US20180125890A1 - T cell which expresses a gamma-delta t cell receptor (tcr) and a chimeric antigen receptor (car) - Google Patents

T cell which expresses a gamma-delta t cell receptor (tcr) and a chimeric antigen receptor (car) Download PDF

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US20180125890A1
US20180125890A1 US15/567,165 US201615567165A US2018125890A1 US 20180125890 A1 US20180125890 A1 US 20180125890A1 US 201615567165 A US201615567165 A US 201615567165A US 2018125890 A1 US2018125890 A1 US 2018125890A1
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cell
car
domain
antigen
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John Anderson
Jonathan Fisher
Martin Pulé
Kenth Gustafsson
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UCL Business Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/14—Blood; Artificial blood
    • A61K35/17—Lymphocytes; B-cells; T-cells; Natural killer cells; Interferon-activated or cytokine-activated lymphocytes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K40/10—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
    • A61K40/11—T-cells, e.g. tumour infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL] or regulatory T [Treg] cells; Lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K40/30—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the recombinant expression of specific molecules in the cells of the immune system
    • A61K40/31—Chimeric antigen receptors [CAR]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
    • A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
    • A61K40/4202—Receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
    • A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
    • A61K40/4256—Tumor associated carbohydrates
    • A61K40/4258—Gangliosides, e.g. GM2, GD2 or GD3
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K14/7051—T-cell receptor (TcR)-CD3 complex
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
    • C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
    • C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
    • C12N5/0638—Cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTL] or lymphokine activated killer cells [LAK]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2239/00—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K40/00
    • A61K2239/27—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K40/00 characterized by targeting or presenting multiple antigens
    • A61K2239/28—Expressing multiple CARs, TCRs or antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2239/00—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K40/00
    • A61K2239/27—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K40/00 characterized by targeting or presenting multiple antigens
    • A61K2239/29—Multispecific CARs
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
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    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/01—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif
    • C07K2319/02—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif containing a signal sequence
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/33—Fusion polypeptide fusions for targeting to specific cell types, e.g. tissue specific targeting, targeting of a bacterial subspecies
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    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/50—Cell markers; Cell surface determinants
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    • C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to immunotherapeutic T cells.
  • the invention provides immunotherapeutic gamma-delta T cells comprising a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR).
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • Chimeric antigen receptors developed for cancer immunotherapy combine an extracellular antigen recognition domain with signalling domains specific for effector cells within a single molecule.
  • the most common CAR system involves an antigen recognition domain derived from a monoclonal antibody fused to signalling domains which provide activating signals for T cells.
  • the signalling domains of a CAR provides cytotoxicity, proliferation and survival signals to activate the effector cell upon binding of antigen to the antigen recognition domain (Signals 1 and 2).
  • a limitation of this technology is potential ‘on target-off tumour toxicity’.
  • This toxicity is caused by the recognition of low levels of a cancer-associated antigen recognised by a CAR on normal tissues.
  • GD2 is a target for neuroblastoma but also is expressed on nerves
  • PSMA is a target for prostate cancer cells but is also found on normal kidney, liver and colon cells, and brain astrocytes. This problem is more profound in solid tumours where there is a dearth of highly selective targets.
  • the present inventors have determined a mechanism of reducing ‘on target-off tumour toxicity’ by using CARs in gamma delta ( ⁇ ) T-cells.
  • a CAR is used to provide a co-stimulatory signal (signal 2) to a ⁇ T-cell upon binding of antigen to the antigen recognition domain of the CAR.
  • signal 2 is only provided to the T-cell upon binding of the CAR to its target antigen ( FIG. 2A ).
  • Signal 1 for ⁇ T-cell activation is provided by the endogenous TCR, which is activated by danger signals, such as phosphoantigens.
  • a ⁇ T-cell requires both signal 1 and signal 2 for optimal effector function.
  • the ⁇ T-cell will only be fully activated for cytotoxicity, proliferation and cytokine secretion if the target cell: (i) expresses the antigen recognised by the CAR; and (ii) expresses danger signals recognised by the endogenous ⁇ TCR.
  • the present invention provides a T cell which expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor (TCR) and a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), wherein the CAR comprises;
  • binding of a first antigen to the ⁇ TCR results in signal 1 production and binding of a second antigen to the antigen binding domain of the CAR results in signal 2 production.
  • the antigen binding domain may be capable of binding to a tumour-associated antigen (TAA).
  • TAA tumour-associated antigen
  • the antigen binding domain may be capable of binding to GD2, CD33, CD19 or EGFR.
  • the intracellular signalling domain may comprise the DAP10, CD28, CD27, 41BB, OX40, CD30, IL2-R, IL7-R, IL21-R, NKp30, NKp44 or DNAM-1 (CD226) signalling domain.
  • the transmembrane domain of the CAR may comprise a CD8 stalk or a CD28 transmembrane domain.
  • the intracellular signalling domain of the CAR may comprise the DAP10 signalling domain.
  • the CAR may further comprise a spacer domain between the antigen binding domain and the transmembrane domain.
