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  • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
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  • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
  • A61K47/645—Polycationic or polyanionic oligopeptides, polypeptides or polyamino acids, e.g. polylysine, polyarginine, polyglutamic acid or peptide TAT
  • A61K47/6455—Polycationic oligopeptides, polypeptides or polyamino acids, e.g. for complexing nucleic acids
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  • C12N2310/3231—Chemical structure of the sugar modified ring structure having an additional ring, e.g. LNA, ENA

Definitions

• the invention relates to oligonucleotide based compositions, as well as methods of using oligonucleotide based compositions for treating disease.
• Rett syndrome is a developmental disorder of the brain occurring mostly in females characterized by normal early development, followed by a slowing of development resulting in loss of control of the hands, loss of speech, breathing problems, slowed brain and head growth, ambulatory problems, seizures, and mental retardation. Rett syndrome affects approximately 1 in 10,000 live female births. Most cases of Rett syndrome are caused by a mutation in the methyl CpG binding protein 2, or MECP2 gene, on the X chromosome that causes reduced activity or inactivation of MECP2.
• MECP2 is a transcriptional repressor that binds to methylated DNA and is present in large quantities in mature nerve cells.
• MECP2 represses transcription from methylated gene promoters through interaction with histone deacetylase and the corepressor SIN3A.
• Many of the genes that are known to be regulated by the MECP2 protein play a role in normal brain function, particularly the maintenance of synapses.
• Mouse studies have demonstrated MECP2 mutations cause defects in synaptic function, especially in synaptic plasticity.
• single stranded oligonucleotides are provided that target a PRC2-associated region of a MECP2 gene (e.g., human MECP2) and thereby cause upregulation of the gene.
• single stranded oligonucleotides are provided that target a PRC2-associated region of the gene encoding MECP2.
• these single stranded oligonucleotides activate or enhance expression of MECP2 by relieving or preventing PRC2 mediated repression of MECP2.
• Upregulation of MECP2 offers a treatment for diseases associated with decreased MECP2 activity.
• Aspects of the invention disclosed herein provide methods and compositions that are useful for upregulating MECP2 for the treatment and/or prevention of Rett Syndrome.
• MECP2 is also associated with MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, and PPM-X syndrome. Accordingly, certain aspects of the invention disclosed herein provide methods and compositions that are useful for upregulating MECP2 for the treatment and/or prevention of MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, and PPM-X syndrome.
• Further aspects of the invention provide methods for selecting oligonucleotides for activating or enhancing expression of MECP2.
• methods are provided for selecting a set of oligonucleotides that is enriched in candidates (e.g., compared with a random selection of oligonucleotides) for activating or enhancing expression of MECP2. Accordingly, the methods may be used to establish sets of clinical candidates that are enriched in oligonucleotides that activate or enhance expression of MECP2.
• Such libraries may be utilized, for example, to identify lead oligonucleotides for developing therapeutics to treat MECP2.
• oligonucleotide chemistries are provided that are useful for controlling the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, bioavailability and/or efficacy of the single stranded oligonucleotides for activating expression of MECP2.
• single stranded oligonucleotides that have a region of complementarity that is complementarty with (e.g., at least 8 consecutive nucleotides of) a PRC2-associated region of a MECP2 gene, e.g., a PRC2-associated region of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.
• the oligonucleotide has at least one of the following features: a) a sequence that is 5′X—Y—Z, in which X is any nucleotide and in which X is at the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide, Y is a nucleotide sequence of 6 nucleotides in length that is not a human seed sequence of a microRNA, and Z is a nucleotide sequence of 1 to 23 nucleotides in length; b) a sequence that does not comprise three or more consecutive guanosine nucleotides; c) a sequence that has less than a threshold level of sequence identity with every sequence of nucleotides, of equivalent length to the second nucleotide sequence, that are between 50 kilobases upstream of a 5′-end of an off-target gene and 50 kilobases downstream of a 3′-end of the off-target gene; d) a sequence that is complementary to a PRC2-
• the single stranded oligonucleotide has at least two of features a), b), c), d), and e), each independently selected. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide has at least three of features a), b), c), d), and e), each independently selected. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide has at least four of features a), b), c), d), and e), each independently selected. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide has each of features a), b), c), d), and e). In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide has the sequence 5′X—Y—Z, in which the oligonucleotide is 8-50 nucleotides in length.
• single stranded oligonucleotides have a sequence X—Y—Z, in which X is any nucleotide, Y is a nucleotide sequence of 6 nucleotides in length that is not a seed sequence of a human microRNA, and Z is a nucleotide sequence of 1 to 23 nucleotides in length, in which the single stranded oligonucleotide is complementary with a PRC2-associated region of a MECP2 gene, e.g., a PRC2-associated region of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.
• single stranded oligonucleotides have a sequence 5′-X—Y—Z, in which X is any nucleotide, Y is a nucleotide sequence of 6 nucleotides in length that is not a seed sequence of a human microRNA, and Z is a nucleotide sequence of 1 to 23 nucleotides in length, in which the single stranded oligonucleotide is complementary with at least 8 consecutive nucleotides of a PRC2-associated region of a MECP2 gene, e.g., a PRC2-associated region of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.
• Y is a sequence selected from Table 1.
• the PRC2-associated region is a sequence listed in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 5 to 118.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 119 to 83660, or a fragment thereof that is at least 8 nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 119 to 83660, in which the 5′ end of the nucleotide sequence provided is the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide.
• the region of complementarity e.g., the at least 8 consecutive nucleotides is also present within the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 119 to 83660. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a fragment of at least 8 nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 119 to 83660.
• the PRC2-associated region is a sequence listed in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 5 to 84.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 119 to 47653 or a fragment thereof that is at least 8 nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 119 to 47653, wherein the 5′ end of the nucleotide sequence provided in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 119 to 47653 is the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide.
• the at least 8 consecutive nucleotides are also present within the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3.
• the PRC2-associated region is a sequence listed in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 85 to 118.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 47462 to 83660 or a fragment thereof that is at least 8 nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 47462 to 83660, wherein the 5′ end of the nucleotide sequence provided in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 47462 to 83660 is the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide.
• the at least 8 consecutive nucleotides are present within the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 4.
• a single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Table 3. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a fragment of at least 8 nucleotides of a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Table 3. In some embodiments, a single stranded oligonucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Table 3.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide does not comprise three or more consecutive guanosine nucleotides. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide does not comprise four or more consecutive guanosine nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide is 8 to 30 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide is up to 50 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide is 8 to 10 nucleotides in length and all but 1, 2, or 3 of the nucleotides of the complementary sequence of the PRC2-associated region are cytosine or guanosine nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide is complementary with at least 8 consecutive nucleotides of a PRC2-associated region of a MECP2 gene, e.g., a PRC2-associated region of a nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, in which the nucleotide sequence of the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises one or more of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of
• At least one nucleotide of the oligonucleotide is a nucleotide analogue.
• the at least one nucleotide analogue results in an increase in Tm of the oligonucleotide in a range of 1 to 5° C. compared with an oligonucleotide that does not have the at least one nucleotide analogue.
• At least one nucleotide of the oligonucleotide comprises a 2′ O-methyl. In some embodiments, each nucleotide of the oligonucleotide comprises a 2′ O-methyl. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one ribonucleotide, at least one deoxyribonucleotide, or at least one bridged nucleotide. In some embodiments, the bridged nucleotide is a LNA nucleotide, a cEt nucleotide or a ENA modified nucleotide. In some embodiments, each nucleotide of the oligonucleotide is a LNA nucleotide.
• the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide comprise alternating deoxyribonucleotides and 2′-fluoro-deoxyribonucleotides. In some embodiments, the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide comprise alternating deoxyribonucleotides and 2′-O-methyl nucleotides. In some embodiments, the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide comprise alternating deoxyribonucleotides and ENA nucleotide analogues. In some embodiments, the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide comprise alternating deoxyribonucleotides and LNA nucleotides.
• the 5′ nucleotide of the oligonucleotide is a deoxyribonucleotide. In some embodiments, the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide comprise alternating LNA nucleotides and 2′-O-methyl nucleotides. In some embodiments, the 5′ nucleotide of the oligonucleotide is a LNA nucleotide. In some embodiments, the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide comprise deoxyribonucleotides flanked by at least one LNA nucleotide on each of the 5′ and 3′ ends of the deoxyribonucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises modified internucleotide linkages (e.g., phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages or other linkages) between at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises modified internucleotide linkages (e.g., phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages or other linkages) between all nucleotides.
• modified internucleotide linkages e.g., phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages or other linkages
• the nucleotide at the 3′ position of the oligonucleotide has a 3′ hydroxyl group. In some embodiments, the nucleotide at the 3′ position of the oligonucleotide has a 3′ thiophosphate. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide has a biotin moiety or other moiety conjugated to its 5′ or 3′ nucleotide.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide has cholesterol, Vitamin A, folate, sigma receptor ligands, aptamers, peptides, such as CPP, hydrophobic molecules, such as lipids, ASGPR or dynamic polyconjugates and variants thereof at its 5′ or 3′ end.
