US20150121569A1 - Micropeptides and use thereof for modulating gene expression - Google Patents

Micropeptides and use thereof for modulating gene expression Download PDF

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US20150121569A1
US20150121569A1 US14/320,703 US201414320703A US2015121569A1 US 20150121569 A1 US20150121569 A1 US 20150121569A1 US 201414320703 A US201414320703 A US 201414320703A US 2015121569 A1 US2015121569 A1 US 2015121569A1
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Prior art keywords
seq
mipep
microrna
plant
accumulation
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Jean-Philippe COMBIER
Dominique LAURESSERGUES
Guillaume Becard
Francois PAYRE
Serge PLAZA
Jerome Cavaille
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UNITERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE III
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier
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UNITERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE III
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Priority claimed from FR1360727A external-priority patent/FR3012471A1/fr
Application filed by UNITERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE III, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS filed Critical UNITERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE III
Publication of US20150121569A1 publication Critical patent/US20150121569A1/en
Assigned to CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE, UNIVERSITE PAUL SABATIER TOULOUSE III reassignment CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BECARD, GUILLAUME, COMBIER, Jean-Philippe, LAURESSERGUES, Dominique, CAVAILLE, JEROME, PAYRE, FRANCOIS, PLAZA, Serge
Priority to US16/595,926 priority Critical patent/US20200131234A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • micropeptides peptides encoded by microRNAs or “miPEPs”
  • use thereof for modulating gene expression peptides encoded by microRNAs or “miPEPs”.
  • microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs, about 21 nucleotides in length after maturation, which control expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level, by degrading the target mRNA or by inhibiting its translation.
  • the miRNAs occur in plants and animals.
  • the target genes are often key genes in developmental processes. For example they encode transcription factors or proteins of the proteasome.
  • RNA polymerase II this enzyme produces a primary transcript, called “pri-miRNA”, which is then matured by a protein complex in particular containing the Dicer type enzymes.
  • pri-miRNA a primary transcript
  • This maturation leads firstly to the formation of a precursor of miRNA called “pre-miRNA”, having a stem-loop secondary structure containing the miRNA and its complementary sequence miRNA*.
  • pre-miRNA a precursor of miRNA
  • the miRNA is then manipulated by the RISC complex, which cleaves the mRNA of the target gene or inhibits its translation.
  • uORFs small open reading frames within their 5′UTR region (5′ UnTranslated Region) upstream of the coding sequence.
  • These small open reading frames may perform a role of translation regulator, mainly in cis, by modulating the fixation and the rate of the ribosomes on the mRNA, but also in trans by an as yet unknown mechanism, by means of peptides encoded by said uORFs (Combier et al., Gene Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008).
  • the uORFS are present upstream of coding genes.
  • One of the aspects of the invention is to propose peptides capable of modulating the expression of microRNAs.
  • Another aspect of the invention is to propose a means for modulating the expression of one or more target genes of a microRNA.
  • the present invention offers the advantage of allowing easier and more effective control of the expression of genes targeted by the microRNAs, through a means other than the microRNA.
  • the invention thus relates to a process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA, comprising:
  • the invention relates in particular to a process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA,
  • FIG. 1 Effects of overexpression of MtmiR171b (miR171b identified in Medicago truncatula ) on the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (A) or on the number of lateral roots (B) in M. truncatula.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b (left-hand columns), of HAM1 (middle columns) or of HAM2 (right-hand columns) in a control plant (white columns) or in a plant in which MtmiR171b is overexpressed (black columns).
  • the overexpression of MtmiR171b induces a decrease in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes.
  • the y-axis indicates the mean number of lateral roots observed in a control plant (white column) or in a plant in which MtmiR171b is overexpressed (black column).
  • the overexpression of MtmiR171b leads to a reduction in the number of lateral roots.
  • FIG. 2 Effects of overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b and of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (A) or on the number of lateral roots (B) in M. truncatula.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiPEP171b1 (graph on left), miR171b (graph on right, left-hand columns), of HAM1 (accession No. MtGI9-TC114268) (graph on right, middle columns) or of HAM2 (accession No. MtGI9-TC120850) (graph on right, right-hand columns) in a control plant (white columns) or in a plant in which MtmiPEP171b1 is overexpressed (black columns).
  • the overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 induces an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b, as well as a decrease in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes.
  • the y-axis indicates the mean number of lateral roots observed in a control plant (white column) or in a plant in which MtmiPEP171b1 is overexpressed (black column).
  • FIG. 3 Effects of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b and the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (A) and on the number of lateral roots (B) in M. truncatula.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b (left-hand columns), of HAM1 (middle columns) or of HAM2 (right-hand columns) in a control plant (white columns) or in a plant treated by watering once daily for 5 days with MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.01 ⁇ M (light grey columns), 0.1 ⁇ M (dark grey columns) or 1 ⁇ M (black columns).
  • Application of MtmiPEP171b1 at different concentrations induces an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b, as well as a decrease in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes.
  • the y-axis indicates the mean number of lateral roots observed in a control plant (white column) or in a plant treated by watering with MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.1 ⁇ M once daily for 5 days (black column).
  • Application of MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.1 ⁇ M leads to a reduction in the number of lateral roots.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b (left-hand columns), of HAM1 (middle columns) or of HAM2 (right-hand columns) in a control plant (white columns) or in a plant treated by watering once daily for 5 days with MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.01 ⁇ M (grey columns), 0.1 ⁇ M (dark grey columns) or 1 ⁇ M (black columns) or with 0.01 ⁇ M of a mixed peptide (light grey columns) the amino acid composition of which is identical to miPEP171b but the sequence of which is different.
  • FIG. 4 Effects of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of pre-MtmiR171b (A) and of MtmiR171b (B) in M. truncatula.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of the precursors of the different forms of the microRNA in control plants (left-hand column) or in plants treated by watering once daily for 5 days with MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.01 ⁇ M, 0.1 ⁇ M or 1 ⁇ M (right-hand columns).
  • Application of MtmiPEP171b1 at different concentrations leads to an increase in the accumulation of pre-MtmiR171b (A) and of MtmiR171b (B).
  • FIG. 5 Effects of overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 (A) and effects of MtmiPEP171b1 (B) on the expression of different precursors of microRNAs in M. truncatula.
  • the y-axis indicates the ratio of the expression of the precursors of microRNAs in plants overexpressing MtmiPEP171b1 to the expression of these same precursors in control roots (A), or the ratio of the expression of the precursors of microRNAs in plants treated with MtmiPEP171b1 (0.1 ⁇ M) to the expression of these same precursors in control roots (B).
  • the different precursors of microRNAs tested are indicated from left to right on the x-axis, namely pre-MtmiR171b (SEQ ID NO: 246), pre-MtmiR169 (SEQ ID NO: 359), pre-MtmiR169a (SEQ ID NO: 360), pre-MtmiR171a (SEQ ID NO: 361), pre-MtmiR171 h (SEQ ID NO: 362), pre-MtmiR393a (SEQ ID NO: 363), pre-MtmiR393b (SEQ ID NO: 364), pre-MtmiR396a (SEQ ID NO: 365) and pre-MtmiR396b (SEQ ID NO: 366).
  • FIG. 6 Effects of translation of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana .
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b in tobacco plants transformed in order to express pri-MtmiR171b (white column) or a mutated pri-MtmiR171b in which the codon ATG has been replaced with ATT (black column).
  • the mutated pri-MtmiR171b is therefore incapable of producing MtmiPEP171b1.
  • FIG. 7 Effects of overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of pre-MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of pre-MtmiR171b in tobacco plants that have been transformed in order to express MtmiR171b (left-hand column), MtmiR171b and MtmiPEP171b1 (middle column), or MtmiR171b and a mutated version of MtmiORF171b in which the start codon ATG has been replaced with ATT (right-hand column).
  • FIG. 8 Effects of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of pre-MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b in tobacco plants transformed in order to express MtmiR171b onto which MtmiPEP171b1 has been sprayed (0.1 ⁇ M) twice, 12 h and then 30 min before sampling (right-hand column) or not (left-hand column).
