US3834629A - Method and means for shaping a stream of melt flowing from a tapping hole - Google Patents

Method and means for shaping a stream of melt flowing from a tapping hole Download PDF

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Publication number
US3834629A
US3834629A US00281984A US28198472A US3834629A US 3834629 A US3834629 A US 3834629A US 00281984 A US00281984 A US 00281984A US 28198472 A US28198472 A US 28198472A US 3834629 A US3834629 A US 3834629A
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United States
Prior art keywords
stream
walls
melt
opening
nozzle
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00281984A
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English (en)
Inventor
P Hellman
J Sondell
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Stora Enso Oyj
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Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags AB
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
    • B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
    • B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to processes for manufacturing or granulated stock from a melt, in which a stream of molten metal is atomized or disintegrated by one or more gas or liquid jets of some suitable atomizing medium which is directed under high pressure against the molten stream from specially shaped atomizing nozzles in such a way that the stream is separated into free drops which are in turn cooled to form the desired powder.
  • the invention relates to a method and means of shaping the molten stream to be atomized in such an atomization process.
  • the invention may also be defined as a method of delaying the contraction to circular cross section to which a stream of melt is subjected by its own surface tension as soon as it flows out through the orifice of the gap-like opening, the melt being spread in the longitudinal direction of the gap but otherwise in a coherent flow. Since it is possible in the manner characteristic of the invention to delay contraction of the stream of melt, it is, therefore, possible to allow the jets of atomizing medium which are to dis integrate the molten stream to intersect this stream while it still has the most advantageous shape for the disintegration process. This has greatly increased the production of powder per quantity of atomizing medium as well as offering other advantages which will be dealt with in the following.
  • the simplest way of performing the invention is to allow the melt which is to be atomized to flow out through a specially constructed outlet opening in nozzle stone so that the melt forms a coherent stream with, at least to start with, a specified cross section.
  • a nozzle stone is meant the actual lining around an outlet opening in a casting box, for example. Since the method according to the invention is fulfilled using outlet openings of varying construction, the invention itself covers several special embodiments for such outlet openings.
  • the inert atomizing gas which may be argon, for example, must be extremely pure, i.e. it must have a very low oxygen content.
  • argon argon
  • Such a pure inert gas is relatively expensive and the costs of the actual powder production will therefore be greatly dependent on how effectively the quantity of atomizing gas can be used. It is therefore important that the quantity of gas used per quantity of atomized metal is kept as low as possible.
  • the atomizing gas used can of course be used again if a recirculation means is introduced in the system but such recirculated atomizing gas must be cooled down after it has been removed from the atomizing chamber and then cleaned from any particles which have accompanied it. It must then be brought up to the necessary pressure with the help of a compressor to enable the atomizing nozzles to function.
  • a compressor In order to prevent the gas from becoming contaminated by oil and/or moisture when pressurizing in the compressor, a special type of compressor must be used, which is considerably more expensive than conventional compressors.
  • the atomizing nozzles from which the inert gas is directed towards the molten stream it is important for the atomizing nozzles from which the inert gas is directed towards the molten stream to be able to operate with as low a gas pressure as possible and for the quantity of gas necessary per atomized quantity of melt to be as low as possible so that the smallest possible compressor can be used without the splitting effect on the molten stream becoming unsatisfactory.
  • the nozzles described in this application consist of two parallel gaps arranged one on each side of the molten stream and directed towards the stream so that it is intersected at an angle of 25-60 first by a flat, extremely thin gas jet which causes the melt to change direction and follow the gas jet as a layer of molten metal spread over this and partly divided into free drops while a second flat, thin gas jet from a second nozzle intersects the first gas jet at an angle of 3060 and the layer of molten melt spread out over this gas jet and accelerates it in a new direction, whereupon the melt is finally divided into free drops which are cooled to form a solid powder.
