US3666363A - Electrophotographic process and apparatus - Google Patents

Electrophotographic process and apparatus Download PDF

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US3666363A
US3666363A US116557A US11655771A US3666363A US 3666363 A US3666363 A US 3666363A US 116557 A US116557 A US 116557A US 11655771 A US11655771 A US 11655771A US 3666363 A US3666363 A US 3666363A
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Prior art keywords
image
charge
layer
insulating layer
photoconductive layer
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English (en)
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Hiroshi Tanaka
Katsumi Nagamatsu
Giichi Marushima
Shinkichi Takahashi
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/22—Processes involving a combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/10—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a liquid developer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/22—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20

Definitions

  • the photoconductive layer is next exposed to a pattern of image light while the insulative overlayer is subjected to A.C. corona discharge whereby said interface charge is selectively attenuated to form said electrostatic image.
  • the formed image is intensified in contrast by thereafter exposing the photoconductive layer to radiation.
  • the present invention relates to electrophotography in general, and in particular, this invention relates to methords and apparatus for forming electrostatic and electrophotographic images.
  • Electro Fax and Xerox systems form electrostatic images by means of the so-called Carlson process as described in the specification of U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691.
  • the photoconductive layer of a photosensitive plate comprised of zinc oxide (Electro Fax), or non-crystalline selenium (Xerox) disposed on a base plate, is uniformly charged by corona discharge, and thereafter is irradiated with an original image to impart charge to the illuminated portion to form an electrostatic image in accordance with the light-anddark pattern of the original image.
  • the electrostatic image is developed by using electroscopic powder (hereinafter called toner) to form a visual image, and then the said image is fixed (Electro Fax) or transferred onto a support such as paper and thereafter it is fixed (Xerox) to obtain an electrophotographic image.
  • the photosensitive plate comprises a mixture of phosphor and resin disposed on a conductive base plate and is pinched with two electrodes. A voltage is applied to the two electrodes to generate persistent internal polarizing charge in the photoconductive layer, and then by irradiating the plate with an original image, an electrostatic image is obtained by persistent internal polarizing charge in accordance with the light-and dark pattern of the original image. Thereafter development and fixing processes are carried out in the same manner as in the abovementioned cases, and an electrophotographic image is obtained.
  • the material used for forming the said photoconductive layer should be of high resistivity, and for example, be restricted to specific photoconductive materials which can bind charge and which have high resistivity, such as non-crystalline selenium, Zn0+resin, Zn CdS+resin or the like.
  • electrostatic image formation depends on the time constant dilference brought about by the diiferences of impedance in the photoconductor and therefore the electrostatic contrast is not high.
  • the capacitance of the translucent insulating layer must be larger than the capacitance of the photoconductive layer, and form a practical point of view the thickness of the translucent insulating layer should be restricted within the range from 2 to 6/1..
  • Such thin insulating layers break down easily, and it is difficult to use the photosensitive plate over and over again for a long period of time.
  • Photo-carriers produced by the whole surface exposure and having a polarity opposite to that of the charge of the insulating layer are induced at the interface between the insulating layer and the photoconductive layer. Then the sensitizing charge is applied in darkness to the surface of the insulating layer to neutralize the charge to form a surface field due to the induced charged layer. Thus the photosensitive plate is sensitized. Next, the light image is exposed to attenuate said inducedcharge and the latent image is formed by the charge remaining at the dark areas. This process is a Carlson-type process and the obtained contrast is as much as 300 to 500 volts.
  • the overcoating layer be thin compared to the photoconductive layer. Therefore it is easy to bring about wear or breakdown or such like troubles and it is impossible to sufiiciently protect the photoconductive layer.
  • the translucent i11- sulating layer is charged, and by making use of the field thereof, charge is strongly bound on the photoconductive layer and translucent insulating layer and in the neighborhood thereof, and by making use of the external field of the said bound charge, alternating current corona discharge and irradiation of the original image are simultaneously carried out, and an electrostatic image is obtained due to the difference of the surface potential of the translucent insulating layer at the light portion and the dark portion of the original image, and a further electrostatic image is obtained by reversing the said surface potential by irradiating light uniformly all over the surface of the said translucent insulating layer.
