US3597928A - Erosion control - Google Patents

Erosion control Download PDF

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US3597928A
US3597928A US759263A US3597928DA US3597928A US 3597928 A US3597928 A US 3597928A US 759263 A US759263 A US 759263A US 3597928D A US3597928D A US 3597928DA US 3597928 A US3597928 A US 3597928A
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Prior art keywords
blocks
surfacing
mat
block
soil
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US759263A
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English (en)
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Jan Carel Pilaar
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Assigned to ATKINSON FRANCIS S, REEVES, HERMAN H. NICK reassignment ATKINSON FRANCIS S LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ERCO SYSTEMS INC A CORP OF LA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protection of plants
    • A01G13/30—Ground coverings
    • A01G13/32—Mats; Nets; Sheets or films
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/52—Apparatus for laying individual preformed surfacing elements, e.g. kerbstones
    • E01C19/522—Apparatus for laying the elements by rolling or unfolding, e.g. for temporary pavings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
    • E02B3/126—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips mainly consisting of bituminous material or synthetic resins
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C2201/00—Paving elements
    • E01C2201/16—Elements joined together
    • E01C2201/167—Elements joined together by reinforcement or mesh

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an erosion-controlling protective surfacing for the soil comprising flexible liquidpermeable supporting sheet means conforming to the contour of the soil and a mat of blocks on said supporting sheet means,
  • the surfacing includes filter means and the blocks are secured to the supporting sheet means.
  • This invention is directed to controllingor preventing erosion of soil, and more particularly, it is directed to an erosioncontrolling protectivesurfacing forthe soil and a method of controlling soil erosion.
  • erosion control is directed to one or more of the following:
  • control of soil erosion encompasses or involves soil conservation, as well as con trolling ofwaterilow.
  • erosion is prevented largely by natural growth of vegetation.
  • the roots or grasses, trees and other vegetation hold the particles of soil together so as toprevent soil move ment or erosion by wind and water. This also renders the. soil porous so that surface water can be absorbed and properly drained.
  • the cover of leaves, twigs and other external growth and the partly humidified organic waste also serve to control flow of surface water' to produce a proper distribution and absorption of water as well as prevention of erosion.
  • the vegetation decomposes to form humus, a valuable part of the soil for storing and dispersing water, food and oxygen for the vegetable matter, as well as providing anchorage for vegetation.
  • Riprap and dumped rubble usually in the form of a graded filter construction, have the disadvantages of not being readily available everywhere, are difficult to keep in place, are high in maintenance costs, and are never really soil retaining. Asphalt.
  • the surfacing should have sufficient strength and weight properties to prevent displacement of the elements thereof by heavy water currents or wave action and such properties can be supplied by the weight of the elements.
  • the surfacing should permit the passage of surface water into the underlying soil, that drainage.
  • Means should be provided to permit the passage of water upwardly from beneath 'the surfacing to release hydrostatic pressure formed underneath the surfacing. This is of particular importance on dikes and riverbanks, since hydrostatic presa sure can cause great damage (slip erosion).
  • an erosion-controlling protective surfacing applied to the soil, said surfacing comprising flexible liquid-permeable supporting sheet means conforming to the contour of the soil is, maintain good vertical and a mat of blocks on said supporting sheet means, said mat being constituted by a plurality of blocks in a side-by-side substantially abutting arrangement.
  • said mat having drainage passageways therethrough extending from an upper surface of said mat to the bottom surface thereof to provide communication from said upper surface to said supporting sheet means whereby liquid can pass, in either direction, between said upper surface and the soil through said supporting sheet means and said mat.
  • this surfacing includes filter means and means for securing the blocks to the supporting sheet means.