  • the peptide MtmiPEP171b1 applied by spraying induces an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b.
  • FIG. 9 Effects of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of pri-miR171b (A), pre-MtmiR171b (B) and MtmiR171b (C) demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of the precursors of the different forms of the microRNA in tobacco plants modified in order to express MtmiR171b (left-hand column) or modified in order to express MtmiR171b and overexpress MtmiPEP171b1 (right-hand columns, FIG. 9A ) or treated with 0.1 ⁇ M of miPEP171b1 ( FIGS. 9B and C).
  • MtmiPEP171b1 increases the accumulation of pri-MtmiR171b (A), pre-MtmiR171b (B) and MtmiR171b (C).
  • FIG. 10 Localization of MtmiPEP171b1 in tobacco leaf cells that have been modified in order to express MtmiPEP171b1.
  • FIG. 11 Effects of the expression of AtmiPEP165a (identified in Arabidopsis thaliana ) on the expression of AtmiR165a (A), and of the expression of AtmiPEP319a2 (identified in Arabidopsis thaliana ) on AtmiR319a (B), demonstrated in the model plant of tobacco.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR165a in tobacco plants modified in order to express AtmiR165a (left-hand column) or to express AtmiR165a and AtmiPEP165a (right-hand column).
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR319a in tobacco plants modified in order to express AtmiR319a (left-hand column) or in order to express AtmiR319a and AtmiPEP319a (right-hand column).
  • FIG. 12 Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP165a on root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • the photograph shows two plants of the same age: a control plant (plant on the left) and a plant treated with AtmiPEP165a (plant on the right).
  • the treatment with AtmiPEP165a leads to a phenotype with greatly accelerated root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana .
  • the graph shows the expression of pre-miR165 in response to treatment with increasing doses of AtmiPEP165a.
  • FIG. 13 Conservation of the sequence of miPEP8 identified in Drosophila.
  • sequences of miPEP8 were deduced from the sequences of miORF8 (SEQ ID NO: 208) of 12 different Drosophila species and were aligned.
  • a histogram shows the conservation of each amino acid between the sequences of miORF8 in the 12 species analysed.
  • FIG. 14 Evolution of the mass (kDa) and isoelectric point (pI) of miPEP8 in the Drosophila species.
  • the y-axis on the left indicates the size of the miPEP8 (in kD).
  • the y-axis on the right indicates the isoelectric point of the miPEP.
  • the x-axis indicates the origin of the miPEP, i.e. the Drosophila species. It is noted that despite a significant change in their size (by more than a factor of 3), the charge of the miPEPs is still very basic (>9.8) in the 12 species studied.
  • FIG. 15 Effect of the addition of sequences on the function of miPEP.
  • the tobacco leaves were transformed in order to overexpress miPEP171b.
  • These graphs show that the addition of sequences (tag His, HA or GFP) does not alter the function of miPEP.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of pre-MtmiR171b in tobacco plants that have been transformed in order to express MtmiR171b (left-hand column), MtmiR171b and MtmiPEP171b1 with or without addition of protein tags (right-hand columns).
  • FIG. 16 Expression of MtmiPEP171b1 in the root system of Medicago truncatula.
  • the roots of Medicago truncatula were transformed in order to express fusions between GUS protein (in blue) and the promoter of miR17b (A, E), the ATG of miPEP171b1 (B, F), whole miPEP171b1 (C, G) or ATG2 (second ATG located on the precursor, after miPEP) (D, H). It is clear that there is expression of miRNA in the root tips (A) as well as the lateral roots (E). The transcriptional (B, F) and translational (C, G) fusions show an expression of miPEP171b in the same tissues, whereas the next ATG is not active (D, H).
  • FIG. 17 Expression of DmmiPEP8 in cells of Drosophila melanogaster
  • the cells of Drosophila melanogaster were transfected in order to overexpress DmmiPEP8 (OE miPEP8) or miPEP8 of which the translation start codons have been mutated (OE miPEP8 mut).
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of Pre-miR8.
  • FIG. 18 Impact of DmmiPEP8 on accumulation of DmmiR8 in cells of D. melanogaster
  • the cells of Drosophila melanogaster were transfected in order to overexpress wild-type DmmiR8 (OE miR8) or DmmiR8 the translation start codons of which have been mutated (OE miR8 miPEP8 mut).
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of Pre-miR8.
  • FIG. 19 Impact of HsmiPEP155 on accumulation of HsmiR155 in cells of Homo sapiens
  • HeLa cells of Homo sapiens had been transfected in order to overexpress HsmiPEP155 (OE miPEP155).
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of Pre-miR155.
  • FIG. 20 Effects of translation of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b in tobacco plants transformed in order to express pri-miR171b (left-hand column), a pri-miR171b in which the miORF171b has been deleted (middle column) or a mutated pri-miR171b in which the codon ATG has been replaced with ATT (right-hand column).
  • the mutated pri-miR171b is therefore incapable of producing miPEP171b1.
  • FIG. 21 Effects of overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b in tobacco plants that had been transformed with a vector allowing the expression of miPEP171b and either a second empty vector (white column), or a vector allowing the expression of mtmiPEP171b (left black column), or a vector in which the codon ATG of the ORF encoding mtmiPEP171b has been replaced with ATT (middle black column), or a vector in which the nucleotide sequence of the ORF has been mutated without modifying the amino acid sequence of the translated peptide (miPEP encoded by a degenerate ORF) (right black column).
  • FIG. 22 Effects of AtmiPEP165a on accumulation of AtmiR165a and of its target genes (PHA VOL UTA: PHV, PHABOL USA: PHB and REVOLUTA: REV).
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR165a, PHV, PHB and REV in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana treated with water (control) or different concentrations of AtmiPEP165a (0.01 ⁇ M, 0.1 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M or 10 ⁇ M).
  • AtmiPEP165a The treatment of plants with higher and higher concentrations of AtmiPEP165a demonstrates a dose-dependent effect of the accumulation of AtmiR165a and the negative regulation of its target genes as a function of the quantity of AtmiPEP165a.
  • FIG. 23 Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP164a on the expression of AtmiR164a in A. thaliana.
  • the photographs show the results of a Northern blot analysis of the accumulation of AtmiR164a in roots treated with water (control, photograph on left) or with 0.1 ⁇ M of a synthetic peptide, having a sequence identical to that of AtmiPEP164a, dissolved in water (0.1 ⁇ M miPEP164a).
  • the RNA U6 is used as loading control making it possible to quantify the quantity of AtmiR164a.
  • FIG. 24 Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP164a on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • the photographs show two plants (top views and side views) after 3 weeks of growth: a control plant watered with water (A), and a plant watered with a composition of 0.1 ⁇ M of synthetic peptide corresponding to AtmiPEP164a (B). Watering plants of Arabidopsis thaliana with AtmiPEP164a increases plant growth significantly.
  • FIG. 25 Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP165a on the expression of AtmiR165a in A. thaliana.
  • the photographs show the results of a Northern blot analysis of the accumulation of AtmiR165a in roots treated with water (control, photograph on left) or with 0.1 ⁇ M of a synthetic peptide, having a sequence identical to that of AtmiPEP165a, dissolved in water (0.1 ⁇ M miPEP165a).
  • the RNA U6 is used as loading control making it possible to quantify the quantity of AtmiR165a.
  • FIG. 26 Effects of overexpression of AtmiPEP319a1 on the expression of AtmiR319a in A. thaliana.
  • the y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR319a in a control plant (left-hand column) or in a plant in which AtmiPEP319a1 is overexpressed (right-hand column).
  • the overexpression of AtmiPEP319a1 induces an increase in the accumulation of AtmiR319a.
  • FIG. 27 Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP319a on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • the photographs show two plants (top views and side views) after 3 weeks of growth: a control plant watered with water (A), and a plant watered with a composition of 0.1 ⁇ M of synthetic peptide corresponding to AtmiPEP319a1 (B). Watering of the plants of Arabidopsis thaliana with AtmiPEP319a1 increases plant growth significantly.
