US20150291625A1 - Heteroaromatic Compounds and their Use as Dopamine D1 Ligands - Google Patents

Heteroaromatic Compounds and their Use as Dopamine D1 Ligands Download PDF

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US20150291625A1
US20150291625A1 US14/435,954 US201314435954A US2015291625A1 US 20150291625 A1 US20150291625 A1 US 20150291625A1 US 201314435954 A US201314435954 A US 201314435954A US 2015291625 A1 US2015291625 A1 US 2015291625A1
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alkyl
compound
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cycloalkyl
furo
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Jotham Wadsworth Coe
John Arthur Allen
Jennifer Elizabeth Davoren
Amy Beth Dounay
Ivan Viktorovich Efremov
David Lawrence Firman Gray
Edward Raymond Guilmette
Anthony Richard Harris
Chris John Helal
Jaclyn Louise Henderson
Scot Richard Mente
Deane Milford Nason
Steven Victor O'Neil
Chakrapani Subramanyam
Wenjian Xu
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Pfizer Inc
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Pfizer Inc
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    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to heteroaromatic compounds, which are dopamine D1 ligands, for example dopamine D1 agonists or partial agonists.
  • D1-like receptors D1Rs
  • D2Rs D2-like receptors
  • D1-like receptor family consists of D1 and D5 receptors (D1), which are highly expressed in many regions of the brain.
  • D1 mRNA has been found in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. See e.g., Missale C, Nash S R, Robinson S W, Jaber M, Caron M G “Dopamine receptors: from structure to function”, Physiological Reviews 78:189-225 (1998).
  • D1 and D5 receptors are linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase
  • D2, D3, and D4 receptors are linked to inhibition of cAMP production
  • D1 and D5 receptors are linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase
  • D2, D3, and D4 receptors are linked to inhibition of cAMP production
  • D1 and D5 receptors are linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase
  • D2, D3, and D4 receptors namely D2-like receptors
  • Dopamine D1 receptors are implicated in numerous neuropharmacological and neurobiological functions. For example, D1 receptors are involved in different types of memory function and synaptic plasticity. See e.g., Goldman-Rakic P S, Castner S A, Svensson T H, Siever L J, Williams G V “Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction”, Psychopharmacology 174(1):3-16 (2004); Castner S A, Williams G V “Tuning the engine of cognition: a focus on NMDA/D1 receptor interactions in prefrontal cortex”, Brain Cognition 63(2):94-122 (2007).
  • D1 receptors have been implicated in a variety of psychiatric, neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, mood, motivational, metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, ophthalmic, endocrine, and/or other disorders described herein including schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia), cognitive impairment associated with D2 antagonist therapy, ADHD, impulsivity, autism spectrum disorder, Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, depression, anxiety, treatment-resistant depression (TRD), bipolar disorder, chronic apathy, anhedonia, chronic fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, seasonal affective disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-partum depression, serotonin syndrome, substance abuse and drug dependence, Tourette's syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, drowsiness, sexual dysfunction, migraine, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), hyperglycemia, dislipidemia, obesity, diabetes, sepsis, post-ischemic tubular
  • G protein-coupled receptors desensitize via a common mechanism involving G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) phosphorylation followed by ⁇ -arrestin binding which prevents G protein-coupling (and thus G protein activation).
  • GPCRs including D1Rs
  • GRK G protein-coupled receptor kinase
  • D1 receptor desensitization involves agonist-induced phosphorylation of the receptor (i.e., preferential phosphorylation of the receptor that are in the agonist-occupied conformation) and ⁇ -arrestin recruitment ( ⁇ -arrestin-receptor binding) that prevents G protein coupling and in turn leads to desensitization of D1 receptor's canonical G protein pathway/activation signaling [which can be measured, for example, by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) accumulation/production].
  • CAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • ⁇ -arrestins may also enable GPCR-mediated “arrestinergic” signaling by functioning as scaffolds for downstream effector molecules such as the extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs).
  • ERKs extracellular regulated kinases
  • New or improved agents that modulate (such as agonize or partially agonize) D1 are needed for developing new and more effective pharmaceuticals to treat diseases or conditions associated with dysregulated activation of D1, such as those described herein.
  • the present invention provides, in part, a compound of Formula I:
  • X 1 is O or S
  • Y 1 is O, S, or NR N ;
  • Q 1 is an N-containing 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, an N-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, or phenyl, wherein the heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 independently selected R 7 ; and the phenyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 independently selected R 7a ;
  • R T1 and R T2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 fluoroalkyl, cyclopropyl, fluorocyclopropyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 haloalkoxy, —C( ⁇ O)—O—(C 1-3 alkyl), and —C( ⁇ O)OH;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, F, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)—O—(C 1-3 alkyl), C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 fluoroalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, and C 3-6 fluorocycloalkyl, wherein said C 3-6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independently selected from halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), —CN, —OH, C( ⁇ O)OH, C( ⁇ O)—O—(C 1-3 alkyl), C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 haloalkoxy, —N(R 8 )(R 9 ), C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 fluoroalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 3-6 fluorocycloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, and C 2-6 alkynyl, wherein said C 3-6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independently selected from halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy;
  • halogen e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I
  • —CN —OH, C( ⁇ O)OH, C
  • R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 haloalkoxy, —CN, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, C( ⁇ O)—O—(C 1-4 alkyl), and halogen, wherein each of said C 1-6 alkyl and C 3-6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independently selected from halo, —OH, —CN, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy;
  • R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, —OH, —NO 2 , —CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 haloalkoxy, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, —N(R 8 )(R 9 ), —N(R 10 )(C( ⁇ O)R 11 ), —C( ⁇ O)—N(R 8 )(R 9 ), —C( ⁇ O)—R 12 , —C( ⁇ O)—OR 12 , and —OR 13 , wherein each of said C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —OH, C 1-3 alkyl
  • R 5 and R 3 together with the two carbon atoms to which they are attached form a fused N-containing 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, a fused N-containing 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, a fused 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, or a fused benzene ring, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, —CN, —OH, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 haloalkyl, and C 1-3 haloalkoxy;
  • R 7 and R 7a are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NO 2 , oxo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 hydroxylalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 haloalkoxy, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 6-10 aryl, a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, —CH ⁇ N—O—(C 1-3 alkyl), —N(R 14 )(R 15 ), —N(R 16 )(C( ⁇ O)R 17 ), —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 14 )(R 15 ), —
  • each R 7b is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, —CN, —NO 2 , —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyridin-1-yl, OH, oxo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy;
  • R 8 and R 9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, wherein each of said C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —CN, C 1-3 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 1-3 hydroxylalkyl, —S—C 1-3 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)H, —C( ⁇ O)—C 1-3 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)—
  • R 8 and R 9 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, oxo, —C( ⁇ O)H, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)—C 1-3 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)—NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—N(C 1-3 alkyl) 2 , —CN, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 hydroxylalkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, and C 1-3 haloalkoxy;
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-3 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloalkyl;
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6-10 aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CF 3 , —CN, —OH, oxo, —S—C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, and C 1-6 haloalkoxy;
  • R 12 is H or is selected from the group consisting of C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4-14 membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6-10 aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CF 3 , —CN, —OH, —C( ⁇ O)OH, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, and C 1-6 haloalkoxy;
  • R 13 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6-10 aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —N(R 14 )(R 15 ), —C( ⁇ O)N(R 14 )(R 15 ), —N(R 16 )(C( ⁇ O)R 17 ), —C( ⁇ O)H, —C( ⁇ O)N(R 16 )(OR 18 ), —C( ⁇ O)—R 18 , —C( ⁇ O)—OR 18 , —O—C( ⁇ O)R 18 , —CF 3 ,
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, wherein each of said C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —CN, oxo, —NHC( ⁇ O)—(C 1-3 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-3 alkyl) 2 , —O—(C 1-6 hydroxylalkyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 —C 1-3 alkyl, —S—C 1-3 alkyl, C
  • R 14 and R 15 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 haloalkoxy, C 1-3 hydroxylalkyl, C 2-4 alkoxyalkyl, oxo, a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-3 alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 —C 1-3 alkyl, —S—C 1-3 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)H, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , and —C( ⁇ O)—C 1-3 alkyl;
  • R 16 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-3 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloalkyl;
  • R 17 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6-10 aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CF 3 , —CN, —OH, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, and C 1-6 haloalkoxy;
  • R 18 is H or is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6-10 aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CF 3 , —CN, —OH, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, and C 1-6 haloalkoxy;
  • R 19 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6-10 aryl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —N(R 14 )(R 15 ), —C( ⁇ O)N(R 14 )(R 15 ), —N(R 16 )(C( ⁇ O)R 17 ), —C( ⁇ O)—R 18 , —C( ⁇ O)—OR 18 , —CF 3 , —CN, —OH, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl,
  • R N is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 3-6 fluorocycloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and arylalkyl, wherein each of said C 3-6 cycloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and arylalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independently selected from halo, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy.
  • adjacent in describing the relative positions of two substituent groups on a ring structure refers to two substituent groups that are respectively attached to two ring-forming atoms of the same ring, wherein the two-ring forming atoms are directly connected through a chemical bond.
  • either of the two R 70 groups is an adjacent group of R 60 .
  • n-membered where n is an integer typically describes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n.
  • pyridine is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring
  • thiophene is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl group.
  • substituents of compounds of the invention are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the invention include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges.
  • C 1-6 alkyl is specifically intended to include methyl, ethyl, C 3 alkyl, C 4 alkyl, C 5 alkyl, and C 6 alkyl.
  • a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group is specifically intended to include any 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-membered heteroaryl group.
  • alkyl is defined to include saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons including straight chains and branched chains.
  • the alkyl group has 1 to 10, e.g., 1 to 6, carbon atoms.
  • C 1-6 alkyl as well as the alkyl moieties of other groups referred to herein (e.g., C 1-6 alkoxy) refers to linear or branched radicals of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, or n-hexyl), optionally substituted by 1 or more (such as 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
  • C 1-4 alkyl refers to linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons chains of 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl).
  • C 1-3 alkyl refers to linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons chains of 1 to 3 carbon atoms
  • alkenyl refers to aliphatic hydrocarbons having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, including straight chains and branched chains having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. In some embodiments, the alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • C 2-6 alkenyl means straight or branched chain unsaturated radicals of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, including, but not limited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), isopropenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like, optionally substituted by 1 to 5 suitable substituents.
  • the alkenyl group may exist as the pure E form, the pure Z form, or any mixture thereof.
  • alkynyl refers to aliphatic hydrocarbons having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, including straight chains and branched chains having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • the alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • C 2-6 alkynyl is used herein to mean straight or branched hydrocarbon chain alkynyl radicals as defined above, having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and one triple bond, optionally substituted by 1 or more (such as 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
  • cycloalkyl refers to saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic) hydrocarbon rings (e.g., monocyclics such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, or bicyclics including spiro, fused, or bridged systems (such as bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl or bicyclo[5.2.0]nonanyl, decahydronaphthalenyl, etc.), optionally substituted by 1 or more (such as 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
  • monocyclics such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclo
  • the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 15 carbon atoms.
  • the cycloalkyl may optionally contain one, two or more non-cumulative non-aromatic double or triple bonds and/or one to three oxo groups.
  • the bicycloalkyl group has 6 to 15 carbon atoms.
  • C 3-7 cycloalkyl refers to saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic) hydrocarbon rings of 3 to 7 ring-forming carbon atoms (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl).
  • C 3-6 cycloalkyl refers to saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic) hydrocarbon rings of 3 to 6 ring-forming carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl moieties that have one or more aromatic rings (including aryl and heteroaryl) fused to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo or thienyl derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, and the like (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-yl, or 1H-inden-2(3H)-one-1-yl).
  • the cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by 1 or more (such as 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
  • aryl refers to all-carbon monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic aromatic groups having a conjugated pi-electron system.
  • the aryl group has 6, 8, or 10 carbon atoms in the ring(s). More commonly, the aryl group has 6 or 10 carbon atoms in the ring(s). Most commonly, the aryl group has 6 carbon atoms in the ring.
  • C 6-10 aryl means aromatic radicals containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl and the like.
  • the aryl group is optionally substituted by 1 or more (such as 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
  • heteroaryl refers to monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic aromatic heterocyclic groups with one or more heteroatom ring members (ring-forming atoms) each independently selected from O, S and N in at least one ring.
  • the heteroaryl group has 5 to 14 ring-forming atoms, including 1 to 13 carbon atoms, and 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N.
  • the heteroaryl group has 5 to 10 ring-forming atoms including one to four heteroatoms.
  • the heteroaryl group can also contain one to three oxo groups.
  • the heteroaryl group has 5 to 8 ring-forming atoms including one, two or three heteroatoms.
  • Examples of monocyclic heteroaryls include those with 5 ring-forming atoms including one to three heteroatoms or those with 6 ring-forming atoms including one or two nitrogen heteroatoms.
  • Examples of fused bicyclic heteroaryls include two fused 5- and/or 6-membered monocyclic rings including one to four heteroatoms.
  • heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl (e.g., 1,3-oxazolyl, 1,2-oxazolyl), thiazolyl (e.g., 1,2-thiazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl), pyrazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl), thiadiazolyl (e.g., 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl), quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, indolyl, pyridone, pyrimidone, pyrazinone, pyrimidinone,
  • N-containing when used in connection with a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl means that the heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl comprises at least one ring-forming nitrogen (N) atom and optionally one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4) ring-forming heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S and N.
  • N-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl refers to a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group (including monocyclic or bi-cyclic) comprising at least one ring-forming nitrogen (N) atom and optionally one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4) ring-forming heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S and N.
  • N-containing 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl refers to a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl group comprising at least one ring-forming nitrogen (N) atom and optionally one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4) ring-forming heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S and N.
  • N-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl (e.g., 1,3-oxazolyl, 1,2-oxazolyl), thiazolyl (e.g., 1,2-thiazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl), pyrazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl), thiadiazolyl (e.g., 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl), quinolyl, isoquinolyl, pyridone, pyrimidone, pyrazinone, pyrimidinone, 1H-imidazol-2(3H)-one, 1H-pyrrol
  • N-containing 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl (e.g., 1,3-oxazolyl, 1,2-oxazolyl), thiazolyl (e.g., 1,2-thiazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl), pyrazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl), and thiadiazolyl (e.g., 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl),
  • the N-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group or the N-containing 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl is optionally substituted by 1 or more (such as 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic [including 2 or more rings that are fused together, including spiro, fused, or bridged systems, for example, a bicyclic ring system], saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 3- to 15-membered ring system (such as a 4- to 14-membered ring system, 4- to 10-membered ring system, or 5- to 10-membered ring system), including 1 to 14 ring-forming carbon atoms and 1 to 10 ring-forming heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S and N.
  • the heterocycloalkyl group can also include one to three oxo groups.
  • heterocycloalkyl rings examples include azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydrothiazinyl, tetrahydrothiadiazinyl, morpholinyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrodiazinyl, oxazinyl, oxathiazinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, quinuclidinyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, benzoxazinyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanonyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl and the like.