  • an erosion-controlling protective surfacing to be applied to the soil to prevent erosion thereof, comprising flexible liquid-permeable supporting sheet means positionable on the soil and a plurality of blocks in a side-by-side substantially abutting arrangement superposed on said supporting sheet means forming a mat of blocks thereon, each of said blocks being secured to said supporting sheet means, said mat having drainage passageways therethrough extending from an upper surface thereof to the bottom surface thereof to provide communication from said upper surface to said supporting sheet means whereby, when said assembly is applied to the soil, liquid can pass in either direction between said upper surface and the soil through said supporting sheet means and said mat, said assembly being sufficiently flexible to conform to the contour of said soil.
  • the surfacing includes filter means.
  • a method of controlling erosion of soil by applying thereover an erosion controlling protective surfacing comprising applying to the soil flexible liquid-permeable supporting sheet means conforming to the contour of the soil and positioning thereover a plurality of blocks in a side-by-side substantially abutting arrangement to form a mat of blocks on said supporting sheet means, said mat having drainage I passageways therethrough extending from an upper surface thereof to the bottom surface thereof to provide communication from said upper surface to said supporting sheet means whereby liquid can pass in either direction between said upper surface and the soil through said supporting sheet means and said mat.
  • filter means is also provided and the blocks are secured to the supporting sheet means.
  • FlG. 1 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of the surfacing of the invention, showing only one block secured to a supporting sheet;
  • FIG. 2 shows a plan view of the structure of FIG. 1, but shows a plurality of blocks, one being shown in detail and the remainder in phantom;
  • FlG. 3 schematically shows one manner in which blocks are secured to the supporting sheet and shows the manner in which adjacent assemblies are positioned on the soil;
  • HO. 4 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention, showing a different form of block
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic cross section showing another manner in which the blocks are secured to the supporting sheet
  • FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing one manner in which adjacent assemblies may be secured to each other;
  • FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment ofthe invention showing two supporting sheets
  • FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment ofthe invention showing three supporting sheets
  • FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing another embodiment where there are two layers of blocks.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic crosssectional view showing an embodiment where there are sheets on both sides of the mat of blocks.
  • soil will be used in a broad sense to mean particles of the type which make up the earth, whether such particles constitute arable, good soil or poor, uncultivatable soil, and includes such materials as sand, since frequently the ground which is to be protected is essentially sand.
  • a supporting-sheet means 10 which, in this embodiment, is shown as a net.
  • a plurality of blocks B superposed on net 10 in a side-by-side substantially abutting arrangement are a plurality of blocks B, for convenience only one block being shown in FIG. 1, FlG. 2 showing a plurality of blocks with only one block being shown in detail, the others being shown in phantom.
  • Each block or element or module B in this embodiment, is generally square, having a substantially flat bottom so that the bottom will make substantially continuous contact with the upper surface of sheet 10.
  • Through the center of the block there is a vertical, longitudinal channel 12, circular in cross section.
  • grooves 18 and 20 Across the upper surface of blocks B there are horizontally disposed grooves 18 and 20, the grooves intersecting channels 14 at the sides of the block. Also in the top surface of the block there are grooves 22 and 24 along the edges, said grooves intersecting side channels 14 and corner channels 16.
  • the vertical channels around the periphery of one block cooperate with the vertical channels on an adjacent block to form enclosed channels.
  • half channels 14 on adjacent blocks form full channel 26
  • quarter channels 16 at the corners of adjacent blocks form or define full channel 28.
  • the side-by-side arrangement of blocks B define a mat of blocks and that the channels in the blocks, either by themselves or when cooperating with channels of adjacent blocks, define passageways through the mat of blocks extending from an upper surface of the mat to the bottom surface, thereby providing communication from said upper surface to said supporting sheet 10, whereby liquid can pass in either direction between said upper surface and the supporting sheet.
  • the sheet 10 extends in two adjacent directions from the mat of blocks to form along two edges of the assembly margins 30 and 32 where there are no blocks. Although these margins are not essential, they are convenient when placing the assembly of blocks on the ground, as shown in FIG. 3. ln FIG. 3 there are shown several assemblies of sheet 10 and blocks B as used according to the invention.