• compositions are provided that comprise any of the oligonucleotides disclosed herein, and a carrier.
• compositions are provided that comprise any of the oligonucleotides in a buffered solution.
• the oligonucleotide is conjugated to the carrier.
• the carrier is a peptide.
• the carrier is a steroid.
• pharmaceutical compositions are provided that comprise any of the oligonucleotides disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• kits that comprise a container housing any of the compositions disclosed herein.
• methods of increasing expression of MECP2 in a cell involve delivering any one or more of the single stranded oligonucleotides disclosed herein into the cell.
• delivery of the single stranded oligonucleotide into the cell results in a level of expression of MECP2 that is greater (e.g., at least 50% greater) than a level of expression of MECP2 in a control cell that does not comprise the single stranded oligonucleotide.
• methods of increasing levels of MECP2 in a subject are provided.
• methods of treating a condition e.g., Rett Syndrome, MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, PPM-X syndrome
• the methods involve administering any one or more of the single stranded oligonucleotides disclosed herein to the subject.
• Table 3 Formatted oligonucleotide sequences made for testing showing nucleotide modifications.
• the table shows the sequence of the modified nucleotides, where lnaX represents an LNA nucleotide with 3′ phosphorothioate linkage, omeX is a 2′-O-methyl nucleotide, dX is a deoxy nucleotide.
• An s at the end of a nucleotide code indicates that the nucleotide had a 3′ phosphorothioate linkage.
• the “-Sup” at the end of the sequence marks the fact that the 3′ end lacks either a phosphate or thiophosphate on the 3′ linkage.
• the Formatted Sequence column shows the sequence of the oligonucleotide, including modified nucleotides.
• Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a histone methyltransferase and a known epigenetic regulator involved in silencing of genomic regions through methylation of histone H3.
• PRC2 interacts with long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as RepA, Xist, and Tsix, to catalyze trimethylation of histone H3-lysine27.
• lncRNAs long noncoding RNAs
• RepA long noncoding RNAs
• Xist Xist
• Tsix long noncoding RNAs
• PRC2 contains four subunits, Eed, Suz12, RbAp48, and Ezh2.
• aspects of the invention relate to the recognition that single stranded oligonucleotides that bind to PRC2-associated regions of RNAs (e.g., lncRNAs) that are expressed from within a genomic region that encompasses or that is in functional proximity to the MECP2 gene can induce or enhance expression of MECP2. In some embodiments, this upregulation is believed to result from inhibition of PRC2 mediated repression of MECP2.
• RNAs e.g., lncRNAs
• PRC2-associated region refers to a region of a nucleic acid that comprises or encodes a sequence of nucleotides that interact directly or indirectly with a component of PRC2.
• a PRC2-associated region may be present in a RNA (e.g., a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)) that that interacts with a PRC2.
• lncRNA long non-coding RNA
• a PRC2-associated region may be present in a DNA that encodes an RNA that interacts with PRC2. In some cases, the PRC2-associated region is equivalently referred to as a PRC2-interacting region.
• a PRC2-associated region is a region of an RNA that crosslinks to a component of PRC2 in response to in situ ultraviolet irradiation of a cell that expresses the RNA, or a region of genomic DNA that encodes that RNA region.
• a PRC2-associated region is a region of an RNA that immunoprecipitates with an antibody that targets a component of PRC2, or a region of genomic DNA that encodes that RNA region.
• a PRC2-associated region is a region of an RNA that immunoprecipitates with an antibody that binds specifically to SUZ12, EED, EZH2 or RBBP4 (which as noted above are components of PRC2), or a region of genomic DNA that encodes that RNA region.
• a PRC2-associated region is a region of an RNA that is protected from nucleases (e.g., RNases) in an RNA-immunoprecipitation assay that employs an antibody that targets a component of PRC2, or a region of genomic DNA that encodes that protected RNA region.
• a PRC2-associated region is a region of an RNA that is protected from nucleases (e.g., RNases) in an RNA-immunoprecipitation assay that employs an antibody that targets SUZ12, EED, EZH2 or RBBP4, or a region of genomic DNA that encodes that protected RNA region.
• a PRC2-associated region is a region of an RNA within which occur a relatively high frequency of sequence reads in a sequencing reaction of products of an RNA-immunoprecipitation assay that employs an antibody that targets a component of PRC2, or a region of genomic DNA that encodes that RNA region.
• a PRC2-associated region is a region of an RNA within which occur a relatively high frequency of sequence reads in a sequencing reaction of products of an RNA-immunoprecipitation assay that employs an antibody that binds specifically to SUZ12, EED, EZH2 or RBBP4, or a region of genomic DNA that encodes that protected RNA region.
• the PRC2-associated region may be referred to as a “peak.”
• a PRC2-associated region comprises a sequence of 40 to 60 nucleotides that interact with PRC2 complex. In some embodiments, a PRC2-associated region comprises a sequence of 40 to 60 nucleotides that encode an RNA that interacts with PRC2. In some embodiments, a PRC2-associated region comprises a sequence of up to 5 kb in length that comprises a sequence (e.g., of 40 to 60 nucleotides) that interacts with PRC2. In some embodiments, a PRC2-associated region comprises a sequence of up to 5 kb in length within which an RNA is encoded that has a sequence (e.g., of 40 to 60 nucleotides) that is known to interact with PRC2.
• a PRC2-associated region comprises a sequence of about 4 kb in length that comprise a sequence (e.g., of 40 to 60 nucleotides) that interacts with PRC2. In some embodiments, a PRC2-associated region comprises a sequence of about 4 kb in length within which an RNA is encoded that includes a sequence (e.g., of 40 to 60 nucleotides) that is known to interact with PRC2. In some embodiments, a PRC2-associated region has a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 5 to 118.
• single stranded oligonucleotides are provided that specifically bind to, or are complementary to, a PRC2-associated region in a genomic region that encompasses or that is in proximity to the MECP2 gene. In some embodiments, single stranded oligonucleotides are provided that specifically bind to, or are complementary to, a PRC2-associated region that has a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 5 to 118.
• single stranded oligonucleotides are provided that specifically bind to, or are complementary to, a PRC2-associated region that has a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 5 to 118 combined with up to 2 kb, up to 5 kb, or up to 10 kb of flanking sequences from a corresponding genomic region to which these SEQ IDs map (e.g., in a human genome).
• single stranded oligonucleotides have a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 119 to 83660.
• single stranded oligonucleotides have a sequence as set forth in Table 3.
• these oligonucleotides are able to interfere with the binding of and function of PRC2, by preventing recruitment of PRC2 to a specific chromosomal locus.
• a single administration of single stranded oligonucleotides designed to specifically bind a PRC2-associated region lncRNA can stably displace not only the lncRNA, but also the PRC2 that binds to the lncRNA, from binding chromatin. After displacement, the full complement of PRC2 is not recovered for up to 24 hours.
• lncRNA can recruit PRC2 in a cis fashion, repressing gene expression at or near the specific chromosomal locus from which the lncRNA was transcribed.
• Methods of modulating gene expression are provided, in some embodiments, that may be carried out in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. It is understood that any reference to uses of compounds throughout the description contemplates use of the compound in preparation of a pharmaceutical composition or medicament for use in the treatment of condition (e.g., Rett Syndrome, MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, PPM-X syndrome) associated with decreased levels or activity of MECP2.
• condition e.g., Rett Syndrome, MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, PPM-X syndrome
• this aspect of the invention includes use of such single stranded oligonucleotides in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of disease, wherein the treatment involves upregulating expression of MECP2.
• methods are provided for selecting a candidate oligonucleotide for activating expression of MECP2.
• the methods generally involve selecting as a candidate oligonucleotide, a single stranded oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a PRC2-associated region (e.g., a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 5 to 118).
• sets of oligonucleotides may be selected that are enriched (e.g., compared with a random selection of oligonucleotides) in oligonucleotides that activate expression of MECP2.
• single stranded oligonucleotides complementary to the PRC2-associated regions are provided for modulating expression of MECP2 in a cell.
• expression of MECP2 is upregulated or increased.
• single stranded oligonucleotides complementary to these PRC2-associated regions inhibit the interaction of PRC2 with long RNA transcripts such that gene expression is upregulated or increased.
• single stranded oligonucleotides complementary to these PRC2-associated regions inhibit the interaction of PRC2 with long RNA transcripts, resulting in reduced methylation of histone H3 and reduced gene inactivation, such that gene expression is upregulated or increased.
• this interaction may be disrupted or inhibited due to a change in the structure of the long RNA that prevents or reduces binding to PRC2.
• the oligonucleotide may be selected using any of the methods disclosed herein for selecting a candidate oligonucleotide for activating expression of MECP2.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may comprise a region of complementarity that is complementary with a PRC2-associated region of a nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4.
• the region of complementarity of the single stranded oligonucleotide may be complementary with at least 6, e.g., at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15 or more consecutive nucleotides of the PRC2-associated region.
• the PRC2-associated region may map to a position in a chromosome between 50 kilobases upstream of a 5′-end of the MECP2 gene and 50 kilobases downstream of a 3′-end of the MECP2 gene.
