US3845604A - Corner joint for frame structures - Google Patents

Corner joint for frame structures Download PDF

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Publication number
US3845604A
US3845604A US00190166A US19016671A US3845604A US 3845604 A US3845604 A US 3845604A US 00190166 A US00190166 A US 00190166A US 19016671 A US19016671 A US 19016671A US 3845604 A US3845604 A US 3845604A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
frame
portions
side bar
bar portions
frame members
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00190166A
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English (en)
Inventor
P Ottosson
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Individual
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Individual
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/96—Corner joints or edge joints for windows, doors, or the like frames or wings
    • E06B3/984—Corner joints or edge joints for windows, doors, or the like frames or wings specially adapted for frame members of wood or other material worked in a similar way
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B12/00—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior
    • F16B12/10—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior using pegs, bolts, tenons, clamps, clips, or the like
    • F16B12/12—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior using pegs, bolts, tenons, clamps, clips, or the like for non-metal furniture parts, e.g. made of wood, of plastics
    • F16B12/14—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior using pegs, bolts, tenons, clamps, clips, or the like for non-metal furniture parts, e.g. made of wood, of plastics using threaded bolts or screws
    • F16B2012/145—Corner connections
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/46—Rod end to transverse side of member
    • Y10T403/4602—Corner joint