  • FIG. 28 Immunolocalization.
  • the roots of Medicago truncatula were transformed in order to express fusions between the GUS protein (in blue) and the ATG of miPEP171b (Pro miR171b -ATG1:GUS) or ATG2 (second ATG located on the precursor, after miPEP) (Pro miR171b -ATG2:GUS). Labelling was also carried out with an anti-miPEP171b antibody (miPEP171b). Immunolocalization of miPEP171b in the roots of M. truncatula reveals the presence of miPEP171b in the lateral root initiation sites, showing a co-localization between the microRNA and the corresponding miPEP.
  • the process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide therefore consists of detecting, on the primary transcript of a microRNA, the existence of an open reading frame potentially encoding a peptide.
  • the second step makes it possible to characterize said peptide, i.e. to determine whether said peptide corresponds to a peptide really produced in the cell, by searching for an effect of said peptide on the accumulation of said microRNA.
  • a large quantity of peptide is introduced into a first cell expressing said microRNA.
  • the accumulation of the microRNA in this first cell is then measured and compared with the accumulation of the microRNA in a second cell identical to the first, but not containing said peptide.
  • Observation of a variation of the quantities of microRNA between the cells in the presence and in the absence of the peptide thus indicates (i) that there is a peptide encoded on the primary transcript of said microRNA, (ii) that the sequence of this peptide is encoded by the open reading frame identified on the primary transcript of said microRNA, and (iii) that said peptide has an effect on the accumulation of said microRNA.
  • the invention is therefore based on the unexpected double observation made by the inventors that, on the one hand, there are open reading frames that are able to encode micropeptides present on the primary transcripts of microRNAs, and on the other hand that said micropeptides are capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNAs.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA, comprising:
  • microRNA In the invention, the terms “microRNA”, “non-coding microRNA” and “miRNA” are equivalent and may be used interchangeably. They define small molecules of RNA of about 21 nucleotides, which are not translated and do not lead to a peptide or a protein. However, in this mature form, the microRNAs perform a function of regulation of certain genes via post-transcriptional mechanisms, for example by means of the RISC complex.
  • the primary transcript of the microRNA or “pri-miRNA” corresponds to the RNA molecule obtained directly from transcription of the DNA molecule. Generally, this primary transcript undergoes one or more post-transcriptional modifications, involving for example a particular structure of the RNA or cleavage of certain portions of the RNA by splicing phenomena, and which lead to the precursor form of the microRNA or “pre-miRNA”, then to the mature form of the microRNA or “miRNA”.
  • micropeptides and “miPEPs” (microRNA encoded PEPtides) are equivalent and may be used interchangeably. They define a peptide that is encoded by an open reading frame present on the primary transcript of a microRNA, and which is capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA.
  • the miRNA which does not encode any peptide and on the other side, the primary transcript of such a miRNA which may encode a miPEP.
  • micropeptides within the meaning of the present invention are not to be understood as necessarily being small peptides, as “micro” does not correspond to the size of the peptide.
  • one and the same micropeptide is or may be encoded by several nucleotide sequences. Nucleotide sequences of this kind, differing from one another by at least one nucleotide but encoding one and the same peptide, are called “degenerate sequences”.
  • open reading frame or “ORF” are equivalent and may be used interchangeably. They correspond to a nucleotide sequence in a DNA or RNA molecule that may potentially encode a peptide or a protein: said open reading frame begins with a start codon (the start codon generally encoding a methionine), followed by a series of codons (each codon encoding an amino acid), and ends with a stop codon (the stop codon not being translated).
  • the ORFs may be called specifically “miORFs” when they are present on the primary transcripts of microRNA.
  • the miORFs as defined in the particular invention may have a size from 12 to 303 nucleotides and may encode peptides from 3 to 100 amino acids.
  • the miORFs as defined in the invention may have a size from 15 to 303 nucleotides.
  • the miORFs from 15 to 303 nucleotides encode miPEPS from 4 to 100 amino acids.
  • the miORFs have a size of:
  • accumulation means the production of a molecule, such as a microRNA or a micropeptide, in the cell.
  • modulation of the accumulation of a molecule in a cell corresponds to a modification of the quantity of this molecule present in the cell.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA is a decrease or an increase in the accumulation of said microRNA, in particular an increase.
  • a “decrease in the accumulation” corresponds to a decrease in the quantity of said molecule in the cell.
  • an “increase in the accumulation” corresponds to an increase in the quantity of said molecule in the cell.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA is an increase in the accumulation of said microRNA.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the presence of said peptide in the cell results from:
  • a cellular model expressing a microRNA in which said peptide to be tested is present In order to characterize a miPEP, it is necessary to have a cellular model expressing a microRNA in which said peptide to be tested is present. For this, it is possible to introduce a peptide into the cell, either by bringing the cell into contact with said peptide, or by introducing a nucleic acid encoding said peptide into the cell, and this nucleic acid will then be translated into peptide within the cell.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said open reading frame in step a) is contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of said primary transcript of the microRNA, preferably in the 5′ portion.
  • the 5′ or 3′ portions of the primary transcript of the microRNA correspond to the terminal portions of the RNA molecule that are cleaved during maturation of the microRNA.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said microRNA is present in a wild-type plant cell.
  • a wild-type plant cell corresponds to a plant cell that has not been genetically modified by humans.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said microRNA is present in a wild-type animal cell, and in particular a wild-type human cell or a wild-type Drosophila cell.
  • a wild-type animal cell corresponds to an animal cell, and in particular a human cell, that has not been modified genetically by humans.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said specified eukaryotic cell and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b, are plant cells of a cruciferous plant such as Arabidopsis thaliana , of a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or of a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
  • a cruciferous plant such as Arabidopsis thaliana
  • leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago s
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said specified eukaryotic cell and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b, are plant cells, preferably cells of Medicago truncatula, Nicotiana benthamiana or Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said specified eukaryotic cell and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b, are animal cells, preferably human cells or Drosophila cells.
  • the cellular model used for observing an effect of the peptide is the same as that in which the primary transcript of said microRNA was isolated.
  • the specified eukaryotic cells contain said microRNA naturally and only the peptide
  • microRNA is qualified as “of endogenous origin” as it exists naturally in the cells. Nevertheless, other copies of a microRNA of endogenous origin may be added to a cell, for example by introducing a vector encoding said microRNA of endogenous origin into the cell.
  • the cellular model used for observing an effect of the peptide is different from that in which the primary transcript of said microRNA was isolated.
  • the specified eukaryotic cells contain neither the microRNA, nor the peptide to be tested. These two elements must therefore be introduced into these cells.
  • said microRNA is qualified as “of exogenous origin” as it does not exist naturally in the cells.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said microRNA is of endogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell and in said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b).
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above in which said microRNA is of exogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell and in said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b), said eukaryotic cells containing a vector allowing the expression of said microRNA.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the accumulation of said microRNA is determined using quantitative RT-PCR or Northern blot.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the accumulation of said microRNA is determined using a DNA or RNA chip.
  • the accumulation of said microRNA may be determined using the techniques of molecular biology for assaying specific nucleic acid molecules.
  • the invention also relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA in which the sequence of the primary transcript contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a miPEP,
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA in which the sequence of the primary transcript contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a miPEP,
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which the modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA is a decrease or an increase in the accumulation of said microRNA, in particular an increase.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which the presence of said peptide in the cell results from:
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said open reading frame in step a) is contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of said primary transcript of the microRNA, preferably in the 5′ portion.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said microRNA is present in a wild-type plant cell.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said microRNA is present in a wild-type animal cell, and in particular a wild-type human cell.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said eukaryotic cell, and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b) are plant cells, preferably cells of Medicago truncatula.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said eukaryotic cell, and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b) are animal cells, preferably Drosophila cells.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said microRNA is of endogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell and in said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b).