  • the electrostatic contrast is remarkably high, and even when a photoconductive layer of a little thicker than or the same thickness as that of U.S. Pat. No. 3,041,167 is used, it is possible to obtain electrostatic contrast ranging from 1000 v. to 1500 v., and thus it is possible to use a translucent insulating layer of to 50p thickness. Further, it is possible to form said layer by the adhesion of insulating film without being limited to the method of resin coating, and thereby it is possible to protect the photoconductive layer sufficiently.
  • an electrostatic image is formed in a photosensitive plate comprising a base, a photoconductive layer and a translucent insulating layer, by applying a primary charge (assuming positive charge) to the translucent insulating layer, exposing the photoconductive layer to the original image while applying secondary charge (assuming negative charge) to the translucent insulating layer, and thereafter exposing the whole surface of the translucent insulating layer to form thereon an electrostatic image.
  • the electrostatic image is mainly produced at light areas of the original image by the binding of the secondary charge, i.e. negative charge.
  • an electrostatic image isformed in a similar photosensitive plate, by applying a primary charge (assuming positive polarity) to the translucent insulating layer, exposing the original image simultaneously with the discharging of the primary charge by alternating current corona discharge, and thereafter exposing the whole surface to obtain an electrostatic image. Consequently, the electrostatic image is formed mainly by retained primary charge (positive polarity) at the dark area of the original image. Therefore, to obtain a positive-positive image, it is only necessary to attract negatively charged toner by the positive charge retained at the dark area of the original image, which easily enables wide area developing.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide anew electrophotographic process and apparatus which can be repeatedly carried out and used for a long period of time by overcoming the drawbacks of the above-mentioned conventional electrophotographic methods.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic image forming process comprising charging in positive or in negative, in advance, the surface of the translucent insulating layer of a photosensitive plate comprising a photoconductive layer overlaid on a conductive base body, said translucent insulating layer being overlaid on the said photoconductive layer, by means of electrodes or corona discharge or the like; and then irradiating the original image on the said insulating layer, and during the same time applying alternating current corona discharge thereto, and thus forming an electrostatic image defined by the surface potential generated in accordance with the light-and-dark pattern of the original image on the said translucent insulating layer.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide an electrostatic image-forming process comprising forming a first electrostatic image as mentioned above, and thereafter irradiating light all over the translucent insulating layer to reverse the said surface potential, and thereby forming a second electrostatic image of the original image of high contrast on the surface of the said insulating layer.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic process which comprises visualizing the electrostatic image formed as mentioned above by using developer, transferring the thus obtained visualized image onto a transfer material, fixing the same to obtain an electrophotographic image of the original image, and repeatedly using the photosensitive plate by cleaning the surface of the insulating layer after the electrostatic image is transferred.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide electrophotographic image forming process comprising visualizing the electrostatic image formed on the translucent insulating layer as mentioned above by using electroscopic developer, and then charging the translucent insulating layer containing the said visualized image with optional polarity, and overlaying a transferring material thereon to transfer the visualized irnage, fixing the transferred image, for example, by means of heat, to obtain an electrophotographic image, and after having carried out the transfer of the image, cleaning the surface of the said insulating layer to remove the remaining developer, and using the said photosensitive plate over and over agaln.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the fundamental structure of an electrophotographic plate to be used in the process for forming the electrostatic image of the present invention
  • FIGS. 2 through 4 are diagrams showing processes for forming an electrostatic image on the translucent insulating layer of the electrophotographic plate of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 5 shows the potential on the surface of the insulating layer of the electrophotographic plate obtainable by the processes of FIGS. 2 to 4;
  • FIG. 6 shows a visible image obtainable on the surface of the insulating layer of the plate
  • FIG. 7 shows a process for transferring the visible image of FIG. 6 onto copy material
  • FIG. 8 is an electrophotographic copying device embodying a process of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram which shows the fundamental structure of an electrophotographic plate used in the process for forming the electrostatic image of the present invention
  • 1 is a base
  • 2 is a photoconductive layer coated on the base by using a sprayer, or a coater, or wheeler or the like, and if necessary, it is possible to add a little amount of binder material such as resins and the like.
  • 3 is an insulating (insulative) layer which is closely adhered on photoconductive layer 2.
  • photosensitive plate A has three layers, i.e., base 1, photoconductive layer 2, and insulating layer 3. It is also possible to form a control layer such as to control the transfer of charge between base 1 and photoconductive layer 2, and it is also possible to add or independently provide a layer for binding charge on the surface of photoconductive layer or in the neighborhood of the surface.