  • heterocycloalkyl rings include tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, 1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl, 1,4-oxazepan-1-yl, isothiazolidinyl, 1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl, 1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-thiazinan-3-yl, 1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl,
  • heterocycloalkyl moieties that have one or more aromatic rings (including aryl and heteroaryl) fused to the nonaromatic heterocycloalkyl ring, for example pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, and benzo derivatives of heterocycles such as indolene, isoindolene, isoindolin-1-one-3-yl, 5,7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-5-yl, 5,6-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridin-7(4H)-one-5-yl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrol
  • heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by 1 or more (such as 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
  • suitable substituents include 5- or 6-membered monocyclic rings and 9- or 10-membered fused bicyclic rings.
  • N-containing 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl refers to a 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl group comprising at least one ring-forming nitrogen (N) atom and optionally one or more ring-forming heteroatoms each independently selected from 0, S and N.
  • N-containing 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl refers to a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group comprising at least one ring-forming nitrogen (N) atom and optionally one or more ring-forming heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S and N.
  • N-containing 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 1,3-thiazinan-3-yl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-yl, and 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one-3-yl.
  • N-containing 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 1,3-thiazinan-3-yl, and morpholino.
  • the N-containing 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl or the N-containing 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by 1 or more (such as 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
  • halo or halogen group is defined to include fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom).
  • C 1-6 haloalkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom).
  • C 1-4 haloalkyl refers to a C 1-4 alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom).
  • C 1-3 haloalkyl refers to a C 1-3 alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom). Examples of haloalkyl groups include CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, CH 2 CF 3 , CH 2 Cl and the like.
  • alkoxy refers to an —O-alkyl group.
  • C 1-6 alkoxy or “C 1-6 alkyloxy” refers to an —O—(C 1-6 alkyl) group.
  • C 1-4 alkoxy or “C 1-4 alkyloxy” refers to an —O—(C 1-4 alkyl) group.
  • C 1-3 alkoxy or “C 1-3 alkyloxy” refers to an —O—(C 1-3 alkyl) group. Examples of alkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), tert-butoxy, and the like.
  • haloalkoxy refers to an —O-haloalkyl group.
  • C 1-6 haloalkoxy refers to an —O—(C 1-6 haloalkyl) group.
  • C 1-4 haloalkoxy refers to an —O—(C 1-4 haloalkyl) group.
  • C 1-3 haloalkoxy refers to an —O—(C 1-3 haloalkyl) group.
  • An example of a haloalkoxy group is —OCF 3 .
  • aryloxy refers to an —O—(C 6-10 aryl) group.
  • An example of an aryloxy group is —O-phenyl [i.e., phenoxy].
  • arylalkyloxy refers to an —O—C 1-6 alkyl-C 6-10 aryl group.
  • arylalkyloxy groups include —O—C 1-4 alkyl-C 6-10 aryl, —O—C 1-2 alkyl-C 6 aryl, or —O—CH 2 -phenyl [i.e., benzyloxy].
  • fluoroalkyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluoroalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by fluorine).
  • C 1-6 fluoroalkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluoroalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the C 1-6 alkyl group has been replaced by fluorine).
  • C 1-4 fluoroalkyl refers to a C 1-4 alkyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluoroalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the C 1-4 alkyl group has been replaced by fluorine).
  • C 1-3 fluoroalkyl refers to a C 1-3 alkyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluoroalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the C 1-3 alkyl group has been replaced by fluorine).
  • C 1 fluoroalkyl refers to a C 1 alkyl group (i.e., methyl) having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluoromethyl, i.e., CF 3 ).
  • fluoroalkyl groups include CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , CH 2 CF 3 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, and the like.
  • fluorocycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluorocycloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the cycloalkyl group has been replaced by fluorine).
  • C 3-6 fluorocycloalkyl refers to a C 3-6 cycloalkyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to C 3-6 perfluorocycloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the C 3-6 cycloalkyl group has been replaced by fluorine).
  • fluorocycloalkyl groups include fluorocyclopropyl [i.e., a cyclopropyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluorocyclopropyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the cyclopropyl group has been replaced by fluorine), for example, 2-fluoro-cyclopropan-1-yl or 2,3-difluorocycloproan-1-y] and fluorocyclobutyl [i.e., a cyclobutyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluorocyclobutyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the cyclobutyl group has been replaced by fluorine)],
  • fluorocyclopropyl i.e., a cyclopropyl group having one or more fluorine substituents (up to perfluorocyclobutyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the cyclo
  • hydroxylalkyl or “hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents.
  • C 1-6 hydroxylalkyl or “C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl” refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents. Examples of hydroxylalkyl groups are —CH 2 OH and —CH 2 CH 2 OH.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more alkoxy (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents.
  • C 2-4 alkoxyalkyl refers to a C 1-3 alkyl group substituted by a C 1-3 alkoxy group wherein the total carbon numbers of the alkyl and alkoxy moieties of the alkoxyalkyl is 2, 3, or 4.
  • a hydroxylalkyl group is —CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • cyanoalkyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) cyano substituents.
  • C 1-6 cyanoalkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) CN substituents.
  • C 1-3 cyanoalkyl refers to a C 1-3 alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) CN substituents.
  • One example of a cyanoalkyl group is —CH 2 CN.
  • heteroarylalkenyl refers to a —C 2-6 alkenyl-(heteroaryl) group.
  • heteroarylalkenyl group examples include 2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethen-1-yl and 1-(pyridin-2-yl)-prop-1-en-3-yl.
  • arylalkyl refers to —C 1-6 alkyl-C 6-10 aryl and “cycloalkylalkyl” refers to —C 1-6 alkyl-C 3-14 cycloalkyl.
  • arylalkyl groups include —C 1-4 alkyl-C 6-10 aryl, —C 1-2 alkyl-C 6-10 aryl, and benzyl.
  • cycloalkylalkyl groups include —C 1-4 alkyl-C 3-7 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cyclopropylmethyl-.
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to —C 1-6 alkyl-(a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl) and the term “heterocycloalkylalkyl” refers to —C 1-6 alkyl-(a 3- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl).
  • heteroarylalkyl groups include —C 1-4 alkyl-(a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl), —C 1-2 alkyl-(a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), —C 1-2 alkyl-(a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl), and (pyridin-2-yl)-methyl-.
  • heterocycloalkylalkyl groups include-C 1-4 alkyl-(a 3- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl), —C 1-2 alkyl-(a 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl), and 2-(piperidin-4-yl)-ethyl-.
  • oxo refers to ⁇ O.
  • substitution is optional and therefore includes both unsubstituted and substituted atoms and moieties.
  • a “substituted” atom or moiety indicates that any hydrogen on the designated atom or moiety can be replaced with a selection from the indicated substituent group (up to that every hydrogen atom on the designated atom or moiety is replaced with a selection from the indicated substituent group), provided that the normal valency of the designated atom or moiety is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. For example, if a methyl group (i.e., CH 3 ) is optionally substituted, then up to 3 hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom can be replaced with substituent groups.
  • piperidinyl can be piperidin-1-yl (attached through the N atom of the piperidinyl), piperidin-2-yl (attached through the C atom at the 2-position of the piperidinyl), piperidin-3-yl (attached through the C atom at the 3-position of the piperidinyl), or piperidin-4-yl (attached through the C atom at the 4-position of the piperidinyl).
  • pyridinyl (or pyridyl) can be 2-pyridinyl (or pyridin-2-yl), 3-pyridinyl (or pyridin-3-yl), or 4-pyridinyl (or pyridin-4-yl).
  • R 7 may be bonded to the amide nitrogen atom or one of the two ring carbon atoms each of which links to a hydrogen atom.
  • R 7 may be bonded to any ring-forming atom that is substitutable (i.e., linking to one or more hydrogen atoms) either in the benzene ring or the pyrazole ring of the indazole.
  • substitution of R 7a is on the benzene ring and substitution R 7b is on the 5-membered ring.
  • substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • the compounds of Formula I may exist in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts such as, e.g., acid addition salts and/or base addition salts of the compounds of Formula I.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) includes acid addition or base salts which may be present in the compounds of Formula I.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula I include the acid addition and base salts thereof.
  • Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the acetate, adipate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, borate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclamate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methylsulfate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, pyroglutamate,
  • Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the aluminium, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine and zinc salts.
  • Hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for example, hemisulfate and hemicalcium salts.
  • Forma I As used herein the terms “Formula I”, “Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof”, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound or the salt [of Formula I]” are defined to include all forms of the compound of Formula I, including hydrates, solvates, isomers (including for example rotational stereoisomers), crystalline and non-crystalline forms, isomorphs, polymorphs, metabolites, and prodrugs thereof.
  • amine compounds i.e., those comprising one or more nitrogen atoms
  • tertiary amines can form N-oxides (also known as amine oxides or amine N-oxides).
  • An N-oxide has the formula of (R 100 R 200 R 300 )N + —O ⁇ wherein the parent amine (R 100 R 200 R 300 )N can be for example, a tertiary amine (for example, each of R 100 , R 200 , R 300 is independently alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or the like), a heterocyclic or heteroaromatic amine [for example, (R 100 R 200 R 300 )N together forms 1-alkylpiperidine, 1-alkylpyrrolidine, 1-benzylpyrrolidine, or pyridine]. For instance, an imine nitrogen, especially heterocyclic or heteroaromatic imine nitrogen, or pyridine-type nitrogen
  • N-oxide such as a nitrogen atom in pyridine, pyridazine, or pyrazine
  • N-oxide comprising the group
  • a compound according to the present invention comprising one or more nitrogen atoms (e.g., an imine nitrogen atom), for example, as a part of Q 1 of Formula I, may be capable of forming an N-oxide thereof (e.g., mono-N-oxides, bis-N-oxides or multi-N-oxides, or mixtures thereof depending on the number of nitrogen atoms suitable to form stable N-oxides).
  • an N-oxide thereof e.g., mono-N-oxides, bis-N-oxides or multi-N-oxides, or mixtures thereof depending on the number of nitrogen atoms suitable to form stable N-oxides.
  • N-oxide(s) refer to all possible, and in particular all stable, N-oxide forms of the amine compounds (e.g., compounds comprising one or more imine nitrogen atoms) described herein, such as mono-N-oxides (including different isomers when more than one nitrogen atom of an amine compound can form a mono N-oxide) or multi-N-oxides (e.g., bis-N-oxides), or mixtures thereof in any ratio.
  • mono-N-oxides including different isomers when more than one nitrogen atom of an amine compound can form a mono N-oxide
  • multi-N-oxides e.g., bis-N-oxides
  • the compounds of Formula I can be converted, optionally, into N-oxides thereof, for example, in the presence of a suitable oxidizing reagent in a suitable solvent, for example in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in methanol or in the presence of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in dichloromethane.
  • a suitable oxidizing reagent for example in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in methanol or in the presence of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in dichloromethane.
  • Compounds of Formula I described herein include N-oxides thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the N-oxides.
  • Compounds of Formula I may exist in a continuum of solid states ranging from fully amorphous to fully crystalline.
  • amorphous refers to a state in which the material lacks long range order at the molecular level and, depending upon temperature, may exhibit the physical properties of a solid or a liquid. Typically such materials do not give distinctive X-ray diffraction patterns and, while exhibiting the properties of a solid, are more formally described as a liquid.
  • a change from solid to liquid properties occurs which is characterised by a change of state, typically second order (glass transition′).
  • crystalline refers to a solid phase in which the material has a regular ordered internal structure at the molecular level and gives a distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern with defined peaks. Such materials when heated sufficiently will also exhibit the properties of a liquid, but the change from solid to liquid is characterized by a phase change, typically first order (Melting point′).
  • Compounds of Formula I may exist in unsolvated and solvated forms.
  • the complex When the solvent or water is tightly bound, the complex will have a well-defined stoichiometry independent of humidity.
  • the solvent or water When, however, the solvent or water is weakly bound, as in channel solvates and hygroscopic compounds, the water/solvent content will be dependent on humidity and drying conditions. In such cases, non-stoichiometry will be the norm.
  • the compounds of Formula I may exist as clathrates or other complexes (e.g., co-crystals). Included within the scope of the invention are complexes such as clathrates, drug-host inclusion complexes wherein the drug and host are present in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts. Also included are complexes of the compounds of Formula I containing two or more organic and/or inorganic components which may be in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts. The resulting complexes may be ionized, partially ionized, or non-ionized. For a review of such complexes, see J. K. Haleblian, J. Pharm. Sci.
  • Co-crystals are typically defined as crystalline complexes of neutral molecular constituents which are bound together through non-covalent interactions, but could also be a complex of a neutral molecule with a salt. Co-crystals may be prepared by melt crystallization, by recrystallisation from solvents, or by physically grinding the components together—see 0. Almarsson and M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Commun. 2004, 17, 1889-1896. For a general review of multi-component complexes, see Haleblian, J. Pharm. Sci. 1975, 64, 1269-1288.
  • the compounds of the invention may also exist in a mesomorphic state (mesophase or liquid crystal) when subjected to suitable conditions.
  • the mesomorphic state is intermediate between the true crystalline state and the true liquid state (either melt or solution).
  • Mesomorphism arising as the result of a change in temperature is described as ‘thermotropic’ and that resulting from the addition of a second component, such as water or another solvent, is described as lyotropie.
  • the invention also relates to prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I.
  • prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I.
  • certain derivatives of compounds of Formula I which may have little or no pharmacological activity themselves can, when administered into or onto the body, be converted into compounds of Formula I having the desired activity, for example, by hydrolytic cleavage.
  • Such derivatives are referred to as “prodrugs”. Further information on the use of prodrugs may be found in Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, ACS Symposium Series (T. Higuchi and W. Stella) and Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Pergamon Press, 1987 (Ed. E. B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association).
  • Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds of Formula I with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as ‘pro-moieties’ as described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs by H. Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985).
  • prodrugs in accordance with the invention include:
  • the compound of Formula I contains a primary or secondary amino functionality, or an amide, that is functionalized into a suitably metabolically labile group, e.g., a hydrolyzable group (amides, carbamates, ureas, etc.).
  • a suitably metabolically labile group e.g., a hydrolyzable group (amides, carbamates, ureas, etc.).
  • metabolites of compounds of Formula I that is, compounds formed in vivo upon administration of the drug.
  • the compounds of Formula I include N-oxides thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the N-oxides.
  • Stereoisomers of Formula I include cis and trans isomers, optical isomers such as R and S enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomers, rotational isomers, atropisomers, and conformational isomers of the compounds of Formula I, including compounds exhibiting more than one type of isomerism; and mixtures thereof (such as racemates and diastereomeric pairs). Also included are acid addition or base addition salts wherein the counterion is optically active, for example, D-lactate or L-lysine, or racemic, for example, DL-tartrate or DL-arginine.
  • the compounds of Formula I may have asymmetric carbon atoms.
  • the carbon-carbon bonds of the compounds of Formula I may be depicted herein using a solid line (-), a solid wedge ( ) or a dotted wedge ( ).
  • the use of a solid line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate that all possible stereoisomers (e.g., specific enantiomers, racemic mixtures, etc.) at that carbon atom are included.
  • the use of either a solid or dotted wedge to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate that only the stereoisomer shown is meant to be included. It is possible that compounds of Formula I may contain more than one asymmetric carbon atom.
  • a solid line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate that all possible stereoisomers are meant to be included.
  • the compounds of Formula I can exist as enantiomers and diastereomers or as racemates and mixtures thereof.