  • the ⁇ TCR may be capable of binding to a phosphoantigen/butyrophilin 3A1 complex; major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related A (MICA); major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related B (MICB); NKG2D ligand 1-6 (ULBP 1-6); CD1c; CD1d; endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR); lipohexapeptides; phycoreythrin or histidyl-tRNA-synthase.
  • MICA major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related A
  • MIB major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related B
  • ULBP 1-6 NKG2D ligand 1-6
  • CD1c CD1d
  • EPCR endothelial protein C receptor
  • lipohexapeptides phycoreythrin or histidyl-tRNA-synthase.
  • the CAR may comprise one of the following amino acid sequences:
  • the present invention provides a CAR comprising; (i) an antigen-binding domain; (ii) a transmembrane domain; and (iii) an intracellular signalling domain; wherein the intracellular signalling domain comprises a co-stimulatory intracellular signalling domain but does not comprise a CD3 endodomain.
  • the co-stimulatory intracellular signalling domain may be selected from a DAP10, CD28, CD27, 41BB, OX40, CD30, IL2-R, IL7-R, IL21-R, NKp30, NKp44 or DNAM-1 (CD226) signalling domain.
  • the present invention provides a CAR comprising, an antigen-binding domain; a transmembrane domain; and an intracellular signalling domain; wherein the intracellular signalling domain comprises a DAP10 signalling domain.
  • the intracellular signalling domain may consist of or consist essentially of a DAP10 signalling domain.
  • the intracellular signalling domain of the CAR according to the second aspect of the invention does not comprise a CD3 endodomain.
  • the CAR according to the second aspect of the invention may be a CAR as defined in the first aspect of the invention.
  • the present invention provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CAR as defined in the first or second aspects of the invention.
  • the present invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence as defined by the third aspect of the invention.
  • the vector may be a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector or a transposon.
  • the present invention relates to method for making a cell according to the first aspect of the invention, which comprises the step of introducing: a nucleic acid sequence according to the third aspect of the invention or a vector according to fourth aspect of the invention into a cell.
  • the method may comprise the step of stimulating the cell with a gamma delta T cell stimulating agent.
  • the ⁇ T cell stimulating agent may be selected from, for example, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP); analogs of IPP such as bromohydrin pyrophosphate and (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate; and inhibitors of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) such as aminobisphosphonates (e.g. zoledronate or pamidronate).
  • IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate
  • analogs of IPP such as bromohydrin pyrophosphate and (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
  • FPPS farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase
  • the cell may be from a sample isolated from a subject.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a cell according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to a method for treating a disease, which comprises the step of administering a pharmaceutical composition according to the sixth aspect of the invention to a subject.
  • the method may comprise the step of administering a ⁇ T cell stimulating agent to the subject.
  • the ⁇ T cell stimulating agent may be selected from, for example, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP); analogs of IPP such as bromohydrin pyrophosphate and (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate; and inhibitors of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) such as aminobisphosphonates (e.g. zoledronate or pamidronate).
  • IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate
  • analogs of IPP such as bromohydrin pyrophosphate and (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
  • FPPS farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase
  • the method may comprise the following steps:
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition according to the sixth aspect of the present invention for use in treating a disease.
  • the present invention relates to the use of a cell according to the first aspect of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and/or preventing a disease.
  • the disease described herein may be cancer, microbial infection or viral infection.
  • the present invention therefore provides a ⁇ T cell which is only fully activated by, and therefore capable of killing, a target cell which expresses a first antigen which is capable of binding to the endogenous ⁇ TCR (and thus stimulating productive signal 1) and a second antigen which is capable of binding to the CAR (and thus stimulating productive signal 2).
  • the ⁇ T cells of the invention are therefore useful for reducing unwanted ‘on target-off tumour’ effects.
  • a normal cell which expresses low levels of a TAA will not activate the ⁇ T cell of the invention as it will not express a danger signal recognised by the endogenous ⁇ TCR and thus will not provide signal 1, which is required for full activation of the ⁇ T cell.
  • FIG. 1 Diagram of the signalling required for full activation of a ⁇ T cell which results in killing of the target cell.
  • FIG. 2 Illustrative diagram of a ⁇ T cell of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 Examples of illustrative CARs which may be used in the present invention
  • FIG. 4 Representative flow cytometric dot plots to illustrate co-expression of a ⁇ TCR (V ⁇ 2) and GD2-DAP10 CAR (Fc, CD20 marker and CD34 marker) in a ⁇ T cell
  • FIG. 5 Killing of GD2+ cell lines LAN1 and TC71 by V ⁇ 2 ⁇ T cells transduced with the aGD2-Fc-DAP10 CAR
  • FIG. 6 Killing of GD2+ cell line LAN1 and no killing of GD2 ⁇ cell line SKNSH. Error bars denote SEM for 3-6 independent donors.
  • FIG. 7 Preservation of CAR expression following prolonged co-culture and GD2 specific expansion
  • FIG. 8 Flow cytometric staining for CD33 expression of AML cell lines (Nomo1, Sh1 and MV4; 11) and freshly isolated monocytes is equivalent.