  • the surface of the ground or soil to be protected is prepared in any convenient manner to receive the assemblies, that is, the ground is graded to provide the desirable contour. On the prepared ground or soil S there is then positioned an assembly comprising sheet 10 and blocks B.
  • each of the blocks of each assembly is secured to its supporting sheet by any desirable means and two such means are shown in FIG. 3.
  • THe blocks B are secured to sheet 10 by means of adhesive 33 interposed between the bottom of blocks B and sheet 10, either in spaced-apart locations, as shown in FIG. 3, or coextensively with the bottom of each block B (not shown).
  • the blocks can be secured to their supporting sheet by means of mechanical fasteners such as nails 34 which secure blocks B to sheet 10'.
  • FIG. 3 the blocks of the two assemblies are shown secured to their respective supporting sheets by. different means, it will be appreciated that normally in any one job similar securi'ngmeans are used to secure the blocks tothe supporting sheets.
  • perforated flexible foil or sheet or fabric of metal or plastic or any other sheet which is permeable to liquid such as perforated flexible foil or sheet or fabric of metal or plastic or any other sheet which is permeable to liquid.
  • it can be made of metal screening, metal net,expanded f its strength; ease of handling and resistance to deterioralt'will be appreciated that supporting sheetmeans supports and in'areaswhere'the'blocks comprise a wear surface for the blockswhen the assembly is placed'on the groundand also may support the matof blocks if the assembly is prefabricated.
  • the supporting sheet' means comprises filter means.
  • the sheet l0-can have its waterpermeable openings therethroughof such a dimension that it will permit the passage of liquid therethrough but will substantially prevent the passage the'rethroughof particles of soil and z in this application the words filter or filtersheet" will referto anelemenbwhich is permeable to liquid but substantially impermeable to soilfparticles.
  • the blocks should have high compressive strength.
  • the blocks are preferably made of high other vegetation will grow inthese passageways.
  • vegetation-growth-producing materials such as fertilizer, soil, seed, bacteria, fungi, weedkiller, etc. In many cases however it' is merely sufficient to place soil in the passageways, whereupon natural vegetation follows.
  • the vegetation will fill up the passageways.
  • This vegetation serves as an additional primary filter means for regulating' the vertical drainage and serves to maintain the blocks in position.
  • the vegetation can flourish and ultimately there will be sufficient vegetation to take over the entire job of erosion control.
  • the supporting sheet means may not be necessary for the blocks and/or. the supporting sheet means to be permanent, since they merely have to last only until the vegetation takes over.
  • the blocks can even be made of such organic materials as compressed compost or even compressed garbage, since the blocks only need to last sufficiently long for the vegetation to take over.
  • the blocks can deteriorate under the influence of light, weather, or other climatic phenomena.
  • the blocks can even be made of porous materials which'help the absorption of the surface water and and'2 0are spaced from edges of the block.
  • All the grooves intersect, with the intersections of grooves 22 and 24 being at the corners of the block and with the intersections of grooves 22, 24and l8, 20"being at the'edges of the block, and with the intersection of grooves 1'8 and 20being spaced from the edges ofthe block.
  • Each of the channels l2, l4 and 16 extends from the bottom of a groove in'tersection'through the bottom surface of the block. In this'way water in any of the grooves will always be able to flow into a channel.
  • vegetation growing in a-channel orpassageway will always be able to be bent into a groove when a vehicle passesover the tops of the blocks. Since the vegetation bends into the grooves, such vegetation is not cut by the abrasive action of the vehicles against theupper extremities of the blocks. Preferably, in order to avoid'cutting the vegetation, the upper edges of the grooves'are rounded.
  • the channels define passageways for the passage of water. Vegetation may grow in the passageways.
  • there are one or more channels on the periphery of the block so that when the blocks are assembled in their ultimate location, channels from adjacent blocks together define closed channels or passageways.
  • the blocks have been shown as square, they obviously may have other shapes, such as rectangular (not shown) or hexagonal (not shown).