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above in which said microRNA is of exogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell and in said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b), said eukaryotic cells containing a vector allowing the expression of said microRNA.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which the accumulation of said microRNA is determined using quantitative RT-PCR or Northern blot.
  • the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which the accumulation of said microRNA is determined using a DNA or RNA chip.
  • the invention relates to a miPEP as obtained by implementing the process as defined above.
  • the invention relates to a miPEP encoded by a nucleotide sequence as obtained by implementing the process as defined above.
  • the invention relates to a miPEP encoded by a nucleotide sequence detected and identified by implementing the process as defined above.
  • Another aspect of the invention also relates to a miPEP of 3 to 100 amino acids, in particular of 4 to 100 amino acids, in particular of 4 to 60 amino acids, preferably of 4 to 40 amino acids, encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the miPEP as defined in the invention is encoded by a miORF of 15 to 303 nucleotides and has a size of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 amino acids, in particular 5, 8, 10, 18, 19, 23, 37, 50 or 59 amino acids.
  • the miPEP of the invention has a size in the range from 4 to 10 amino acids, 4 to 20 amino acids, 4 to 30 amino acids, 4 to 40 amino acids, 4 to 50 amino acids, 4 to 60 amino acids, 4 to 70 amino acids, 4 to 80 amino acids, 4 to 90 amino acids, or 4 to 100 amino acids.
  • miORFS may be identified on the primary transcript of a microRNA, indicating that a primary transcript of microRNA may potentially encode several miPEPs.
  • miPEP effect of a miPEP is generally specific to a single microRNA, namely that resulting from the primary transcript encoding said miPEP.
  • the modulation of the microRNA by said miPEP may be demonstrated after observing a variation in quantities of microRNA between the cells in the presence and in the absence of the miPEP.
  • the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said nucleotide sequence being contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of said primary transcript of a microRNA, preferably in the 5′ portion.
  • the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said nucleotide sequence corresponding to the first open reading frame present on said primary transcript of a microRNA.
  • the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said miPEP having a basic isoelectric point, preferably above 8.
  • the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said miPEP having an acidic isoelectric point.
  • the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said miPEP being selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386, and SEQ ID NO: 355 (Table 1).
  • the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, consisting of the amino acid sequence MVT.
  • the invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a miPEP as defined above.
  • the invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule as defined above, said molecule being selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of SEQ ID NO: 105 to SEQ ID NO 208, SEQ ID NO: 387 to SEQ ID NO: 399 and SEQ ID NO: 356 (Table 2).
  • the invention relates to MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 163) contained in the primary transcript of miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319), said MtmiPEP171b1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR171b in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to AtmiPEP164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 24) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 128) contained in the primary transcript of miR164a (SEQ ID NO: 297), said AtmiPEP164a1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR164a in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to AtmiPEP165a (SEQ ID NO: 43) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 147) contained in the primary transcript of miR165a (SEQ ID NO: 305), said miPEP165a being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR165a in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to AtmiPEP319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 76) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 180) contained in the primary transcript of miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331), said AtmiPEP319a1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR319a in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to AtmiPEP319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 77) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 181) contained in the primary transcript of miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331), said AtmiPEP319a2 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR319a in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to DmmiPEP1a (SEQ ID NO: 102) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 206) contained in the primary transcript of miR1 (SEQ ID NO: 353), said dmmiPEP1a being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR1 in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to DmmiPEP1b (SEQ ID NO: 103) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 207) contained in the primary transcript of miR1 (SEQ ID NO: 353), said dmmiPEP1b being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR1 in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to dmmiPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 104) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 208) contained in the primary transcript of miR8 (SEQ ID NO: 354), said dmmiPEP8 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR8 in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to HsmiPEP155 (SEQ ID NO: 355) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 356) contained in the primary transcript of miR155 (SEQ ID NO: 358), said HsmiPEP155 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR155 in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to an isolated peptide, or an isolated and purified peptide, or a synthetic peptide or a recombinant peptide, comprising or consisting of a sequence identical to that of a miPEP, said miPEP in particular being present naturally in a plant, or in an animal, such as humans.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a vector comprising at least one nucleic acid molecule as defined above.
  • the invention also relates to the use of at least one:
  • the invention also relates to the use of at least one:
  • the invention is based on the surprising observation made by the inventors that it is possible to modulate the expression of one or more target genes of one and the same microRNA by modulating the accumulation of said microRNA using a miPEP.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is a plant cell.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is a plant cell of a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana , of a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or of a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
  • a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana
  • leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or of a plant of the Solanaceae family
  • Nicotiana benthamiana tobacco
  • Solanum tuberosum potato
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is an animal cell, in particular human.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is an animal cell, in particular human, said miPEP not being used for surgical or therapeutic treatment of the human body or animal body, nor for modifying the genetic identity of a human being.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is an animal cell, said miPEP being used for surgical or therapeutic treatment of the human body or animal body.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA and said gene are of endogenous origin in said specified eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA and said gene are of exogenous origin in said specified eukaryotic cell, said specified eukaryotic cell containing at least one vector allowing the expression of said microRNA and of said gene.
  • the expressions “of endogenous origin” and “of exogenous origin” are used for distinguishing said microRNAs and/or the genes of different species, in view of the conservation of the sequences between species.
  • the term “of endogenous origin” indicates that the microRNA and/or gene may be present naturally in the cell in question. Other copies of the microRNA and/or of the gene of endogenous origin may nevertheless be added artificially to the cell in question, for example by cloning.
  • the term “of exogenous origin” indicates that the microRNA and/or the gene are never present naturally in the cell in question. It is a microRNA and/or a gene identified in another cellular type or in an organism of another species; this microRNA and/or this gene are therefore necessarily introduced artificially into the cell in question.
  • a genetically transformed cell may therefore contain 2 groups of microRNAs and/or of genes potentially similar in terms of sequence, one of endogenous origin and the other of exogenous origin.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which the primary transcript of the miRNA and said gene are of exogenous origin in said specified eukaryotic cell, said specified eukaryotic cell containing at least one vector allowing the expression of the primary transcript of the microRNA.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which the primary transcript of the miRNA is encoded by a vector introduced into the cell artificially.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386 and SEQ ID NO: 355 (Table 1).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59), AtmiPEP164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 24), AtmiPEP165a (SEQ ID NO: 43), AtmiPEP319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 76) and AtmiPEP319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 77).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from DmmiPEP1a (SEQ ID NO: 102), DmmiPEP1b (SEQ ID NO: 103) and DmmiPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 104).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is HsmiPEP155a (SEQ ID NO: 355).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of SEQ ID NO: 105 to SEQ ID NO: 208 and SEQ ID NO: 356 (Table 2).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from miORF171b (SEQ ID NO: 163), miORF164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 128), miORF165a (SEQ ID NO: 147), miORF319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 180) and miORF319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 181).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from miORF1a (SEQ ID NO: 206), miORF1b (SEQ ID NO: 207) and miORF8 (SEQ ID NO: 208).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from miORF155 (SEQ ID NO: 356).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of SEQ ID NO: 282 to SEQ ID NO: 354 and SEQ ID NO: 358.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319), miR165a (SEQ ID NO: 305) and miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from miR1a (SEQ ID NO: 353) and miR8 (SEQ ID NO: 354).
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from miR155 (SEQ ID NO: 358).
  • the invention relates in particular to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by a microRNA in a eukaryotic cell,
  • said miPEP having:
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by a microRNA in a eukaryotic cell
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above, in which the accumulation of said miPEP in the cell results from:
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said eukaryotic cell is a plant cell.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said eukaryotic cell is an animal cell and in particular a human cell.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said eukaryotic cell is an animal cell and in particular a human cell, said process not being used for surgical or therapeutic treatment of the human body or animal body, nor for modifying the genetic identity of a human being.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said microRNA and said gene are of endogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said microRNA and said gene are of exogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell, said eukaryotic cell containing at least one vector allowing the expression of said microRNA and of said gene.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386 and SEQ ID NO: 355.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • MtmiPEP171b1 in which the accumulation of said MtmiPEP171b1 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said MtmiPEP171b1, in which said gene is selected from the genes HAM1 (accession No. MtGI9-TC114268) and HAM2 (accession No. MtGI9-TC120850) (accession numbers according to the database Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas “MtGEA”).