  • the use of a solid line to depict bonds to one or more asymmetric carbon atoms in a compound of Formula I and the use of a solid or dotted wedge to depict bonds to other asymmetric carbon atoms in the same compound is meant to indicate that a mixture of diastereomers is present.
  • the compounds of Formula I may exist in and/or be isolated as atropisomers (e.g., one or more atropenantiomers).
  • atropisomerism may exist in a compound that has two or more aromatic rings (for example, two aromatic rings linked through a single bond). See e.g., Freedman, T. B. et al. Absolute Configuration Determination of Chiral Molecules in the Solution State Using Vibrational Circular Dichroism. Chirality 2003, 15, 743-758; and Bringmann, G. et al. Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryl Compounds. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44: 5384-5427.
  • the first type is the racemic compound (true racemate) referred to above wherein one homogeneous form of crystal is produced containing both enantiomers in equimolar amounts.
  • the second type is the racemic mixture or conglomerate wherein two forms of crystal are produced in equimolar amounts each comprising a single enantiomer.
  • the compounds of Formula I may exhibit the phenomena of tautomerism and structural isomerism.
  • the compounds of Formula I may exist in several tautomeric forms, including the enol and imine form, and the keto and enamine form and geometric isomers and mixtures thereof. All such tautomeric forms are included within the scope of the compounds of Formula I.
  • Tautomers may exist as mixtures of a tautomeric set in solution. In solid form, usually one tautomer predominates. Even though one tautomer may be described, the present invention includes all tautomers of the compounds of Formula I. For example, when one of the following two tautomers of the invention is disclosed in the experimental section herein, those skilled in the art would readily recognize that the invention also includes the other.
  • the present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula I wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number which predominates in nature.
  • isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, such as 2 H and 3 H, carbon, such as 11 C, 13 C and 14 C, chlorine, such as 36 Cl, fluorine, such as 18 F, iodine, such as 123 I and 125 I, nitrogen, such as 13 N and 15 N, oxygen, such as 15 O, 17 O and 18 O, phosphorus, such as 32 P, and sulphur, such as 35 S.
  • isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula I for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
  • Isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula I can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
  • Specific embodiments of the compounds of Formula I include N-oxides thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the N-oxides.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is S.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula wherein Y 1 is NH or N(CH 3 ). In a further embodiment, Y 1 is NH. In another further embodiment, Y 1 is N(CH 3 ).
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein X 1 is O.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein X 1 is S.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is an N-containing 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl or N-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein each of the ring-forming atoms of the heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is independently selected from N and C; and the heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R 7 .
  • Q 1 is an N-containing 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R 7 , and wherein each of the ring-forming atoms of the heterocycloalkyl is independently selected from N and C.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is an N-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R 7 , and wherein each of the ring-forming atoms of the heteroaryl is independently selected from N and C.
  • Q 1 is selected from quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazinyl, imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, 1H-indazolyl, 9H-purinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, 1H-pyrazolyl, 1H-pyrrolyl, 4H-pyrazolyl, 4H-imidazolyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinyl, [1,2,
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is selected from 1H-pyrazolyl, 1H-imidazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, 3-oxo-2H-pyridazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrimidinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrazinyl, 2,4(1H,3H)-dioxo-pyrimidinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyridinyl, isoquinolinyl, 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazinyl, and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R 7 .
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is selected from:
  • each m is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is selected from:
  • each R 7N is H or C 1-3 alkyl, wherein the C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ); and wherein R 14 and R 15 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, and C 1-4 hydroxylalkyl.
  • substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2
  • each R 7N is H or C 1-3 alkyl, wherein the C 1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 3-oxo-2H-pyridazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrazinyl, 2,4(1H,3H)-dioxo-pyrimidinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrimidinyl, or imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R 7 .
  • each R 7 is independently C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ); wherein R 14 and R 15 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, and C 1-4 hydroxylalkyl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • OH e.g., F
  • C 1-4 alkoxy —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl
  • each R 7 is independently C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • each R 7 is methyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is selected from:
  • each R 7 is independently C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ); wherein R 14 and R 15 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, and C 1-4 hydroxylalkyl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • OH e.g., F
  • C 1-4 alkoxy —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl
  • each R 7 is independently C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • m is 1 or 2.
  • each R 7 is methyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is selected from:
  • each R 7 is independently H or C 1-3 alkyl (e.g. methyl or ethyl); and each R 7N is H or C 1-3 alkyl, wherein the C 1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ), and wherein R 14 and R 15 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, and C 1-4 hydroxylalky
  • each R 7 is independently H, methyl, or ethyl; and each R 7N is C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • each R 7 is methyl or ethyl; and each R 7N is C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • each R 7 is methyl and each R 7N is methyl.
  • An embodiment of the invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is selected from:
  • each R 7 is independently C 1-3 alkyl (e.g. methyl or ethyl). In a further embodiment, each R 7 is independently methyl or ethyl. In a yet further embodiment, each R 7 is methyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is
  • each R 7 is independently C 1-3 alkyl (e.g. methyl or ethyl). In a further embodiment, each R 7 is methyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is
  • R 7 is H or C 1-3 alkyl (e.g. methyl or ethyl); and R 7N is C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ); and wherein R 14 and R 15 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, and C 1-4 hydroxylalkyl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • OH OH
  • R 7 is methyl or ethyl; and R 7N is C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • R 7 is methyl and R 7N is methyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is
  • R 7 is H or C 1-3 alkyl (e.g. methyl or ethyl);
  • R 7N is C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ); and R 14 and R 15 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, and C 1-4 hydroxylalkyl.
  • R 7 is methyl or ethyl; and R 7N is C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independent selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • R 7 is methyl and R 7N is methyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Q 1 is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 independently selected R 7a .
  • Q 1 is a moiety of
  • n1 is 0, 1, or 2; and n2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I (wherein R T1 and R T2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-3 alkyl, and C 1-3 fluoroalkyl. In a further embodiment, R T1 and R T2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and C 1 fluoroalkyl. In a yet further embodiment, R T1 and R T2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and methyl. In a still further embodiment, R T1 and R T2 are both H.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 1 is H or C 1-3 alkyl (e.g., methyl). In a further embodiment, R 1 is H.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 2 is H, —CN, Br, C 1-3 alkyl (e.g., methyl), or cyclopropyl.
  • R 2 is H, —CN, or Br.
  • R 2 is H or —CN.
  • R 2 is H.
  • R 2 is —CN.
  • R 2 is Br.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, and C 1-3 alkyl. In a further embodiment, R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and F. In a yet further embodiment, one of R 3 and R 4 is H; and the other of R 3 and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and F. In a still further embodiment, R 3 and R 4 are both H.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 3 and R 4 are each independently H or F. In a further embodiment, one of R 3 and R 4 is H; and the other of R 3 and R 4 is H or F.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, OH, —CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, —N(R 8 )(R 9 ), —N(R 10 )(C( ⁇ O)R 11 ), —C( ⁇ O)—N(R 8 )(R 9 ), —C( ⁇ O)—OR 12 , and —OR 13 , wherein each of said C 1-6 alkyl and 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —OH, —N(R 14 )(R 15 ), —N(R 16 )(C( ⁇ O)R 17 ), —C( ⁇ O)—OR 18 , —C( ⁇ O)H,
  • R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —CN, Cl, F, methyl, ethyl, C 1 fluoroalkyl, C 1-3 cyanoalkyl, —OCH 3 , C 1 fluoroalkoxy, —N(R 8 )(R 9 ), and —OR 13 , wherein each of said methyl or ethyl is optionally substituted with —N(R 14 )(R 15 ).
  • one of R 5 and R 6 is H, F, or methyl; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —CN, Cl, F, methyl, ethyl, C 1 fluoroalkyl, C 1-3 cyanoalkyl, —OCH 3 , C 1 fluoroalkoxy, —N(R 8 )(R 9 ), and —OR 13 , wherein each of said methyl or ethyl is optionally substituted with —N(R 14 )(R 15 ).
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein one of R 5 and R 6 is H, F, or methyl; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —CN, Cl, F, methyl, ethyl, C 1 fluoroalkyl (e.g., CF 3 or CH 2 F), C 1-3 cyanoalkyl, —OCH 3 , C 1 fluoroalkoxy (e.g., —OCF 3 ), and NH 2 .
  • one of R 5 and R 6 is H, F, or methyl; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —CN, Cl, F, methyl, ethyl, CF 3 , CH 2 F, and —OCH 3 .
  • one of R 5 and R 6 is H; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —CN, Cl, F, methyl, ethyl, CF 3 , CH 2 F, and —OCH 3 .
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein one of R 5 and R 6 is H, F, or methyl; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CN, F, methyl, and —OCH 3 .
  • one of R 5 and R 6 is H or F; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CN, F, methyl, and —OCH 3 .
  • one of R 5 and R 6 is H; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CN, F, methyl, and —OCH 3 .
  • one of R 5 and R 6 is H; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is —CN.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein one of R 5 and R 6 is H; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is —OR 13 .
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein one of R 5 and R 6 is H; and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of —N(R 8 )(R 9 ) and —CH 2 —N(R 14 )(R 15 ).
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 4 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, and C 1-3 alkyl; and R 5 and R 3 together with the two carbon atoms to which they are attached form a fused N-containing 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, a fused N-containing 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or a fused benzene ring; wherein each of the fused heteroaryl, the fused heterocycloalkyl, and the fused benzene ring is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 haloalkyl, and C 1-3 haloalkoxy.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 6 and R 4 are both H; and R 5 and R 3 together with the two carbon atoms to which they are attached form a fused benzene ring; wherein the fused benzene ring is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 haloalkyl, and C 1-3 haloalkoxy.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 6 and R 4 are both H; and R 5 and R 3 together with the two carbon atoms to which they are attached form a fused N-containing 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; wherein the fused heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 haloalkyl, and C 1-3 haloalkoxy.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein R 6 and R 4 are both H; and R 5 and R 3 together with the two carbon atoms to which they are attached form a fused N-containing 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl; wherein the fused heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein each of R 7 and R 7a is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, —CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ), wherein the C 1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independently selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ); and wherein each of said C 3-7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituent
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein each of R 7 and R 7a is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, —CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ), wherein the C 1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl;
  • each of R 7 and R 7a is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ), wherein the C 1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted 1 with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl; and wherein each of said C 3-7 cycloalky
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein each of R 7 and R 7a is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, halogen, —CN, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , and —N(R 14 )(R 15 ); wherein the C 1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl; where R 14 and R 15 together with the N
  • R 14 and R 15 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, and C 1-4 hydroxylalkyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein each of R 7 and R 7a is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, oxo, —OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy; wherein the C 1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, oxo, OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, halogen, —CN, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , and azetidinyl, wherein the C 1-4 alkyl of R 7 is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl; and wherein said azetidinyl of R 7 is optional
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, oxo, OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy, wherein the C 1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, and oxo; wherein the C 1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl) and oxo; wherein the C 1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein each R 7a is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkoxy, halogen, —CN, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazolyl, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl, thiomorpholino, piperidinyl, and piperazinyl, wherein each of said azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazolyl, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl, thiomorpholino, piperidinyl,
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O and X 1 is O.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O; X 1 is O; each of R T1 , R T2 , and R 1 is H; and R 2 is H or —CN.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O; X 1 is O; each of R T1 , R T2 , and R 1 is H; R 2 is H or —CN; and R 3 and R 4 are each independently H or F.
  • one of R 3 and R 4 is H; and the other of R 3 and R 4 is H or F.
  • R 2 is H; in another still further embodiment, R 2 is —CN.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O; X 1 is O; each of R T1 , R T2 , and R 1 is H; R 2 is H or —CN; one of R 3 and R 4 is H, and the other of R 3 and R 4 is H or F; and one of R 5 and R 6 is H or F, and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CN, F, methyl, and —OCH 3 .
  • one of R 5 and R 6 is H.
  • R 2 is H; in another still further embodiment, R 2 is —CN.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O; X 1 is O; each of R T1 , R T2 , and R 1 is H; R 2 is H or —CN; one of R 3 and R 4 is H, and the other of R 3 and R 4 is H or F; one of R 5 and R 6 is H or F, and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CN, F, methyl, and —OCH 3 ; and Q 1 is pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 3-oxo-2H-pyridazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrimidinyl, or imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R 7 .
  • R 2 is H; in another still further embodiment, R 2 is —CN.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O; X 1 is O; each of R T1 , R T2 , and R 1 is H; R 2 is H or —CN; one of R 3 and R 4 is H, and the other of R 3 and R 4 is H or F; one of R 5 and R 6 is H or F, and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CN, F, methyl, and —OCH 3 ; and Q 1 is pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 3-oxo-2H-pyridazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrimidinyl, or imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 C 1-3 alkyl.
  • Q 1 is pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 3-oxo-2H-pyridazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrimidinyl, or imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 methyl.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O; X 1 is O; each of R T1 , R T2 , and R 1 is H; R 2 is H or —CN; one of R 3 and R 4 is H, and the other of R 3 and R 4 is H or F; one of R 5 and R 6 is H or F, and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CN, F, methyl, and —OCH 3 ; and Q 1 is selected from:
  • each R 7 is independently C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • each R 7 is methyl.
  • R 2 is H; in another still further embodiment, R 2 is —CN.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula I wherein Y 1 is O; X 1 is O; each of R T1 , R T2 , and R 1 is H; R 2 is H or —CN; one of R 3 and R 4 is H, and the other of R 3 and R 4 is H or F; one of R 5 and R 6 is H or F, and the other of R 5 and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CN, F, methyl, and —OCH 3 ; and Q 1 is selected from:
  • each R 7 is independently H or C 1-3 alkyl (e.g. methyl or ethyl); and each R 7N is H or C 1-3 alkyl, wherein the C 1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independently selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • each R 7 is methyl or ethyl and each R 7N is C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents each independently selected from halogen (e.g., F), OH, C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, and pyridin-1-yl.
  • each R 7 is methyl and each R 7N is methyl.
  • R 2 is H; in another still further embodiment, R 2 is —CN.
  • the invention also provides one or more of the compounds described as Examples 1-216 in the Examples section of the subject application, N-oxides thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the N-oxides.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula I (including an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the N-oxide).
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a therapeutically effective amount of) a compound of Formula I (an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the N-oxide) and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a therapeutically effective amount of) a compound of Formula I (an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the N-oxide), optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, optionally, at least one additional medicinal or pharmaceutical agent (such as an antipsychotic agent or anti-schizophrenia agent described below).
  • the additional medicinal or pharmaceutical agent is an anti-schizophrenia agent as described below.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may comprise any conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include inert diluents or fillers, water and various organic solvents (such as hydrates and solvates).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may, if desired, contain additional ingredients such as flavorings, binders, excipients and the like.
  • excipients such as citric acid
  • various disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and certain complex silicates and with binding agents such as sucrose, gelatin and acacia.
  • lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often useful for tableting purposes.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules.
  • materials therefore, include lactose or milk sugar and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
  • the active compound therein may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matters or dyes and, if desired, emulsifying agents or suspending agents, together with diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, or combinations thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be in a form suitable for oral administration as a tablet, capsule, pill, powder, sustained release formulation, solution or suspension, for parenteral injection as a sterile solution, suspension or emulsion, for topical administration as an ointment or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository.