  • the separating effect of the first gas jet on the molten stream under otherwise identical conditions depends on the thickness of the molten stream in the direction of movement of the gas jet. Since the gas jet is a flat jet having certain extension laterally, the effect in other words will be the same for a tapping stream having circular cross section and a tapping stream having rectangularor elliptical cross section and with the thickness (or small axis) in the direction of movement of the gas jet, if this axis is equal to the diameter of the circular molten stream, obviously assuming that the width of the molten stream does not exceed that of the gas stream. It has also been suggested to atomize a stream of molten metal having an elliptical cross sectional area. With an elliptical or rectangular stream of melt it is thus possible to increase the quantity of atomized melt per time unit without having to increase the quantity of gas. Similarly, an unaltered quantity of melt can be atomized in a shorter time and using less gas.
  • An elliptical or rectangular cross section of .the molten stream can be obtained if the melt is allowed to flow down into the atomizing chamber through an outlet opening having the appropriate shape in a nozzle stone which in turn is arranged in the lining of a casting ladle or box.
  • the surface tension of the melt causes the molten stream to contract towards circular cross section if the melt is brought to follow the inner wall of the opening at the short sides of the opening of the nozzle stone.
  • a nozzle stone is used, the outlet opening of which towards the orifice has two inner long walls which are parallel to the direction of flow of the melt or slightly converging, opposite to each other and extending in the spreading direction of the melt stream, while the inner short walls of the outlet opening at least nearest the orifice diverge from each other, i.e. the opening expands towards the orifice in the spreading direction of the molten stream. Due to surface tension conditions, the melt will then follow the diverging oblique short walls at the short sides of the opening and its speed components will therefore be directed towards the sides, which means that the time is extended before the tapping stream noticeably begins to contract towards the circular cross section.
  • the short sides at the opening of the nozzle stone are made longer than the long sides so that these short sides extend outside the long sides. This is most easily achieved by applying a boss at the opposite short sides of the tapping opening. In this latter variant no speed component is achieved towards the side but the melt is guided by the bosses along the short sides for a longer period and the result will therefore be substantially the same as with the previous variant. These bosses may therefore be rounded towards the melt so that a somewhat more stable stream is obtained.
  • the contraction of the molten stream is most effectively delayed by a combination of the means described above, i.e. by applying a pair of bosses outside the orifice of the outlet gap, forming an extension of the short walls of the gap opening, the opposite sides, possibly rounded towards the melt, diverging from each other at an angle which permits the melt to really follow these diverging sides.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross section through a means for atomizing a melt and cooling the drops of melt obtained to a solid powder
  • FIGS. 2, 5, 8 and Ill shows nozzle stones according to the invention, seen from the outlet side of the melt.
  • FIGS. 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12 and 13 show the longitudinal and transverse section, designated by the same numbers in Roman numbers as in FIGS. 2, 5, 8 and 11.
  • the means shown in FIG. 1 consists of a vertical atomizing chamber 1, for example of stainless steel, at the upper end of which is a casting box 2. This is filled with the molten metal 3 to be atomized and cooled until it forms a solid powder.
  • the casting box is provided at the bottom with a nozzle stone 4 having a tapping opening 5 inside it.
  • the melt 3 flows gradually out of the tapping opening 5 in the form of a molten stream 6.
  • On each side of the tapping opening 5 is an atomizing nozzle 7, 8 at the lower side of the casting box, these having the shape of narrow slit nozzles which run parallel to each other in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the figure.
  • An inert gas preferably argon, is used as atomizing gas, this being supplied to the nozzles in compressed state.
  • the nozzle 7 is supplied with excess gas which is pumped from the lower part of the atomizing chamber out through a pipe 14 and, when it has passed through a cooler 15, a gas cleaner l6 and a compressor 17, is supplied to the nozzle at suitable pressure.
  • the nozzle 8 is supplied with atomizing gas through a tube 18 which either comes from a similar circulation system as that for the tume 14 or from an external pressure source.
  • the valve 19 on the wall of the atomizing chamber is used for the supply or removal of gas from the granulating chamber so that this is permanently filled witn an inert atmosphere of suitable pressure.
  • the granulation chamber is provided at the bottom with a watercooled sheath 20 to which cooling water is supplied through a supply pipe 21 and removed through an outlet pipe 22.
  • FIG. 2 shows a nozzle stone 23 provided with the theoretically simplest construction of a gap-like outlet opening for a melt. It may replace the nozzle stone 4 in FIG. 1 for example.
  • the nozzle stone 23 is provided with a gap-like opening 24 limited by a pair of short walls 25 and a pair of long walls 26 arranged opposite to each other.
  • FIG. 3 shows a section IIIIII of the nozzle stone 23 while FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal section of the same nozzle stonealong the line IV-IV.
  • the outlet opening 24 of the nozzle stone has an upper inlet part 27 which is funnel-shaped, becoming narrower downwardly towards an outlet part where the opposite pairs of inner walls run parallel to each other.
  • FIG. 5 shows from below a nozzle stone 28 provided with a gap-like outlet opening 29 which is constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 shows a cross section through the nozzle stone according to section VI-VI while