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR164a (SEQ ID NO: 297) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP165a1 (SEQ ID NO: 24) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • AtmiPEP164a1 in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP164a1 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP164a1.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR165a (SEQ ID NO: 305) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP165a (SEQ ID NO: 43) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • AtmiPEP165a in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP165a in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP165a.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 76) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • AtmiPEP319a1 in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP319a1 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP319a1.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 77) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • AtmiPEP319a2 in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP319a2 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP319a2.
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR1 (SEQ ID NO: 353) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of DmmiPEP1a (SEQ ID NO: 102) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR1 (SEQ ID NO: 353) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of DmmiPEP1b (SEQ ID NO: 103) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR8 (SEQ ID NO: 354) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of DmmiPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 104) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR155 (SEQ ID NO: 358) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of hsmiPEP155 (SEQ ID NO: 355) in said eukaryotic cell,
  • the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell containing a peptide identical to a miPEP as defined above, said peptide being present in said eukaryotic cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of the microRNA bearing the nucleotide sequence encoding said miPEP.
  • modified eukaryotic cell contains a miPEP introduced into the cell artificially, whether as a peptide, or via a vector encoding said miPEP.
  • the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said microRNA is of endogenous origin.
  • the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above in which said microRNA is of exogenous origin, said modified eukaryotic cell containing a vector allowing the expression of said microRNA.
  • the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, said cell being a plant cell.
  • the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said plant cell is a cell of Medicago truncatula or of Arabidopsis thaliana , and said peptide is selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 59 and SEQ ID NO: 77.
  • the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, said cell being an animal cell.
  • the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said animal cell is a Drosophila cell and said peptide is selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 103 and SEQ ID NO: 104.
  • the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said animal cell is a human cell and said peptide consists of SEQ ID NO: 355.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a plant comprising at least one modified eukaryotic cell as defined above.
  • the invention also relates to a non-human animal organism comprising at least one modified eukaryotic cell as defined above.
  • the invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising at least one:
  • the invention relates to a pesticide composition
  • a pesticide composition comprising at least one:
  • the invention relates to a phytopharmaceutical composition
  • a phytopharmaceutical composition comprising at least one:
  • the invention relates to an elicitor composition
  • an elicitor composition comprising at least one:
  • Elicitor composition denotes a composition capable of endowing the plant with better capacity for symbiosis or better resistance to different stresses whether they are of the nature of thermal stress, water stress or chemical stress.
  • the invention also relates to compositions acting on the growth (inhibition of growth or conversely growth promotion) and the physiology (better capacity for mycorrhization, nodule formation, better tolerance of different stresses) of the plant.
  • the invention relates to compositions for promoting plant growth.
  • the invention relates to a herbicide composition
  • a herbicide composition comprising at least one:
  • the invention relates to an insecticide composition
  • an insecticide composition comprising at least one:
  • the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP164a as active ingredient, said miPEP164a preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP319a as active ingredient, said miPEP319a preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP171b as active ingredient, said miPEP171b preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 59.
  • the solubility properties of the miPEPs are in particular determined by their amino acid composition.
  • the hydrophilic miPEPs can be dissolved and packaged in aqueous solutions, such as water.
  • the hydrophobic miPEPs can be dissolved and packaged in solvents, such as organic solvents.
  • the organic solvents are solvents that are non-toxic to the plants in small quantities, i.e. they do not have any harmful effect on the development of the plant.
  • the organic solvents may be selected from acetonitrile and acetic acid.
  • the miPEPs can also be dissolved and packaged in mixtures of organic solvents, such as for example a mixture of acetonitrile and acetic acid.
  • the miPEPs may be dissolved in a solution comprising 50% acetonitrile, 10% acetic acid and 40% water (volume/volume/volume).
  • miPEPs 164a and 165a are dissolved in water, and miPEPs 171b and 319a are dissolved in a solution comprising 50% acetonitrile, 10% acetic acid and 40% water (volume/volume/volume).
  • compositions, the pesticide compositions, the phytopharmaceutical compositions, the herbicide compositions and the insecticide compositions as defined above may comprise 10 ⁇ 9 M to 10 ⁇ 4 M of miPEP, in particular 10 ⁇ 9 M, 10 ⁇ 8 M, 10 ⁇ 7 M, 10 ⁇ 6 M, 10 ⁇ 5 M or 10 ⁇ 4 M of miPEP.
  • compositions of higher or lower concentration may also be provided depending on the applications envisaged.
  • compositions comprising 10 ⁇ 1 M to 10 ⁇ 3 M of miPEP, in particular 10 ⁇ 1 M, 10 ⁇ 2 M or 10 ⁇ 3 M of miPEP, may be envisaged in the case where the miPEP has to be administered to the plant by spreading.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as a herbicide for eradicating plants or slowing their growth, preferably as a herbicide specific to a species or to a genus of plants.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as a phytopharmaceutical agent,
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for modulating the physiological parameters of a plant, in particular biomass, foliar surface area, or fruit size.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for thinning of orchards in order to increase fruit size.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for production and/or selection of plant seeds, said composition being used for controlling the parthenocarpy or the monoecism of a plant.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, said composition being administered to said plant via the leaves or via the roots.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for production and/or selection of plant seeds.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, in which said composition is used for modifying the physiological parameters of said plant seeds, in particular establishment of the root system, germination and resistance to water stress.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, in which said composition is applied by dressing or film-coating of said plant seeds.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as a pesticide, for eradicating organisms that are harmful to plants or that might be classified as such, in particular as insecticide, arachnicide, molluscicide or rodenticide.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as insecticide.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for eradicating insect pests.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for eradicating animal species classified as harmful or liable to be classified as such, in particular the Muridae, in particular the rat.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as pesticide for eradicating organisms harmful to plants or liable to be classified as such, in particular as insecticide, arachnicide, molluscicide, or rodenticide, in particular by application of said composition to a plant or to a support in contact with the plant.
  • the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, in which said composition is applied to a plant to protect it against insect pests.
  • the invention relates to the use of a peptide for promoting the growth of a plant, said peptide being introduced into the plant, said peptide having an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of a sequence identical to that of a miPEP naturally present in said plant,
  • said miPEP naturally present in said plant being a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located on the primary transcript of a miRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miRNA in said plant, said miRNA regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers.
  • the inventors have surprisingly found that the use of peptides the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of miPEPs encoded on the primary transcripts of miRNAs makes it possible to promote the growth of the plants.
  • the term “plant” refers generally to the whole or part of a plant irrespective of its stage of development (including the plant in the form of a seed or a young shoot), to one or more organs of the plant (for example the leaves, roots, stem, flowers), to one or more cells of the plant, or to a cluster of cells of the plant.
  • the term “growth” refers to the development of the whole or part of a plant over time.
  • the growth of the plant may thus be determined and quantified by monitoring developmental parameters observable for certain parts, cells or organs of the plant, such as the leaves, roots, stems or flowers.
  • the parameters for determining and quantifying the growth of a plant may in particular be:
  • plant growth may also be linked to the rate of nodulation, or also to the size and number of nodules on the roots.
  • the use according to the invention has the advantage of being ecological, in comparison with the chemical methods used conventionally in horticulture or in agriculture, as the miPEP is a peptide that is present naturally in the plant.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a miPEP introduced into a plant for promoting its growth
  • said miPEP introduced being a peptide comprising, or consisting of, a sequence identical to that of a miPEP naturally present in said plant, said miPEP naturally present is a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids, the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of a miRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miRNA in said plant, said miRNA regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers, the sum total of the quantity of said miPEP introduced and that of said miPEP naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said miPEP naturally present.