  • FIG. 9 A) aCD33-DAP10-transduced V ⁇ 2 cells spare monocytes in the absence of ZOL but aCD33-CD28z-transduced V ⁇ 2 cells do not. B) aCD33-DAP10-transduced V ⁇ 2 cells kill AML better than NT V ⁇ 2 cells, but spare monocytes. Error bars indicate SEM for 3 independent donors.
  • FIG. 10 Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of an anti-GD2-Fc-DAP10 CAR
  • FIG. 11 Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of an anti-CD33-Fc-DAP10 CAR
  • FIG. 12 aCD33-DAP10-transduced V ⁇ 2 cells spare haemopoietic stem cells but aCD33-CD28z-transduced V ⁇ 2 cells do not.
  • Normal human bone marrow was cultured overnight with the indicated CAR T cells.
  • Surviving haemopoietic stem cells were assayed by myeloid colony formation in soft agar. Data is derived using transduced V ⁇ 2 cells from three independent donors.
  • FIG. 13 Differential cross-linking of “costimulation-only” CAR and V ⁇ 9v ⁇ 2 TCR leads to differential cytokine responses.
  • Top Schematic of experimental design. Biotinylated beads are coated with (A) no/irrelevant antibodies, or (B) antibodies to bind either the TCR (anti-CD3) or the CAR (anti-Ig binding the spacer region of the CAR); C) following cross linking, intracellular cytokine secretion is used to measure activation. As a control, stimulatory anti-CD3/CD28 beads (Miltenyi) are used.
  • T-cells are divided into two groups based on their T-Cell Receptor (TCR) components.
  • TCR heterodimer consists of an ⁇ and ⁇ chain in 95% of T cells. These recognise foreign antigens via peptides presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells and are essential for adaptive immunity.
  • T cells 5% have TCRs consisting of ⁇ and ⁇ chains.
  • ⁇ TCRs are MHC independent and detect markers of cellular stress expressed by tumours.
  • ⁇ T cells recognize pathogens and transformed cells in an HLA-unrestricted manner. They respond to markers of cellular stress (e.g. phosphoantigens released by transformed cells as by-products of the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway). ⁇ T cells display both innate cytotoxic functions and antigen-presenting capability, particularly in the presence of antibody-opsonized target cells.
  • markers of cellular stress e.g. phosphoantigens released by transformed cells as by-products of the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway.
  • ⁇ T cells display both innate cytotoxic functions and antigen-presenting capability, particularly in the presence of antibody-opsonized target cells.
  • ⁇ T-cells are responsible for “lymphoid stress surveillance,” i.e., sensing and responding immediately to infections or non-microbial stress without the need of clonal expansion or de novo differentiation.
  • ⁇ T cells The activation of ⁇ T cells is regulated by a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals. They are activated by ⁇ TCR ligands (e.g. phosphoantigens) in combination with MHC-associated ligands of the activatory receptor killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily K, member 1 (KLRK1), also known as NKG2D, such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA), MICB, and various members of the UL16-binding protein (ULBP) family.
  • ⁇ TCR ligands e.g. phosphoantigens
  • KLRK1 MHC-associated ligands of the activatory receptor killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily K, member 1 (KLRK1), also known as NKG2D, such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA), MICB, and various members of the UL16-binding protein (ULBP) family.
  • MICA MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence
  • KIRs killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors
  • KIRs can be either activatory or inhibitory, including killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, 2 domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 1 (KIR2DL1) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, 3 domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 1 (KIR3DL1).
  • ⁇ T-cells derive signal 1 of T cell activation from danger signal antigens present on transformed or infected cells. These danger signal antigens are recognised through the ⁇ TCR.
  • Signal 2 of T cell activation for ⁇ T-cells is also commonly derived by danger signal molecules (such as MICA) present on transformed or infected cells. Signal 2 may be transduced, for example, through the NKG2D receptor and DAP 10 ( FIG. 2A ).
  • cancer cells frequently secrete soluble NKG2D ligands effectively blocking signal 2 in ⁇ T-cells, thus preventing their activation and facilitating tumour infiltration ( FIG. 2B ).
  • the present invention provides a T cell which expresses a ⁇ TCR and a CAR, wherein the intracellular signalling domain of the CAR provides a co-stimulatory signal to the T cell.
  • the arrangement of the ⁇ TCR and the CAR is such that the ⁇ TCR provides signal 1 and the CAR provides signal 2 upon binding to each receptor, respectively.
  • co-stimulatory signal is synonymous with signal 2, which is required for full ⁇ T cell activation.
  • a ⁇ T cell according to the first aspect of the present invention will only be fully activated and capable of killing a target cell which expresses a first antigen which is capable of binding to the ⁇ TCR (and thus stimulating productive signal 1) and a second antigen which is capable of binding to the CAR (and thus stimulating productive signal 2) ( FIG. 2C ).
  • the ⁇ T cell of the present invention may express any ⁇ TCR.
  • ⁇ TCR ligands are known in the art (see Vantourout, P. & Hayday, A. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 88-100 (2013), for example).