Definitions

  • Each of the frame members has a central bar portion sandwiched between two side bar portions.
  • the side bar portions extend inwardly of the frame beyond the central opening channel bounded by the inner surface of the central bar portion and opposed inner surfaces of the side bar portions.
  • the frame members are joined at right angles to one another at the corner of the frame.
  • One of the joining members has end portions of the side bar portions recessed from the end of said central bar portion a distance equal to the central bar portion of the first member thereby projects beyond the ends of the recessed side bar portions as a tongue which is received with a close fit in the channel of the second of the two joining members.
  • the end surfaces of the central bar portion and the side bar portions of the second member are flush with outer surfaces of the respective bar portions of the first member and the end surfaces of the side bar portions of the first member abut the inner edges of the respective side bar portions of the second member.
  • the tongue portion of the first member has a longitudinally extending hole therein and an end portion of the central bar portion of said second portion has a transverse hole aligned therewith.
  • a panel having marginal edge portions is received in the channels of the frame members fastening means in the aligned holes releasably secure the frame members together at the corners of the frame and thereby removably hold the panel in the frame.
  • insulating glass has become increasingly popular for window panes and outer doors.
  • This type of window glass comprises a laminate construction with two or three panes which are held at a suitable distance apart by means of special metal edge frames, for example made from aluminium.
  • the distance between the panes of glass may, for example, be mm and the edge frames are provided with grooves in which the glass panes are inserted in a mannersuch that the interspace between the panes of glass is hermetically sealed. This means that a seal must be made along the edges of the panes against the edge frame.
  • a window of this type has substantially improved heat insulating properties and dust or dirt is unable to penetrate between the glass. The construction has therefore become widely used.
  • the object of the present invention is to obviate the aforementioned difficulties and to provide a corner joint which is particularly suited for window frames in tended for insulation glass.
  • the present invention relates to a corner joint for frame structures intended, for example, for window frames, glass door frames and the like, including a first frame member having a recess provided therein and a second frame member provided with a peg located on said member to coincide with the recess on the first frame member in a manner such that when assembling the frame members the pin can be inserted into the recess, the invention being characterized by the fact that the first frame member and the second frame member are produced from the same blank profiled in a manner such that a longitudinally extending channel and two long edges are produced on the side of the frame members directed inwardly of the frame to be produced, the channel at the joint end forming the recess in the first frame member, and that the peg of the second frame member is produced by removing material on both sides of and up to a centre bar the width of the centre bar being equal to the width of the channel and in that a screw or clamp joint is provided for holding the frame members into a joint.
  • H6. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a corner joint according to the invention
  • HQ 2 is an end view of the corner joint of FIG. 1 shown in assembled condition
  • FIG. 3 illustrates in perspective and enlarged scale the corner joint of FIG. 1, the Figure also showing an upper frame member and how a window pane provided with a sealing strip is fitted.
  • the examplary corner joint comprises a horizontal frame member 1 and a vertical frame member 2, both of which may be made from profiled wood or metal, for example aluminium.
  • the frame members may suitably be made of extruded aluminium sections or suitably profiled sheet metal bars or welded constructions. The choice of material is not important to the application of the concept of the present inventron.
  • each frame member has an identical profile.
  • the frame member 1 is provided with a centre bar 3 which defines on either side thereof ribs 4 or 5.
  • the rib 4 is formed so that it projects beyond the centre bar 3 on all sides thereof and forms flank surfaces 6, 7 and 8.
  • the rib 5 is also formed to provide an inwardly projecting flank surface 9.
  • the flank surfaces 8 and 9 together with a surface 10 of the centre bar 3 form a channel 11.
  • the end surface 12 of the rib 5 lies in plane with the end surface 13 of the centre bar 3 while the end surface 14 of the rib 4 lies beyond the plane of the surfaces 12 and 13.
  • the long edges 15, 16 of the edge ribs 4, 5 resp. defining the channel are chamfered outwardly.
  • the frame member 2 is constructed in a manner similar to that of the frame member ll, i.e., is provided with a centre bar 17 provided on both sides thereof with ribs 18, 19.
  • the rib 18 is wider than the centre bar l7 and forms flank surfaces 20 and 21 on either side of the centre bar.
  • the rib 19 is provided with a flank surface 22 and the flank surfaces 22 and 21 together with the surface 23 of the centre bar form a channel 24, similiar to the channel 13 in the frame member 1.
  • the end surfaces 25, 26 of the ribs 18, 19 resp. are located slightly within the end surface 27 of the centre bar 17.
  • the end surfaces 25 and 26 are chamfered for connection to the chamfered surfaces 15 and 16 on the frame member 1.
  • a tongue 27' is formed by the outwardly projecting end of the centre bar 17.
  • the tongue 27' is inserted between the surfaces 8 and 9 of the ribs 4 and 5, i.e., in the channel 11. In this way, the end surface 13 is brought into plane with the outer surface 28 of the centre bar 17 and the chamfered surfaces l5, l6 and 25, 26 abut each other.
  • the rib 4 is adapted so that the end surface 14 comes in plane with the outer surface 29 of the rib 18 and the outer surface 12 of the rib comes in plane with the outer surface 30 on the rib 19.
  • the extension of the tongue 27 is adjusted to leave a small clearance between the surface of the centre bar 3 and the end surface 27 of the centre bar 17.
  • a screw 31 having two washers 32.
  • a countersunk hole 33 is drilled in the centre bar 3 in a manner such that the washers 32 and the head of the screw are accommodated in the countersink.
  • the washers 32 will rest against an abutment surface 34 in the countersunk hole.
  • the countersink should have a depth which will permit the head of the screw 31 to be completely accommodated therein.
  • a hole 35 is also provided in the upper surface 27 of the tongue 27' for the screw 31.