  • Exemplary parenteral administration forms include solutions or suspensions of active compounds in sterile aqueous solutions, for example, aqueous propylene glycol or dextrose solutions. Such dosage forms may be suitably buffered, if desired.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the composition may be formulated in sub-therapeutic dosage such that multiple doses are envisioned.
  • the composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I (or an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the N-oxide) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a compound of Formula I is a D1 agonist [i.e., binding (having affinity for) and activating D1 receptors].
  • a compound of Formula I is a super agonist (i.e., a compound that is capable of producing a greater maximal response than the endogenous D1 agonist, dopamine, for a D1 receptor, and thus exhibiting an efficacy of more than about 100%, for example 120%).
  • a compound of Formula I is a full D1 agonist (i.e., having an efficacy of about 100%, for example, 90%-100%, compared to that of dopamine).
  • a compound of Formula I is a partial agonist [i.e., a compound having only partial efficacy (i.e., less than 100%, for example 10%-80% or 50%-70%) at a D1 receptor relative to the full agonist, dopamine, although it binds and activates a D1 receptor].
  • a D1 agonist (including superagonist, full agonist, and partial agonist) can agonize or partially agonize an activity of D1.
  • the EC 50 of a compound of Formula I with respect to D1 is less than about 10 ⁇ M, 5 ⁇ M, 2 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, 500 nM, 200 nM, 100 nM, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2, or 1 nM.
  • D1 modulator or “D1 agonist” (including a super D1 agonist, a full D1 agonist, or a partial D1 agonist) refers to a compound that is a D1-like receptor modulator or a D1-like receptor agonist respectively (i.e., not necessarily selective between/among subtypes of D1-like receptors). See Lewis, JPET 286:345-353, 1998.
  • D1Rs include, for example, D1 and D5 in humans and D1A and D1B in rodents.
  • the present invention further provides a method for modulating (such as agonizing or partially agonizing) an activity of D1 receptor (either in vitro or in vivo), comprising contacting (including incubating) the D1 receptor with a compound of Formula I (such as one selected from Examples 1-216), or an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the N-oxide.
  • a compound of Formula I such as one selected from Examples 1-216
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating a D1-mediated (or D1-associated) disorder, comprising administering to a mammal (e.g., a human) in need thereof an amount of a compound of Formula I (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an N-oxide of the compound or salt) effective in modulating (e.g., agonizing or partially agonizing) D1.
  • a mammal e.g., a human
  • an amount of a compound of Formula I including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an N-oxide of the compound or salt
  • modulating e.g., agonizing or partially agonizing
  • the compounds of Formula I used for treatment of a D1-mediated disorder include N-oxides thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the N-oxides.
  • D1-mediated (or D1-associated) disorders include neurological disorders [such as Tourette's syndrome; tardive dyskinesia; Parkinson's disease; cognitive disorders ⁇ including amnesia, senile dementia, age-related cognitive decline, HIV-associated dementia, Alzheimer's-associated dementia, Huntington's-associated dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, drug-related dementia (for example, cognitive impairment associated with D2 antagonist therapy), delirium, and mild cognitive impairment ⁇ ; Huntington's chorea/disease], psychiatric disorders [such as anxiety (including acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder); factitious disorder (including acute hallucinatory mania); impulse control disorders/impulsivity (including compulsive gambling and intermittent explosive disorder); mood disorders (including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, mania, mixed affective state, depression including major depression, chronic depression, seasonal depression, psychotic depression, postpartum depression, and treatment resistant depression (TR
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for treating neurological disorders [such as Tourette's syndrome; tardive dyskinesia; Parkinson's disease; cognitive disorders ⁇ including amnesia, senile dementia, HIV-associated dementia, Alzheimer's-associated dementia, Huntington's-associated dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, drug-related dementia (for example, cognitive impairment associated with D2 antagonist therapy), delirium, and mild cognitive impairment) ⁇ ; and Huntington's chorea/disease], psychiatric disorders [such as anxiety (including acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder); factitious disorder (including acute hallucinatory mania); impulse control disorders/impulsivity (including compulsive gambling and intermittent explosive disorder); mood disorders (including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, mania, mixed affective state, major depression, chronic depression, seasonal depression, psychotic depression, and postpartum depression); psychomotor disorders; psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia, schizo
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating a disorder in a mammal (e.g., a human), which method comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, wherein the disorder is selected from schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia), cognitive impairment [e.g., cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with AD, cognitive impairment associated with PD, cognitive impairment associated with pharmacotherapy therapy (e.g., D2 antagonist therapy)], attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), impulsivity, compulsive gambling, overeating, autism spectrum disorder, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age-related cognitive decline, dementia (e.g., senile dementia, HIV-associated dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, or frontotemporal dementia), restless leg syndrome (RLS), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, anxiety, depression (e.g., age-related depression), major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), bi
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating a disorder in a mammal (e.g., a human), which method comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, wherein the disorder is selected from schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia or cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia), cognitive impairment associated with D2 antagonist therapy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), impulsivity, compulsive gambling, autism spectrum disorder, Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, depression, anxiety, treatment resistant depression (TRD), bipolar disorder, chronic apathy, anhedonia, chronic fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, seasonal affective disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-partum depression, serotonin syndrome, substance abuse and drug dependence, Tourette's syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, drowsiness, sexual dysfunction, migraine, systemic lupus erythematosus (
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating depression in a mammal, for example a human, comprising administering to said mammal (e.g., a human) a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating Parkinson's disease in a mammal, for example a human, comprising administering to said mammal (e.g., a human) a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia or cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia) or psychosis in a mammal, for example a human, comprising administering to said mammal (e.g., a human) a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia or cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia) in a mammal, for example a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
  • schizophrenia e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia or cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia in a mammal, for example a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount of the compound (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an N-oxide of the compound or salt) being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount which has the effect of relieving to some extent (or, for example, eliminating) one or more symptoms associated with a D1-mediated disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, or cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia, or cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia).
  • treating means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
  • treatment refers to the act of treating as “treating” is defined herein.
  • treating also includes adjuvant and neo-adjuvant treatment of a subject.
  • Administration of the compounds of Formula I may be effected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action. These methods include, for example, enteral routes (e.g., oral routes, buccal routes, sublabial routes, sublingual routes), intranasal routes, inhaled routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), intrathecal routes, epidural routes, intracerebral routes, intracerbroventricular routes, topical, and rectal administration.
  • enteral routes e.g., oral routes, buccal routes, sublabial routes, sublingual routes
  • intranasal routes e.g., intranasal routes, inhaled routes
  • intraduodenal routes e.g., parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), intrathecal routes, epidural routes, intracerebral routes, intracerbroventricular routes, topical, and rectal administration.
  • the compounds of Formula I may be administered/effected by oral routes.
  • Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response. For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It may be advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specifications for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by a variety of factors such as the unique characteristics of the therapeutic agent and the particular therapeutic or prophylactic effect to be achieved
  • the compounds of Formula I may be used to treat humans.
  • dosage values may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated, and may include single or multiple doses. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition. For example, doses may be adjusted based on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters, which may include clinical effects such as toxic effects and/or laboratory values. Thus, the present invention encompasses intra-patient dose-escalation as determined by the skilled artisan. Determining appropriate dosages and regimens for administration of the chemotherapeutic agent is well-known in the relevant art and would be understood to be encompassed by the skilled artisan once provided the teachings disclosed herein.
  • an effective dosage is in the range of about 0.0001 to about 50 mg per kg body weight per day, for example about 0.01 to about 5 mg/kg/day, in single or divided doses. For a 70 kg human, this would amount to about 0.7 mg to about 3500 mg/day, for example about 5 mg to about 2000 mg/day. In some instances, dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effect, provided that such larger doses are first divided into several small doses for administration throughout the day.
  • combination therapy refers to the administration of a compound of Formula I together with an at least one additional pharmaceutical or medicinal agent (e.g., an anti-schizophrenia agent), either sequentially or simultaneously.
  • an additional pharmaceutical or medicinal agent e.g., an anti-schizophrenia agent
  • the present invention includes the use of a combination of a compound of Formula I and one or more additional pharmaceutically active agent(s). If a combination of active agents is administered, then they may be administered sequentially or simultaneously, in separate dosage forms or combined in a single dosage form. Accordingly, the present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising an amount of: (a) a first agent comprising a compound of Formula I (including an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the N-oxide); (b) a second pharmaceutically active agent; and (C) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.
  • compositions of the present invention include, without limitation:
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil hydrochloride (ARICEPT, MEMAC); or Adenosine A 2A receptor antagonists such as Preladenant (SCH 420814) or SCH 412348;
  • amyloid- ⁇ (or fragments thereof), such as A ⁇ 1-15 conjugated to pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) and ACC-001 (Elan/Wyeth;
  • antibodies to amyloid- ⁇ (or fragments thereof), such as bapineuzumab (also known as AAB-001) and AAB-002 (Wyeth/Elan);
  • amyloid-lowering or -inhibiting agents including those that reduce amyloid production, accumulation and fibrillization
  • colostrinin and bisnorcymserine also known as BNC
  • alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists such as clonidine (CATAPRES);
  • beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents such as carteolol
  • anticholinergics such as amitriptyline (ELAVIL, ENDEP);
  • anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine (TEGRETOL, CARBATROL);
  • antipsychotics such as lurasidone (also known as SM-13496; Dainippon Sumitomo);
  • (x) calcium channel blockers such as nilvadipine (ESCOR, NIVADIL);
  • catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors such as tolcapone (TASMAR);
  • corticosteroids such as prednisone (STERAPRED, DELTASONE);
  • dopamine receptor agonists such as apomorphine (APOKYN);
  • dopamine receptor antagonists such as tetrabenazine (NITOMAN, XENAZINE);
  • dopamine reuptake inhibitors such as nomifensine maleate (MERITAL);
  • GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists
  • baclofen LIORESAL, KEMSTRO
  • histamine 3 (H 3 ) antagonists such as ciproxifan
  • (xix) immunomodulators such as glatiramer acetate (also known as copolymer-1; COPAXONE);
  • immunosuppressants such as methotrexate (TREXALL, RHEUMATREX);
  • interferons including interferon beta-1a (AVONEX, REBIF) and interferon beta-1b (BETASERON, BETAFERON);
  • levodopa or its methyl or ethyl ester
  • DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor e.g., carbidopa (SINEMET, CARBILEV, PARCOPA)
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as memantine (NAMENDA, AXURA, EBIXA);
  • MAO monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as selegiline
  • muscarinic receptor particularly M1 subtype agonists such as bethanechol chloride (DUVOID, URECHOLINE);
  • neuroprotective drugs such as 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-3-one oxime
  • norepinephrine noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors such as atomoxetine (STRATTERA);
  • PDE9 inhibitors such as BAY 73-6691 (Bayer AG);
  • PDE phosphodiesterase
  • PDE1 inhibitors e.g., vinpocetine
  • PDE2 inhibitors e.g., erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (ENNA)
  • C PDE4 inhibitors
  • PDE5 inhibitors e.g., sildenafil (VIAGRA, REVATIO)
  • quinolines such as quinine (including its hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate and gluconate salts);
  • trophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; ERSOFERMIN), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), cardiotrophin-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neublastin, meteorin, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and agents that stimulate production of trophic factors, such as propentofylline;
  • the compound of Formula I is optionally used in combination with another active agent.
  • an active agent may be, for example, an atypical antipsychotic or an anti-Parkinson's disease agent or an anti-Alzheimer's agent.
  • another embodiment of the invention provides methods of treating a D1-mediated disorder (e.g., a neurological and psychiatric disorder associated with D1), comprising administering to a mammal an effective amount of a compound of Formula I (including an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the N-oxide) and further comprising administering another active agent.
  • another active agent refers to any therapeutic agent, other than the compound of Formula I (including an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the N-oxide) that is useful for the treatment of a subject disorder.
  • additional therapeutic agents include antidepressants, antipsychotics (such as anti-schizophrenia), anti-pain, anti-Parkinson's disease agents, anti-LID, anti-Alzheimer's and anti-anxiety agents.
  • Examples of particular classes of antidepressants that can be used in combination with the compounds of the invention include norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), NK-1 receptor antagonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists, ⁇ -adrenoreceptor antagonists, and atypical antidepressants.
  • Suitable norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include tertiary amine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics.
  • Suitable tertiary amine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics include amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine, dothiepin, butriptyline, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, amoxapine, desipramine and maprotiline.
  • suitable selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline.
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors include isocarboxazid, phenelzine, and tranylcyclopramine.
  • Suitable reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase include moclobemide.
  • suitable serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors of use in the present invention include venlafaxine.
  • suitable atypical anti-depressants include bupropion, lithium, nefazodone, trazodone and viloxazine.
  • anti-Alzheimer's agents include Dimebon, NMDA receptor antagonists such as memantine; and cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil and galantamine.
  • Suitable classes of anti-anxiety agents include benzodiazepines and serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) agonists or antagonists, especially 5-HT1A partial agonists, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists.
  • Suitable benzodiazepines include alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, diazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and prazepam.
  • Suitable 5-HT1A receptor agonists or antagonists include buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone, and ipsapirone.
  • Suitable atypical antipsychotics include paliperidone, bifeprunox, ziprasidone, risperidone, aripiprazole, olanzapine, and quetiapine.
  • Suitable nicotine acetylcholine agonists include ispronicline, varenicline and MEM 3454.
  • Anti-pain agents include pregabalin, gabapentin, clonidine, neostigmine, baclofen, midazolam, ketamine and ziconotide.
  • Suitable anti-Parkinson's disease agents include L-DOPA (or its methyl or ethyl ester), a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g., carbidopa (SINEMET, CARBILEV, PARCOPA), an Adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist [e.g., Preladenant (SCH 420814) or SCH 412348], benserazide (MADOPAR), ⁇ -methyldopa, monofluoromethyldopa, difluoromethyldopa, brocresine, or m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine), a dopamine agonist [such as apomorphine (APOKYN), bromocriptine (PARLODEL), cabergoline (DOSTINEX), dihydrexidine, dihydroergocryptine, fenoldopam (CORLOPAM), lisuride (DOPERGIN), pergolide (PERMAX), piribedil (TRIVASTAL,
  • anti-schizophrenia agents examples include ziprasidone, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, or iloperidone.
  • Some additional “another active agent” examples include rivastigmine (Exelon), Clozapine, Levodopa, Rotigotine, Aricept, Methylphenidate, memantine. milnacipran, guanfacine, bupropion, and atomoxetine.
  • the compounds of Formula I may be used in combination with one or more additional anti-schizophrenia agents which are described herein.
  • the one or more additional anti-schizophrenia agents may be administered sequentially or simultaneously with the compound of the invention.
  • the additional anti-schizophrenia agent is administered to a mammal (e.g., a human) prior to administration of the compound of the invention.
  • the additional anti-schizophrenia agent is administered to the mammal after administration of the compound of the invention.
  • the additional anti-schizophrenia agent is administered to the mammal (e.g., a human) simultaneously with the administration of the compound of the invention (or an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing).