• the PRC2-associated region may map to a position in a chromosome between 25 kilobases upstream of a 5′-end of the MECP2 gene and 25 kilobases downstream of a 3′-end of the MECP2 gene.
• the PRC2-associated region may map to a position in a chromosome between 12 kilobases upstream of a 5′-end of the MECP2 gene and 12 kilobases downstream of a 3′-end of the MECP2 gene.
• the PRC2-associated region may map to a position in a chromosome between 5 kilobases upstream of a 5′-end of the MECP2 gene and 5 kilobases downstream of a 3′-end of the ME
• the genomic position of the selected PRC2-associated region relative to the MECP2 gene may vary.
• the PRC2-associated region may be upstream of the 5′ end of the MECP2 gene.
• the PRC2-associated region may be downstream of the 3′ end of the MECP2 gene.
• the PRC2-associated region may be within an intron of the MECP2 gene.
• the PRC2-associated region may be within an exon of the MECP2 gene.
• the PRC2-associated region may traverse an intron-exon junction, a 5′-UTR-exon junction or a 3′-UTR-exon junction of the MECP2 gene.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may comprise a sequence having the formula X—Y—Z, in which X is any nucleotide, Y is a nucleotide sequence of 6 nucleotides in length that is not a human seed sequence of a microRNA, and Z is a nucleotide sequence of varying length.
• X is the 5′ nucleotide of the oligonucleotide.
• the oligonucleotide when X is anchored at the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide, the oligonucleotide does not have any nucleotides or nucleotide analogs linked 5′ to X.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide has a sequence 5′X—Y—Z and is 8-50 nucleotides in length. Oligonucleotides that have these sequence characteristics are predicted to avoid the miRNA pathway. Therefore, in some embodiments, oligonucleotides having these sequence characteristics are unlikely to have an unintended consequence of functioning in a cell as a miRNA molecule.
• the Y sequence may be a nucleotide sequence of 6 nucleotides in length set forth in Table 1.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may have a sequence that does not contain guanosine nucleotide stretches (e.g., 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more consecutive guanosine nucleotides).
• guanosine nucleotide stretches e.g., 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more consecutive guanosine nucleotides.
• oligonucleotides having guanosine nucleotide stretches have increased non-specific binding and/or off-target effects, compared with oligonucleotides that do not have guanosine nucleotide stretches.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may have a sequence that has less than a threshold level of sequence identity with every sequence of nucleotides, of equivalent length, that map to a genomic position encompassing or in proximity to an off-target gene.
• a threshold level of sequence identity may be 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% sequence identity.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may have a sequence that is complementary to a PRC2-associated region that encodes an RNA that forms a secondary structure comprising at least two single stranded loops.
• oligonucleotides that are complementary to a PRC2-associated region that encodes an RNA that forms a secondary structure comprising one or more single stranded loops e.g., at least two single stranded loops
• have a greater likelihood of being active e.g., of being capable of activating or enhancing expression of a target gene than a randomly selected oligonucleotide.
• the secondary structure may comprise a double stranded stem between the at least two single stranded loops.
• the region of complementarity between the oligonucleotide and the PRC2-associated region may be at a location of the PRC2 associated region that encodes at least a portion of at least one of the loops.
• the region of complementarity between the oligonucleotide and the PRC2-associated region may be at a location of the PRC2-associated region that encodes at least a portion of at least two of the loops.
• the region of complementarity between the oligonucleotide and the PRC2-associated region may be at a location of the PRC2 associated region that encodes at least a portion of the double stranded stem.
• a PRC2-associated region e.g., of an lncRNA
• the predicted secondary structure RNA (e.g., lncRNA) containing the PRC2-associated region is determined using RNA secondary structure prediction algorithms, e.g., RNAfold, mfold.
• oligonucleotides are designed to target a region of the RNA that forms a secondary structure comprising one or more single stranded loop (e.g., at least two single stranded loops) structures which may comprise a double stranded stem between the at least two single stranded loops.
• a single stranded loop e.g., at least two single stranded loops
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may have a sequence that is has greater than 30% G-C content, greater than 40% G-C content, greater than 50% G-C content, greater than 60% G-C content, greater than 70% G-C content, or greater than 80% G-C content.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may have a sequence that has up to 100% G-C content, up to 95% G-C content, up to 90% G-C content, or up to 80% G-C content.
• the oligonucleotide is 8 to 10 nucleotides in length, all but 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the nucleotides of the complementary sequence of the PRC2-associated region are cytosine or guanosine nucleotides.
• the sequence of the PRC2-associated region to which the single stranded oligonucleotide is complementary comprises no more than 3 nucleotides selected from adenine and uracil.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may be complementary to a chromosome of a different species (e.g., a mouse, rat, rabbit, goat, monkey, etc.) at a position that encompasses or that is in proximity to that species' homolog of MECP2.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may be complementary to a human genomic region encompassing or in proximity to the MECP2 gene and also be complementary to a mouse genomic region encompassing or in proximity to the mouse homolog of MECP2.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may be complementary to a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, which is a human genomic region encompassing or in proximity to the MECP2 gene, and also be complementary to a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4, which is a mouse genomic region encompassing or in proximity to the mouse homolog of the MECP2 gene. Oligonucleotides having these characteristics may be tested in vivo or in vitro for efficacy in multiple species (e.g., human and mouse). This approach also facilitates development of clinical candidates for treating human disease by selecting a species in which an appropriate animal exists for the disease.
• the region of complementarity of the single stranded oligonucleotide is complementary with at least 8 to 15, 8 to 30, 8 to 40, or 10 to 50, or 5 to 50, or 5 to 40 bases, e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 consecutive nucleotides of a PRC2-associated region.
• the region of complementarity is complementary with at least 8 consecutive nucleotides of a PRC2-associated region.
• sequence of the single stranded oligonucleotide is based on an RNA sequence that binds to PRC2, or a portion thereof, said portion having a length of from 5 to 40 contiguous base pairs, or about 8 to 40 bases, or about 5 to 15, or about 5 to 30, or about 5 to 40 bases, or about 5 to 50 bases.
• Complementary refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of an oligonucleotide is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleotide at the same position of PRC2-associated region, then the single stranded nucleotide and PRC2-associated region are considered to be complementary to each other at that position.
• the single stranded nucleotide and PRC2-associated region are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides that can hydrogen bond with each other through their bases.
• complementary is a term which is used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between the single stranded nucleotide and PRC2-associated region. For example, if a base at one position of a single stranded nucleotide is capable of hydrogen bonding with a base at the corresponding position of a PRC2-associated region, then the bases are considered to be complementary to each other at that position. 100% complementarity is not required.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may be at least 80% complementary to (optionally one of at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementary to) the consecutive nucleotides of a PRC2-associated region.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may contain 1, 2 or 3 base mismatches compared to the portion of the consecutive nucleotides of a PRC2-associated region.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may have up to 3 mismatches over 15 bases, or up to 2 mismatches over 10 bases.
• a complementary nucleotide sequence need not be 100% complementary to that of its target to be specifically hybridizable.
• a complementary nucleic acid sequence for purposes of the present disclosure is specifically hybridizable when binding of the sequence to the target molecule (e.g., lncRNA) interferes with the normal function of the target (e.g., lncRNA) to cause a loss of activity (e.g., inhibiting PRC2-associated repression with consequent up-regulation of gene expression) and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the sequence to non-target sequences under conditions in which avoidance of non-specific binding is desired, e.g., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed under suitable conditions of stringency.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide is 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more nucleotides in length. In a preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotide is 8 to 30 nucleotides in length.
• the PRC2-associated region occurs on the same DNA strand as a gene sequence (sense). In some embodiments, the PRC2-associated region occurs on the opposite DNA strand as a gene sequence (anti-sense). Oligonucleotides complementary to a PRC2-associated region can bind either sense or anti-sense sequences.
• Base pairings may include both canonical Watson-Crick base pairing and non-Watson-Crick base pairing (e.g., Wobble base pairing and Hoogsteen base pairing).
• adenosine-type bases are complementary to thymidine-type bases (T) or uracil-type bases (U), that cytosine-type bases (C) are complementary to guanosine-type bases (G), and that universal bases such as 3-nitropyrrole or 5-nitroindole can hybridize to and are considered complementary to any A, C, U, or T.
• Inosine (I) has also been considered in the art to be a universal base and is considered complementary to any A, C, U or T.
• any one or more thymidine (T) nucleotides (or modified nucleotide thereof) or uridine (U) nucleotides (or a modified nucleotide thereof) in a sequence provided herein, including a sequence provided in the sequence listing, may be replaced with any other nucleotide suitable for base pairing (e.g., via a Watson-Crick base pair) with an adenosine nucleotide.
• any one or more thymidine (T) nucleotides (or modified nucleotide thereof) or uridine (U) nucleotides (or a modified nucleotide thereof) in a sequence provided herein, including a sequence provided in the sequence listing, may be suitably replaced with a different pyrimidine nucleotide or vice versa.
• any one or more thymidine (T) nucleotides (or modified nucleotide thereof) in a sequence provided herein, including a sequence provided in the sequence listing may be suitably replaced with a uridine (U) nucleotide (or a modified nucleotide thereof) or vice versa.