  • Base 1 is formed of conductive material.
  • a conductive base tin, copper, aluminum, or like metal conductors can be used, but in particular, aluminum foil adhered on paper is economical and it is very convenient when used by winding on a drum or the like.
  • CdS, CdSe, ZnO, Se, TiO Se-Te As the material which composes photoconductive layer 2, CdS, CdSe, ZnO, Se, TiO Se-Te, and it is also possible to use any of the above-mentioned materials by directly coating same on the base, or in the form of mixture along with binder, or a mixture of more than two kinds of the above-mentioned materials.
  • highly sensitive materials especially adapted for the present invention are highly photoconductive materials such as CdS, Se--Te, or the like, and when these materials are used, it is possible to elevate sensitivity up to ASA 100.
  • a photoconductive layer obtained by adding a little amount of ZnS in a photosensitive layer mainly composed of CdS is highly sensitive, and provides an electrostatic image of high contrast and high sensitivity.
  • the ratio of CdS to ZnS is selected to be within the range of 4:6 to 3:7.
  • the ratio of CdS and ZnS is preferably within the range of 50:1 to 1:1, and it is possible to make advantageous use of the characteristics of the highly sensitive CdS.
  • the photosensitive plate is itself not used as copying paper, but a visualized image is made on transfer paper, and therefore it is not necessary for the photosensitive plate to be white, which enables one to add remarkably larger amount of dyes when compared with the amount of dyes used in conventional methods.
  • any material can be used which has high resistance against wear, high resistivity and capability of binding electrostatic charge, and translucency to activating radiation.
  • Films of the following resins can be used, i.e., fluorine resin, polycarbonate resin, polyethylene resin, polyester resin, or the like.
  • fluorine resin has a specific property which makes it easy to carry out cleaning, and therefore as is explained hereinafter, it is a preferable material in carrying out the method of the present invention for using the photoconductive plate over and over again through developing, transferring, and cleaning processes.
  • FIGS. 2 through 4 show processes for forming an electrostatic image on the translucent insulating layer 3 of photosensitive plate A, and the image of charge on the photosensitive plate.
  • FIGS. 2 through 4 show processes for forming an electrostatic image on the translucent insulating layer 3 of photosensitive plate A, and the image of charge on the photosensitive plate.
  • the electrostatic image obtained by generation of surface potential in accordance with the light-and dark pattern of the original image as shown in FIG. 3, is formed on the surface of the translucent insulating layer.
  • a reverse electrostatic image wherein this surface potential is reversed as shown in FIG. 4, is formed on the surface of the insulating layer by uniformly exposing all of the surface of translucent insulating layer 3.
  • FIG. 5 The potential on the surface of the insulating layer in these processes is shown in FIG. 5.
  • the surface of translucent insulating layer 3 of photosensitive plate A is charged in a definite polarity, for example, positive by means of the conventional charging means such as corona discharger 5 (FIG. 2) connected to high voltage source 4, or an electrode roller (not shown).
  • the conventional charging means such as corona discharger 5 (FIG. 2) connected to high voltage source 4, or an electrode roller (not shown).
  • insulating layer 3 With the surface of insulating layer 3 charged in the positive, insulating layer 3 works as a condenser, and a charge of polarity opposite to the charging polarity is accumulated between insulating layer 3 and photoconductive layer 2, and in the neighborhood thereof.
  • This charge is considered to be composed of either free carriers of photoconductive layer 2, photo carriers, or carriers injected from the side of conductive base 1, or a mixture of these carriers.
  • the accumulated carriers are bound strongly by the barrier of the photoconductor which composes photoconductive layer 2, and is a charge of opposite polarity to that on the surface of the insulating layer. In this state, there is no fear that the charge should escape in either a light or dark area for a long period of time, and furthermore, in a dark area, the carrier charge inside the insulating layer is persistent even if the charge on the surface of the insulating layer is discharged.
  • the light image is obtained on translucent insulating layer 3 by activating irradiation of original image 8, having light areas 6 and dark areas 7,
  • the first charging polarity in the above-discussed charging processes is determined by the property of the photoconductor.
