of the catalytically activated mordenite provided in examples 1-56, the latter is resuspended in deionized water together with the 5% by weight bentonite as binder. In order that a fine catalyst grain containing binder be produced, the mixture is agitated 14 hours and then a spray drying is carried out. The catalyst grain is then processed as described above.
  • the copper, iron molybdenum and/or cerium can be added in the form of their salts or oxides at the same time as the binder.
  • a subsequent impregnation of carrier catalysts corresponding to examples 29,31,33 or 43 with the metals mentioned above takes place by taking up an amount of metal-salt salt solution which corresponds to the water capacity of the coated carrier.
  • the catalyst is dried at 150° C. Then it is tempered two hours at 550° C.
  • a metal-containing mordenite catalyst is prepared according to the method described in examples 1-56. 10 kg of this catalytic powder are mixed with 5 kg titanium oxide of the anatase type, 700 kg alkali-free clay and 300 g glass fibers (1-2 cm in length) and kneaded under the addition of 2 kg 15% aqueous ammonia solution of 10 liters water. 100 g lactic acid, 150 g wood pulp, 70 g polyethylene oxide and 120 g carboxymethylcellulose are added as a forming agent. In the case of examples 35 and 44, the oxides of copper, iron, molybdenum, and/or cerium are also added in solid form.
  • the mixture is kneaded for 5-8 hours to form a homogeneous paste.
  • the water content is adjusted in order to adjust the plasticity suitable for the forming.
  • the catalytic mass is then pressed with an extruder to honeycomb bodies with parallel conduits with a quadratic cross section with a cell division of 3.7 mm (1 web +1 opening). After drying at a rising temperature from 20°-60° C. in a climatic chamber, the honeycomb bodies are calcined for 24 hours at a rising temperature from 300-600° C.
  • a subsequent impregnation of full catalysts with active metals can take place as described under preparation method A.
  • a catalyst prepared according DE-PS 24 58 888, example X-1 No. 5, as a reference example, with a weight ratio of TiO 2 /WO 3 of 9 : 1, and a V 2 O 5 portion per 100 g TiO 2 /WO 3 mixed oxide of 0.5 g was prepared in the form of an extruded honeycomb with the geometry described in preparation method B.
  • This catalyst exhibits results inferior to examples 18,33 and 42 even in short-time tests in a temperature range of 300°-450° C. See FIG. 2.
  • the catalysts prepared according to examples 1-56 were tested in the waste gas of an oil furnace.
  • the waste gas was adjusted by adding in the polluting gases NO and SO 2 and the amount of ammonia necessary for the reduction of nitrogen oxide in accordance with the test conditions indicated below.
  • the catalytic tests were carried out in a temperature range of 200°-600° C. and at a space velocity of 20,000 h -1 . Selected results of the measurements are shown in the graphs of FIGS. 1 to 3 and the base values are collated in tables 12,13.
  • German Priority Application P 38 41 990.4 is relied on and incorporated herein by reference.

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Cited By (51)

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US5270024A (en) * 1989-08-31 1993-12-14 Tosoh Corporation Process for reducing nitrogen oxides from exhaust gas
US5354720A (en) * 1992-03-04 1994-10-11 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Reduction in the quantity of NOx in lean exhaust gas of motor vehicle engines
US5413699A (en) * 1993-10-14 1995-05-09 Mobil Oil Corporation FCC process with fines tolerant SCR reactor
US5415850A (en) * 1993-02-24 1995-05-16 The Research Foundation Of State Univeristy Of New York Pillared interlayered clay catalysts for the selective reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia
US5589147A (en) * 1994-07-07 1996-12-31 Mobil Oil Corporation Catalytic system for the reducton of nitrogen oxides
WO1998037967A1 (de) * 1997-02-27 1998-09-03 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur herstellung von schalenkatalysatoren für die katalytische gasphasenoxidation von aromatischen kohlenwasserstoffen
US5900222A (en) * 1993-12-31 1999-05-04 Technische Universiteit Delft Process for treating nitrogen oxide-containing gas using a cerium zeolite
US6089015A (en) * 1997-05-21 2000-07-18 Degussa-Huls Aktiengesellschaft Method of purifying a lean exhaust gas and catalytic system therefor
WO2000072965A1 (en) * 1999-05-27 2000-12-07 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Zeolite catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia and method of making
US6171372B1 (en) * 1997-10-13 2001-01-09 Hitachi Zosen Corporation Nitrogen dioxide absorbent
EP1227232A2 (de) 2001-01-27 2002-07-31 OMG AG & Co. KG Verfahren zur Wiederherstellung der katalytischen Aktivität eines Katalysators, welcher im Abgastrakt eines Dieselmotors angeordnet ist und wenigstens eine Oxidationsfunktion aufweist
WO2003031781A1 (en) * 2001-10-11 2003-04-17 The University Of Chicago NOVEL CATALYST FOR SELECTIVE NOx REDUCTION USING HYDROCARBONS
US20030108467A1 (en) * 2000-11-15 2003-06-12 Tran Pascaline H. Hydrothermally stable metal promoted zeolite beta for NOx reduction
US20030162650A1 (en) * 2002-02-28 2003-08-28 Paulo Marques Monolithic zeolite coated structures and a method of manufacture
US20030176280A1 (en) * 2002-02-28 2003-09-18 Philippe Caze Structured catalysts incorporating thick washcoats and method
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AU4672189A (en) 1990-06-21
JPH07100132B2 (ja) 1995-11-01
EP0376025B1 (de) 1994-10-12
ATE112697T1 (de) 1994-10-15
DD290816A5 (de) 1991-06-13
DE58908501D1 (de) 1994-11-17
KR900009123A (ko) 1990-07-02
CA2005412A1 (en) 1990-06-14
DE3841990C2 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1992-01-16
DK628589A (da) 1990-06-15
JPH02194819A (ja) 1990-08-01
BR8906426A (pt) 1990-08-21
AU620479B2 (en) 1992-02-20
RU1829954C (ru) 1993-07-23
EP0376025A1 (de) 1990-07-04
KR930000642B1 (ko) 1993-01-29
DK628589D0 (da) 1989-12-13
DE3841990A1 (de) 1990-06-21

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