  • the ⁇ TCR expressed by a cell of the present invention may recognise phosphoantigens (e.g. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), Bromohydrin Pyrophosphate (BrHPP) and (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP)); major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related A (MICA); major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related B (MICB); NKG2D ligand 1-6 (ULBP 1-6); CD1c; CD1d; endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR); lipohexapeptides; phycoreythrin or histidyl-tRNA-synthase.
  • IPP Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
  • BrHPP Bromohydrin Pyrophosphate
  • HMBPP 4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
  • MICA
  • the cell of the present invention comprises a CAR comprising (i) an antigen binding domain which binds a specific antigen and (ii) a particular co-stimulatory endodomain.
  • the cell of the present invention will have a greater propensity towards activation in an environment comprising an antigen which can be bound by the CAR, as the binding of antigen by the CAR will result is signalling through the co-stimulatory endodomain and signal 2 production.
  • the antigen-binding domain of the CAR is specific for a TAA
  • the cell of the present invention will have an increased propensity towards activation in a tumour environment where the TAA is expressed due to the co-stimulatory signal provided by the CAR.
  • the T cell according to the present invention expresses a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR).
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • Chimeric antigen receptors are engineered receptors which graft an arbitrary specificity onto an immune effector cell.
  • CAR Chimeric antigen receptors
  • the specificity of a monoclonal antibody is grafted on to a T cell.
  • CAR-encoding nucleic acids may be transferred to T cells using, for example, retroviral vectors. In this way, a large number of cancer-specific T cells can be generated for adoptive cell transfer. Phase I clinical studies of this approach show efficacy.
  • the target-antigen binding domain of a CAR is commonly fused via a spacer and transmembrane domain to a signaling endodomain. When the CAR binds the target-antigen, this results in the transmission of an activating signal to the T-cell it is expressed on.
  • TNF receptor family endodomains such as the closely related OX40 and 41 BB which transmit survival signals.
  • OX40 and 41 BB which transmit survival signals.
  • CARs have now been described which have endodomains capable of transmitting activation, proliferation and survival signals.
  • the ⁇ T cell of the present invention comprises a CAR which comprises a co-stimulatory signalling endodomain which transmits signal 2 to the ⁇ T cell upon the binding of target antigen.
  • the CARs of the T cell of the present invention may comprise a signal peptide so that when the CAR is expressed inside a cell, such as a T-cell, the nascent protein is directed to the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently to the cell surface, where it is expressed.
  • the core of the signal peptide may contain a long stretch of hydrophobic amino acids that has a tendency to form a single alpha-helix.
  • the signal peptide may begin with a short positively charged stretch of amino acids, which helps to enforce proper topology of the polypeptide during translocation.
  • At the end of the signal peptide there is typically a stretch of amino acids that is recognized and cleaved by signal peptidase.
  • Signal peptidase may cleave either during or after completion of translocation to generate a free signal peptide and a mature protein.
  • the free signal peptides are then digested by specific proteases.
  • the signal peptide may be at the amino terminus of the molecule.
  • the signal peptide may comprise the SEQ ID NO: 6, 7 or 8 or a variant thereof having 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino acid mutations (insertions, substitutions or additions) provided that the signal peptide still functions to cause cell surface expression of the CAR.
  • SEQ ID NO: 6 MGTSLLCVVMALCLLGADHADG
  • the signal peptide of SEQ ID NO: 6 is compact and highly efficient. It is predicted to give about 95% cleavage after the terminal glycine, giving efficient removal by signal peptidase.
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 MSLPVTALLLPLALLLHAARP
  • the signal peptide of SEQ ID NO: 7 is derived from IgG1.
  • SEQ ID NO: 8 MAVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARC
  • the signal peptide of SEQ ID NO: 8 is derived from CD8.
  • the intracellular domain/endodomain is the signal-transmission portion of a classical CAR.
  • the ⁇ T cell of the present invention comprises a CAR which comprises a co-stimulatory signalling endodomain which transmits signal 2 to the ⁇ T cell upon the binding of target antigen. Accordingly, ⁇ T cell of the present invention comprises a CAR which does not transmit signal 1 to the ⁇ T cell upon the binding of target antigen.
  • T-cell costimulatory receptors are known to induce qualitative and quantitative changes that lower activation thresholds and prevent T cell energy and enhance T cell function.
  • a number of co-receptors for ⁇ T cells are known in the art. Productive signalling via one or more of these receptors can result in full activation of the ⁇ T cell and target cell killing.
  • the ⁇ T cell of the present invention comprises an intracellular signalling domain from a ⁇ T cell co-receptor, such that binding of antigen to the antigen-binding domain of the CAR generates productive signal 2 signalling in the ⁇ T cell.
  • the intracellular signalling domain may, for example, comprise the DAP10, CD28, CD27, 41BB, OX40, CD30, IL2-R, IL7-R, IL21-R, NKp30, NKp44 or DNAM-1 (CD226) signalling domain.
  • the intracellular signalling domain may comprise the DAP10 signalling domain.
  • DAP10 is a signalling subunit which associates with the NKG2D receptor (see FIG. 1 ). It is the exclusive binding partner and signalling intermediate for NKG2D and contains a YxxM activation motif that triggers the lipid kinase cascade.