  • the position of the hole 35 in the tongue 27 is such that when the tongue is in position in the channel 11 the hole 35 is in register with the hole 33.
  • a third hole 36 of larger diameter than the holes 33 and 35 is drilled transversally of the longitudinal direction of the centre bar 17 preferably perpendicular to the hole 35 at a certain distance from the upper surface 27 ofthe tongue 27' and in a position such that a centre axis 37 of the hole 36 intersects a centre axis 38, common to the holes 33 and 35.
  • a preferably cylindrical member 39 which is provided with a threaded hole 40 extending diametrically through the member 39, the thread of the hole being adapted to the thread on the screw 31.
  • the member 39 is also provided with a driver slot 41 to facilitate alignment of the screw threaded hole 40 relative to the screw 31.
  • the frame structure is assembled in the following manner.
  • the two frame members 1 and 2 are brought into a position relative to each other such that the edges on the tongue 27' enter the edge surfaces of the channel 11.
  • the tongue 27' is then inserted into the channel 11.
  • the measurements of the tongue 27 and the channel 11 are so adapted with respect to each other that the tongue can be inserted in the channel with a push fit or a light force fit.
  • the screw 31 with the washers 32 is then inserted in position in the hole 33 and the hole 35 and pushed partially down into the hole 35.
  • the threaded member 39 is then inserted into the hole 36, the depth of which is adjusted so that the threaded hole 40 will lie coaxially with the centre line 38 of the holes 33 and 35.
  • the member 39 can then be readily turned until the threaded hole 40 is able to engage the thread of the screw 31 correctly.
  • the screw 31 is then moved down the hole 35 until its threaded portion is picked up by the threaded hole 40 whereafter the screw is tightened.
  • the tightening force applied by the screw will act on the surfaces 15 and 25 and 16 and 26 in a manner to provide a strong and stable joint.
  • FIG. 3 further illustrates, in perspective and partially in section, the corner joint of the present invention, mainly for the purpose of illustrating one of its applications, namely a window frame.
  • the same reference numerals as those used in FIGS. 1 and 2 are used with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • the frame members 1 and 2 form a portion of the frame of a window h'olding a panel shown as a window pane 42.
  • the window pane 42 of the exemplary embodiment has two panes of glass 43, 44 and a profiled strip 45 extending circumferentially around the edges of the panes to hold them together.
  • the pane 42 with the profiled strip 45 is fitted in the channel 11 on the frame member 1 and in the channel 24 (not shown in FIG.
  • a sealing strip 46 of rubber, plastic or similar elastic material for example.
  • the strip 46 surrounds the profiled strip 45 in a manner to prevent it coming into direct contact with the sides of the channel 11. ln this way deformations which the completed frame structure with window glass mounted therein may be subjected to are not directly transferred to the window pane 42, but instead are elastically equalized, and a satisfactory and reliable seal is obtained between the window pane 42 and resp. frame members.
  • An outer channel 47 shown in FlG. 3 but not previously described is arranged in the frame members 1 and 2.
  • the channel 47 is intended to receive a further sealing strip (not shown) located between the structure of holding the window glass and the window frame located in the window opening and intended for the said frame structure.
  • insulating material such as rubber, plastics, foam plastic and the like
  • the insulating glass cannot be placed in position in the frame or removed therefrom unless the frame is dismantled at, at least two corners. It will be understood from the aforegoing that the frame structure of the present invention can be dismantled relatively easily.
  • the two frame members 1 and 2 have the same cross sectional configuration. This means that all frame members can be produced from one and the same profiled strip or rod material. Thus, it is only necessary to cut the material into correct lengths and work the ends of the cut portions. This in turn opens the possibilities for a particularly expedient and inexpensive manufacturing process.
  • the frame members can be assembled into complete frame structures in an extremely simple manner at the place where they are to be used by means of a simple tool, the frame members and necessary appurtenances can be delivered as readily packed and readily transport substantially standardised parts, which also contributes towards lowering the cost thereof.
  • a window or door construction comprising a rectangular frame defined by frame members of identical cross sectional shape, each of said frame members comprising a central bar portion sandwiched between two side bar portions, said side bar portions extending inwardly of said frame beyond said central bar portion so as to form a longitudinally extending inwardly opening channel defined by the inner surface of said central bar portion and the opposed inner surfaces of said side bar portions, at least two said frame members being joined at right angles to one another at the corner of said frame, a first one of said joining members having end portions of said side bar portions recessed from the end of said central bar portion a distance equal to the depth of said channel, the end portion of said central bar portion of said first member thereby projecting beyond the ends of said recessed side bar portions as a tongue which is received with a close fit in said channel of the second of said two joining members, end surfaces of said central bar portion and side bar portions of said second member being flush with outer surfaces of the respective bar portions of said first member and end surfacesof said side bar portions of said first member abutting inner edges of
  • each of said frame members projects outwardly of said frame beyond the respective central bar portion so as to form an outwardly projecting peripheral flange.
  • said central bar portion of said first member at said corner joint has a cylindrical recess intersecting said hole in said tongue and of larger diameter than said hole
  • said fastening means comprises a cylindrical member received in said recess and having a threaded hole aligned with said aligned holes and a bolt extending through said aligned holes and screwed into said threaded hole.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)
  • Joining Of Corner Units Of Frames Or Wings (AREA)
US00190166A 1970-10-22 1971-10-18 Corner joint for frame structures Expired - Lifetime US3845604A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE14278/70A SE352922B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-10-22 1970-10-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3845604A true US3845604A (en) 1974-11-05