  • a photoconductive layer whose photoconductor is mainly composed of GdS activated by copper, or ZnO, or such like n-type photoconductors, it is preferable to charge in the positive, and in the case of the photoconductive layer mainly composed of p-type photoconductors such as amorphous selenium, Se-Te, it is preferable to charge in the negative.
  • this is not critical, and even in the case wherein charge polarity is not as preferably stated above, it is possible to obtain an electrostatic image although contrast is somewhat deteriorated.
  • the means for carrying out the alternating current corona discharge while irradiating the original image on insulating layer 3 of the photosensitive plate it is preferable to irradiate the original image on the photosensitive plate through the use of an alternating current corona discharger having a shield plate whose upper portion is translucent or an optically open shield plate having no upper shield member.
  • an alternating current corona discharger having a shield plate whose upper portion is translucent or an optically open shield plate having no upper shield member.
  • the alternating current corona discharger 10 whose upper portion is optically open
  • the alternating current corona discharger may be fixed, and the original image and the photosensitive plate may be moved relative thereto.
  • the effective area of discharge of the alternating corona discharger should preferably constitute a slit exposure width.
  • the primary charge in the positive on the surface of insulating layer 3 is wholly or mostly discharged thereby.
  • the amount of this discharge depends on the intensity and/or the time duration of the alternating current corona discharge.
  • Photoconductive layer 2 is reduced in resistivity by irradiation of the original image, and becomes conductive, and by means of the primary charge, the negative charge bound at the interface of photoconductive layer 2 and insulating layer 3, or the portion of the interior of photoconductive layer 2 close to insulating layer 3 is freed, and in accordance with the reduction of the surface charge of insulating layer 3, it is reduced, and most of the charge is discharged into conductive base 1. Therefore, the surface potential of insulating layer 3 is reduced in accordance with the time duration of the alternating corona discharge, and the specific characteristic is presented as V in FIG. 5.
  • the positive charge, formed on the surface of insulating layer 3 by means of the primary charge is discharged by irradiation and alternating current corona discharge but as to the degree thereof, it is a little less than that in the light area.
  • This is considered to be attributable to the fact that the negative charge bound between photoconductive layer 2 and insulating layer 3 or on the portion of photoconductive layer 2 in the neighborhood of insulating layer 3 by means of the primary charge, remains without being discharged even if the alternating current corona discharge is applied thereon because the resistivity of photoconductive layer 2 is high, and because of the said negative charge, the positive charge of the surface of insulating layer 3 is restrained, and therefore the degree of discharge is decreased.
  • the surface potential in the dark areas of the original image is lower than the surface potential in the light area and the specific characteristic is presented as V in ⁇ FIG. 5.
  • the surface charge of insulating layer 3 is readily neutralized, and sometimes the surface potential of the insulating layer is turned slightly negative by means of the field of the negative charge bound on photoconductive layer 2.
  • the surface potential (V V difference is generated in accordance with the light-and-dark pattern of the original image, and the electrostatic image of the original image caused by this surface potential is formed.
  • V V surface potential difference
  • FIG. 5 The above-mentioned surface potential difference (V V is changed, as is shown in FIG. 5, according to the time of the alternating corona discharging and the irradiation of the original image, and therefore in order to obtain greater surface potential difference, it is necessary to appropriately select the time for irradiation of the original image and the time for carrying out corona discharge.
  • the surface potentials V V of the insulating layer 3 respectively become V D and the surface potential of the dark areas of the original image becomes higher than the surface potential of the light areas of the original image, i.e. the potential is reversed from the preceding process and simultaneously the surface potential difference is increased.
  • electrostatic image formation in accordance with the present invention, equilibrium is kept between the charge bound on the photoconductive layer and that on the surface of the insulating layer, and then alternating corona discharge is applied to the surface of the insulating layer simultaneously with original image irradiation, and by means of the mutual effect of the both, a surface potential difference is formed on the surface of the insulating layer, and further, light is irradiated on the whole surface of the insulating layer and an electrostatic image is formed in accordance with the original image light-and-dark pattern, and therefore, when compared with conventional electrophotography, it is possible to obtain an electrostatic image of high contrast, having large surface potential difference and strong external field, and at the same time sensitivity is remarkably increased.
  • the electrostatic image formed on the surface of the insulating layer is developed by means of cascade development, magnetic brush development, powder cloud development, or such like conventional developing methods, by using developer mainly composed of charged color particles, and as is shown in FIG. 6, visible image 11 is obtained.