  • the intracellular signalling domain may comprise, consist essentially of or consist of a co-stimulatory signalling domain as described herein.
  • the intracellular signalling domain may comprise a sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 3 or 9-19 or a variant thereof.
  • the variant may comprise a sequence which shares at least 75% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3 or 9-19 provided that the sequence provides an effective co-stimulatory signaling domain.
  • the variant may comprise a sequence which shares at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3 or 9-19 provided that the sequence provides an effective co-stimulatory signaling domain.
  • the variant may comprise a sequence which shares at least 85% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3 or 9-19 provided that the sequence provides an effective co-stimulatory signaling domain.
  • the variant may comprise a sequence which shares at least 90% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3 or 9-19 provided that the sequence provides an effective co-stimulatory signaling domain.
  • the variant may comprise a sequence which shares at least 95% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3 or 9-19 provided that the sequence provides an effective co-stimulatory signaling domain.
  • the variant may comprise a sequence which shares at least 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3 or 9-19 provided that the sequence provides an effective co-stimulatory signaling domain.
  • the intracellular signalling domain may comprise a sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 3 or a variant thereof which shares at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 3, provided that the sequence provides an effective co-stimulatory signaling domain.
  • the endodomain does not comprise the CD3 endodomain.
  • the endodomain does not comprise the CD3 epsilon chain, the CD3 gamma chain and/or the CD3 delta chain.
  • the endodomain does not comprise the CD3-zeta endodomain.
  • An illustrative CD3-zeta endodomain is shown as SEQ ID NO: 26.
  • the CD3-zeta endodomain as described herein may comprise or consist of SEQ ID NO: 26 or a variant thereof which has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26 and provides an effective transmembrane domain/intracellular T cell signaling domain.
  • the antigen binding domain is the portion of the CAR which recognizes antigen.
  • Numerous antigen-binding domains are known in the art, including those based on the antigen binding site of an antibody, antibody mimetics, and T-cell receptors.
  • the antigen-binding domain may comprise: a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from a monoclonal antibody; a natural ligand of the target antigen; a peptide with sufficient affinity for the target; a single domain antibody; an artificial single binder such as a Darpin (designed ankyrin repeat protein); or a single-chain derived from a T-cell receptor.
  • scFv single-chain variable fragment
  • the antigen binding domain may comprise a domain which is not based on the antigen binding site of an antibody.
  • the antigen binding domain may comprise a domain based on a protein/peptide which is a soluble ligand for a tumour cell surface receptor (e.g. a soluble peptide such as a cytokine or a chemokine); or an extracellular domain of a membrane anchored ligand or a receptor for which the binding pair counterpart is expressed on the tumour cell.
  • the examples described herein relate to CARs which bind GD2 and CD33, respectively.
  • the antigen binding domain may be based on a natural ligand of the antigen.
  • the antigen binding domain may comprise an affinity peptide from a combinatorial library or a de novo designed affinity protein/peptide.
  • TAA Tumour-Associated Antigen
  • the antigen binding domain may bind to a tumour-associated antigen (TAA).
  • TAA tumour-associated antigen
  • TAAs are known in the art and the CAR used in the present invention may comprise any antigen binding domain which is capable of specifically binding to any TAA.
  • the CAR for use in the present invention may be capable of specifically binding to a TAA listed in Table 1.
  • B-cell lymphomas CLL CD19 Pre-B ALL, B-cell lymphoma, CLL CD22 Pre-B ALL, B-cell lymphomas, CLL CD30 Hodgkin's lymphoma, ALCL CD52 T-cell AML, Pre-B ALL CD70 Hodgkins Lymphoma, DLCL, Renal cell carcinoma, EBV+ glioblastoma, undifferentiated nasopharyngeal sarcoma CD33 AML, MDS, APL, CML, JMML, ALL (18% only) CD47 Pre-B ALL, T cell ALL, AML IL7 receptor ⁇ Pre-B ALL, B cell lymphomas TSLPR Pre-B ALL (7%), Pre-B aLL in Down's syndrome (60%) ROR1 Pre-B ALL, CLL mantle cell lymphoma GD2 Neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, soft tissue sarcomas
  • TAAs A problem associated with the targeting of TAAs in cancer immunotherapy is that low levels of the TAAs may be expressed on normal tissues.
  • GD2 is a neuroblastoma TAA, but it is also expressed on nerves
  • PSMA is a prostate cancer TAA but also is found on normal kidney, liver and colon cells, and brain astrocytes. This problem is more profound in solid tumours where there is a dearth of highly selective targets.
  • TAAs on normal, healthy cells may result in ‘on-target, off-tumour’ side effects.
  • the present invention mitigates these effects because the ⁇ T cell of the present invention is only activated by cells which express a ligand for both the ⁇ TCR and the CAR. Normal, healthy cells which express the TAA at low levels will therefore not activate the ⁇ T cell of the present invention because they do not express a danger signal antigen capable of binding to the ⁇ TCR ( FIG. 2D ).
  • the antigen binding domain of the CAR may be capable of binding GD2, CD33, CD19 or EGFR.