  • the blocks may be assembled in a side-by-side arrangement, as shown in FIG. 1 and 2, or in any other arrangement conventionally used for blocks or bricks, that is, a zigzag arrangement, diagonal arrangement, etc.
  • the blocks are arranged so that the channels of one block cooperate with the channels of an adjacent block to form enclosed channels, it will be appreciated that even when a channel on the periphery of one block is adjacent a flat side portion of an adjacent block, there still will be produced. enclosed channels which act as passageways.
  • the order of the width of a channel does not substantially exceed the order of the width of the groove where the two of them intersect. These relative widths serve to prevent vegetation growing in the channels from being abraded by vehicular traffic.
  • the width of the channel determines the width of the vegetation growing therein and, obviously, if the width of a channel is less than the width of a groove, substantially all of the vegetation growing in a channel can bend into a groove. On the other hand, if the order of the width of the channel substantially exceeds the order of the width of the groove, a substantial amount of the vegetation growing in said channel will not be able to bend into the groove and will be subject to being cut off by vehicular traffic.
  • the blocks are not bonded to each other along their sides as are bricks when bricks are laid in a pattern.
  • the blocks are therefore somewhat free to move to a small extent relative to each other in a vertical direction. Nevertheless, since the blocks abut, such movement is restricted by mechanical or frictional forces, but the abutment is sufficient to prevent lateral movement of the blocks which would ultimately result in block being forced out of the mat with consequent destruction ofthe protective surfacing.
  • the peripheries of the blocks are such that although the blocks abut each other, passageways still are provided between adjacent blocks for the passage of liquid through the mat of blocks.
  • each block can have a substantially flat top and this embodiment is shown in FIG. 4, wherein blocks 5" have substantially flat tops and bottoms and are secured to supporting sheet 10", the mat of blocks having the passageways therethrough for the flow of water, as in the previously described embodiments. Blocks B" are secured to supporting sheet 10" in the manner as was described in connection with the previously described embodiments.
  • the protective surfacing may be of a relatively temporary nature, as previously described, having to last only sufficiently long enough for the vegetation growing in the passageways to take over the job of erosion control.
  • any suitable adhesive can be used. Excellent results are obtained using synthetic resins, although in many cases bitumen and other adhesives can be used.
  • fasteners such as staples (not shown) can be used.
  • Another form of penetrating fastening means which can be used can loosely be called sewing," as shown in FIG. 5, where blocks B are secured on supporting sheet 10 by passing or intertwining cord, cable or wire 36 through the channels in the blocks and the sheet 10.
  • the supporting sheet means has been shown as a single sheet.
  • this may comprise a plurality of sheets, two of which sheets 44 and 46, one superposed on the other being shown in FIG. 7 and three sheets 48, 50 and 52, superposed on each other, being shown in FIG. 8.
  • both sheets 44 and 46 serve not only to hold the blocks together during shipment, but more importantly, serve to maintain the blocks in place on the soil.
  • sheets 44 and 46 are merely selected for the strength characteristics and the size of the water-permeable openings therethrough is immaterial.
  • either sheet 44 or sheet 46, or both may have their pores or openings of such a size that either or both of the sheets act as a filter sheet.
  • any one, two or three of sheets 48, 50 or 52 can be a filter sheet, or any one, two or three can serve merely as a supporting sheet. It is emphasized that any one or all of the sheets can have sufficient strength to provide for the mechanical support of the blocks and at the same time have pores or openings sufficiently small to serve as a filter sheet.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 An excellent advantage of the structures shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 is that the filter sheet, if it is relatively weak, such as felted mat, can be positioned between the blocks and a stronger sheet on the other side thereof. In some constructions, where the weight of the blocks is sufficient to keep the assembly in place, all of the supporting sheets, or a single one if only one is used, can be of relatively little strength and can serve primarily as filter sheets.