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of schizophrenia in a mammal, including a human, which comprises an amount of a compound of Formula I (or an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), as defined above (including hydrates, solvates and polymorphs of said compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof), in combination with one or more (for example one to three) anti-schizophrenia agents such as ziprasidone, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, or iloperidone, wherein the amounts of the active agent and the combination when taken as a whole are therapeutically effective for treating schizophrenia.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of schizophrenia in a mammal including a human, which comprises an amount of a compound of Formula I (or an N-oxide thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), as defined above (including hydrates, solvates and polymorph
  • the invention provides a D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization.
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization desensitizes D1R cAMP signaling less than about 25% relative to Control as measured by an assay similar to (or same as) example EE as provided herein.
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization desensitizes D1R cAMP signaling less than about 20%, about 18%, about 15%, about 10%, or about 5%) relative to Control as measured by an assay similar to (or same as) example EE as provided herein.
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization is not a catechol derivative.
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization is not a dopamine derivative.
  • the D1R desensitization in connection with the D1 agonists of the present invention referred herein is homologous desensitization.
  • D1R receptor homologous desensitization refers to a loss (partial or total) of responsiveness after agonist exposure. See JPET 286: 345-353, 1998.
  • the D1 agonists with reduced D1R desensitization of the present invention provide prolonged and/or less-reduced level of potency/effects of the D1 agonists (i.e., drug effect) after exposure to a D1R for a certain period of time, comparing to those D1 agonists without reduced desensitization (e.g., catechol derivative D1 agonists such as Dopamine, SKF-38393, Dihydrexidine, and SKF-81297).
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization of the present invention may maintain a therapeutic effect for a more sustained period of time and avoid loss of efficacy caused by desensitization (known as tachyphylaxsis), and thus may require a less amount and/or a less frequent dosage for its therapeutic application in the treatment of a D1-mediated/associated disorder. It may also reduce or eliminate drug abuse/dependence.
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization is a full D1 agonist or a super D1 agonist. In a further embodiment, the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization is a full D1 agonist.
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization is a partial D1 agonist.
  • a catechol derivative refers to a compound or a salt thereof, wherein the structure of the compound includes the following moiety DD-1:
  • the phenyl ring of DD-1 can be further optionally substituted or embedded in a poly-cyclic ring (which can also be optionally substituted).
  • catechol derivative include dopamine, SKF-38393, SKF-77434, dihydrexidine, and SKF-81297:
  • a dopamine derivative refers to a compound or a salt thereof, wherein the structure of the compound includes the following moiety DD-2:
  • the phenyl ring of DD-2 can be further optionally substituted or embedded in a poly-cyclic ring (which can also be optionally substituted), and/or each of the carbon atoms of ethylene group and the N atom of DD-2 can be further optionally substituted or embedded in a poly-cyclic ring (which can also be optionally substituted).
  • dopamine derivative include SKF-38393, SKF-77434, dihydrexidine, and SKF-81297.
  • the invention provides a method for treating a disorder in a human, which method comprises administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt thereof wherein the compound or salt thereof is a D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization in the second aspect, and wherein the disorder is selected from schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia), cognitive impairment [e.g., cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with AD, cognitive impairment associated with PD, cognitive impairment associated with pharmacotherapy therapy (e.g., D2 antagonist therapy)], attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), impulsivity, compulsive gambling, overeating, autism spectrum disorder, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age-related cognitive decline, dementia (e.g., senile dementia, HIV-associated dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, or frontotemporal dementia), restless leg syndrome (RLS), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, anxiety, depression (e.g., age-related depression), a a
  • the invention provides a D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity relative to Dopamine.
  • a D1R after binding to the D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity, recruits less than about 60% of ⁇ -arrestin relative to the D1R binding to Dopamine, as measured by an assay similar to (or the same as) Example CC as provided herein (either using Total Intensity/cell or Total Area/cell).
  • a D1R after binding to the D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity, recruits less than about 55%, about 50%, about 45%, about 40%, 35%, or about 30% of ⁇ -arrestin relative to the D1R binding to Dopamine.
  • the D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity is not a catechol derivative.
  • the D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity is not a dopamine derivative.
  • the D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity is also a D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization, and thus provides prolonged and/or less-reduced level of potency effects of the D1 agonist (i.e., drug effect) after exposure to a D1R, for a certain period of time comparing to those D1 agonists without reduced desensitization.
  • the D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity may provide other benefits or unique properties.
  • a ⁇ -arr2/pERK signaling complex mediated by the activation of the D1 receptor may potentially have a role in regulating morphine-induced locomotion. See Nikhil M Urs, et. al, “ A Dopamine D 1 Receptor - Dependent ⁇ - Arrestin Signaling Complex Potentially Regulates Morphine - Induced Psychomotor Activation but not Reward in Mice,” Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 551-558.
  • a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity of the D1 agonist of the present invention may affect a D1 mediated “arrestinergic” signaling (such as ⁇ -arr2/pERK signaling complex mediated by the activation of the D1 receptor) that may be utilized for further therapeutic benefits relative to a D1 agonist that does not have reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity.
  • a D1 mediated “arrestinergic” signaling such as ⁇ -arr2/pERK signaling complex mediated by the activation of the D1 receptor
  • the D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity desensitizes D1R cAMP signaling less than about 25% (e.g., about 20%, about 18%, about 15%, about 10%, or about 5%) relative to Control.
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization is a full D1 agonist or a super D1 agonist. In some further embodiment, the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization is a full D1 agonist.
  • the D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization is a partial D1 agonist.
  • the invention provides a method for treating a disorder in a human, which method comprises administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt thereof wherein the compound or salt thereof is a D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity in the fourth aspect, and wherein the disorder is selected from schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia), cognitive impairment [e.g., cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with AD, cognitive impairment associated with PD, cognitive impairment associated with pharmacotherapy therapy (e.g., D2 antagonist therapy)], attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), impulsivity, compulsive gambling, overeating, autism spectrum disorder, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age-related cognitive decline, dementia (e.g., senile dementia, HIV-associated dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, or frontotemporal dementia), restless leg syndrome (RLS), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, anxiety, depression (e.g., age-
  • schizophrenia e
  • the invention provides a D1 agonist that interacts significantly with the Ser188 of a D1R when binding to the D1R.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 of a D1R is not a catechol derivative.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 of a D1R is not a dopamine derivative.
  • interacting significantly with the Ser188 refers to an EC 50 fold shift being greater than about 7.0 as measured by a S1881 mutant study similar to the one provided herein.
  • the D1 agonist that interacts significantly with the Ser188 of a D1R when binding to the D1R has an EC 50 fold shift greater than about 8.0 or 9.0 as measured by a 51881 mutant study similar to the one provided herein.
  • the invention provides a D1 agonist that interacts significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R when binding to the D1R.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R is not a catechol derivative.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R is not a dopamine derivative.
  • interacting significantly with the Ser202 refers to an EC 50 fold shift being greater than about 7.0 as measured by a S202A mutant study similar to the one provided herein.
  • the D1 agonist that does not interact significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R when binding to the D1R has an EC 50 fold shift less than about 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, or 4.0 as measured by a S202A mutant study similar to the one provided herein.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 of a D1R is a full D1 agonist or a super D1 agonist. In some embodiments, the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R is a full D1 agonist or a super D1 agonist.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 of a D1R is a partial D1 agonist. In some embodiments, the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R is a partial D1 agonist.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R is also a D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization in the second aspect.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R is a D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity in the fourth aspect.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R is also a D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization in the second aspect and a D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity in the fourth aspect.
  • the present invention provides a D1 agonist that interacts less strongly with the Asp103 of the D1R. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a D1 agonist that interacts significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R, wherein the D1 agonist interacts less strongly with the Asp103 of the D1R.
  • the D1 agonist that interacts less strongly with the Asp103 of a D1R when binding to the D1R has an EC 50 fold shift less than about 95, 90, 85, or 80 as measured by a D103A mutant study similar to the one provided herein.
  • the present invention provides a full D1 agonist or a super D1 agonist that interacts less strongly with the Ser198 of the D1R. In some further embodiments, the present invention provides a full D1 agonist or a super D1 agonist that interacts less strongly with the Ser198 of the D1R and interacts less strongly with the Asp103 of the D1R.
  • the present invention provides a full D1 agonist or a super D1 agonist that interacts significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202 of a D1R wherein the full D1 agonist interacts less strongly with the Ser198 of the D1R.
  • the full D1 agonist or a super D1 agonist interacts less strongly the Asp103 of the D1R.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202, interacting less strongly with the Ser198, and interacting less strongly with the Asp103 of a D1R is also a D1 agonist with reduced D1R desensitization in the second aspect.
  • the D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 but not significantly with the Ser202, interacting less strongly with the Ser198, and interacting less strongly with the Asp103 of a D1R is a D1 agonist with a reduced ⁇ -arrestin recruitment activity in the fourth aspect.
  • the D1 agonist that interacts less strongly with the Ser198 of a D1R when binding to the D1R has an EC 50 fold shift less than about 22, 20, 18, or 15 as measured by a S198A mutant study similar to (or same as) the one provided herein.
  • the invention provides a method for treating a disorder in a human, which method comprises administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt thereof wherein the compound or salt thereof is a D1 agonist interacting significantly with the Ser188 (optionally but not significantly with the Ser202) of a D1R in the sixth aspect, and wherein the disorder is selected from schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia), cognitive impairment [e.g., cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, cognitive impairment associated with AD, cognitive impairment associated with PD, cognitive impairment associated with pharmacotherapy therapy (e.g., D2 antagonist therapy)], attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), impulsivity, compulsive gambling, overeating, autism spectrum disorder, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age-related cognitive decline, dementia (e.g., senile dementia, HIV-associated dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, or frontotemporal dementia), restless leg syndrome (RLS), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea
  • schizophrenia e
  • N-oxides and salts of the compounds or N-oxides can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible synthetic routes.
  • the reactions for preparing compounds of the invention can be carried out in suitable solvents, which can be readily selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis.
  • suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates, or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g., temperatures which can range from the solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature.
  • a given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent.
  • suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected by the skilled artisan.
  • Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups.
  • the need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
  • the chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 rd Ed., Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art.
  • product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1 H or 13 C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), mass spectrometry, or by chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC).
  • spectroscopic means such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1 H or 13 C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), mass spectrometry, or by chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC).
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • Scheme 1 refers to preparation of compounds of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula 1-1 [where Lg 1 is a suitable leaving group such as triazolyl or halo (e.g., Cl or Br)] or 1-2 [wherein Z 1 is a halogen (Cl, Br, or I)] are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 1-3 can be prepared by coupling a compound of Formula 1-1 with a compound of Formula 1-2, for example, by heating a mixture of a compound of Formula 1-1 with a compound of Formula 1-2 in the presence of a base, such as Cs 2 CO 3 , in an appropriate solvent, such as DMSO at temperatures between 50° C.
  • a base such as Cs 2 CO 3
  • a metal-catalyzed (such as a palladium or copper catalyst) coupling may be employed to accomplish the aforesaid coupling.
  • a mixture of a compound of Formula 1-1 and a compound of Formula 1-2 can be heated at temperatures ranging between 50° C. and 120° C. in the presence of a base [such as Cs 2 CO 3 ], a metal catalyst [such as a palladium catalyst, e.g., Pd(OAc) 2 ], and a ligand [such as BINAP] in an appropriate solvent, such as 1,4-dioxane, for about 30 minutes to 48 hours.
  • a base such as Cs 2 CO 3
  • a metal catalyst such as a palladium catalyst, e.g., Pd(OAc) 2
  • a ligand [such as BINAP] in an appropriate solvent, such as 1,4-dioxane, for about 30 minutes to 48 hours.
  • a compound of Formula 1-3 can subsequently be reacted with a compound of Formula Q 1 -Z 2 [wherein Z 2 can be Br; B(OH) 2 ; B(OR) 2 wherein each R is independently H or C 1-6 alkyl, or wherein two (OR) groups, together with the B atom to which they are attached, form a 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more C 1-6 alkyl; a trialkyltin moiety; or the like] by a metal-catalyzed (such as palladium-) coupling reaction to obtain a compound of Formula I.
  • Compounds of Formula Q 1 -Z 2 are commercially available or can be prepared by methods analogous to those described in the chemical art.
  • a compound of Formula 1-3 can be converted to a compound of Formula 1-4 [wherein Z 2 is defined as above].
  • a compound of Formula 1-3 (wherein Z 1 is halogen such as Br) can be converted to a compound of Formula 1-4 [wherein Z 2 is B(OH) 2 ; B(OR) 2 wherein each R is independently H or C 1-6 alkyl, or wherein two (OR) groups, together with the B atom to which they are attached, form a 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more C 1-6 alkyl] by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the reaction can be accomplished, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula 1-3 (wherein Z 1 is halogen such as Br) with 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, a suitable base [such as potassium acetate], and a palladium catalyst [such as [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)] in a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane.
  • Z 1 is halogen such as Br
  • a compound of Formula 1-3 (wherein Z 1 is halogen such as Br) can be converted to a compound of Formula 1-4 [wherein Z 2 is a trialkyltin moiety] by alternate methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the reaction can be accomplished, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula 1-3 (wherein Z 1 is halogen such as Br) with a hexaalkyldistannane [such as hexamethyldistannane] and a palladium catalyst [such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)] in a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane.
  • a compound of Formula 1-4 can then be reacted with a compound of Formula Q 1 -Z 1 [wherein Z 1 is defined as above] by a metal-catalyzed (such as palladium-) coupling reaction to obtain a compound of Formula I.
  • a metal-catalyzed (such as palladium-) coupling reaction to obtain a compound of Formula I.
  • an aromatic iodide, bromide, or triflate of Formula 1-3 is combined with 1 to 3 equivalents of an aryl or heteroaryl boronic acid or boronic ester of Formula Q 1 -Z 2 and a suitable base, such as 2 to 5 equivalents of potassium phosphate, in a suitable organic solvent such as THF.
  • a palladium catalyst is added, such as 0.01 equivalents of S-Phos precatalyst ⁇ also known as chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2-aminoethylphenyl)]palladium(II)-tert-butyl methyl ether adduct ⁇ , and the reaction mixture is heated to temperatures ranging from 60 to 100° C. for 1 to 24 hours.
  • Z 1 is halogen or triflate and Z 2 is trialkyltin
  • a Stille coupling may be employed [V. Farina et al., Organic Reactions 1997, 50, 1-652].
  • a compound of Formula 1-3 [wherein Z 1 is bromide, iodide, or triflate] may be combined with 1.5 to 3 equivalents of a compound of Formula Q 1 -Z 2 [wherein the Q 1 -Z 2 compound is an Q 1 stannane compound] in the presence of a palladium catalyst, such as 0.05 equivalents of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II), in a suitable organic solvent such as toluene, and the reaction may be heated to temperatures ranging from 100° C. to 130° C. for 12 to 36 hours.
  • a Negishi coupling may be used [E.
  • a compound of Formula 1-3 [wherein Z 1 is bromide, iodide, or triflate] may be transmetallated by treatment with 1 to 1.1 equivalents of an alkyllithium reagent followed by a solution of 1.2 to 1.4 equivalents of zinc chloride in an appropriate solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at a temperature ranging from ⁇ 80° C. to ⁇ 65° C. After warming to a temperature between 10° C. and 30° C., the reaction mixture may be treated with a compound of Formula Q 1 -Z 2 (wherein Z 2 is Br or I), and heated at 50 to 70° C.