  • Disialoganglioside is a sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipid expressed primarily on the cell surface. The function of this carbohydrate antigen is not completely understood; however, it is thought to play an important role in the attachment of tumour cells to extracellular matrix proteins.
  • GD2 is densely, homogenously and almost universally expressed on neuroblastoma. In normal tissues, GD2 expression is largely limited to skin melanocytes, and peripheral pain fibre myelin sheaths. Within the CNS, GD2 appears to be an embryonic antigen but is found dimly expressed in scattered oligodendrocytes and within the posterior pituitary.
  • the antigen binding domain may comprise a sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 20 or a variant thereof, providing that the variant retains the ability to bind to GD2.
  • the antigen binding domain may comprise a sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 20 or a variant thereof which shares at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 20, providing that the variant retains the ability to bind to GD2.
  • CD33 (for example as shown by Uniprot accession number P20138) is a putative adhesion molecule of myelomonocytic-derived cells that mediates sialic-acid dependent binding to cells. It is usually considered myeloid-specific, but it can also be found on some lymphoid cells.
  • the antigen binding domain may comprise a sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 21 or a variant thereof, providing that the variant retains the ability to bind to GD2.
  • the antigen binding domain may comprise a sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 21 or a variant thereof which shares at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 21, providing that the variant retains the ability to bind to GD2.
  • the human CD19 antigen is a 95 kd transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (for example as shown by Uniprot P15391). CD19 is expressed very early in B-cell differentiation and is only lost at terminal B-cell differentiation into plasma cells. Consequently, CD19 is expressed on all B-cell malignancies apart from multiple myeloma. CD19 is also expressed by the normal B cell compartment.
  • EGFR (for example as shown by Uniprot accession number P00533) is a receptor tyrosine kinase which binds ligands of the EGF family and activates several signaling cascades to convert extracellular cues into appropriate cellular responses.
  • ligands include EGF, TGFA/TGF-alpha, amphiregulin, epigen/EPGN, BTC/betacellulin, epiregulin/EREG and HBEGF/heparin-binding EGF.
  • EGF EGF
  • TGFA/TGF-alpha amphiregulin
  • epigen/EPGN epigen/EPGN
  • BTC/betacellulin epiregulin/EREG
  • HBEGF/heparin-binding EGF EGFR is expressed at high levels by many cancer cells. However, it is also expressed by normal, healthy cells.
  • CARs may comprise a spacer sequence to connect the antigen-binding domain with the transmembrane domain and spatially separate the antigen-binding domain from the endodomain.
  • a flexible spacer allows the antigen-binding domain to orient in different directions to facilitate binding.
  • the spacer sequence may, for example, comprise an IgG1 Fc region, an IgG1 hinge or a human CD8 stalk or the mouse CD8 stalk.
  • the spacer may alternatively comprise an alternative linker sequence which has similar length and/or domain spacing properties as an IgG1 Fc region, an IgG1 hinge or a CD8 stalk.
  • a human IgG1 spacer may be altered to remove Fc binding motifs.
  • amino acid sequences for these spacers are given below:
  • the spacer may be a variant of any of SEQ ID NO: 22 to 24 which shares at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 22 to 24 and retains the functional activity of the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 9 to 11.
  • the transmembrane domain is the sequence of the CAR that spans the membrane.
  • a transmembrane domain may be any protein structure which is thermodynamically stable in a membrane. This is typically an alpha helix comprising of several hydrophobic residues.
  • the transmembrane domain of any transmembrane protein can be used to supply the transmembrane portion of the invention.
  • the presence and span of a transmembrane domain of a protein can be determined by those skilled in the art using the TMHMM algorithm (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/).
  • transmembrane domain of a protein is a relatively simple structure, i.e a polypeptide sequence predicted to form a hydrophobic alpha helix of sufficient length to span the membrane
  • an artificially designed TM domain may also be used (U.S. Pat. No. 7,052,906 B1 describes synthetic transmembrane components).
  • the transmembrane domain may be derived from any type I transmembrane protein.
  • the transmembrane domain may be a synthetic sequence predicted to form a hydrophobic helix.
  • the transmembrane domain may be derived from CD28, which gives good receptor stability.
  • the transmembrane domain may comprise the sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 25.
  • the present invention further provides a nucleic acid sequence which encodes a CAR as described herein.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may be capable of encoding a CAR having the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may encode the same amino acid sequence as that encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, but may have a different nucleic acid sequence, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may have at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 98 or 99% identity to the sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, provided that it encodes a CAR as defined in the first aspect of the invention.
  • Sequence comparisons can be conducted by eye, or more usually, with the aid of readily available sequence comparison programs. These publicly and commercially available computer programs can calculate sequence identity between two or more sequences.
  • Sequence identity may be calculated over contiguous sequences, i.e. one sequence is aligned with the other sequence and each amino acid in one sequence directly compared with the corresponding amino acid in the other sequence, one residue at a time. This is called an “ungapped” alignment. Typically, such ungapped alignments are performed only over a relatively short number of residues (for example less than 50 contiguous amino acids).