• GC content of the single stranded oligonucleotide is preferably between about 30-60%. Contiguous runs of three or more Gs or Cs may not be preferable in some embodiments. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the oligonucleotide does not comprise a stretch of three or more guanosine nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide specifically binds to, or is complementary to an RNA that is encoded in a genome (e.g., a human genome) as a single contiguous transcript (e.g., a non-spliced RNA).
• a genome e.g., a human genome
• a single contiguous transcript e.g., a non-spliced RNA
• the single stranded oligonucleotide specifically binds to, or is complementary to an RNA that is encoded in a genome (e.g., a human genome), in which the distance in the genome between the 5′end of the coding region of the RNA and the 3′ end of the coding region of the RNA is less than 1 kb, less than 2 kb, less than 3 kb, less than 4 kb, less than 5 kb, less than 7 kb, less than 8 kb, less than 9 kb, less than 10 kb, or less than 20 kb.
• a genome e.g., a human genome
• any oligonucleotide provided herein can be excluded.
• single stranded oligonucleotides disclosed herein may increase expression of mRNA corresponding to the gene by at least about 50% (i.e. 150% of normal or 1.5 fold), or by about 2 fold to about 5 fold.
• expression may be increased by at least about 15 fold, 20 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold or 100 fold, or any range between any of the foregoing numbers. It has also been found that increased mRNA expression has been shown to correlate to increased protein expression.
• the oligonucleotides will upregulate gene expression and may specifically bind or specifically hybridize or be complementary to the PRC2 binding RNA that is transcribed from the same strand as a protein coding reference gene.
• the oligonucleotide may bind to a region of the PRC2 binding RNA that originates within or overlaps an intron, exon, intron exon junction, 5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, a translation initiation region, or a translation termination region of a protein coding sense strand of a reference gene (refGene).
• the oligonucleotides will upregulate gene expression and may specifically bind or specifically hybridize or be complementary to a PRC2 binding RNA that transcribed from the opposite strand (the antisense strand) of a protein coding reference gene.
• the oligonucleotide may bind to a region of the PRC2 binding RNA that originates within or overlaps an intron, exon, intron exon junction, 5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, a translation initiation region, or a translation termination region of a protein coding antisense strand of a reference gene
• the oligonucleotides described herein may be modified, e.g., comprise a modified sugar moiety, a modified internucleoside linkage, a modified nucleotide and/or combinations thereof.
• the oligonucleotides can exhibit one or more of the following properties: do not induce substantial cleavage or degradation of the target RNA; do not cause substantially complete cleavage or degradation of the target RNA; do not activate the RNAse H pathway; do not activate RISC; do not recruit any Argonaute family protein; are not cleaved by Dicer; do not mediate alternative splicing; are not immune stimulatory; are nuclease resistant; have improved cell uptake compared to unmodified oligonucleotides; are not toxic to cells or mammals; may have improved endosomal exit; do interfere with interaction of lncRNA with PRC2, preferably the Ezh2 subunit but optionally the Suz12, Eed, RbAp46/48 sub
• Oligonucleotides that are designed to interact with RNA to modulate gene expression are a distinct subset of base sequences from those that are designed to bind a DNA target (e.g., are complementary to the underlying genomic DNA sequence from which the RNA is transcribed).
• oligonucleotides disclosed herein may be linked to one or more other oligonucleotides disclosed herein by a linker, e.g., a cleavable linker.
• a linker e.g., a cleavable linker.
• the target selection methods may generally involve steps for selecting single stranded oligonucleotides having any of the structural and functional characteristics disclosed herein.
• the methods involve one or more steps aimed at identifying oligonucleotides that target a PRC2-associated region that is functionally related to MECP2, for example a PRC2-associated region of a lncRNA that regulates expression of MECP2 by facilitating (e.g., in a cis-regulatory manner) the recruitment of PRC2 to the MECP2 gene.
• Such oligonucleotides are expected to be candidates for activating expression of MECP2 because of their ability to hybridize with the PRC2-associated region of a nucleic acid (e.g., a lncRNA).
• this hybridization event is understood to disrupt interaction of PRC2 with the nucleic acid (e.g., a lncRNA) and as a result disrupt recruitment of PRC2 and its associated co-repressors (e.g., chromatin remodeling factors) to the MECP2 gene locus.
• Methods of selecting a candidate oligonucleotide may involve selecting a PRC2-associated region (e.g., a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 5 to 118) that maps to a chromosomal position encompassing or in proximity to the MECP2 gene (e.g., a chromosomal position having a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4).
• the PRC2-associated region may map to the strand of the chromosome comprising the sense strand of the MECP2 gene, in which case the candidate oligonucleotide is complementary to the sense strand of the MECP2 gene (i.e., is antisense to the MECP2 gene).
• the PRC2-associated region may map to the strand of the first chromosome comprising the antisense strand of the MECP2 gene, in which case the oligonucleotide is complementary to the antisense strand (the template strand) of the MECP2 gene (i.e., is sense to the MECP2 gene).
• Methods for selecting a set of candidate oligonucleotides that is enriched in oligonucleotides that activate expression of MECP2 may involve selecting one or more PRC2-associated regions that map to a chromosomal position that encompasses or that is in proximity to the MECP2 gene and selecting a set of oligonucleotides, in which each oligonucleotide in the set comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary with the one or more PRC2-associated regions.
• a set of oligonucleotides that is enriched in oligonucleotides that activate expression of refers to a set of oligonucleotides that has a greater number of oligonucleotides that activate expression of a target gene (e.g., MECP2) compared with a random selection of oligonucleotides of the same physicochemical properties (e.g., the same GC content, T m , length etc.) as the enriched set.
• design and/or synthesis of a single stranded oligonucleotide involves design and/or synthesis of a sequence that is complementary to a nucleic acid or PRC2-associated region described by such sequence information
• the skilled person is readily able to determine the complementary sequence, e.g., through understanding of Watson Crick base pairing rules which form part of the common general knowledge in the field.
• design and/or synthesis of a single stranded oligonucleotide involves manufacture of an oligonucleotide from starting materials by techniques known to those of skill in the art, where the synthesis may be based on a sequence of a PRC2-associated region, or portion thereof.
• Methods of design and/or synthesis of a single stranded oligonucleotide may involve one or more of the steps of:
• Single stranded oligonucleotides so designed and/or synthesized may be useful in method of modulating gene expression as described herein.
• oligonucleotides of the invention are synthesized chemically.
• Oligonucleotides used to practice this invention can be synthesized in vitro by well-known chemical synthesis techniques.
• Oligonucleotides of the invention can be stabilized against nucleolytic degradation such as by the incorporation of a modification, e.g., a nucleotide modification.
• nucleic acid sequences of the invention include a phosphorothioate at least the first, second, or third internucleotide linkage at the 5′ or 3′ end of the nucleotide sequence.
• the nucleic acid sequence can include a 2′-modified nucleotide, e.g., a 2′-deoxy, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-O-MOE), 2′-O-aminopropyl (2′-O-AP), 2′-O-dimethylaminoethyl (2′-O-DMAOE), 2′-O-dimethylaminopropyl (2′-O-DMAP), 2′-O-dimethylaminoethyloxyethyl (2′-O-DMAEOE), or 2′-O—N-methylacetamido (2′-O-NMA).
• a 2′-modified nucleotide e.g., a 2′-deoxy, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-O-MO
• the nucleic acid sequence can include at least one 2′-O-methyl-modified nucleotide, and in some embodiments, all of the nucleotides include a 2′-O-methyl modification.
• the nucleic acids are “locked,” i.e., comprise nucleic acid analogues in which the ribose ring is “locked” by a methylene bridge connecting the 2′-O atom and the 4′-C atom.
• any of the modified chemistries or formats of single stranded oligonucleotides described herein can be combined with each other, and that one, two, three, four, five, or more different types of modifications can be included within the same molecule.
• the method may further comprise the steps of amplifying the synthesized single stranded oligonucleotide, and/or purifying the single stranded oligonucleotide (or amplified single stranded oligonucleotide), and/or sequencing the single stranded oligonucleotide so obtained.
• the process of preparing a single stranded oligonucleotide may be a process that is for use in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition or medicament for use in the treatment of disease, optionally wherein the treatment involves modulating expression of a gene associated with a PRC2-associated region.
• a PRC2-associated region may be, or have been, identified, or obtained, by a method that involves identifying RNA that binds to PRC2.
• Such methods may involve the following steps: providing a sample containing nuclear ribonucleic acids, contacting the sample with an agent that binds specifically to PRC2 or a subunit thereof, allowing complexes to form between the agent and protein in the sample, partitioning the complexes, synthesizing nucleic acid that is complementary to nucleic acid present in the complexes.
• single stranded oligonucleotide is based on a PRC2-associated region, or a portion of such a sequence, it may be based on information about that sequence, e.g., sequence information available in written or electronic form, which may include sequence information contained in publicly available scientific publications or sequence databases.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise at least one ribonucleotide, at least one deoxyribonucleotide, and/or at least one bridged nucleotide.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise a bridged nucleotide, such as a locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotide, a constrained ethyl (cEt) nucleotide, or an ethylene bridged nucleic acid (ENA) nucleotide. Examples of such nucleotides are disclosed herein and known in the art.