  • synthetic mesh (whether made by weaving, knitting, netting, extrusion or bonding of synthetic filaments) is excellent material for use as one or more of the sheets, since not only can the pores be sufficiently small for the sheet to act as a filter sheet, but these synthetic meshes have excellent strength characteristics so that such sheet can give the appropriate mechanical support.
  • any of the sheets are to be of a relatively temporary nature, any sort of fabric, such as burlap, hemp, sisal, permeable kraft paper, etc., can
  • FIG. 9 there is shown aconstruction where there are two mats of blocks, one over the other with supporting sheet means 54 between the mats. Such construction is useful where an especially strong and heavy construction is necessary.
  • FIG. 10 there is shown a construction wherein there is a sheet 56 beneath the blocks B and a sheet 58 above the blocks B.
  • This construction at times facilitates the prefabrication and handling of the assemblies for delivery onto the job.
  • Sheet 56 while sheet 58 would be more or less temporary in nature, to be destroyed by the element or by vegetation growing in the passageways in the mat of blocks.
  • the blocks may have the structure as described in any of the other embodiments and the blocks may be united to the various sheets by adhesives or mechanical fastening means as previously described.
  • the blocks are assembled and fastened on the supporting sheets before being laid onthe soil.
  • Such assemblies maybe delivered to the mob as sheets or in rolls and on the job it will only be necessary to grade the soil and. place the assemblies thereover.
  • rolls in order to maintain abutted arrangement of the blocks after unrolling, it is of course advisable to at least partially bevel the sides of the abutting blocks.
  • the passageways therein can be at least partially filled with vegetation-growth-producing materials to assist in the start or maintenance of the vegetation.
  • either the pores of the blocks or the passageways can be at least partially filled with such materials prior to placing the assemblies on thesoil.
  • filter preventing movement of the particles of the soil from beneath the surfacing to the exterior.
  • the blocks are fastened to the supporting sheet means.
  • the protective surfacing can be laid down completely in situ by first applying to the soil one or moreof the sheets which in such cases would generally be filter sheets, and then placing the blocks thereover and lastly at least partially filling the passageways with vegetation growth-promoting materials.
  • the erosion-controlling surfacingfof the present invention is useful in hydraulic engineering where the main problem is erosion caused by water, such as in dikes, canals, waterways and streambeds; in agriculturalengineering,.wherein it is merely desirable to obtain temporary erosion control until vegetation takes over; and in road engineering, such as pavements for medians and shoulders, recreational areas, etc., where there is vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic.
  • An erosion-controlling protective surfacing'applied to the soil comprising flexible liquid-permeable sup porting sheet means conforming to the contour of the soil and a mat of blocks on said supporting sheet means, said mat being constituted by a plurality of blocks in side-by-side substantially abutting arrangement, means securing each of said blocks to said sheet-supporting means, said mat having can be the principal mechanical support and/or filter sheet,
  • drainage passageways therethrough extending from an upper surface of said mat to the bottom surface thereof to provide communication from said upper surface to said supporting sheet means whereby liquid can pass, in either direction, between said upper surface and the soil through said supporting sheet means and said mat, no portion of any block overlying any portion of any block adjacent thereto so that each block can move vertically relative to each block adjacent thereto.
  • a surfacing according to claim 1, wherein said securing means comprises penetrating fastener means.
  • said supporting sheet means includes at least one filter sheet.
  • a surfacing according to claim 1 wherein there is another mat of blocks beneath said supporting sheet means.
  • a surfacing according to claim 1 wherein the periphery of each of said blocks is so shaped that portions of the peripheries of the blocks are spaced apart from portions of peripheries of adjacent blocks, such spaced-apart peripheries defining said passageways.
  • each block has a bottom surface and an upper surface and at least two intersecting grooves extending in the plane of said upper surface, at least one of said grooves being spaced from the edges of said block, and at least one channel extending from the bottom of the intersection of said grooves through said bottom surface, the channels of said blocks defining said passageways.