  • FIG. 7 shows a longitudinal section through the same stone along the section VII-VII.
  • the outlet opening of the nozzle stone 28 also has a funnel-shaped inlet part 32. From the inlet part the two long sides 31 of the outlet opening 29 converge slightly towards each other right up to the orifice of the outlet gap, whereas the gap walls 3i) limiting the short sides of the outlet opening, for having slightly converged from the funnel-shaped inlet part 32, start to diverge from each other towards the orifice.
  • the gap opening expands in its longitudinal direction towards the orifice and this in turn causes the melt when it flows through the outlet opening 29 to follow the gap walls along their oblique edges because of the surface tension conditions and the melt will therefore acquire a speed component which is directed towards the sides in the spreading direction of the molten stream which in turn causes the contraction of the molten stream outside the orifice of the gap to be considerably delayed.
  • the device according to the present invention is to function it is necessary for the orifice of the outlet opening, in spite of the short sides 30 diverging from each other, to have the smallest crosssectional area of the outlet opening, or at least a crosssectional area which does not exceed the crosssectional area in any other section of the outlet opening. Should any other section than the actual orifice be the narrowest section of the outlet opening, the quantity of melt flowing out will not be sufficient to be able to follow the diverging short walls in the manner which is characteristic of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows a second variant 33 seen from below of a nozzle stone according to the invention.
  • This nozzle stone is provided with a gap-like outlet opening 34 limited by long sides 35 and short sides 36.
  • the nozzle stone is also provided on its lower side with two bosses 37 and 38, the opposite sides of which form extensions of the short walls 36 of the gap.
  • FIGS. 9 and show transverse and longitudinal sections IX--IX and XX, respectively, of the nozzle stone 33.
  • the nozzle stone 33 also has an upper funnel-shaped inlet part 39 to the outlet opening 34.
  • the long edges 35 of the outlet opening 34 converge slightly from the funnel-shaped inlet part and, at least nearest to the inlet part, the short sides 36 may also converge.
  • FIG. 11 shows from below the nozzle stone according to the invention which has so far proved to be the most suitable.
  • This nozzle stone 40 has a gap-like outlet opening 41 limited by inner longitudinal walls 42 opposite to each other and inner short walls 43 opposite to each other.
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 represent transverse and longitudinal sections, respectively, through the nozzle stone 40 along the dotted section lines XIIXII and XIII-XIII. As can be seen from FIGS. 12 and 13, the
  • outlet opening 41 is also provided with a funnel-shaped inlet part 44.
  • two bosses 45 and 46 are arranged extending below the bottom of the nozzle stone in such a way that they provide a continuation of the short walls 43.
  • the short walls 43 also diverge from each other along the bosses 45 and 46 at the orifice of the outlet opening 41. Since the short walls 43 diverge from each other towards the orifice of the gap and since these short walls in the bosses 45 and 46 extend below the long walls 42, the melt will be guided along the short sides of the gap-like outlet opening for a long way and it will also acquire speed components in the spreading direction of the molten stream. Both these factors contribute to a further delay in the contraction of the molten stream towards circular cross section.
  • the outlet opening may not be narrower at any section than it is at the orifice in this case i as well.
  • the nozzle stones shown in FIGS. 5-13 thus cause streams of a melt spread in a certain direction to retain their spread shape for a sufficient period of time for them to be disintegrated into fine drops with the help of flat jets of some suitable atomizing medium, for example an inert gas.
  • the flat jets are directed in such a way that their direction of movement intersects the spread stream of melt substantially straight across its spreading direction.
  • the nozzle stones shown in FIGS. 2-13 should therefore be fitted in the device according to FIG. 1 in such a way that the gap-like outlet openings 24, 29, 34 and 41 extend perpendicular to the plane of FIG. l.
  • a nozzle stone for a casting ladle or a casting box having a substantially rectangular outlet opening of a pair of long and short edges for a molten stream of metal spread in a plane extending in the longitudinal direction of the rectangular outlet, said rectangular opening defined by, inwardly from the opening, projecting walls of the rectangular outlet, and walls arranged in pairs opposite each other, said walls forming a pair of short sided walls and a pair of long sided walls,
  • said long sided walls defining narrow edges of said rectangle and wherein a projecting boss at each of the short edges of the rectangular outlet opening protrude outside the outer edges of the long walls whereby the bosses provide an extension of the narrower edges of the rectangular opening.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Glanulating (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
US00281984A 1971-08-24 1972-08-18 Method and means for shaping a stream of melt flowing from a tapping hole Expired - Lifetime US3834629A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE10748/71A SE350416B (fr) 1971-08-24 1971-08-24