• the oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide analog disclosed in one of the following United States patent or patent application Publications: U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,845, U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,457, U.S. Pat. No. 8,022,193, U.S. Pat. No. 7,569,686, U.S. Pat. No. 7,335,765, U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,923, U.S. Pat. No. 7,335,765, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,816,333, US 20110009471, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
• the oligonucleotide may have one or more 2′ O-methyl nucleotides.
• the oligonucleotide may consist entirely of 2′ O-methyl nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide has one or more nucleotide analogues.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may have at least one nucleotide analogue that results in an increase in T m of the oligonucleotide in a range of 1° C., 2° C., 3° C., 4° C., or 5° C. compared with an oligonucleotide that does not have the at least one nucleotide analogue.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide may have a plurality of nucleotide analogues that results in a total increase in T m of the oligonucleotide in a range of 2° C., 3° C., 4° C., 5° C., 6° C., 7° C., 8° C., 9° C., 10° C., 15° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 35° C., 40° C., 45° C. or more compared with an oligonucleotide that does not have the nucleotide analogue.
• the oligonucleotide may be of up to 50 nucleotides in length in which 2 to 10, 2 to 15, 2 to 16, 2 to 17, 2 to 18, 2 to 19, 2 to 20, 2 to 25, 2 to 30, 2 to 40, 2 to 45, or more nucleotides of the oligonucleotide are nucleotide analogues.
• the oligonucleotide may be of 8 to 30 nucleotides in length in which 2 to 10, 2 to 15, 2 to 16, 2 to 17, 2 to 18, 2 to 19, 2 to 20, 2 to 25, 2 to 30 nucleotides of the oligonucleotide are nucleotide analogues.
• the oligonucleotide may be of 8 to 15 nucleotides in length in which 2 to 4, 2 to 5, 2 to 6, 2 to 7, 2 to 8, 2 to 9, 2 to 10, 2 to 11, 2 to 12, 2 to 13, 2 to 14 nucleotides of the oligonucleotide are nucleotide analogues.
• the oligonucleotides may have every nucleotide except 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides modified.
• the oligonucleotide may consist entirely of bridged nucleotides (e.g., LNA nucleotides, cEt nucleotides, ENA nucleotides).
• the oligonucleotide may comprise alternating deoxyribonucleotides and 2′-fluoro-deoxyribonucleotides.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise alternating deoxyribonucleotides and 2′-O-methyl nucleotides.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise alternating deoxyribonucleotides and ENA nucleotide analogues.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise alternating deoxyribonucleotides and LNA nucleotides.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise alternating LNA nucleotides and 2′-O-methyl nucleotides.
• the oligonucleotide may have a 5′ nucleotide that is a bridged nucleotide (e.g., a LNA nucleotide, cEt nucleotide, ENA nucleotide).
• the oligonucleotide may have a 5′ nucleotide that is a deoxyribonucleotide.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise deoxyribonucleotides flanked by at least one bridged nucleotide (e.g., a LNA nucleotide, cEt nucleotide, ENA nucleotide) on each of the 5′ and 3′ ends of the deoxyribonucleotides.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise deoxyribonucleotides flanked by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more bridged nucleotides (e.g., LNA nucleotides, cEt nucleotides, ENA nucleotides) on each of the 5′ and 3′ ends of the deoxyribonucleotides.
• the 3′ position of the oligonucleotide may have a 3′ hydroxyl group.
• the 3′ position of the oligonucleotide may have a 3′ thiophosphate.
• the oligonucleotide may be conjugated with a label.
• the oligonucleotide may be conjugated with a biotin moiety, cholesterol, Vitamin A, folate, sigma receptor ligands, aptamers, peptides, such as CPP, hydrophobic molecules, such as lipids, ASGPR or dynamic polyconjugates and variants thereof at its 5′ or 3′ end.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises one or more modifications comprising: a modified sugar moiety, and/or a modified internucleoside linkage, and/or a modified nucleotide and/or combinations thereof. It is not necessary for all positions in a given oligonucleotide to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the modifications described herein may be incorporated in a single oligonucleotide or even at within a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide.
• the single stranded oligonucleotides are chimeric oligonucleotides that contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one nucleotide.
• These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region of modified nucleotides that confers one or more beneficial properties (such as, for example, increased nuclease resistance, increased uptake into cells, increased binding affinity for the target) and a region that is a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids.
• Chimeric single stranded oligonucleotides of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises at least one nucleotide modified at the 2′ position of the sugar, most preferably a 2′-O-alkyl, 2′-O-alkyl-O-alkyl or 2′-fluoro-modified nucleotide.
• RNA modifications include 2′-fluoro, 2′-amino and 2′ O-methyl modifications on the ribose of pyrimidines, abasic residues or an inverted base at the 3′ end of the RNA.
• modified oligonucleotides include those comprising modified backbones, for example, phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, methyl phosphonates, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages.
• oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and those with heteroatom backbones particularly CH 2 —NH—O—CH 2 , CH, ⁇ N(CH 3 ) ⁇ O ⁇ CH 2 (known as a methylene(methylimino) or MMI backbone, CH 2 —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 , CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 and O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —CH 2 backbones, wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as O—P—O—CH,); amide backbones (see De Mesmaeker et al. Ace. Chem. Res.
• PNA peptide nucleic acid
• Phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates comprising 3′alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates comprising 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′-5′ to 5′-2′; see U.S.
• Morpholino-based oligomeric compounds are described in Dwaine A. Braasch and David R. Corey, Biochemistry, 2002, 41(14), 4503-4510); Genesis, volume 30, issue 3, 2001; Heasman, J., Dev. Biol., 2002, 243, 209-214; Nasevicius et al., Nat. Genet., 2000, 26, 216-220; Lacerra et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2000, 97, 9591-9596; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506, issued Jul. 23, 1991.
• the morpholino-based oligomeric compound is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) (e.g., as described in Iverson, Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 3:235-238, 2001; and Wang et al., J. Gene Med., 12:354-364, 2010; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties).
• PMO phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer
• Cyclohexenyl nucleic acid oligonucleotide mimetics are described in Wang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 8595-8602.
• Modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages.
• These comprise those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts; see U.S. Pat. Nos.
• Modified oligonucleotides are also known that include oligonucleotides that are based on or constructed from arabinonucleotide or modified arabinonucleotide residues.
• Arabinonucleosides are stereoisomers of ribonucleosides, differing only in the configuration at the 2′-position of the sugar ring.
• a 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F arabino.
• the modified oligonucleotide is 2′-fluoro-D-arabinonucleic acid (FANA) (as described in, for example, Lon et al., Biochem., 41:3457-3467, 2002 and Min et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 12:2651-2654, 2002; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties). Similar modifications can also be made at other positions on the sugar, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on a 3′ terminal nucleoside or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide.
• FANA 2′-fluoro-D-arabinonucleic acid
• WO 99/67378 discloses arabinonucleic acids (ANA) oligomers and their analogues for improved sequence specific inhibition of gene expression via association to complementary messenger RNA.
• ENAs ethylene-bridged nucleic acids
• Preferred ENAs include, but are not limited to, 2′-0,4′-C-ethylene-bridged nucleic acids.
• LNAs examples include compounds of the following general formula.
• R is selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 -alkyl
• Z and Z* are independently selected among an internucleoside linkage, a terminal group or a protecting group
• B constitutes a natural or non-natural nucleotide base moiety
• the asymmetric groups may be found in either orientation.
• the LNA used in the oligonucleotides described herein comprises at least one LNA unit according any of the formulas
• Y is —O—, —S—, —NH—, or N(R H );
• Z and Z* are independently selected among an internucleoside linkage, a terminal group or a protecting group;
• B constitutes a natural or non-natural nucleotide base moiety, and
• RH is selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 -alkyl.
• the Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) used in the oligonucleotides described herein comprises at least one Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) unit according any of the formulas shown in Scheme 2 of PCT/DK2006/000512.
• the LNA used in the oligomer of the invention comprises internucleoside linkages selected from -0-P(O) 2 —O—, —O—P(O,S)—O—, -0-P(S) 2 —O—, —S—P(O) 2 —O—, —S—P(O,S)—O—, —S—P(S) 2 —O—, -0-P(O) 2 —S—, —O—P(O,S)—S—, —S—P(O) 2 —S—, —O—PO(R H )—O—, O—PO(OCH 3 )—O—, —O—PO(NR H )—O—, -0-PO(OCH 2 CH 2 S—R)—O—, —O—PO(BH 3 )—O—, —O—PO(NHR H )—O—, —O—P(O) 2 —NR H —,
• thio-LNA comprises a locked nucleotide in which at least one of X or Y in the general formula above is selected from S or —CH 2 —S—.
• Thio-LNA can be in both beta-D and alpha-L-configuration.
• amino-LNA comprises a locked nucleotide in which at least one of X or Y in the general formula above is selected from —N(H)—, N(R)—, CH 2 —N(H)—, and —CH 2 —N(R)— where R is selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 -alkyl.
• Amino-LNA can be in both beta-D and alpha-L-configuration.