Family

ID=20298842

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00190166A Expired - Lifetime US3845604A (en) 1970-10-22 1971-10-18 Corner joint for frame structures

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US3845604A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FI (1) FI50892C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2113061A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1368471A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT938618B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7114414A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE352922B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SU (1) SU646929A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4030846A (en) * 1975-06-10 1977-06-21 Floetotto Moebelfab H Furniture frame joint
US4116573A (en) * 1977-03-28 1978-09-26 Fuchs Lothar U Fastening
US4261665A (en) * 1979-08-09 1981-04-14 Hsiung George S J Wooden members assembly
US4740098A (en) * 1984-08-02 1988-04-26 Witt Brian D Joint and method of forming the same
US4813182A (en) * 1986-05-20 1989-03-21 H. S. Jackson & Son (Fencing) Ltd. Gates
US4870797A (en) * 1987-07-02 1989-10-03 Rolscreen Company Panel joint
US4875271A (en) * 1988-07-27 1989-10-24 D. G. Shelter Products Co. Method for producing thermoplastic frames for fenestration
US5584154A (en) * 1994-06-02 1996-12-17 Morgan Products Ltd. Closure and sealing joint for incorporation in such a closure
WO1997025537A1 (en) * 1996-01-05 1997-07-17 Ecoarredo S.R.L. Method of assembling frames and/or pieces of furniture by mechanical means without using any adhesive
US5664899A (en) * 1991-07-22 1997-09-09 Eustis; Robert H. Furniture joint
US5694732A (en) * 1993-12-06 1997-12-09 Wolf Creative Design Ltd. Method and apparatus for construction
US5802780A (en) * 1994-06-22 1998-09-08 Hammerschlag; Peter G. Construction system with pre-manufactured hole patterns
DE19903054A1 (de) * 1999-01-26 2000-08-17 Stumpf Klaus Edgar Vorrichtung zur Verbindung zweier winklig zueinander angeordneter Profilelemente und damit hergestellter Rahmen
US6367224B1 (en) * 2000-02-07 2002-04-09 Simpson Strong-Tie Co., Inc. Hidden connector
US6447198B1 (en) * 1998-12-08 2002-09-10 Alexander Schmidmeier Bamboo tube connection
US20030173814A1 (en) * 1997-05-14 2003-09-18 Wieland Blaine L. Fully upholstered, ready-to-assemble article of furniture
WO2003090582A1 (de) * 2002-04-25 2003-11-06 Dietrich Menzel Stabförmiges strukturelement zum aufbau eines gestells
US20040239828A1 (en) * 2001-09-14 2004-12-02 Chun-Hyun Cho Liquid crystal display device
US6851244B2 (en) * 2003-01-13 2005-02-08 Masco Corporation Corner key door assembly
US20120096783A1 (en) * 2010-10-20 2012-04-26 Radenko Zrnic Frame assembly for a doorway
GB2524239A (en) * 2014-03-17 2015-09-23 Michael Anthony Brumby Single point mechanical connection relating to a moses basket stand
US11029036B2 (en) * 2019-08-05 2021-06-08 Haier Us Appliance Solutions, Inc. Interlocking door frame assembly for an appliance

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2288210A1 (fr) * 1974-10-18 1976-05-14 Reignier Paul Dispositif de double vitrage applicable aux fenetres existantes
FR2356797A1 (fr) * 1976-06-30 1978-01-27 Rosada Antonio Cadre en bois pour fenetres, constitue par des lattes assemblables sur la place d'utilisation
NO146548C (no) * 1979-08-16 1982-10-20 Karsten Lian Anordning ved sprossevinduskonstruksjoner.
DE4340245A1 (de) * 1993-11-26 1995-06-01 Kneer Gmbh Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Eckverbindung zwischen Holzrahmenschenkeln von Fenstern oder Türen
FR2790280B1 (fr) * 1999-02-26 2001-06-01 Lapeyre Assemblage d'elements de menuiserie, chassis et fermeture en comportant, et procede de fabrication

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB191307529A (en) * 1913-03-31 1913-12-04 Edwin John Lane Improvements in the Construction of Joints for Wooden Buildings and the like.
US2133204A (en) * 1936-06-20 1938-10-11 Max Ella Fastener
DE816749C (de) * 1948-10-02 1951-10-11 Ernst Augsten Verbindung fuer winklig miteinander verzapfte Fluegelhoelzer, insbesondere von Fensterrahmen
US2624386A (en) * 1947-03-12 1953-01-06 John R Russell Driven nut
SE320170B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1968-06-10 1970-02-02 K Loennborg