  • miPEP introduced refers to a miPEP introduced into the plant artificially as opposed to the “miPEP present naturally in the plant”.
  • the introduction of a miPEP into the plant therefore involves a technological step, which is not a natural phenomenon and corresponds neither to crossing, nor to selection.
  • the miPEP introduced may be either a peptide produced outside of the plant (for example an isolated and/or purified peptide, a synthetic peptide or a recombinant peptide), or a peptide produced in the plant following the non-natural introduction of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP into said plant.
  • the plant into which the miPEP has not been introduced has a basal quantity of said miPEP, which corresponds to the quantity of said miPEP naturally present.
  • a miPEP comprising, or consisting of, a sequence identical to that of said miPEP leads to an increase in the total quantity of miPEP, which modulates the accumulation of the miRNA the primary transcript of which contains the sequence encoding said miPEP.
  • the miPEP introduced is present in the plant and its introduction has no impact on its stability.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said gene, involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1 (Accession No. AT1G56010.1), NAC4 (Accession No. AT5G07680.1), NAC5 (Accession No. AT5G61430.1), CUC1 (Accession No. AT3G15170.1), CUC2 (Accession No. AT5G53950.1), TCP3 (Accession No. AT1G53230.1) and TCP4 (Accession No. AT3G15030.1) (accession numbers according to the database The Arabidopsis Information Resource “TAIR ”).
  • NAC1 Accession No. AT1G56010.1
  • NAC4 Accession No. AT5G07680.1
  • NAC5 Accession No. AT5G61430.1
  • CUC1 Accession No. AT3G15170.1
  • CUC2 Accession No. AT5G5395
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1, NAC4, NAC5, CUC1 and CUC2.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: TCP3 and TCP4,
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miRNA is selected from miR164a and mir319a.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR164a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 297.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR164a has a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, preferably at least 90% identity, with the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 297.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP164a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP164a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR319a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 331.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR319a has a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, preferably at least 90% identity, with the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 331.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP319a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP319a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana , a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
  • crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana
  • leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa)
  • a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said plant is Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, for promoting the growth of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, in which AtmiPEP164a1 is introduced into said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said AtmiPEP164a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant,
  • AtmiPEP164a1 introduced being a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present, said sequence of AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present being encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR164a, which miR164a controls the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana, the sum total of the quantity of said AtmiPEP164a1 introduced and that of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, for promoting the growth of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, in which the AtmiPEP319a1 is introduced into said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said AtmiPEP319a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant,
  • AtmiPEP319a1 introduced being a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present, said sequence of the AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present being encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR319a, which miR319a controls the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana, the sum total of the quantity of said AtmiPEP319a1 introduced and that of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant externally, preferably by watering, by spraying or by adding a fertilizer, a compost, a culture substrate or an inert support.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced by watering and by spraying.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced by watering and by adding a fertilizer.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced by spraying and by adding a fertilizer.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced, by watering, by spraying and by adding a fertilizer.
  • the inventors have in fact unexpectedly found that it is possible to apply a composition comprising a miPEP directly to the plant in order to modulate the accumulation of the corresponding miRNA in the plant, which indicates that the miPEP is captured by the plant.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the plant is treated with a composition comprising 10 ⁇ 9 M to 10 ⁇ 4 M of said miPEP, in particular 10 ⁇ 9 M, 10 ⁇ 8 M, 10 ⁇ 7 M, 10 ⁇ 6 M, 10 ⁇ 5 M or 10 ⁇ 4 M of said miPEP.
  • the compositions have a concentration from 10 ⁇ 8 M to 10 ⁇ 5 M for application by watering or by spraying on the plant.
  • compositions of higher or lower concentration may be envisaged for treating the plant with the miPEP.
  • compositions of higher concentration comprising 10 ⁇ 1 M to 10 ⁇ 3 M, in particular 10 ⁇ 2 M of miPEP, may be used in the case where the miPEP introduced exogenously is administered to the plant by spreading.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant by means of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, said nucleic acid being introduced into the plant.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the size of the stem is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the number of leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the size of the leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the number of roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the length of the roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the rate of nodulation is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the number of nodules is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the increase in the parameters for determining and quantifying growth in the plant into which the miPEP has been introduced is preferably demonstrated by comparison with an identical plant (i.e. a plant of the same species and/or variety), of the same age and grown under the same conditions but into which no miPEP has been introduced.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a process for promoting the growth of a plant, comprising a step of introducing a miPEP into a plant, said miPEP also being present naturally in said plant,
  • said miPEP introduced being a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of said miPEP naturally present, said sequence of the miPEP naturally present being encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of a miRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miRNA, said miRNA regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers, the sum total of the quantity of said miPEP introduced and that of said miPEP naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said miPEP naturally present.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1 (Accession No. AT1G56010.1), NAC4 (Accession No. AT5G07680.1), NAC5 (Accession No. AT5G61430.1), CUC1 (Accession No. AT3G15170.1), CUC2 (Accession No. AT5G53950.1), TCP3 (Accession No. AT1G53230.1) and TCP4 (Accession No. AT3G15030.1).
  • NAC1 Accession No. AT1G56010.1
  • NAC4 Accession No. AT5G07680.1
  • NAC5 Accession No. AT5G61430.1
  • CUC1 Accession No. AT3G15170.1
  • CUC2 Accession No. AT5G53950.1
  • TCP3 Accession No. AT1G53230.1
  • TCP4
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1, NAC4, NAC5, CUC1 and CUC2.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: TCP3 and TCP4.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miRNA is miR164a, in particular in which said miR164a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 297.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP164a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP164a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miRNA is miR319a, in particular in which said miR319a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 331.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP319a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP319a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana , a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
  • a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana
  • a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or a plant of the Solanaceae family
  • Nicotiana benthamiana tobacco
  • Solanum tuberosum potato
  • Solanum lycopersicum tomato
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said plant is Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, for promoting the growth of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, in which AtmiPEP164a1 is introduced into said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said AtmiPEP164a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant,
  • AtmiPEP164a1 introduced being a peptide comprising or consisting of a sequence identical to that of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present, where the AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present is a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR164a, said AtmiPEP164a1 being capable of increasing the accumulation of said miR164a, where said miR164a regulates the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana, the sum total of the quantity of said AtmiPEP164a1 introduced and that of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, for promoting the growth of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, in which AtmiPEP319a1 is introduced into said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said AtmiPEP319a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant,
  • AtmiPEP319a1 introduced being a peptide comprising or consisting of a sequence identical to that of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present, where the AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present is a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR319a, said AtmiPEP319a1 being capable of increasing the accumulation of said miR319a, where miR319a regulates the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana, the sum total of the quantity of said AtmiPEP319a1 introduced and that of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant externally, preferably by watering, by spraying or by adding a fertilizer, a compost, a culture substrate or an inert support.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is administered to the plant in the form of a composition comprising 10 ⁇ 9 M to 10 ⁇ 4 M of said miPEP, in particular 10 ⁇ 9 , 10 ⁇ 8 , 10 ⁇ 7 , 10 ⁇ 6 , 10 ⁇ 5 or 10 ⁇ 4 M of said miPEP.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant by means of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, said nucleic acid being introduced into the plant.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the size of the stem is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the number of leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the size of the leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the number of roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the length of the roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the rate of nodulation is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the number of nodules is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a plant into which a miPEP has been introduced according to the use or the process for promoting the growth of a plant described above.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant comprising:
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said transgenic plant obtained in step b) has improved growth relative to an identical plant in which said nucleic acid has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which step a) is carried out using a vector containing said nucleic acid, preferably a plasmid.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the expression of said nucleic acid of step a) is placed under the control of a strong promoter, preferably a constitutive strong promoter such as the 35S promoter.