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US3834629A true US3834629A (en) 1974-09-10

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Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3834629A (fr)
JP (1) JPS5542127B2 (fr)
AT (1) AT339120B (fr)
DE (1) DE2240643C3 (fr)
FR (1) FR2150422B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1403613A (fr)
SE (1) SE350416B (fr)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4631013A (en) * 1984-02-29 1986-12-23 General Electric Company Apparatus for atomization of unstable melt streams
US4982896A (en) * 1988-10-17 1991-01-08 Lee Crow Spray wand
WO1992005903A1 (fr) * 1990-10-09 1992-04-16 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Procede et tuyere d'atomisation d'une masse en fusion
US5228620A (en) * 1990-10-09 1993-07-20 Iowa State University Research Foundtion, Inc. Atomizing nozzle and process
US5277705A (en) * 1992-12-30 1994-01-11 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Powder collection apparatus/method
US5423520A (en) * 1993-04-13 1995-06-13 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. In-situ control system for atomization
US6256884B1 (en) * 1998-07-06 2001-07-10 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Nozzle for liquid injection device and method of producing the same
US6474570B2 (en) * 2000-12-29 2002-11-05 Macronix International Co., Ltd. Flexible nozzle system for gas distribution plate of plasma reaction chamber
US20050208222A1 (en) * 2003-08-22 2005-09-22 Dement R B Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US20050230505A1 (en) * 2003-09-10 2005-10-20 Dement R B Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US20050268843A1 (en) * 2004-06-07 2005-12-08 Dement R Bruce Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US20070006805A1 (en) * 2004-05-21 2007-01-11 Texas Instruments Incorporated Method and System for Applying an Adhesive Substance on an Electronic Device
US20100043217A1 (en) * 2008-08-19 2010-02-25 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Fastening apparatus with authentication system
US20100043212A1 (en) * 2008-08-19 2010-02-25 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Printed circuit board bonding device
US20100043220A1 (en) * 2008-08-19 2010-02-25 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Method for connecting a flexible printed circuit board (pcb) to a printhead assembly
CN109906128A (zh) * 2016-08-24 2019-06-18 伍恩加有限公司 低熔点金属或合金粉末雾化生产工艺
US11084095B2 (en) 2018-02-15 2021-08-10 5N Plus Inc. High melting point metal or alloy powders atomization manufacturing processes

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1588725A (en) * 1976-12-23 1981-04-29 Powdrex Ltd Atomiser for making powder
SE412712B (sv) * 1978-07-21 1980-03-17 Asea Ab Forfarande och anleggning for framstellning av pulver genom granulering av smelta
DE3104003A1 (de) * 1981-02-05 1982-08-26 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Verfahren zum herstellen von metallpulver oder metallegierungspulver
JPS6061673A (ja) * 1983-09-14 1985-04-09 Seikosha Co Ltd 報時時計
JPS63223107A (ja) * 1987-03-11 1988-09-16 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 球状金属粉末の製造方法および装置
DE3730147A1 (de) * 1987-09-09 1989-03-23 Leybold Ag Verfahren zur herstellung von pulvern aus geschmolzenen stoffen
DE102022211865A1 (de) 2022-11-09 2024-05-16 Gfe Metalle Und Materialien Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Verdüsung eines Schmelzstromes mittels eines Verdüsungsgases

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1944611A (en) * 1930-01-13 1934-01-23 American Rolling Mill Co Nozzle for pouring molten metal
US2296715A (en) * 1939-06-15 1942-09-22 Joseph F Komar Hydraulic descaling
US2563064A (en) * 1945-11-01 1951-08-07 American Wheelabrator & Equipm Process and apparatus for the production of metallic shot
US3554521A (en) * 1966-05-23 1971-01-12 British Iron Steel Research The treating or refining of metal
US3633654A (en) * 1970-06-30 1972-01-11 United States Steel Corp Pouring nozzle for continuous-casting machine