• Oxy-LNA comprises a locked nucleotide in which at least one of X or Y in the general formula above represents —O— or —CH 2 —O—. Oxy-LNA can be in both beta-D and alpha-L-configuration.
• ena-LNA comprises a locked nucleotide in which Y in the general formula above is —CH 2 —O— (where the oxygen atom of —CH 2 —O— is attached to the 2′-position relative to the base B).
• LNAs are described in additional detail herein.
• One or more substituted sugar moieties can also be included, e.g., one of the following at the 2′ position: OH, SH, SCH 3 , F, OCN, OCH 3 OCH 3 , OCH 3 O(CH 2 )nCH 3 , O(CH 2 )nNH 2 or O(CH 2 )nCH 3 where n is from 1 to about 10; C1 to C10 lower alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl; Cl; Br; CN; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; SOCH 3 ; SO 2 CH 3 ; ONO 2 ; NO 2 ; N 3 ; NH2; heterocycloalkyl; heterocycloalkaryl; amino alkylamino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyl; an RNA cleaving group; a reporter group; an intercalator
• a preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy [2′-O—CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)] (Martin et al, HeIv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486).
• Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-O—CH 3 ), 2′-propoxy (2′-OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F).
• Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide.
• Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyls in place of the pentofuranosyl group.
• Single stranded oligonucleotides can also include, additionally or alternatively, nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions.
• nucleobase often referred to in the art simply as “base”
• “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).
• Modified nucleobases include nucleobases found only infrequently or transiently in natural nucleic acids, e.g., hypoxanthine, 6-methyladenine, 5-Me pyrimidines, particularly 5-methylcytosine (also referred to as 5-methyl-2′ deoxycytosine and often referred to in the art as 5-Me-C), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC), glycosyl HMC and gentobiosyl HMC, isocytosine, pseudoisocytosine, as well as synthetic nucleobases, e.g., 2-aminoadenine, 2-(methylamino)adenine, 2-(imidazolylalkyl)adenine, 2-(aminoalklyamino)adenine or other heterosubstituted alkyladenines, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine, 5-bromouracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, 5-propynyluracil, 8-azaguanine,
• both a sugar and an internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups.
• the base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound.
• an oligomeric compound an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA).
• PNA peptide nucleic acid
• the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, for example, an aminoethylglycine backbone.
• the nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone.
• PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al, Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.
• Single stranded oligonucleotides can also include one or more nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions.
• base any nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions.
• “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases comprise the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).
• Modified nucleobases comprise other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudo-uracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substi
• nucleobases comprise those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in “The Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science And Engineering”, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990; those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandle Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, page 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications,” pages 289-302, Crooke, and Lebleu, eds., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention.
• 5-substituted pyrimidines 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, comprising 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine.
• 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2 ⁇ 0>C (Sanghvi, et al., eds, “Antisense Research and Applications,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications. Modified nucleobases are described in U.S. Pat. No.
• the single stranded oligonucleotides are chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide.
• one or more single stranded oligonucleotides, of the same or different types can be conjugated to each other; or single stranded oligonucleotides can be conjugated to targeting moieties with enhanced specificity for a cell type or tissue type.
• moieties include, but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
• Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538 an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl.
• a phospholipid e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-
• Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783 a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Mancharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-t oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp.
• conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers.
• Typical conjugate groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes.
• Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties include groups that improve uptake, enhance resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with the target nucleic acid.
• Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties include groups that improve uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the compounds of the present invention. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Conjugate moieties include, but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether, e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol, a thiocholesterol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate, a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxy cholesterol moiety.
• lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether,
• single stranded oligonucleotide modification include modification of the 5′ or 3′ end of the oligonucleotide.
• the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide comprises a hydroxyl group or a thiophosphate.
• additional molecules e.g. a biotin moiety or a fluorophor
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises a biotin moiety conjugated to the 5′ nucleotide.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises locked nucleic acids (LNA), ENA modified nucleotides, 2′-O-methyl nucleotides, or 2′-fluoro-deoxyribonucleotides.
• LNA locked nucleic acids
• ENA ENA modified nucleotides
• 2′-O-methyl nucleotides or 2′-fluoro-deoxyribonucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises alternating deoxyribonucleotides and 2′-fluoro-deoxyribonucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises alternating deoxyribonucleotides and 2′-O-methyl nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises alternating deoxyribonucleotides and ENA modified nucleotides. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises alternating deoxyribonucleotides and locked nucleic acid nucleotides. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises alternating locked nucleic acid nucleotides and 2′-O-methyl nucleotides.
• the 5′ nucleotide of the oligonucleotide is a deoxyribonucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ nucleotide of the oligonucleotide is a locked nucleic acid nucleotide. In some embodiments, the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide comprise deoxyribonucleotides flanked by at least one locked nucleic acid nucleotide on each of the 5′ and 3′ ends of the deoxyribonucleotides. In some embodiments, the nucleotide at the 3′ position of the oligonucleotide has a 3′ hydroxyl group or a 3′ thiophosphate.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages between at least two nucleotides. In some embodiments, the single stranded oligonucleotide comprises phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages between all nucleotides.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide can have any combination of modifications as described herein.
• the oligonucleotide may comprise a nucleotide sequence having one or more of the following modification patterns.
• the invention relates to methods for modulating gene expression in a cell (e.g., a cell for which MECP2 levels are reduced) for research purposes (e.g., to study the function of the gene in the cell).
• the invention relates to methods for modulating gene expression in a cell (e.g., a cell for which MECP2 levels are reduced) for gene or epigenetic therapy.
• the cells can be in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo (e.g., in a subject who has a disease resulting from reduced expression or activity of MECP2.
• methods for modulating gene expression in a cell comprise delivering a single stranded oligonucleotide as described herein.
• delivery of the single stranded oligonucleotide to the cell results in a level of expression of gene that is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200% or more greater than a level of expression of gene in a control cell to which the single stranded oligonucleotide has not been delivered.
• delivery of the single stranded oligonucleotide to the cell results in a level of expression of gene that is at least 50% greater than a level of expression of gene in a control cell to which the single stranded oligonucleotide has not been delivered.
• methods comprise administering to a subject (e.g. a human) a composition comprising a single stranded oligonucleotide as described herein to increase protein levels in the subject.
• a subject e.g. a human
• the increase in protein levels is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, or more, higher than the amount of a protein in the subject before administering.
• the methods include introducing into the cell a single stranded oligonucleotide that is sufficiently complementary to a PRC2-associated region (e.g., of a long non-coding RNA) that maps to a genomic position encompassing or in proximity to the MECP2 gene.
• a PRC2-associated region e.g., of a long non-coding RNA
• a condition e.g., Rett Syndrome, MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, PPM-X syndrome
• a condition e.g., Rett Syndrome, MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, PPM-X syndrome
• administering a single stranded oligonucleotide as described herein.
• a subject can include a non-human mammal, e.g. mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, goat, cow, or horse.
• a subject is a human.
• Single stranded oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans.
• Single stranded oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
• an animal preferably a human, suspected of having Rett Syndrome, MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, or PPM-X syndrome is treated by administering single stranded oligonucleotide in accordance with this invention.
• the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal in need of treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a single stranded oligonucleotide as described herein.
• oligonucleotides described herein can be formulated for administration to a subject for treating a condition (e.g., Rett Syndrome, MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, PPM-X syndrome) associated with decreased levels of MECP2. It should be understood that the formulations, compositions and methods can be practiced with any of the oligonucleotides disclosed herein.
• a condition e.g., Rett Syndrome, MECP2-related severe neonatal encephalopathy, Angelman syndrome, PPM-X syndrome
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
• the amount of active ingredient e.g., an oligonucleotide or compound of the invention
• the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration, e.g., intradermal or inhalation.
• the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect, e.g. tumor regression.
• compositions of this invention can be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Such formulations can contain sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents. A formulation can be admixtured with nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for manufacture. Formulations may comprise one or more diluents, emulsifiers, preservatives, buffers, excipients, etc. and may be provided in such forms as liquids, powders, emulsions, lyophilized powders, sprays, creams, lotions, controlled release formulations, tablets, pills, gels, on patches, in implants, etc.
• a formulated single stranded oligonucleotide composition can assume a variety of states.
• the composition is at least partially crystalline, uniformly crystalline, and/or anhydrous (e.g., less than 80, 50, 30, 20, or 10% water).
• the single stranded oligonucleotide is in an aqueous phase, e.g., in a solution that includes water.
• the aqueous phase or the crystalline compositions can, e.g., be incorporated into a delivery vehicle, e.g., a liposome (particularly for the aqueous phase) or a particle (e.g., a microparticle as can be appropriate for a crystalline composition).
• the single stranded oligonucleotide composition is formulated in a manner that is compatible with the intended method of administration.
• the composition is prepared by at least one of the following methods: spray drying, lyophilization, vacuum drying, evaporation, fluid bed drying, or a combination of these techniques; or sonication with a lipid, freeze-drying, condensation and other self-assembly.
• a single stranded oligonucleotide preparation can be formulated or administered (together or separately) in combination with another agent, e.g., another therapeutic agent or an agent that stabilizes a single stranded oligonucleotide, e.g., a protein that complexes with single stranded oligonucleotide.