  • the alignment process itself is typically not based on an all-or-nothing pair comparison. Instead, a scaled similarity score matrix is generally used that assigns scores to each pairwise comparison based on chemical similarity or evolutionary distance.
  • a scaled similarity score matrix is generally used that assigns scores to each pairwise comparison based on chemical similarity or evolutionary distance.
  • An example of such a matrix commonly used is the BLOSUM62 matrix—the default matrix for the BLAST suite of programs.
  • GCG Wisconsin programs generally use either the public default values or a custom symbol comparison table if supplied (see user manual for further details). It is preferred to use the public default values for the GCG package, or in the case of other software, the default matrix, such as BLOSUM62.
  • variant includes any substitution of, variation of, modification of, replacement of, deletion of or addition of one (or more) amino acids from or to the sequence providing the resultant amino acid sequence retains substantially the same activity as the unmodified sequence.
  • a nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence as described herein may comprise, consist of or consist essentially of a nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence as shown herein.
  • the present invention also provides a vector which comprises a nucleic acid sequence according to the present invention.
  • a vector may be used to introduce the nucleic acid sequence into a host cell so that it expresses and produces a molecule according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the vector may, for example, be a plasmid or a viral vector, such as a retroviral vector or a lentiviral vector.
  • the vector may be capable of transfecting or transducing a T cell.
  • the vector may also comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a suicide gene, such as iCasp9 or RQR8.
  • a suicide-gene is a genetically encoded mechanism which allows selective destruction of adoptively transferred cells, such as T-cells, in the face of unacceptable toxicity.
  • Caspase 9 results in cell apoptosis.
  • the activation mechanism behind Caspase 9 was exploited by the iCasp9 molecule. All that is needed for Caspase 9 to become activated, is overcoming the energic barrier for Caspase 9 to homodimerize. The homodimer undergoes a conformational change and the proteolytic domain of one of a pair of dimers becomes active. Physiologically, this occurs by binding of the CARD domain of Caspase 9 to APAF-1. In iCasp9, the APAF-1 domain is replaced with a modified FKBP12 which has been mutated to selectively bind a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID).
  • CID chemical inducer of dimerization
  • iCasp9 is based on a modified human caspase 9 fused to a human FK506 binding protein (FKBP) (Straathof et al (2005) Blood 105:4247-4254). It enables conditional dimerization in the presence of a small molecule CID, known as AP1903.
  • FKBP human FK506 binding protein
  • RQR8 renders T-cells susceptible to anti-CD20 antibody Rituximab but is more compact than the full-length CD20 molecule (Philip, B. et al. (2014) Blood doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-545020).
  • the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing a vector or a CAR-expressing T cell of the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and optionally one or more further pharmaceutically active polypeptides and/or compounds.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent or excipient
  • Such a formulation may, for example, be in a form suitable for intravenous infusion.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for making a cell according to the present invention, which comprises the step of introducing a nucleic acid sequence or vector according to the present invention into a cell.
  • CAR-expressing cells may either be created ex vivo either from a patient's own peripheral blood (1st party), or in the setting of a haematopoietic stem cell transplant from donor peripheral blood (2nd party), or peripheral blood from an unconnected donor (3rd party).
  • CAR T-cells may be derived from ex-vivo differentiation of inducible progenitor cells or embryonic progenitor cells to T-cells.
  • CAR T-cells are generated by introducing DNA or RNA coding for the CAR by one of many means including transduction with a viral vector, transfection with DNA or RNA.
  • the method may further comprise stimulating the cell with a ⁇ T cell stimulating agent.
  • a ‘ ⁇ T cell stimulating agent’ refers to any agent which selectively stimulates the proliferation and/or survival of ⁇ T cells from a mixed starting population of cells.
  • the resulting cell population is enriched with an increased number of ⁇ T cells—for example particular ⁇ T cells expressing a particular ⁇ TCR receptor—compared with the starting population of cells.
  • ⁇ T cell populations produced in accordance with the present invention may be enriched with ⁇ T cells, for example particular ⁇ T cells expressing a particular ⁇ TCR receptor. That is, the ⁇ T cell population that is produced in accordance with the present invention will have an increased number of ⁇ T cells.
  • the ⁇ T cell population of the invention will have an increased number of ⁇ T cells expressing a particular ⁇ TCR receptor compared with the ⁇ T cells in a sample isolated from a subject. That is to say, the composition of the ⁇ T cell population will differ from that of a “native” T cell population (i.e. a population that has not undergone expansion steps discussed herein), in that the percentage or proportion of ⁇ T cells will be increased.
  • the ⁇ T cell population according to the invention may have at least about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% ⁇ T cells.
  • the ⁇ T cell population according to the invention may have at least about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% ⁇ T cells expressing a particular ⁇ TCR receptor.
  • the ⁇ T cell stimulating agent may be isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP); an analog of IPP (e.g. bromohydrin pyrophosphate or (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate); an inhibitor of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) or an aminobisphosphonate such as zoledronate or pamidronate.
  • IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate
  • an analog of IPP e.g. bromohydrin pyrophosphate or (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
  • FPPS farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase
  • aminobisphosphonate such as zoledronate or pamidronate.