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB191307529A (en) * 1913-03-31 1913-12-04 Edwin John Lane Improvements in the Construction of Joints for Wooden Buildings and the like.
US2133204A (en) * 1936-06-20 1938-10-11 Max Ella Fastener
US2624386A (en) * 1947-03-12 1953-01-06 John R Russell Driven nut
DE816749C (de) * 1948-10-02 1951-10-11 Ernst Augsten Verbindung fuer winklig miteinander verzapfte Fluegelhoelzer, insbesondere von Fensterrahmen
SE320170B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1968-06-10 1970-02-02 K Loennborg

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4030846A (en) * 1975-06-10 1977-06-21 Floetotto Moebelfab H Furniture frame joint
US4116573A (en) * 1977-03-28 1978-09-26 Fuchs Lothar U Fastening
US4261665A (en) * 1979-08-09 1981-04-14 Hsiung George S J Wooden members assembly
US4740098A (en) * 1984-08-02 1988-04-26 Witt Brian D Joint and method of forming the same
US4813182A (en) * 1986-05-20 1989-03-21 H. S. Jackson & Son (Fencing) Ltd. Gates
US4870797A (en) * 1987-07-02 1989-10-03 Rolscreen Company Panel joint
US4875271A (en) * 1988-07-27 1989-10-24 D. G. Shelter Products Co. Method for producing thermoplastic frames for fenestration
US5664899A (en) * 1991-07-22 1997-09-09 Eustis; Robert H. Furniture joint
US5694732A (en) * 1993-12-06 1997-12-09 Wolf Creative Design Ltd. Method and apparatus for construction
US5584154A (en) * 1994-06-02 1996-12-17 Morgan Products Ltd. Closure and sealing joint for incorporation in such a closure
US5802780A (en) * 1994-06-22 1998-09-08 Hammerschlag; Peter G. Construction system with pre-manufactured hole patterns
WO1997025537A1 (en) * 1996-01-05 1997-07-17 Ecoarredo S.R.L. Method of assembling frames and/or pieces of furniture by mechanical means without using any adhesive
US20030173814A1 (en) * 1997-05-14 2003-09-18 Wieland Blaine L. Fully upholstered, ready-to-assemble article of furniture
US6981747B2 (en) * 1997-05-14 2006-01-03 Home Reserve, Inc. Fully upholstered, ready-to-assemble article of furniture
US6447198B1 (en) * 1998-12-08 2002-09-10 Alexander Schmidmeier Bamboo tube connection
DE19903054A1 (de) * 1999-01-26 2000-08-17 Stumpf Klaus Edgar Vorrichtung zur Verbindung zweier winklig zueinander angeordneter Profilelemente und damit hergestellter Rahmen
US6367224B1 (en) * 2000-02-07 2002-04-09 Simpson Strong-Tie Co., Inc. Hidden connector
US20040239828A1 (en) * 2001-09-14 2004-12-02 Chun-Hyun Cho Liquid crystal display device
US7528899B2 (en) 2001-09-14 2009-05-05 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display device having electromagnetic shielding means
WO2003090582A1 (de) * 2002-04-25 2003-11-06 Dietrich Menzel Stabförmiges strukturelement zum aufbau eines gestells
US6851244B2 (en) * 2003-01-13 2005-02-08 Masco Corporation Corner key door assembly
US20120096783A1 (en) * 2010-10-20 2012-04-26 Radenko Zrnic Frame assembly for a doorway
US10167662B2 (en) * 2010-10-20 2019-01-01 Wombat Timbers Pty Ltd Frame assembly for a doorway
GB2524239A (en) * 2014-03-17 2015-09-23 Michael Anthony Brumby Single point mechanical connection relating to a moses basket stand
US11029036B2 (en) * 2019-08-05 2021-06-08 Haier Us Appliance Solutions, Inc. Interlocking door frame assembly for an appliance

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SU646929A3 (ru) 1979-02-05
GB1368471A (en) 1974-09-25
FR2113061A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-06-23
IT938618B (it) 1973-02-10
FI50892C (fi) 1976-08-10
DE2152321B2 (de) 1975-04-24
FI50892B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-04-30
DE2152321A1 (de) 1972-04-27
SE352922B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-01-15
NL7114414A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-04-25

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