• another agent e.g., another therapeutic agent or an agent that stabilizes a single stranded oligonucleotide, e.g., a protein that complexes with single stranded oligonucleotide.
• Still other agents include chelators, e.g., EDTA (e.g., to remove divalent cations such as Mg 2+ ), salts, RNAse inhibitors (e.g., a broad specificity RNAse inhibitor such as RNAsin) and so forth.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide preparation includes another single stranded oligonucleotide, e.g., a second single stranded oligonucleotide that modulates expression of a second gene or a second single stranded oligonucleotide that modulates expression of the first gene. Still other preparation can include at least 3, 5, ten, twenty, fifty, or a hundred or more different single stranded oligonucleotide species. Such single stranded oligonucleotides can mediated gene expression with respect to a similar number of different genes.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide preparation includes at least a second therapeutic agent (e.g., an agent other than an oligonucleotide).
• a composition that includes a single stranded oligonucleotide can be delivered to a subject by a variety of routes.
• routes include: intravenous, intradermal, topical, rectal, parenteral, anal, intravaginal, intranasal, pulmonary, ocular.
• therapeutically effective amount is the amount of oligonucleotide present in the composition that is needed to provide the desired level of MECP2 expression in the subject to be treated to give the anticipated physiological response.
• physiologically effective amount is that amount delivered to a subject to give the desired palliative or curative effect.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means that the carrier can be administered to a subject with no significant adverse toxicological effects to the subject.
• compositions suitable for administration can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration.
• Such compositions typically include one or more species of single stranded oligonucleotide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
• the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
• compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic, vaginal, rectal, intranasal, transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection, or intrathecal or intraventricular administration.
• the route and site of administration may be chosen to enhance targeting.
• intramuscular injection into the muscles of interest would be a logical choice.
• Lung cells might be targeted by administering the single stranded oligonucleotide in aerosol form.
• the vascular endothelial cells could be targeted by coating a balloon catheter with the single stranded oligonucleotide and mechanically introducing the oligonucleotide.
• Topical administration refers to the delivery to a subject by contacting the formulation directly to a surface of the subject.
• the most common form of topical delivery is to the skin, but a composition disclosed herein can also be directly applied to other surfaces of the body, e.g., to the eye, a mucous membrane, to surfaces of a body cavity or to an internal surface.
• the most common topical delivery is to the skin.
• the term encompasses several routes of administration including, but not limited to, topical and transdermal. These modes of administration typically include penetration of the skin's permeability barrier and efficient delivery to the target tissue or stratum.
• Topical administration can be used as a means to penetrate the epidermis and dermis and ultimately achieve systemic delivery of the composition.
• Topical administration can also be used as a means to selectively deliver oligonucleotides to the epidermis or dermis of a subject, or to specific strata thereof, or to an underlying tissue.
• Formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders.
• Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.
• Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.
• Transdermal delivery is a valuable route for the administration of lipid soluble therapeutics.
• the dermis is more permeable than the epidermis and therefore absorption is much more rapid through abraded, burned or denuded skin.
• Inflammation and other physiologic conditions that increase blood flow to the skin also enhance transdermal adsorption. Absorption via this route may be enhanced by the use of an oily vehicle (inunction) or through the use of one or more penetration enhancers.
• Other effective ways to deliver a composition disclosed herein via the transdermal route include hydration of the skin and the use of controlled release topical patches.
• the transdermal route provides a potentially effective means to deliver a composition disclosed herein for systemic and/or local therapy.
• iontophoresis transfer of ionic solutes through biological membranes under the influence of an electric field
• phonophoresis or sonophoresis use of ultrasound to enhance the absorption of various therapeutic agents across biological membranes, notably the skin and the cornea
• optimization of vehicle characteristics relative to dose position and retention at the site of administration may be useful methods for enhancing the transport of topically applied compositions across skin and mucosal sites.
• oligonucleotides administered through these membranes may have a rapid onset of action, provide therapeutic plasma levels, avoid first pass effect of hepatic metabolism, and avoid exposure of the oligonucleotides to the hostile gastrointestinal (GI) environment. Additional advantages include easy access to the membrane sites so that the oligonucleotide can be applied, localized and removed easily.
• GI gastrointestinal
• compositions can be targeted to a surface of the oral cavity, e.g., to sublingual mucosa which includes the membrane of ventral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth or the buccal mucosa which constitutes the lining of the cheek.
• the sublingual mucosa is relatively permeable thus giving rapid absorption and acceptable bioavailability of many agents. Further, the sublingual mucosa is convenient, acceptable and easily accessible.
• a pharmaceutical composition of single stranded oligonucleotide may also be administered to the buccal cavity of a human being by spraying into the cavity, without inhalation, from a metered dose spray dispenser, a mixed micellar pharmaceutical formulation as described above and a propellant.
• the dispenser is first shaken prior to spraying the pharmaceutical formulation and propellant into the buccal cavity.
• compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water, syrups, slurries, emulsions, elixirs or non-aqueous media, tablets, capsules, lozenges, or troches.
• carriers that can be used include lactose, sodium citrate and salts of phosphoric acid.
• Various disintegrants such as starch, and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc, are commonly used in tablets.
• useful diluents are lactose and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
• the nucleic acid compositions can be combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring agents can be added.
• Parenteral administration includes intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection, intrathecal or intraventricular administration.
• parental administration involves administration directly to the site of disease (e.g. injection into a tumor).
• Formulations for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
• Intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir.
• the total concentration of solutes should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic.
• any of the single stranded oligonucleotides described herein can be administered to ocular tissue.
• the compositions can be applied to the surface of the eye or nearby tissue, e.g., the inside of the eyelid.
• ointments or droppable liquids may be delivered by ocular delivery systems known to the art such as applicators or eye droppers.
• Such compositions can include mucomimetics such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or poly(vinyl alcohol), preservatives such as sorbic acid, EDTA or benzylchronium chloride, and the usual quantities of diluents and/or carriers.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide can also be administered to the interior of the eye, and can be introduced by a needle or other delivery device which can introduce it to a selected area or structure.
• Pulmonary delivery compositions can be delivered by inhalation by the patient of a dispersion so that the composition, preferably single stranded oligonucleotides, within the dispersion can reach the lung where it can be readily absorbed through the alveolar region directly into blood circulation. Pulmonary delivery can be effective both for systemic delivery and for localized delivery to treat diseases of the lungs.
• Pulmonary delivery can be achieved by different approaches, including the use of nebulized, aerosolized, micellular and dry powder-based formulations. Delivery can be achieved with liquid nebulizers, aerosol-based inhalers, and dry powder dispersion devices. Metered-dose devices are preferred. One of the benefits of using an atomizer or inhaler is that the potential for contamination is minimized because the devices are self-contained. Dry powder dispersion devices, for example, deliver agents that may be readily formulated as dry powders. A single stranded oligonucleotide composition may be stably stored as lyophilized or spray-dried powders by itself or in combination with suitable powder carriers.
• the delivery of a composition for inhalation can be mediated by a dosing timing element which can include a timer, a dose counter, time measuring device, or a time indicator which when incorporated into the device enables dose tracking, compliance monitoring, and/or dose triggering to a patient during administration of the aerosol medicament.
• a dosing timing element which can include a timer, a dose counter, time measuring device, or a time indicator which when incorporated into the device enables dose tracking, compliance monitoring, and/or dose triggering to a patient during administration of the aerosol medicament.
• the term “powder” means a composition that consists of finely dispersed solid particles that are free flowing and capable of being readily dispersed in an inhalation device and subsequently inhaled by a subject so that the particles reach the lungs to permit penetration into the alveoli.
• the powder is said to be “respirable.”
• the average particle size is less than about 10 ⁇ m in diameter preferably with a relatively uniform spheroidal shape distribution. More preferably the diameter is less than about 7.5 ⁇ m and most preferably less than about 5.0 ⁇ m.
• the particle size distribution is between about 0.1 ⁇ m and about 5 ⁇ m in diameter, particularly about 0.3 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m.
• dry means that the composition has a moisture content below about 10% by weight (% w) water, usually below about 5% w and preferably less it than about 3% w.
• a dry composition can be such that the particles are readily dispersible in an inhalation device to form an aerosol.
• the types of pharmaceutical excipients that are useful as carrier include stabilizers such as human serum albumin (HSA), bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides; pH adjusters or buffers; salts such as sodium chloride; and the like. These carriers may be in a crystalline or amorphous form or may be a mixture of the two.
• HSA human serum albumin
• bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides
• pH adjusters or buffers such as sodium chloride
• salts such as sodium chloride
• Suitable pH adjusters or buffers include organic salts prepared from organic acids and bases, such as sodium citrate, sodium ascorbate, and the like; sodium citrate is preferred.
• Pulmonary administration of a micellar single stranded oligonucleotide formulation may be achieved through metered dose spray devices with propellants such as tetrafluoroethane, heptafluoroethane, dimethylfluoropropane, tetrafluoropropane, butane, isobutane, dimethyl ether and other non-CFC and CFC propellants.