  • reaction may be carried out for times ranging from 1 to 24 hours. None of these reactions are limited to the employment of the solvent, base, or catalyst described above, as many other conditions may be used.
  • Scheme 2 also refers to preparation of compounds of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula I may be prepared utilizing analogous chemical transformations to those described in Scheme 1, but with a different ordering of steps.
  • Compounds of Formula 2-1 [wherein Pg is a suitable protecting group such as Boc or Cbz when Y 1 is NH or methyl, or Pg is benzyl when Y 1 is O] are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 2-1 can be converted to a compound of Formula 2-2 either directly or after conversion to a compound of Formula 2-3 using methods analogous to those described in Scheme 1.
  • a compound of Formula 2-2 may then be deprotected, using appropriate conditions depending on the selection of the Pg group, to obtain a compound of Formula 2-4, which in turn can be coupled with a compound of Formula 1-1 in Scheme 1 to afford a compound of Formula I.
  • the coupling conditions employed may be analogous to those described for the preparation of a compound of Formula 1-3 in Scheme 1.
  • Scheme 3 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 3-3 [wherein A 1 is either Pg as defined above or a moiety of Formula A 1a ].
  • a 1 is Pg
  • the compound of Formula 3-3 is an example of a compound of Formula 2-2.
  • a 1 is A 1a
  • the compound of Formula 3-3 is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula 3-1 are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 3-1 can be reacted with 4-chloro-3-nitropyridine and the initial product can be subsequently reduced to obtain a compound of Formula 3-2.
  • Examples of suitable reaction conditions for the coupling of a compound of Formula 3-1 with 4-chloro-3-nitropyridine include mixing the two reactants with a suitable base, such as triethylamine, in a suitable reaction solvent such as ethanol, at temperatures typically between 0° C. and 100° C. for about 20 minutes to 48 hours.
  • a suitable base such as triethylamine
  • the subsequent reduction of the nitro group to afford a compound of Formula 3-2 can be achieved by, for example, hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a suitable solvent such as methanol under hydrogen pressures typically between 1 atm and 4 atm.
  • a compound of Formula 3-2 can then be reacted with acetic anhydride and triethyl orthoformate at temperatures between about 100° C. and 150° C. for about 1 hour to 48 hours to obtain a compound of Formula 3-3.
  • a 1 is Pg or a moiety of A 1a :
  • Scheme 4 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 4-3 [wherein each R 77 is independently H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, for example methyl)].
  • a 1 is Pg
  • the compound of Formula 4-3 is an example of a compound of Formula 2-2.
  • a 1 is A 1a
  • the compound of Formula 4-3 is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula 4-1 are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 4-2 can be prepared by reacting an aryl ketone of Formula 4-1 with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA) in a suitable solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, which is also a reagent), at temperatures typically between 0° C. and 160° C., for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • a pyrazole of Formula 4-3 can be prepared by reacting a compound of Formula 4-2 with a hydrazine of formula R 77 —NH—NH 2 in a suitable solvent such as DMF or 1,4-dioxane, at temperatures typically between 0° C. and 100° C., for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • Scheme 5 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 5-4 or 5-5 [wherein R 77 is H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, for example methyl)].
  • R 77 is H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, for example methyl)
  • a 1 is Pg
  • the compound of Formula 5-4 or 5-5 is an example of a compound of Formula 2-2.
  • a 1 is A 1a
  • the compound of Formula 5-4 or 5-5 is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula 5-1 are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 5-2 can be prepared by reacting an arylketone of Formula 5-1 with an alkyl nitrite (e.g., isoamyl nitrite) in the presence of an acid (such as hydrochloric acid) at temperatures typically between 0° C. and 100° C. for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • the resulting oxime of Formula 5-2 can be converted to the diketone of Formula 5-3 upon treatment with formaldehyde (or its equivalent such as metaformaldehyde or polyformaldehyde) in the presence of an acid (such as an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution) at temperatures typically between 0° C. and 50° C. for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • Diketones of Formula 5-3 can be reacted with glycinamide or a salt thereof [such as an acetic acid salt] in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide to obtain pyrazinones of Formula 5-4.
  • Alkylation of the pyrazinone nitrogen to obtain a compound of Formula 5-5 can be achieved by treatment of a compound of Formula 5-4 with a base [such as LDA, LHMDS, and the like] and a compound of the formula of R 7 Z 3 (wherein Z 3 is an acceptable leaving group such as Cl, Br, I, methanesulfonate, and the like), in a suitable solvent such as DMF, 1,4-dioxane, or THF, at temperatures typically between 0° C. and 50° C., for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • a base such as LDA, LHMDS, and the like
  • Z 3 is an acceptable leaving group such as Cl, Br, I, methanesulfonate, and the like
  • Scheme 6 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 6-5 [wherein each R 77 is independently H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, for example methyl)].
  • a 1 is Pg
  • the compound of Formula 4-3 is an example of a compound of Formula 6-5.
  • a 1 is A 1a
  • the compound of Formula 6-5 is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula 6-1 are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 6-3 can be prepared by coupling a compound of Formula 6-1 with an enol triflate of Formula 6-2.
  • Compounds of Formula 6-2 can be prepared by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the aforesaid coupling may be accomplished by reacting a compound of Formula 6-1 with 1 to 3 equivalents of a triflate of Formula 6-2 in the presence of a suitable base [such as potassium carbonate], a suitable catalyst [such as palladium(II) acetate], a suitable ligand [such as tricyclohexylphosphine], and optionally a suitable phase transfer catalyst such as tetrabutylammonium chloride, in a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., 1,4-dioxane or THF), at temperatures typically between 20° C. and 80° C., for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • a suitable base such as potassium carbonate
  • a suitable catalyst such as palladium(II) acetate
  • a suitable ligand such as tricyclohexylphosphine
  • phase transfer catalyst such as tetrabutylammonium chloride
  • a compound of Formula 6-3 can be reacted with 1 to 5 equivalents of a suitable base [such as DBU] under an oxygen atmosphere to obtain a compound of Formula 6-4, in a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., DMF, 1,4-dioxane or THF), at temperatures typically between 20° C. and 80° C., for about 12 hours to 48 hours.
  • a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., DMF, 1,4-dioxane or THF)
  • a compound of Formula 6-5 can be obtained by reacting a compound of Formula 6-4 with hydrazine in a suitable solvent such as 1-butanol, at temperatures typically between 20° C. and 120° C., for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • Scheme 7 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 7-6 [wherein R 77 is H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, e.g., methyl)].
  • R 77 is H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, e.g., methyl)].
  • a 1 is Pg
  • the compound of Formula 7-6 is an example of a compound of Formula 2-2.
  • a 1 is A 1a
  • the compound of Formula 7-6 is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula 7-1 are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 7-3 can be prepared by coupling a compound of Formula 7-1 with a compound of Formula 7-2 [wherein Pg 3 is a suitable protecting group such as 2-tetrahydropyranyl (THP)].
  • a compound of Formula 7-2 can be prepared by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the aforesaid coupling may be accomplished by reacting a compound of Formula 7-1 with 1 to 3 equivalents of a compound of Formula 7-2 in the presence of a suitable base [such as cesium carbonate] and a suitable catalyst [such as [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)], in a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., 1,4-dioxane or THF), at temperatures typically between 50° C. and 120° C., for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • a suitable base such as cesium carbonate
  • a suitable catalyst such as [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)
  • a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., 1,
  • a compound of Formula 7-4 can be obtained by removing the protecting Pg 3 group, for example, by treating a compound of Formula 7-3 (wherein Pg 3 is, for example, THP) with HCl in an alcoholic solvent [such as 2-propanol] at temperatures ranging from 20° C. to 80° C.
  • Treatment of a compound of Formula 7-4 with phosphorous oxychloride can provide a compound of Formula 7-5, at temperatures typically between 50° C. and 120° C., for about 20 minutes to 24 hours.
  • a compound of Formula 7-5 can be a reactive intermediate in numerous chemical transformations to obtain a compound of Formula 7-6.
  • a compound of Formula 7-5 can be reacted with 1 to 3 equivalents of trimethylaluminum and 0.05 to 0.1 equivalents of a suitable palladium catalyst [such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)] in 1,4-dioxane to afford a compound of Formula 7-6 [wherein the newly introduced R 7 is methyl], at temperatures typically between 50° C. and 120° C., for about 30 minutes to 12 hours.
  • a suitable palladium catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)
  • Scheme 8 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 8-4 [wherein R 77 is H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, e.g., methyl)], which is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula 8-1 can be prepared according to methods described in Scheme 1.
  • a compound of Formula 8-2 can be prepared by reacting a compound of Formula 8-1 with boron tribromide at temperatures typically between ⁇ 50° C. and 50° C. for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • a compound of Formula 8-3 can be obtained by treating a compound of Formula 8-2 with phosphorous oxychloride at temperatures typically from 50° C. to 120° C. for about 20 minutes to 24 hours.
  • a compound of Formula 8-3 can be reacted with 1 to 3 equivalents of a suitable amine HNR 14 R 15 , 1 to 5 equivalents of a base [such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and the like] and a catalytic amount of cesium fluoride to obtain a compound of Formula 8-4 in a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., 1,4-dioxane, DMF, or dimethyl sulfoxide), at temperatures typically between 50° C. and 150° C., for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., 1,4-dioxane, DMF, or dimethyl sulfoxide)
  • Scheme 9 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 9-3 and/or 9-4, which can be used in Schemes 1 and/or 2.
  • a 1 is Pg
  • the compound of Formula 9-3 or 9-4 is an example of a compound of Formula 2-1.
  • the compound of Formula 9-3 or 9-4 is an example of a compound of Formula 1-3.
  • compounds of Formula 9-1 are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 9-2 can be prepared by treating a compound of Formula 9-1 with a suitable base [such as lithium diisopropylamide] and then reacting the resulting anion with N,N-dimethylformamide in a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., 1,4-dioxane or THF), at temperatures typically between ⁇ 78° C. and 0° C. for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • a suitable solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., 1,4-dioxane or THF)
  • a compound of Formula 9-2 can be reacted with methyl hydrazine to obtain a mixture of compounds of Formula 9-3 and Formula 9-4 in a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane at temperatures typically between 50° C. and 150° C., for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • Scheme 10 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 10-3, which can be used in Schemes 1 and/or 2.
  • the compound of Formula 10-3 is an example of a compound of Formula 2-1.
  • the compound of Formula 10-3 is an example of a compound of Formula 1-3.
  • compounds of Formula 10-1 are commercially available or can be made by methods described herein or other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound of Formula 10-2 can be prepared by treating a compound of Formula 10-1 with N-bromosuccinimide in a suitable solvent [such acetonitrile] at temperatures typically between 0° C. and 20° C. for about 30 minutes to 6 hours.
  • a compound of Formula 10-2 can be reacted with diiodomethane and a suitable base [such as cesium carbonate] to obtain a compound of Formula 10-3.
  • Scheme 11 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 11-2.
  • a 1 is Pg
  • the compound of Formula 11-2 is an example of a compound of Formula 2-2.
  • a 1 is A 1a
  • the compound of Formula 11-2 is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • compounds of Formula 11-1 can be prepared according to methods described in Scheme 5.
  • a compound of Formula 11-1 can be reacted with 2-hydrazinyl-1H-imidazole in a suitable solvent such as DMF to obtain a compound of Formula 11-2 at temperatures between about 80° C. and 120° C.
  • Scheme 12 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 12-2 [wherein each R 77 is independently H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, for example methyl)], which is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • a compound of Formula 12-1 can be prepared by methods described in Scheme 1.
  • a compound of Formula 12-1 can be reacted with chloroacetaldehyde to obtain a compound of Formula 12-2 at temperatures typically between 80° C. and 120° C. for about 1 hour to 24 hours.
  • Scheme 13 refers to a preparation of a compound of Formula 13-3 [wherein R 77 is H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, for example methyl)], which is an example of a compound of Formula I.
  • a compound of Formula 13-1 can be prepared according to methods described in Scheme 7.
  • a compound of Formula 13-2 can be prepared by reacting a compound of Formula 13-1 with hydrazine in a suitable solvent such as ethanol at temperatures typically between 60° C. and 100° C. for about 12 to 24 hours.
  • a compound of Formula 13-2 can be reacted with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole in a solvent such as acetonitrile to obtain a compound of Formula 13-3.
  • a compound of Formula I may also be prepared by enzymatic modification [such as a microbial oxidation] of a related compound of Formula I.
  • enzymatic modification such as a microbial oxidation
  • Scheme 14 incubation of a compound of Formula I [for example, wherein Q 1 is a moiety that can be oxidized such as an optionally substituted pyridazinyl in a compound of Formula 14-1 (wherein each R 77 is independently H or R 7 (such as C 1-3 alkyl, for example methyl))] with Pseudomonas putida for a reaction time between 24 and 96 hours in a suitable buffer can provide an alternate compound of Formula I (for example, wherein Q 1 is an optionally substituted pyridazinonyl in a compound of Formula 14-2).
  • Additional starting materials and intermediates useful for making the compounds of the present invention can be obtained from chemical vendors such as Sigma-Aldrich or can be made according to methods described in the chemical art.
  • an OH group can be converted into a better leaving group such as a mesylate, which in turn is suitable for nucleophilic substitution, such as by a cyanide ion (CN ⁇ ).
  • a cyanide ion CN ⁇
  • an —S— can be oxidized to —S( ⁇ O)— and/or —S( ⁇ O) 2 —.
  • an unsaturated bond such as C ⁇ C or C ⁇ C can be reduced to a saturated bond by hydrogenation.
  • a primary amine or a secondary amine moiety (present on a substituent group such as R 2 , R 5 , etc.) can be converted to an amide, sulfonamide, urea, or thiourea moiety by reacting it with an appropriate reagent such as an acid chloride, a sulfonyl chloride, an isocyanate, or a thioisocyanate compound.
  • an appropriate reagent such as an acid chloride, a sulfonyl chloride, an isocyanate, or a thioisocyanate compound.
  • reacting refers to the bringing together of designated chemical reactants such that a chemical transformation takes place generating a compound different from any initially introduced into the system. Reactions can take place in the presence or absence of solvent.
  • Compounds of Formula I described herein include compounds of Formula I, N-oxides thereof, and salts of the compounds and the N-oxides.
  • Compounds of Formula I may exist as stereoisomers, such as atropisomers, racemates, enantiomers, or diastereomers.
  • Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • the racemate (or a racemic precursor) may be reacted with a suitable optically active compound, for example, an alcohol, or, in the case where the compound contains an acidic or basic moiety, an acid or base such as tartaric acid or 1-phenylethylamine.
  • Chiral compounds of Formula I may be obtained in enantiomerically enriched form using chromatography, typically HPLC, on an asymmetric resin with a mobile phase consisting of a hydrocarbon, typically heptane or hexane, containing from 0% to 50% 2-propanol, typically from 2% to 20%, and from 0% to 5% of an alkylamine, typically 0.1% diethylamine. Concentration of the eluate affords the enriched mixture.