  • a strong promoter preferably a constitutive strong promoter such as the 35S promoter.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1 (Accession No. AT1G56010.1), NAC4 (Accession No. AT5G07680.1), NAC5 (Accession No. AT5G61430.1), CUC1 (Accession No. AT3G15170.1), CUC2 (Accession No. AT5G53950.1), TCP3 (Accession No. AT1G53230.1) and TCP4 (Accession No. AT3G15030.1).
  • NAC1 Accession No. AT1G56010.1
  • NAC4 Accession No. AT5G07680.1
  • NAC5 Accession No. AT5G61430.1
  • CUC1 Accession No. AT3G15170.1
  • CUC2 Accession No. AT5G53950.1
  • TCP3 Accession No. AT1G53230
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miPEP has an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 101 and SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miRNA is miR164a, in particular in which said miR164a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 297.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP164a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP164a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miRNA is miR319a, in particular in which said miR319a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 331.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP319a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP319a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said nucleic acid introduced in step a) comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 128 and SEQ ID NO: 180.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana , a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
  • a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana
  • a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa)
  • a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum ly
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said transgenic plant is a crucifer.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said transgenic plant is Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, comprising:
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, comprising:
  • the invention relates to a process of production as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant by means of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, said nucleic acid being introduced into the plant.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the size of the stem is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the number of leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the size of the leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the number of roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the length of the roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the rate of nodulation is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the number of nodules is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
  • the invention also relates to a transgenic plant as obtained by the process of production as defined above.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising, in combination, a quantity of seeds of a plant and a quantity of a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of a miPEP naturally present in said plant.
  • the invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising, in combination, a quantity of seeds of a plant, in particular A. thaliana , and a quantity of a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of AtmiPEP164a1.
  • the invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising, in combination, a quantity of seeds of a plant, in particular A. thaliana , and a quantity of a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of AtmiPEP319a1.
  • the invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising, in combination, a quantity of seeds of a plant, in particular M. truncatula , and a quantity of a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of MtmiPEP171b.
  • the invention relates to a composition as defined above, formulated so as to form a dressed seed.
  • Dressing may be carried out by the processes used conventionally in the agri-food industry and may be obtained using a material able to disaggregate in a solvent or in the ground, such as a binder or clay.
  • dressing may be used for example for conferring particular properties on a composition of miPEP, or on a composition of seeds in combination with a miPEP.
  • the invention relates to a composition as defined above, formulated so as to form a dressed seed comprising MtmiPEP171b.
  • the invention relates to a composition as defined above, formulated so as to form a dressed seed comprising AtmiPEP164a1.
  • the invention relates to a composition as defined, above formulated so as to form a dressed seed comprising AtmiPEP319a1.
  • the invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising at least one:
  • compositions of the invention are applicable in human medicine and in veterinary medicine.
  • the invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising at least one:
  • the invention relates to the composition as defined above in which said disease is selected from cancer, diabetes, obesity, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • the invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising at least one:
  • the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing a miPEP.
  • the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP165a.
  • the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing MtmiPEP171b.
  • the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP164a1.
  • the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP319a1.
  • Such an antibody may be obtained by a process known to a person skilled in the art, such as for example by injecting said miPEP into a non-human animal in order to trigger an immunization reaction and the production of antibodies by said animal.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a process of immunolocalization of a miPEP comprising a step of labelling a biological sample from a plant with an antibody specifically recognizing a miPEP.
  • the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of AtmiPEP165a using an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP165a.
  • the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of MtmiPEP171b using an antibody specifically recognizing MtmiPEP171b.
  • the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of AtmiPEP164a1 using an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP164a1.
  • the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of MtmiPEP319a1 using an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP319a1.
  • the invention relates to a protocol for producing a recombinant peptide, the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of a miPEP as defined above, comprising a step of transforming an organism with an expression vector encoding said recombinant peptide.
  • said organism is selected from the group comprising bacteria, yeasts, fungi (other than yeasts), animal cells, plants and animals.
  • said organism is Escherichia coli.
  • the invention relates to a protocol for producing a recombinant peptide as defined above, comprising the following steps:
  • Table 7 presents an analysis of the polymorphism of the DNA sequence of the different regions of pri-miR171b (a haplotype is defined when it differs by at least one amino acid from the other haplotypes).
  • AtmiPEP156a1 Arabidopsis thaliana ATGTTCTGTTCAATTCAATGCGTCGCCAGACATCTGTTCCCTTTGC SEQ ID NO: 105 ATGTAAGAGAGATAAAGAAAGCGACAAGAGCCATAAAGAAAGG TAA
  • AtmiPEP156a2 Arabidopsis thaliana ATGCGTCGCCAGACATCTGTTCCCTTTGCATGTAAGAGATAAA SEQ ID NO: 106 GAAAGCGACAAGAGCCATAAAGAAAGGTAA
  • AtmiPEP156a3 Arabidopsis thaliana ATGGTTATGTTTTTTCTCGATTTAGACAAAAACCCTAGATTTGATC SEQ ID NO: 107 TTCTAAAGGGTCTCAAATGGAATCTCTTCTCTTCTCATATCTCTCC CTCTCTCCCTCTCTTTGA AtmiPEP156c1 Arabidopsis thaliana ATGAAGGACAACT
  • This microRNA is expressed in the meristematic region of the roots.
  • the overexpression of this microRNA in particular leads to a reduction in the expression of the genes HAM1 (Accession No. MtGI9-TC114268) and HAM2 (Accession No. MtGI9-TC120850) ( FIG. 1A ), as well as to a reduction in the number of lateral roots ( FIG. 1B ).
  • the sequence of the primary transcript of MtmiR171b was determined using the RACE-PCR technique. Analysis of the sequence of the primary transcript made it possible to identify the presence of several completely unexpected small open reading frames (sORFs). These sORFs were called miORFs for “microRNA ORFs”. These miORFs potentially encode short peptides, from about 4 to 100 amino acids. No significant homology relating to these miORFS was found in the databases.
  • MtmiORF171b The overexpression of the first miORF, called MtmiORF171b, leads to an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b and a reduction in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (see FIG. 2A ), as well as to a reduction in the number of lateral roots ( FIG. 2B ), as was already observed in the overexpression of MtmiR171b.
  • MtmiORF171b encodes a peptide capable of modulating the accumulation of MtmiR171b, and the expression of the target genes of MtmiR171b: HAM1 and HAM2. Said peptide has been called MtmiPEP171b1 (“miPEP” corresponding to microRNA encoded PEPtide).
  • MtPEP171b1 leads to an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b ( FIG. 104A ) and of pre-MtmiR171b ( FIG. 4B ).
  • MtmiPEP171b1 only leads to an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b and not of the other miRNAs, which indicates that a miPEP only has an effect on the microRNA from which it is derived.
  • MtmiR171b In order to determine whether the mechanism of regulation of the microRNAs is conserved in other plant species, the regulation of MtmiR171b by MtmiPEP171b1 was tested in a different cellular model. For this, MtmiR171b and MtmiPEP171b1 were introduced into tobacco leaves.
  • MtmiR171b was measured in tobacco leaves transformed in order to express MtmiR171b of Medicago truncatula starting from wild-type pri-miRNA capable of producing MtmiPEP171b1, or starting from a mutated version of pri-miRNA incapable of producing MtmiPEP171b1 (in which the start codon ATG of MtmiORF171b has been replaced with ATT) ( FIG. 6 and FIG. 20 ). Absence of translation of MtmiPEP171b1 leads to a marked decrease in the accumulation of MtmiR171b.
  • pre-MtmiR171b was measured in tobacco leaves transformed in order to express MtmiR171b of Medicago truncatula alone (control), or additionally expressing the wild-type MtmiORF171b of Medicago truncatula (35SmiPEP171b1 ATG), or a mutated version of MtmiORF171b in which the start codon ATG has been replaced with ATT (35SmiPEP171b1 ATT) ( FIG. 7 and FIG. 21 ).
  • the expression of MtmiORF171b leads to an increase in the accumulation of pre-miR171b, and this accumulation of pre-miR171b depends on the translation of MtmiORF171b to micropeptide.