  • the ⁇ T cell stimulating agent may be used in combination with a general T cell mitogen, for example a mitogenic cytokine such as IL-2.
  • a general T cell mitogen for example a mitogenic cytokine such as IL-2.
  • Additional methods of stimulating ⁇ T cells include, for example, the use of Concanavalin A (Siegers, G. M. et al. PLoS ONE 6, e16700 (2011)), anti- ⁇ TCR antibodies immobilized on plastic; engineered artificial antigen presenting cells as feeders and engineered artificial antigen presenting cells coated in anti- ⁇ TCR antibody (Fisher, J. et al.; Clin. Cancer Res. (2014)).
  • a method for the treatment of disease relates to the therapeutic use of a vector or T cell of the invention.
  • the vector or T cell may be administered to a subject having an existing disease or condition in order to lessen, reduce or improve at least one symptom associated with the disease and/or to slow down, reduce or block the progression of the disease.
  • CAR-expressing T cells may either be created ex vivo either from a patient's own peripheral blood (1st party), or in the setting of a haematopoietic stem cell transplant from donor peripheral blood (2nd party), or peripheral blood from an unconnected donor (3rd party).
  • CAR T-cells may be derived from ex-vivo differentiation of inducible progenitor cells or embryonic progenitor cells to T-cells.
  • CAR T-cells are generated by introducing DNA or RNA coding for the CAR by one of many means including transduction with a viral vector, transfection with DNA or RNA.
  • the sample comprising ⁇ T cell may have been previously isolated from the subject.
  • a CAR T cell according to the present invention may be generated by a method as described herein.
  • a CAR-expressing T cell for use in a method for the treatment of a disease may be generated by a method comprising the steps of transduction of the T cell with a viral vector or transfection with DNA or RNA encoded the co-stimulatory CAR as described herein and expansion of ⁇ T cells using a ⁇ T cell stimulating agent.
  • the ⁇ T cell stimulating agent may be isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP); an analog of IPP (e.g. bromohydrin pyrophosphate or (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate); an inhibitor of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) or aminobisphosphonates such as zoledronate or pamidronate, for example.
  • IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate
  • an analog of IPP e.g. bromohydrin pyrophosphate or (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
  • FPPS farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase
  • aminobisphosphonates such as zoledronate or pamidronate, for example.
  • T cells expressing a CAR molecule of the present invention may be used for the treatment of a various diseases including, for example, cancer, microbial infection and viral infection.
  • the cancer may be, for example, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer (renal cell), lung cancer, brain cancer, melanoma, leukaemia, lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer or thyroid cancer.
  • composition of the present invention may be administered in combination with additional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
  • a composition of the present invention may be administered in combination with a ⁇ T cell stimulating agent such as isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP); an analog of IPP (e.g. bromohydrin pyrophosphate or (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate); an inhibitor of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) or aminobisphosphonates such as zoledronate or pamidronate.
  • IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate
  • an analog of IPP e.g. bromohydrin pyrophosphate or (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
  • FPPS farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase
  • aminobisphosphonates such as zoledronate or pamidronate.
  • Zoledronate and Pamidronate can be used for in vivo expansion of V ⁇ 2+ ⁇ T cells in combination with IL-2.
  • IL-2 IL-2
  • “In combination’ may refer to administration of the additional therapy or ⁇ T cell stimulating agent before, at the same time as or after administration of the composition according to the present invention.
  • PBMCs were extracted from the blood of healthy donors using Ficoll density gradient separation. They were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 100u/ml human IL-2 and 5 ⁇ M zoledronic acid for 5 days.
  • the illustrative CAR described herein includes aGD2-specific scFv, a linker based on the Fc portion of IgG1, a transmembrane domain derived from CD28 and the endodomain of DAP10 (see FIG. 10 ).
  • a second illustrative CAR includes a CD33-specific scFv, a linker based on the Fc portion of IgG1, a transmembrane domain derived from CD28 and the endodomain of DAP10 (see FIG. 11 ).
  • Both the LAN1 and TC71 cells lines are known to express GD2.
  • Co-culture was started 24 days after transduction and serial analyses of cells for the presence of CAR and TCRV ⁇ 2 were taken in the presence of irradiated GD2+(LAN1) and GD2 ⁇ (SK-N-SH) neuroblastoma cells ( FIG. 7A ).
  • Example 4 Specific Killing of CD33+ AML Cells but not CD33+ Monocytes by ⁇ T Cells Expressing an Anti-CD33-DAP10 CAR
  • V ⁇ 2 ⁇ T cells were transduced with either an anti-CD33-Fc-DAP10 or anti-CD33-Fc-CD28-CD3z CAR construct.
  • the anti-CD33-Fc-CD28-CD3z CAR construct provides signal 1 and signal 2 in the presence of CD33.
  • the anti-CD33-Fc-DAP10 provides signal 2 in the presence of CD33.

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US20210130775A1 (en) * 2017-08-02 2021-05-06 Autolus Limited Cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor or engineered tcr and comprising a nucleotide sequence which is selectively expressed
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