  • Stereoisomeric conglomerates may be separated by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen (Wiley, New York, 1994), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Suitable stereoselective techniques are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Cis/trans isomers may be separated by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallization. Salts of the present invention can be prepared according to methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • the compounds of Formula I that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids. Although such salts must be pharmaceutically acceptable for administration to animals, it is often desirable in practice to initially isolate the compound of the present invention from the reaction mixture as a pharmaceutically unacceptable salt and then simply convert the latter back to the free base compound by treatment with an alkaline reagent and subsequently convert the latter free base to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.
  • the acid addition salts of the basic compounds of this invention can be prepared by treating the basic compound with a substantially equivalent amount of the selected mineral or organic acid in an aqueous solvent medium or in a suitable organic solvent, such as methanol or ethanol. Upon evaporation of the solvent, the desired solid salt is obtained.
  • the desired acid salt can also be precipitated from a solution of the free base in an organic solvent by adding an appropriate mineral or organic acid to the solution.
  • the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, isonicotinic acid, lactic acid, pantothenic acid, bitartric acid, ascorbic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, gluconic acid, saccharic acid, formic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and pamoic [i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-nap
  • Those compounds of Formula I that are acidic in nature are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations.
  • Examples of such salts include the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and particularly, the sodium and potassium salts. These salts are all prepared by conventional techniques.
  • the chemical bases which are used as reagents to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of this invention are those which form non-toxic base salts with the acidic compounds of Formula I.
  • These salts may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like.
  • salts can also be prepared by treating the corresponding acidic compounds with an aqueous solution containing the desired pharmacologically acceptable cations, and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness, for example under reduced pressure.
  • they may also be prepared by mixing lower alkanolic solutions of the acidic compounds and the desired alkali metal alkoxide together, and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness in the same manner as before.
  • stoichiometric quantities of reagents are, for example, employed in order to ensure completeness of reaction and maximum yields of the desired final product.
  • compositions of Formula I may be prepared by one or more of three methods:
  • the resulting salt may precipitate out and be collected by filtration or may be recovered by evaporation of the solvent.
  • the degree of ionization in the resulting salt may vary from completely ionized to almost non-ionized.
  • Polymorphs can be prepared according to techniques well-known to those skilled in the art, for example, by crystallization.
  • the first type is the racemic compound (true racemate) referred to above wherein one homogeneous form of crystal is produced containing both enantiomers in equimolar amounts.
  • the second type is the racemic mixture or conglomerate wherein two forms of crystal are produced in equimolar amounts each comprising a single enantiomer.
  • Racemic mixtures may be separated by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art—see, for example, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen (Wiley, New York, 1994).
  • the invention also includes isotopically labeled compounds of Formula I wherein one or more atoms is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of Formula I can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed.
  • Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds of Formula I with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as ‘pro-moieties’ as described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs by H. Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985).
  • the compounds of Formula I should be assessed for their biopharmaceutical properties, such as solubility and solution stability (across pH), permeability, etc., in order to select the most appropriate dosage form and route of administration for treatment of the proposed indication.
  • Compounds of the invention intended for pharmaceutical use may be administered as crystalline or amorphous products. They may be obtained, for example, as solid plugs, powders, or films by methods such as precipitation, crystallization, freeze drying, spray drying, or evaporative drying. Microwave or radio frequency drying may be used for this purpose.
  • excipient is used herein to describe any ingredient other than the compound(s) of the invention. The choice of excipient will to a large extent depend on factors such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient on solubility and stability, and the nature of the dosage form.
  • compositions suitable for the delivery of compounds of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Such compositions and methods for their preparation may be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Edition (Mack Publishing Company, 1995).
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered orally.
  • Oral administration may involve swallowing, so that the compound enters the gastrointestinal tract, and/or buccal, lingual, or sublingual administration by which the compound enters the blood stream directly from the mouth.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration include solid, semi-solid and liquid systems such as tablets; soft or hard capsules containing multi- or nano-particulates, liquids, or powders; lozenges (including liquid-filled); chews; gels; fast dispersing dosage forms; films; ovules; sprays; and buccal/mucoadhesive patches.
  • Liquid formulations include suspensions, solutions, syrups and elixirs. Such formulations may be employed as fillers in soft or hard capsules (made, for example, from gelatin or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) and typically comprise a carrier, for example, water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methylcellulose, or a suitable oil, and one or more emulsifying agents and/or suspending agents. Liquid formulations may also be prepared by the reconstitution of a solid, for example, from a sachet.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be used in fast-dissolving, fast-disintegrating dosage forms such as those described by Liang and Chen, Expert Opinion in Therapeutic Patents 2001, 11, 981-986.
  • the drug may make up from 1 weight % to 80 weight % of the dosage form, more typically from 5 weight % to 60 weight % of the dosage form.
  • tablets generally contain a disintegrant.
  • disintegrants include sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, lower alkyl-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, pregelatinized starch and sodium alginate.
  • the disintegrant will comprise from 1 weight % to 25 weight %, for example, from 5 weight % to 20 weight % of the dosage form.
  • Binders are generally used to impart cohesive qualities to a tablet formulation. Suitable binders include microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin, sugars, polyethylene glycol, natural and synthetic gums, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Tablets may also contain diluents, such as lactose (monohydrate, spray-dried monohydrate, anhydrous and the like), mannitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose, starch and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate.
  • lactose monohydrate, spray-dried monohydrate, anhydrous and the like
  • mannitol xylitol
  • dextrose sucrose
  • sorbitol microcrystalline cellulose
  • starch dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate
  • Tablets may also optionally comprise surface active agents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80, and glidants such as silicon dioxide and talc.
  • surface active agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80
  • glidants such as silicon dioxide and talc.
  • surface active agents may comprise from 0.2 weight % to 5 weight % of the tablet, and glidants may comprise from 0.2 weight % to 1 weight % of the tablet.
  • Tablets also generally contain lubricants such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and mixtures of magnesium stearate with sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • Lubricants generally comprise from 0.25 weight % to 10 weight %, for example, from 0.5 weight % to 3 weight % of the tablet.
  • ingredients include anti-oxidants, colorants, flavoring agents, preservatives and taste-masking agents.
  • Exemplary tablets contain up to about 80% drug, from about 10 weight % to about 90 weight % binder, from about 0 weight % to about 85 weight % diluent, from about 2 weight % to about 10 weight % disintegrant, and from about 0.25 weight % to about 10 weight % lubricant.
  • Tablet blends may be compressed directly or by roller to form tablets. Tablet blends or portions of blends may alternatively be wet-, dry-, or melt-granulated, melt congealed, or extruded before tabletting.
  • the final formulation may comprise one or more layers and may be coated or uncoated; it may even be encapsulated.
  • Consumable oral films for human or veterinary use are typically pliable water-soluble or water-swellable thin film dosage forms which may be rapidly dissolving or mucoadhesive and typically comprise a compound of Formula I, a film-forming polymer, a binder, a solvent, a humectant, a plasticizer, a stabilizer or emulsifier, a viscosity-modifying agent and a solvent. Some components of the formulation may perform more than one function.
  • the compound of Formula I may be water-soluble or insoluble.
  • a water-soluble compound typically comprises from 1 weight % to 80 weight %, more typically from 20 weight % to 50 weight %, of the solutes. Less soluble compounds may comprise a smaller proportion of the composition, typically up to 30 weight % of the solutes.
  • the compound of Formula I may be in the form of multiparticulate beads.
  • the film-forming polymer may be selected from natural polysaccharides, proteins, or synthetic hydrocolloids and is typically present in the range 0.01 to 99 weight %, more typically in the range 30 to 80 weight %.
  • ingredients include anti-oxidants, colorants, flavorings and flavor enhancers, preservatives, salivary stimulating agents, cooling agents, co-solvents (including oils), emollients, bulking agents, anti-foaming agents, surfactants and taste-masking agents.
  • Films in accordance with the invention are typically prepared by evaporative drying of thin aqueous films coated onto a peelable backing support or paper. This may be done in a drying oven or tunnel, typically a combined coater dryer, or by freeze-drying or vacuuming.
  • Solid formulations for oral administration may be formulated to be immediate and/or modified release.
  • Modified release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmed release.
  • Suitable modified release formulations for the purposes of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,864. Details of other suitable release technologies such as high energy dispersions and osmotic and coated particles are to be found in Verma et al., Pharmaceutical Technology On - line , 25(2), 1-14 (2001). The use of chewing gum to achieve controlled release is described in WO 00/35298.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be administered directly into the blood stream, into muscle, or into an internal organ.
  • Suitable means for parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular, intrasynovial and subcutaneous.
  • Suitable devices for parenteral administration include needle (including microneedle) injectors, needle-free injectors and infusion techniques.
  • Parenteral formulations are typically aqueous solutions which may contain excipients such as salts, carbohydrates and buffering agents (for example to a pH of from 3 to 9), but, for some applications, they may be more suitably formulated as a sterile non-aqueous solution or as a dried form to be used in conjunction with a suitable vehicle such as sterile, pyrogen-free water.
  • excipients such as salts, carbohydrates and buffering agents (for example to a pH of from 3 to 9)
  • a suitable vehicle such as sterile, pyrogen-free water.
  • parenteral formulations under sterile conditions may readily be accomplished using standard pharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
  • solubility of compounds of Formula I used in the preparation of parenteral solutions may be increased by the use of appropriate formulation techniques, such as the incorporation of solubility-enhancing agents.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration may be formulated to be immediate and/or modified release.
  • Modified release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmed release.
  • compounds of the invention may be formulated as a suspension or as a solid, semi-solid, or thixotropic liquid for administration as an implanted depot providing modified release of the active compound.
  • examples of such formulations include drug-coated stents and semi-solids and suspensions comprising drug-loaded poly(DL-lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres.
  • PLGA poly(DL-lactic-coglycolic acid)
  • the compounds of the invention may also be administered topically, (intra)dermally, or transdermally to the skin or mucosa.
  • Typical formulations for this purpose include gels, hydrogels, lotions, solutions, creams, ointments, dusting powders, dressings, foams, films, skin patches, wafers, implants, sponges, fibers, bandages and microemulsions. Liposomes may also be used.
  • Typical carriers include alcohol, water, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, glycerin, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Penetration enhancers may be incorporated—see e.g., Finnin and Morgan, J. Pharm. Sci. 1999, 88, 955-958.
  • topical administration include delivery by electroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, sonophoresis and microneedle or needle-free (e.g., PowderjectTM, BiojectTM, etc.) injection.
  • Formulations for topical administration may be formulated to be immediate and/or modified release.
  • Modified release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmed release.
  • the compounds of the invention can also be administered intranasally or by inhalation, typically in the form of a dry powder (either alone, as a mixture, for example, in a dry blend with lactose, or as a mixed component particle, for example, mixed with phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine) from a dry powder inhaler, as an aerosol spray from a pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer (for example an atomizer using electrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist), or nebulizer, with or without the use of a suitable propellant, such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, or as nasal drops.
  • the powder may comprise a bioadhesive agent, for example, chitosan or cyclodextrin.
  • the pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer, or nebulizer contains a solution or suspension of the compound(s) of the invention comprising, for example, ethanol, aqueous ethanol, or a suitable alternative agent for dispersing, solubilizing, or extending release of the active, a propellant(s) as solvent and an optional surfactant, such as sorbitan trioleate, oleic acid, or an oligolactic acid.
  • a solution or suspension of the compound(s) of the invention comprising, for example, ethanol, aqueous ethanol, or a suitable alternative agent for dispersing, solubilizing, or extending release of the active, a propellant(s) as solvent and an optional surfactant, such as sorbitan trioleate, oleic acid, or an oligolactic acid.
  • the drug product Prior to use in a dry powder or suspension formulation, the drug product is micronized to a size suitable for delivery by inhalation (typically less than 5 microns). This may be achieved by any appropriate comminuting method, such as spiral jet milling, fluid bed jet milling, supercritical fluid processing to form nanoparticles, high pressure homogenization, or spray drying.
  • comminuting method such as spiral jet milling, fluid bed jet milling, supercritical fluid processing to form nanoparticles, high pressure homogenization, or spray drying.
  • Capsules made, for example, from gelatin or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
  • blisters and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated to contain a powder mix of the compound of the invention, a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch and a performance modifier such as L-leucine, mannitol, or magnesium stearate.
  • the lactose may be anhydrous or in the form of the monohydrate.
  • Other suitable excipients include dextran, glucose, maltose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, sucrose and trehalose.
  • a suitable solution formulation for use in an atomizer using electrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist may contain from 1 ⁇ g to 20 mg of the compound of the invention per actuation and the actuation volume may vary from 1 ⁇ L to 100 ⁇ L.
  • a typical formulation may comprise a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, propylene glycol, sterile water, ethanol and sodium chloride.
  • Alternative solvents which may be used instead of propylene glycol include glycerol and polyethylene glycol.
  • Suitable flavors such as menthol and levomenthol, or sweeteners, such as saccharin or saccharin sodium, may be added to those formulations of the invention intended for inhaled/intranasal administration.
  • Formulations for inhaled/intranasal administration may be formulated to be immediate and/or modified release using, for example, PGLA.
  • Modified release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmed release.
  • the dosage unit is determined by means of a valve which delivers a metered amount.
  • Units in accordance with the invention are typically arranged to administer a metered dose or “puff” containing from 0.01 to 100 mg of the compound of Formula I.
  • the overall daily dose will typically be in the range 1 ⁇ g to 200 mg, which may be administered in a single dose or, more usually, as divided doses throughout the day.
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered rectally or vaginally, for example, in the form of a suppository, pessary, or enema.
  • Cocoa butter is a traditional suppository base, but various alternatives may be used as appropriate.
  • Formulations for rectal/vaginal administration may be formulated to be immediate and/or modified release.
  • Modified release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmed release.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be administered directly to the eye or ear, typically in the form of drops of a micronized suspension or solution in isotonic, pH-adjusted, sterile saline.
  • Other formulations suitable for ocular and aural administration include ointments, gels, biodegradable (e.g., absorbable gel sponges, collagen) and non-biodegradable (e.g., silicone) implants, wafers, lenses and particulate or vesicular systems, such as niosomes or liposomes.
  • a polymer such as crossed-linked polyacrylic acid, polyvinylalcohol, hyaluronic acid, a cellulosic polymer, for example, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, or methyl cellulose, or a heteropolysaccharide polymer, for example, gelan gum, may be incorporated together with a preservative, such as benzalkonium chloride.
  • a preservative such as benzalkonium chloride.
  • Such formulations may also be delivered by iontophoresis.
  • Formulations for ocular/aural administration may be formulated to be immediate and/or modified release.
  • Modified release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted, or programmed release.
  • the compounds of the invention may be combined with soluble macromolecular entities, such as cyclodextrin and suitable derivatives thereof or polyethylene glycol-containing polymers, in order to improve their solubility, dissolution rate, taste-masking, bioavailability and/or stability for use in any of the aforementioned modes of administration.
  • soluble macromolecular entities such as cyclodextrin and suitable derivatives thereof or polyethylene glycol-containing polymers
  • Drug-cyclodextrin complexes are found to be generally useful for most dosage forms and administration routes. Both inclusion and non-inclusion complexes may be used.