• Exemplary devices include devices which are introduced into the vasculature, e.g., devices inserted into the lumen of a vascular tissue, or which devices themselves form a part of the vasculature, including stents, catheters, heart valves, and other vascular devices. These devices, e.g., catheters or stents, can be placed in the vasculature of the lung, heart, or leg.
• Other devices include non-vascular devices, e.g., devices implanted in the peritoneum, or in organ or glandular tissue, e.g., artificial organs.
• the device can release a therapeutic substance in addition to a single stranded oligonucleotide, e.g., a device can release insulin.
• unit doses or measured doses of a composition that includes single stranded oligonucleotide are dispensed by an implanted device.
• the device can include a sensor that monitors a parameter within a subject.
• the device can include pump, e.g., and, optionally, associated electronics.
• Tissue e.g., cells or organs can be treated with a single stranded oligonucleotide, ex vivo and then administered or implanted in a subject.
• the tissue can be autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic tissue.
• tissue can be treated to reduce graft v. host disease.
• the tissue is allogeneic and the tissue is treated to treat a disorder characterized by unwanted gene expression in that tissue.
• tissue e.g., hematopoietic cells, e.g., bone marrow hematopoietic cells, can be treated to inhibit unwanted cell proliferation.
• Introduction of treated tissue, whether autologous or transplant can be combined with other therapies.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide treated cells are insulated from other cells, e.g., by a semi-permeable porous barrier that prevents the cells from leaving the implant, but enables molecules from the body to reach the cells and molecules produced by the cells to enter the body.
• the porous barrier is formed from alginate.
• a contraceptive device is coated with or contains a single stranded oligonucleotide.
• exemplary devices include condoms, diaphragms, IUD (implantable uterine devices, sponges, vaginal sheaths, and birth control devices.
• the invention features a method of administering a single stranded oligonucleotide (e.g., as a compound or as a component of a composition) to a subject (e.g., a human subject).
• a subject e.g., a human subject.
• the unit dose is between about 10 mg and 25 mg per kg of bodyweight. In one embodiment, the unit dose is between about 1 mg and 100 mg per kg of bodyweight. In one embodiment, the unit dose is between about 0.1 mg and 500 mg per kg of bodyweight. In some embodiments, the unit dose is more than 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 mg per kg of bodyweight.
• the defined amount can be an amount effective to treat or prevent a disease or disorder, e.g., a disease or disorder associated with the MECP2.
• the unit dose for example, can be administered by injection (e.g., intravenous or intramuscular), an inhaled dose, or a topical application.
• the unit dose is administered daily. In some embodiments, less frequently than once a day, e.g., less than every 2, 4, 8 or 30 days. In another embodiment, the unit dose is not administered with a frequency (e.g., not a regular frequency). For example, the unit dose may be administered a single time. In some embodiments, the unit dose is administered more than once a day, e.g., once an hour, two hours, four hours, eight hours, twelve hours, etc.
• a subject is administered an initial dose and one or more maintenance doses of a single stranded oligonucleotide.
• the maintenance dose or doses are generally lower than the initial dose, e.g., one-half less of the initial dose.
• a maintenance regimen can include treating the subject with a dose or doses ranging from 0.0001 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, e.g., 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001 mg per kg of bodyweight per day.
• the maintenance doses may be administered no more than once every 1, 5, 10, or 30 days. Further, the treatment regimen may last for a period of time which will vary depending upon the nature of the particular disease, its severity and the overall condition of the patient.
• the dosage may be delivered no more than once per day, e.g., no more than once per 24, 36, 48, or more hours, e.g., no more than once for every 5 or 8 days.
• the patient can be monitored for changes in his condition and for alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state.
• the dosage of the oligonucleotide may either be increased in the event the patient does not respond significantly to current dosage levels, or the dose may be decreased if an alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state is observed, if the disease state has been ablated, or if undesired side-effects are observed.
• the effective dose can be administered in a single dose or in two or more doses, as desired or considered appropriate under the specific circumstances. If desired to facilitate repeated or frequent infusions, implantation of a delivery device, e.g., a pump, semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracisternal or intracapsular), or reservoir may be advisable.
• a delivery device e.g., a pump, semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracisternal or intracapsular), or reservoir may be advisable.
• the oligonucleotide pharmaceutical composition includes a plurality of single stranded oligonucleotide species.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide species has sequences that are non-overlapping and non-adjacent to another species with respect to a naturally occurring target sequence (e.g., a PRC2-associated region).
• the plurality of single stranded oligonucleotide species is specific for different PRC2-associated regions.
• the single stranded oligonucleotide is allele specific. In some cases, a patient is treated with a single stranded oligonucleotide in conjunction with other therapeutic modalities.
• the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the compound of the invention is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.0001 mg to 100 mg per kg of body weight.
• the concentration of the single stranded oligonucleotide composition is an amount sufficient to be effective in treating or preventing a disorder or to regulate a physiological condition in humans.
• concentration or amount of single stranded oligonucleotide administered will depend on the parameters determined for the agent and the method of administration, e.g. nasal, buccal, pulmonary.
• nasal formulations may tend to require much lower concentrations of some ingredients in order to avoid irritation or burning of the nasal passages. It is sometimes desirable to dilute an oral formulation up to 10-100 times in order to provide a suitable nasal formulation.
• treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a single stranded oligonucleotide can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments.
• the effective dosage of a single stranded oligonucleotide used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment.
• the subject can be monitored after administering a single stranded oligonucleotide composition. Based on information from the monitoring, an additional amount of the single stranded oligonucleotide composition can be administered.
• Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease condition to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved.
• Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of MECP2 expression levels in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual compounds, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models.
• the animal models include transgenic animals that express a human MECP2.
• the composition for testing includes a single stranded oligonucleotide that is complementary, at least in an internal region, to a sequence that is conserved between MECP2 in the animal model and the MECP2 in a human.
• the administration of the single stranded oligonucleotide composition is parenteral, e.g. intravenous (e.g., as a bolus or as a diffusible infusion), intradermal, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrathecal, intraventricular, intracranial, subcutaneous, transmucosal, buccal, sublingual, endoscopic, rectal, oral, vaginal, topical, pulmonary, intranasal, urethral or ocular.
• Administration can be provided by the subject or by another person, e.g., a health care provider.
• the composition can be provided in measured doses or in a dispenser which delivers a metered dose. Selected modes of delivery are discussed in more detail below.
• kits comprising a container housing a composition comprising a single stranded oligonucleotide.
• the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a single stranded oligonucleotide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the individual components of the pharmaceutical composition may be provided in one container. Alternatively, it may be desirable to provide the components of the pharmaceutical composition separately in two or more containers, e.g., one container for single stranded oligonucleotides, and at least another for a carrier compound.
• the kit may be packaged in a number of different configurations such as one or more containers in a single box.
• the different components can be combined, e.g., according to instructions provided with the kit.
• the components can be combined according to a method described herein, e.g., to prepare and administer a pharmaceutical composition.
• the kit can also include a delivery device.
• RNA is harvested from the cells using Promega SV 96 Total RNA Isolation system or Trizol omitting the DNAse step. RNA harvested from cells is normalized so that equal RNA is input to each reverse transcription reaction. Reverse transcriptase reactions are performed using the Superscript II kit and real time PCR performed on cDNA samples using icycler SYBR green chemistry (Biorad). A baseline level of mRNA expression for MECP2 is determined through quantitative PCR as outlined above. Baseline levels are also determined for mRNA of various housekeeping genes which are constitutively expressed. A “control” housekeeping gene with approximately the same level of baseline expression as the target gene is chosen for comparison purposes.
• Human hepatocyte Hep3B, human hepatocyte HepG2 cells, mouse hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells, and human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC) are cultured using conditions known in the art (see, e.g. Current Protocols in Cell Biology).
• Oligonucleotides were designed within PRC2-interacting regions in order to upregulate MECP2.
• the sequence and structure of each oligonucleotide is shown in Table 3.
• the following table provides a description of the nucleotide analogs, modifications and intranucleotide linkages used for certain oligonucleotides tested and described in Table 2.
• Oligonucleotides are designed within PRC2-interacting regions in order to upregulate MECP2.
• Cells are seeded into each well of 24-well plates at a density of 25,000 cells per 500 uL and transfections are performed with Lipofectamine and the single stranded oligonucleotides.
• Control wells contain Lipofectamine alone.
• approximately 200 uL of cell culture supernatants are stored at ⁇ 80 C for ELISA.
• RNA is harvested from the cells and quantitative PCR is carried out as outlined above.
• the percent induction of target mRNA expression by each oligonucleotide is determined by normalizing mRNA levels in the presence of the oligonucleotide to the mRNA levels in the presence of control (Lipofectamine alone). This is compared side-by-side with the increase in mRNA expression of the “control” housekeeping gene.
• Oligonucleotides are designed as candidates for upregulating MECP2 expression.
• the single stranded oligonucleotides are designed to be complementary to a PRC2-interacting region within a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.
• the oligonucleotides are tested in at least duplicate. Briefly, cells are transfected in vitro with each of the oligonucleotides as described above. MECP2 expression in cells following treatment is evaluated by qRT-PCR. Oligonucleotides that upregulate MECP2 expression are identified.

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