  • the electrostatic image formed on the surface of the insulating layer is of high electrostatic contrast when compared with that of the Carlson process, and therefore it is preferable, in the case of cascade method, to use heavier carrier, in particular, the heavier carrier obtained by coating the surface of metallic or nonmetallic particles, whose granularity is more than 0.3 mg., with resin uniformly containing an electrostatic charge controlling agent.
  • halogenated hydrocarbons such as Freon or the like, dimethyl polysiloxane (silicon oil), or such like highly insulating oils dispersed with pigments or dyes can be effectively used.
  • any of the developing methods should be employed upon an electrostatic image formed as above described, having an electrostatic pattern of negative or positive polarity and remarkably high contrast, it is possible to obtain a visible image of high density.
  • visible image 11 is transferred on copying material 13 such as a paper by means of the method according to which corona discharge, bias voltage, or like external voltage 12 is applied as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,637,651.
  • copying paper having electrostatic capacitance larger than the electrostatic capacitance of the photoconductive material of the photosensitive plate, is closely adhered on the surface on which the electrostatic image is formed.
  • a further alternative is the method according to which after development, the visible image and insulating layer are charged, and thereafter the developed image is transferred.
  • the electrophotographic image can be obtained by fixing the transferred image through radiation of heat rays by means of infrared radiation, or the like.
  • the photosensitive plate is subjected to cleaning after the completion of transferring of the image by means of conventional cleaning methods, such as the fur brush method, or by a direct rubbing method wherein an elastic body is used to remove charged particles remaining on the surface of the photosensitive plate.
  • the elfect of this cleaning depends on the properties of the material of the insulating layer, particularly its adhesive characteristics, and therefore, the resins mentioned above are preferably used as the electrophotographic image forming materials.
  • fluorine resin film has excellent non-adhesive characteristics, and during cleaning, it accelerates the separation of developer colored particles, and remarkable cleaning can be attained, and in this respect it is most effective.
  • the thickness of the translucent insulating layer 3 affects the quality of the electrostatic image along with the photoconductive layer. In particular, it affects sensitivity, contrast, and durability of the photosensitive plate, which are important factors, and in order to form an excellent electrostatic image and in order to use the photosensitive plate repeatedly for a long period of time, it is necessary that the thickness of the translucent insulating layer be within the range of 10 to 50 Examples for forming the electrostatic image in accordance with the present invention are as follows:
  • EXAMPLE I 10 g. of vinyl chloride was added to g. of cadmium sulfide activated by copper, and a little amount of thinner was added thereto, and the obtained mixture of photosensitive substance was coated by spraying same on an aluminum plate of thickness about 1 mm., so as to have the mixture of photosensitive substance become about 100,11. thick. Then, on the surface of photoconductive film, a film of Mylar of thickness about 15, was adhered by using an adhesive. A corona discharge of 6 kv. was irradiated on the surface of the Mylar layer and a positive charge was uniformly bound.
  • the original image was irradiated for about 0.1-0.3 second on the abovementioned surface by means of a 10 lux tungsten lamp and at the same time, an alternating current corona discharge of AC 6 kv. was applied thereto. Thereafter, the whole surface was uniformly illuminated by means of a tungsten lamp for 1 to 2 seconds and an electrostatic image was formed in accordance with the light-and-dark pattern of the original image. Then the electrostatic image was developed by means of the magnet brush method, and thereby a visible image of remarkably excellent quality having high image density was obtained.
  • FIG. 8 shows a copying machine embodying a process of the invention.
  • Photosensitive plate A comprising conductive base 12, photoconductive layer 2t and insulating layer 3! is set around the periphery of drum 12t rotating in the direction of the arrow FIG. 8.
  • Plate A is primary or firstly charged by corona discharger 4t, and the thus charged insulating layer 3! is irradiated by an original image by lens 131 through discharger 8t and at the same time subjected to A.C. corona discharge to form thereon an electrostatic image, and thereafter the entire surface of the insulating layer is exposed to tungsten lamp .23t to form an electrostatic image according to dark-andlight pattern of the original image.
  • Developer 14t includes magnet brush 152 for applying charged coloring particles to the electrostatic image to visualize it.
  • the visualized image is transferred onto copying material 11t, which is moved in contact with the visualized image by transfer roller 16t, by applying corona discharge of polanty opposite to that of the charged particles through transfer corona discharger 10!.