  • the cyclodextrin may be used as an auxiliary additive, i.e., as a carrier, diluent, or solubilizer. Most commonly used for these purposes are alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins, examples of which may be found in International Patent Applications Nos. WO 91/11172, WO 94/02518 and WO 98/55148.
  • kits comprises two separate pharmaceutical compositions: a compound of Formula I a prodrug thereof or a salt of such compound or prodrug and a second compound as described above.
  • the kit comprises means for containing the separate compositions such as a container, a divided bottle or a divided foil packet.
  • the kit comprises directions for the administration of the separate components.
  • the kit form is particularly advantageous when the separate components are for example administered in different dosage forms (e.g., oral and parenteral), are administered at different dosage intervals, or when titration of the individual components of the combination is desired by the prescribing physician.
  • Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a transparent plastic material. During the packaging process recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size and shape of the tablets or capsules to be packed. Next, the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed. As a result, the tablets or capsules are sealed in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet.
  • the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.
  • a memory aid on the kit, e.g., in the form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested.
  • a memory aid is a calendar printed on the card, e.g., as follows “First Week, Monday, Tuesday, etc. . . . Second Week, Monday, Tuesday, . . . ” etc.
  • a “daily dose” can be a single tablet or capsule or several pills or capsules to be taken on a given day.
  • a daily dose of Formula I compound can consist of one tablet or capsule while a daily dose of the second compound can consist of several tablets or capsules and vice versa.
  • the memory aid should reflect this.
  • a dispenser designed to dispense the daily doses one at a time in the order of their intended use is provided.
  • the dispenser is equipped with a memoryaid, so as to further facilitate compliance with the regimen.
  • a memoryaid is a mechanical counter which indicates the number of daily doses that has been dispensed.
  • a battery-powered micro-chip memory coupled with a liquid crystal readout, or audible reminder signal which, for example, reads out the date that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one when the next dose is to be taken.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • N where referring to concentration means Normal
  • M means molar
  • mL means milliliter
  • mmol means millimoles
  • ⁇ mol means micromoles
  • eq.” means equivalent
  • ° C.” means degrees Celsius
  • MHz means megahertz
  • HPLC means high-performance liquid chromatography.
  • an atropisomer (or atropenantiomer) with a clockwise rotation was designated as the (+)-atropisomer [or the (+) atropenantiomer] and an atropisomer (or atropenantiomer) with a counter-clockwise rotation was designated as the ( ⁇ )-atropisomer [or the ( ⁇ ) atropenantiomer].
  • reaction conditions length of reaction and temperature
  • reaction conditions may vary.
  • reactions were followed by thin layer chromatography or mass spectrometry, and subjected to work-up when appropriate.
  • Purifications may vary between experiments: in general, solvents and the solvent ratios used for eluents/gradients were chosen to provide appropriate R f s or retention times.
  • 6-Bromo-5-methylpyrazin-2-amine (which may be prepared according to the method of N. Sato, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1980, 171, 143-147) (2.40 g, 12.8 mmol), 4-[3-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine (C2) (4.48 g, 12.8 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (95%, 466 mg, 0.383 mmol) were combined in a pressure tube and dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (60 mL) and ethanol (20 mL).
  • N-Bromosuccinimide (95%, 609 mg, 3.25 mmol) was added to a solution of 6-[4-(furo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-yloxy)-2-methylphenyl]-5-methylpyrazin-2-amine (C3) (900 mg, 2.71 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (15 mL), and the reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. for 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and quenched with a small amount of water. After adsorption onto silica gel, the product was purified via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethyl acetate in heptane).
  • the purified material was taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with 1:1 water/saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, with water, and with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution to remove residual N,N-dimethylformamide.
  • the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to provide the product as a yellow solid. Yield: 700 mg, 1.71 mmol, 63%.
  • the reaction mixture was then filtered to remove catalyst and concentrated under reduced pressure, to provide a yellow solid.
  • This solid was slurried in a small amount of ethyl acetate, filtered and rinsed with ethyl acetate to afford the product as a yellow solid.
  • the filtrate was found to contain additional product via LCMS analysis.
  • the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow solid, which was washed with ethyl acetate; the resulting white precipitate was removed by filtration and discarded.
  • the filtrate was combined with the initially collected yellow solid, diluted with additional ethyl acetate and washed with water, with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under reduced pressure provided a yellow solid, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 20% to 100% ethyl acetate in heptane). A yellow solid was obtained; upon attempted dissolution in ethyl acetate, a white solid formed, which was filtered to provide the product as a white solid. Yield: 207 mg, 0.621 mmol, 44%. LCMS m/z 334.1 (M+H).
  • Chloroacetaldehyde (55% solution in water, 1.28 mL, 10.9 mmol) was added to a mixture of 6-[4-(furo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-yloxy)-2-methylphenyl]-5-methyl-[3- 2 H-1]-pyrazin-2-amine (C5) (182 mg, 0.546 mmol) in water (2.5 mL), and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (15 mL) and ethyl acetate (15 mL), then treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (5 to 10 mL).
  • N,N-Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (94%, 19.0 mL, 134 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]ethanone (15.32 g, 67.71 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL) and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 18 hours. At this point, the reflux condenser was replaced with a distillation head, and distillation was carried out until the temperature of the distillate reached 140° C. The material in the reaction pot was cooled to room temperature, treated with methylhydrazine (98%, 7.4 mL, 136 mmol) and heated at 75° C. for 3 hours.
  • Step 2 Synthesis of 4-chloro-5-methyl-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one (C18) and 5-chloro-4-methyl-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one (C19).
  • Nitrogen was bubbled into a mixture of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (31.0 mg, 0.027 mmol) and 4-[4-(3-chloro-5-methylpyridazin-4-yl)-3-methylphenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine (11) (427 mg, 1.21 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (12 mL) for 10 minutes.
  • a solution of trimethylaluminum in toluene (2 M, 1.2 mL, 2.4 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 95° C. for 90 minutes, then cooled in an ice bath and treated drop-wise with methanol (12 mL) ⁇ Caution: gas evolution! ⁇ .
  • Example 12 (4-[4-(3,5-dimethylpyridazin-4-yl)-3-methylphenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine) (316 mg) was separated into its component atropenantiomers using supercritical fluid chromatography (Column: Chiralpak AS-H, 5 ⁇ m; Eluent: 7:3 carbon dioxide/ethanol). Both were obtained as solids. First-eluting atropenantiomer: 13 [designated as the (+) atropenantiomer according to its observed rotation data], yield: 137 mg, 43%. LCMS m/z 332.3 (M+H).
  • Retention time 3.056 min (Column: Welch XB-C18, 2.1 ⁇ 50 mm, 5 ⁇ m; Mobile phase A: 0.0375% trifluoroacetic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.01875% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient: 25% B for 0.50 minutes, 25% to 100% B over 3.0 minutes; Flow rate: 0.8 mL/minute).
  • Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 N, 0.36 mL, 0.36 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)-5-(furo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-yloxy)benzyl acetate (C35) (28 mg, 0.072 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution was added, and the mixture was extracted with tetrahydrofuran (3 ⁇ 10 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel to give the product.
  • Compound C36 was prepared from 1-bromo-4-methoxy-2-methylbenzene according to the general procedure for the synthesis of 4-[3-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine (C2) in Example 1.
  • the product was obtained as a solid. Yield: 15 g, 60 mmol, 80%.
  • the product was prepared from 2-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (C36) and 5-bromo-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine according to the general procedure described in step 3 of Example 1.
  • the product was obtained as a solid. Yield: 3.5 g, 15 mmol, 75%.
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 3-bromo-4-[4-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methylphenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine (C40).
  • 3-Bromo-4-chlorofuro[3,2-c]pyridine (C39, prepared according to the method of Y. Miyazaki et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 250-254; 430 mg, 1.85 mmol)
  • 4-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methylphenol (C38) (396 mg, 1.85 mmol)
  • cesium carbonate (1.21 g, 3.71 mmol) were combined in dimethyl sulfoxide (8.0 mL) and heated at 120° C.
  • Aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2 M, 0.34 mL, 0.68 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was subjected to microwave irradiation at 120° C. for 2 hours.
  • additional methylboronic acid (2 equivalents) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.06 equivalents) were added, the reaction mixture was again purged with nitrogen, and then subjected to microwave conditions for an additional 12 hours at 120° C.
  • Compound C41 was prepared from 4-bromo-7-methoxy-1H-indole according to the general procedure for the synthesis of 4-[3-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine (C2) in Example 1, except that the reaction solvent employed was 6% water in 1,4-dioxane. Purification in this case was carried out via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 90% to 100% dichloromethane in heptane), to afford the product as a dark yellow solid. Yield: 371 mg, 1.36 mmol, 62%. GCMS m/z 273 (M + ).
  • Compound C42 was prepared from 7-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-indole (C41) according to the general procedure for the synthesis of 4-[4-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methylphenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine (1) in Example 1, to provide the product as a yellow oil. Yield: 70 mg, 0.28 mmol, 24%. GCMS m/z 253 (M + ).
  • Compound C43 was prepared from 4-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)-7-methoxy-1H-indole (C42) according to the general procedure for the synthesis of 3-methyl-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-yl)phenol (C9) in Example 5.
  • the crude product was triturated with ethyl acetate to afford a mustard-yellow solid containing some impurities. Yield: 53 mg, ⁇ 0.22 mmol, ⁇ 88%.
  • Example 26 [designated the ( ⁇ )-atropenantiomer according to its observed rotation data] was examined by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy [Chiral/RTM VCD spectrometer (BioTools, Inc.)], and on the basis of this work, the absolute configuration of Example 26 was assigned as (R).
  • VCD vibrational circular dichroism
  • reaction mixture was subjected to vigorous stirring for 4 hours in an ice bath, at which point it was acidified via slow addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid. After extraction with ethyl acetate, the aqueous layer was saturated with solid sodium chloride and extracted three additional times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a mixture of oil and solid (81.3 g). This material was suspended in chloroform (200 mL); solids were filtered, then washed with chloroform (2 ⁇ 50 mL).
  • Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (23.7 mL, 140 mmol) was added portion-wise to a solution of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (C47) (15.0 g, 117 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (99%, 24.8 mL, 140 mmol) in dichloromethane (500 mL) at ⁇ 20° C., at a rate that maintained the internal reaction temperature below ⁇ 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ⁇ 20° C., then allowed to warm gradually to 0° C. over 5 hours.
  • the product was prepared as an off-white solid, via reaction of 2,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (C48) with 4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine (C52) [this may be prepared in a similar manner to 4-[3-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy]furo[3,2-c]pyridine (C2) in Example 1] as described for synthesis of 4-[2-fluoro-4-(furo[3,2-c]pyridine-4-yloxy)phenyl]-3,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (C50) in Example 27.
  • the product was prepared from 4-(4-bromo-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)furo[3,2-c]pyridine [synthesized via reaction of 4-bromo-3,5-dimethylphenol with 4-chlorofuro[3,2-c]pyridine] and (3-methylpyridin-4-yl)boronic acid, according to the general procedure for the synthesis of 5-(2-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (C64) in Preparation P7.
  • Preparations P1-P15 describe preparations of some starting materials or intermediates used for preparation of certain compounds of the invention.
  • the product was prepared from C55 (a 1:1 mixture of 5-bromo-6-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and 5-chloro-6-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, see A. R. Harris et al., Tetrahedron 2011, 67, 9063-9066) (210 mg, 1.00 mmol) and (4-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid (116 mg, 0.765 mmol) using the method of Example 6.
  • Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 40% [20% methanol in dichloromethane] in dichloromethane) afforded the product. Yield: 159 mg, 0.667 mmol, 87%.
  • the product was prepared from 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (C56) (159 mg, 0.667 mmol) as described for the synthesis of 6-(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-1,5-dimethylpyrazin-2(1H)-one (P8) in Preparation P8.
  • the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, then azeotroped with heptane to provide the product as a brown solid. Yield: 193 mg, 0.63 mmol, 95%.
  • Methyl propanoate (44 g, 0.50 mol) was reacted with methyl formate (55.5 g, 0.75 mol) according to the method of F. Kido et al., Tetrahedron 1987, 43, 5467-5474. Purification by distillation (70-104° C.) gave compound C57 as a colorless liquid. Yield: 23 g, 0.20 mol, 40%.
  • Step 1 Synthesis of 2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine (C59).
  • Pyrazin-2-amine (1 g, 10 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (15 mL) and 1-chloropropan-2-one (1.2 mL, 14 mmol) was added.
  • the resulting solution was stirred at reflux for 2 hours, cooled to room temperature, and concentrated in vacuo.
  • Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution 50 mL was added, and the mixture was extracted three times with chloroform (20 mL); the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated.
  • Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 50% methanol in ethyl acetate) gave C59 as an orange solid.
  • 6-Bromo-5-methylpyrazin-2-amine (C60, see A. R. Harris et al., Tetrahedron 2011, 67, 9063-9066; 111 mg, 0.590 mmol), (4-methoxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl)boronic acid (127 mg, 0.708 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (95%, 40 mg, 0.033 mmol) were combined in a pressure tube and dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.6 mL).
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water and brought to a pH of approximately 7 by slow portion-wise addition of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid.
  • the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined ethyl acetate layers were washed several times with water, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated.
  • Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 75% to 100% ethyl acetate in heptane) gave the product as a viscous orange oil. Yield: 1.67 g, 6.84 mmol, 33% over two steps.
  • Step 3 Synthesis of 4-[(benzyloxy)methoxy]-7-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indazole (C73) and 4-[(benzyloxy)methoxy]-7-bromo-2-methyl-2H-indazole (C74).
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 15% to 40% ethyl acetate in heptane) to provide C73 as a colorless oil and C74 as a yellow oil. Yield: C73, 801 mg, 2.31 mmol, 56%; C74, 296 mg, 0.852 mmol, 21%.
  • Compound P11 was prepared from 4-[(benzyloxy)methoxy]-7-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indazole (C73) according to steps 4 and 5 of the synthesis of 7-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)-2-methyl-2H-indazol-4-ol (P10) in Preparation P10, to provide the product as an off-white solid. Yield: 36 mg, 0.14 mmol, 64%. LCMS m/z 255.2 (M+H).
  • Trimethylsilyl iodide (58 g, 290 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5-dimethylpyridazine (C86) (12 g, 49 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL), and the mixture was heated at reflux for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., slowly diluted with methanol, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution.
  • Methods M1-M7 describe specific methods for preparations of certain compounds of the invention.
  • the vial was subjected to three rounds of vacuum evacuation followed by nitrogen fill and the resulting mixture was shaken and heated at 100° C. for 12 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, partitioned between water (1.5 mL) and ethyl acetate (2.5 mL), vortexed, and allowed to settle.
  • the organic layer was passed through a solid phase extraction cartridge filled with sodium sulfate (1.0 g); this extraction procedure was repeated twice, and the combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo.
  • the products were generally purified by HPLC (Column: Waters XBridge C18, 5 ⁇ m; Mobile phase A: 0.03% ammonium hydroxide in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.03% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: increasing percentage of B, starting with 10% or 20% B).

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US9850232B2 (en) 2014-04-25 2017-12-26 Pfizer Inc. Heteroaromatic compounds and their use as dopamine D1 ligands
CN116253756A (zh) * 2023-05-11 2023-06-13 北京元延医药科技股份有限公司 克立硼罗的制备方法

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