  • each block has a bottom surface and an upper surface and at least two intersecting grooves extending in the plane of said upper surface, at least one of said grooves being spaced from the edges of said block, and at least one channel extending from the bottom of the intersection of said grooves through said bottom surface, the channels of said blocks defining said passageways.
  • An erosion-controlling protective surfacing to be applied to the soil to prevent erosion thereof, comprising a flexible liquid-permeable supporting sheet means positionable on the soil and a plurality of blocks in a side-by-side substantially abutting arrangement superposed on said supporting sheet means forming a mat of blocks thereon, each of said blocks being secured to said supporting sheet means, said mat having drainage passageways thereth'rough extending from an upper surface thereof to the bottom surface thereof to provide communication from said upper surface to said supporting sheet means whereby, when said assembly is applied to the soil, liquid can pass in eitherdirection between said upper surface and the soil through said supporting sheet means and said mat, said assembly being sufficiently flexible to conform to the contour of said soil, no portion of any block overlying any portion of any block adjacent thereto so that each block can move vertically relative to each block adjacent thereto.
  • a surfacing assembly according to claim 16 including filter means.
  • a surfacing according to claim 18, wherein said filter means comprises at least one filter sheet positioned beneath said mat of blocks.
  • each block has a bottom surface and an upper surface and at least two intersecting grooves extending in the plane of said upper surface, at least one of said groove being spaced from the edges of said block, and at least one channel extending from the bottom of the intersection of said grooves through said bottom surface, the channels of said blocks defining said passageways.
  • each block has a bottom surface and an upper surface and at least two intersecting grooves extending in the plane of said upper surface, at least one of said grooves being spaced from the edges of said block, and at least one channel extending from the bottom of the intersection of said grooves through said bottom surface, the channels of said blocks defining said passageways.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Cultivation Receptacles Or Flower-Pots, Or Pots For Seedlings (AREA)
US759263A 1967-12-22 1968-09-12 Erosion control Expired - Lifetime US3597928A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL6717542A NL6717542A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1967-12-22 1967-12-22
NL6800032A NL6800032A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1967-12-22 1968-01-03
NL6800961A NL6800961A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1967-12-22 1968-01-23
NL686803917A NL152318B (nl) 1967-12-22 1968-03-20 Bodembeschermende flexibele filterconstructie voor waterbouwkundige doeleinden.

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US3597928A true US3597928A (en) 1971-08-10

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US759263A Expired - Lifetime US3597928A (en) 1967-12-22 1968-09-12 Erosion control

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JP (1) JPS574410U (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
BE (1) BE725148A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
CH (1) CH503841A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
DK (1) DK130654B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
FI (1) FI51233C (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
FR (1) FR1599393A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
GB (1) GB1245818A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
IL (1) IL31015A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
NL (4) NL6717542A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
SE (1) SE356322B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)

Cited By (90)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4971688A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * 1972-10-06 1974-07-11
JPS5123339U (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * 1974-08-07 1976-02-20
US3990247A (en) * 1973-12-19 1976-11-09 Palmer Robert Q System of structures to resist hydrodynamic forces
US4002034A (en) * 1974-06-27 1977-01-11 Walter Muhring Matting for the prevention of hydraulic erosion
US4067196A (en) * 1974-11-18 1978-01-10 Paul Schraudenbach Decorative stone
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL6800961A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1969-07-25
DE1813450A1 (de) 1969-07-03
IL31015A0 (en) 1969-01-29
GB1245818A (en) 1971-09-08
FI51233C (fi) 1976-11-10
FI51233B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1976-08-02
NL152318B (nl) 1977-02-15
CH503841A (de) 1971-02-28
SE356322B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1973-05-21
NL6803917A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1969-09-23
DK130654C (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1975-08-25
NL6800032A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1969-07-07
JPS574410U (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1982-01-11
IL31015A (en) 1972-04-27
FR1599393A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1970-07-15
NL6717542A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1969-06-24
DK130654B (da) 1975-03-17
BE725148A (fr) 1969-05-16

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