  • the copying material 11t moves along the periphery of the hot fixer drum 181 having an infrared ray lamp 17t inside thereof, and the transferred image is thereby fixed, and finally an electrophotographic image is obtained on receiver 19t.
  • photosensitive plate A is cleared of charge forming the electrostatic image still remaining on the surface of insulating layer 3t by means of AC corona discharger 202, and then, at cleaner 212, the powder image remaining on insulating film surface 3! is cleaned by brushing same with rotary brush 22t having soft hair such as a fur brush on the periphery thereof, and the plate is thus prepared for repeated employment.
  • the surface of the insulating layer of the photosensitive plate comprising a conductive support, a photoconductive layer and said insulating layer.
  • An original image is then radiated, and at the same time AC corona discharge is applied to charge the surface of the insulating layer while keeping equilibrium with the charge induced on the photoconductive layer, and by means of the mutual effect of the two, the whole surface of the insulating layer is exposed to form the electrostatic image on the surface of the insulating layer, and the surface potential of the insulating layer is reversed, and an electrostatic image of the original image is formed. Therefore, it is possible to obtain an electrostatic image of surface potential having strong external charge field and increased sensitivity.
  • the electrostatic image is formed on the insulating layer, and the development, transferring process and cleaning process are then carried out.
  • the insulating layer of high resistivity and high resistance against wearing it is possible to prevent surface deterioration of the internal photoconductive layer and fatigue without deteriorating or damaging the surface thereof even if friction or pressure or such like physical effects are imparted thereto, and therefore, a photosensitive plate may be provided which can vw'thstand repeated use for a long period of time.
  • a process for forming an electrostatic image in a photosensitive plate having a photoconductive layer exhibiting p-type or n-type semiconductivity and an overlying insulative layer comprising the steps of:
  • a process for forming an electrostatic image in a photosensitive plate having a photoconductive layer exhibiting p-type or n-type semiconductivity and an overlying insulative layer comprising the steps of:
  • a process for forming an electrophotographic image comprising the electrostatic image forming process claimed in claim 3 and the further terminal steps of:
  • step (d) is carried out by bringing said liquid developer into contact with said photosensitive plate.
  • An apparatus for forming an electrostatic image comprising:
  • An apparatus for forming an electrostatic image comprising:
  • photoconductive layer overlying said base and exhibiting p-type or n-type semiconductivity and an insulative layer overlying said photoconductive layer, said photosensitive plate being characterized in having carrier charge of a polarity corresponding to the conductivity type of said photoconductive layer injectable from said conductive base into said photoconductive layer and bound in the region of the interface between said insulative and photoconductive layers,
  • An apparatus wherein said insulative layer is transparent to both said image light and said activating light, and wherein means (c) and (d) in- 11.
  • An apparatus wherein said clude means for exposing said photoconductive layer developing means includes a liquid developer. through said transparent insulative layer.
  • An apparatus for forming an electrophotographic References Cited image comprising the apparatus for forming an electro- 5 UNITED STATES PATENTS static image as in claim 8 and further comprising:

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electrophotography Using Other Than Carlson'S Method (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
US116557A 1965-08-12 1971-02-18 Electrophotographic process and apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3666363A (en)

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Cited By (120)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3775104A (en) * 1970-12-29 1973-11-27 Mita Industrial Co Ltd Electrophotographic process using corona discharge current of an asymmetrical wave form
US3930850A (en) * 1972-07-31 1976-01-06 Mita Industrial Company, Ltd. Process for electrophotographic copying by transfer of electrostatic images
DE2715730A1 (de) * 1976-04-13 1977-11-03 Canon Kk Verfahren und vorrichtung zur vermeidung einer beeintraechtigung eines unfixierten sichtbaren bildes
US4063945A (en) * 1977-02-17 1977-12-20 Xerox Corporation Electrostatographic imaging method
DE2830461A1 (de) * 1977-07-11 1979-02-01 Canon Kk Verfahren und vorrichtung zur steuerung der ausbildung elektrophotographischer bilder
DE3036731A1 (de) 1979-09-29 1981-04-16 Canon K.K., Tokyo Elektrophotographische einrichtung
DE3036013A1 (de) * 1979-09-26 1981-04-16 Canon K.K., Tokyo Verfahren zur ausbildung von bildern
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