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1944611A (en) * 1930-01-13 1934-01-23 American Rolling Mill Co Nozzle for pouring molten metal
US2296715A (en) * 1939-06-15 1942-09-22 Joseph F Komar Hydraulic descaling
US2563064A (en) * 1945-11-01 1951-08-07 American Wheelabrator & Equipm Process and apparatus for the production of metallic shot
US3554521A (en) * 1966-05-23 1971-01-12 British Iron Steel Research The treating or refining of metal
US3633654A (en) * 1970-06-30 1972-01-11 United States Steel Corp Pouring nozzle for continuous-casting machine

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4631013A (en) * 1984-02-29 1986-12-23 General Electric Company Apparatus for atomization of unstable melt streams
US4982896A (en) * 1988-10-17 1991-01-08 Lee Crow Spray wand
WO1992005903A1 (fr) * 1990-10-09 1992-04-16 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Procede et tuyere d'atomisation d'une masse en fusion
US5125574A (en) * 1990-10-09 1992-06-30 Iowa State University Research Foundation Atomizing nozzle and process
US5228620A (en) * 1990-10-09 1993-07-20 Iowa State University Research Foundtion, Inc. Atomizing nozzle and process
US5277705A (en) * 1992-12-30 1994-01-11 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Powder collection apparatus/method
US5423520A (en) * 1993-04-13 1995-06-13 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. In-situ control system for atomization
US6256884B1 (en) * 1998-07-06 2001-07-10 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Nozzle for liquid injection device and method of producing the same
US6585175B2 (en) 1998-07-06 2003-07-01 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Nozzle for liquid injection device and method of producing the same
US6474570B2 (en) * 2000-12-29 2002-11-05 Macronix International Co., Ltd. Flexible nozzle system for gas distribution plate of plasma reaction chamber
US6989061B2 (en) 2003-08-22 2006-01-24 Kastalon, Inc. Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US20050208222A1 (en) * 2003-08-22 2005-09-22 Dement R B Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US7041171B2 (en) 2003-09-10 2006-05-09 Kastalon, Inc. Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US20050230505A1 (en) * 2003-09-10 2005-10-20 Dement R B Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US20070006805A1 (en) * 2004-05-21 2007-01-11 Texas Instruments Incorporated Method and System for Applying an Adhesive Substance on an Electronic Device
US20050268843A1 (en) * 2004-06-07 2005-12-08 Dement R Bruce Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US7270711B2 (en) 2004-06-07 2007-09-18 Kastalon, Inc. Nozzle for use in rotational casting apparatus
US8020281B2 (en) 2008-08-19 2011-09-20 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Printed circuit board bonding device
US20100043212A1 (en) * 2008-08-19 2010-02-25 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Printed circuit board bonding device
US20100043220A1 (en) * 2008-08-19 2010-02-25 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Method for connecting a flexible printed circuit board (pcb) to a printhead assembly
US7877875B2 (en) * 2008-08-19 2011-02-01 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Method for connecting a flexible printed circuit board (PCB) to a printhead assembly
US20100043217A1 (en) * 2008-08-19 2010-02-25 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Fastening apparatus with authentication system
US8296933B2 (en) 2008-08-19 2012-10-30 Zamtec Limited Fastening apparatus with authentication system
CN109906128A (zh) * 2016-08-24 2019-06-18 伍恩加有限公司 低熔点金属或合金粉末雾化生产工艺
US10661346B2 (en) * 2016-08-24 2020-05-26 5N Plus Inc. Low melting point metal or alloy powders atomization manufacturing processes
US11453056B2 (en) 2016-08-24 2022-09-27 5N Plus Inc. Low melting point metal or alloy powders atomization manufacturing processes
EP3504020B1 (fr) * 2016-08-24 2023-04-19 5n Plus Inc. Procédés de fabrication par atomisation de poudres de métal ou d'alliage à bas point de fusion
US11084095B2 (en) 2018-02-15 2021-08-10 5N Plus Inc. High melting point metal or alloy powders atomization manufacturing processes
US11607732B2 (en) 2018-02-15 2023-03-21 5N Plus Inc. High melting point metal or alloy powders atomization manufacturing processes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2150422B1 (fr) 1974-10-25
DE2240643C3 (de) 1975-03-27
GB1403613A (en) 1975-08-28
JPS4834760A (fr) 1973-05-22
DE2240643A1 (de) 1973-03-08
FR2150422A1 (fr) 1973-04-06
SE350416B (fr) 1972-10-30
AT339120B (de) 1977-10-10
JPS5542127B2 (fr) 1980-10-29
DE2240643B2 (de) 1974-07-11
ATA723672A (de) 1977-01-15

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