  • MtmiR171b of Medicago truncatula untreated or treated by spraying with MtmiPEP171b1 (0.1 ⁇ M) for the first time 12 h before sampling and then a second time 30 minutes before sampling, it was observed that MtmiPEP171b1 may be used directly in peptide form by foliar sprayings ( FIG. 8 ).
  • Tobacco leaves were transformed in order to overexpress MtmiPEP171b1 of Medicago truncatula fused with a fluorescent protein (GFP) ( FIG. 10 ).
  • the results obtained indicate that the miPEP is localized in small nuclear bodies.
  • Genomic databases of plants were searched for the presence of open reading frames within primary transcripts of 70 miRNAs, and 101 miORFs capable of encoding a miPEP were identified.
  • AtmiPEP165a and AtmiPEP319a2 identified in Arabidopsis thaliana .
  • the experiments conducted in the model plant of tobacco made it possible to demonstrate that the overexpression of AtmiORF165a or of AtmiORF319a leads to an increase in the accumulation of AtmiR165a or of AtmiR319a respectively ( FIG. 11 ).
  • miR165a regulates transcription factors such as Revoluta, Phavoluta and Phabulosa.
  • miR319 regulates genes of the TCP family.
  • AtmiPEP165a it has been demonstrated in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana that treatment with AtmiPEP165a leads to a phenotype with greatly accelerated root growth ( FIG. 12 ).
  • miPEP165a shows a dose-dependent effect on the accumulation of miR165a and the negative regulation of its target genes (PHAVOLUTA: PHV, PHABOLUSA: PHB and REVOLUTA: REV) as a function of the amount of miPEP165A (see FIG. 22 ).
  • AtmiPEP164a this was synthesized and was used for investigating an increase in the accumulation of miR164a in roots of A. thaliana treated with the synthetic peptide.
  • AtmiPEP165a this was synthesized and was used for investigating an increase in the accumulation of miR165a in roots of A. thaliana treated with the synthetic peptide.
  • AtmiPEP319a1 this was also synthesized and was used for investigating an increase in the accumulation of miR319a in roots of A. thaliana treated with the synthetic peptide.
  • the peptides were synthesized by Eurogentec or Smartox-Biotech. MtmiPEP171b1 was resuspended in a solution of 40% water/50% acetonitrile/10% acetic acid (v/v/v), and the other peptides were resuspended in water.
  • the leaves were watered by spraying with the peptides using peptide solutions at different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 ⁇ M), firstly 12 h before sampling and then a second time min before sampling.
  • RNA was extracted using the reagent Tri-Reagent (MRC) according to the manufacturer's instructions, except for precipitation of the RNA, which was carried out with 3 volumes of ethanol.
  • MRC reagent Tri-Reagent
  • the everse transcription of the RNA was carried out using the specific stem-loop primer RTprimer171b in combination with hexamers for performing the reverse transcription of RNA of high molecular weight.
  • RNA was added to the stem-loop primer MIR171b (0.2 ⁇ M), the hexamer (500 ng), the buffer RT (1 ⁇ ), the enzyme SuperScript Reverse transcriptase (SSIII) (one unit), the dNTPs (0.2 mM each), DTT (0.8 mM) in a final reaction mixture of 25 ⁇ l.
  • SSIII SuperScript Reverse transcriptase
  • dNTPs 0.2 mM each
  • DTT 0.8 mM
  • the amplifications by qPCR were carried out using a LightCycler 480 System thermocycler (Roche Diagnostics) by the method described in Lauressergues et al. ( Plant J., 72(3): 512-22, 2012).
  • the DNA fragments of interest were amplified with Pfu polymerase (Promega).
  • the DNA fragments were cloned using the XhoI and NotI enzymes into a pPEX-DsRED plasmid for an overexpression under the control of the constitutive strong promoter 35S, and using the KpnI-NcoI enzymes into a pPEX GUS plasmid for the reporter genes, by the method described in Combier et al. ( Genes & Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008).
  • the corresponding miORFs were cloned into pBIN19 by the method described in Combier et al. ( Genes & Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008).
  • the composite plants having roots transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes were obtained by the method described in Boisson-Dernier et al. (Mol Plant - Microbe Interact, 18: 1269-1276, 2005). The transformed roots were verified and selected by observations of DsRED with a binocular fluorescence magnifier. The control roots correspond to roots transformed with A. rhizogenes not containing the pPEX-DsRED vector. Transformation of the tobacco leaves was carried out by the method described in Combier et al. ( Genes & Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008).
  • the biological samples were homogenized in a buffer containing 0.1 M of NaCl, 2% of SDS, 50 mM of Tris-HCl (pH 9), 10 mM of EDTA (pH 8) and 20 mM of mercaptoethanol, and the RNA was extracted twice with a phenol/chloroform mixture and was precipitated with ethanol.
  • RNA was loaded on PAGE 15% gel and transferred to a nylon membrane (HybondNX, Amersham). RNA was hybridized with a radioactive oligonucleotide probe labelled at its end, in order to detect the RNA U6 or for miR164a.
  • the hybridizations were carried out at 55° C.
  • the hybridization signals were quantified using a phosphorimager (Fuji) and normalized with the signal of the specific probe of RNA U6.
  • Roots or plantlets of tissues of Medicago were fixed for 2 hours in 4% formal (v/v) with 50 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), and then embedded in agarose LMP 5% in water (with a low melting point). Thin sections (100 ⁇ m) were obtained and were placed in Pbi (phosphate buffer for immunology) on Teflon-coated slides, blocked in Pbi, 2% Tween and 1% of bovine serum albumin for 2 hours (PbiT-BSA), then labelled overnight (12 h) at 4° C. with the primary antibody diluted in BSA-PbiT.
  • Pbi phosphate buffer for immunology
  • the sections were washed with PBiT and incubated at ambient temperature for 2 h with a secondary antibody diluted in PbiT-BSA.
  • the slides were then washed in Pbi for 30 min and mounted in Citifluor (mounting medium).
  • the primary antibodies and the dilutions were as follows: 1716a (1:500, v/v).
  • the secondary antibody was a goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody coupled to the Alexa Fluor 633 fluorescent probe (Molecular Probes), and was used at a dilution of 1:1000 (v/v).
  • a first study carried out by RACE-PCR in the model animal Drosophila melanogaster shows the existence of miRNAs that are expressed during embryogenesis, miR1 and miR8.
  • miORFs were identified in each of the two miRNAs studied.
  • miR8 known for its role in the regulation of growth in insects, has a miORF potentially encoding miPEP8.
  • DmmiR1 (identified in Drosophila melanogaster ), it has two DmmiORFs potentially encoding DmmiPEP1a and DmmiPEP1b.
  • a phylogenetic analysis shows evolutionary conservation of the presence of the miORFs among the dozen Drosophila species analysed, i.e. since their divergence more than 60 million years ago ( FIG. 13 ).
  • the miPEPs identified in Drosophila have several similarities with the plant miPEPs. If their primary sequence and therefore their size evolve rapidly between species, a reduced size (from 32 to 104 AA) is found, as well as strong conservation for a basic overall charge (pHi from 9.5 to 12) ( FIG. 14 ).
  • S2 cells are cultured in a T75 flask in 12 mL of Schneider's medium (GIBCO), containing 1% of penicillin 100 U/mL and streptavidin 100 mg/mL (Sigma) and 10% of decomplemented foetal calf serum (30 min at 56° C.).
  • GEBCO Schneider's medium
  • the transient transfections are carried out using the FuGENE® HD transfection kit (Roche), according to the recommendations.
  • 1.5 million S2 cells previously seeded in 6-well plates (3 ml of medium per well), are transfected with 250 ng of total plasmid DNA.
  • the DNA is brought into contact with the Fugene (3 ⁇ l) in 100 ⁇ l of OPTIMEM (GIBCO).
  • the transfection reagent formed is brought into contact with the cells in the culture medium.
  • the RNA of the cells is extracted 66 h after transfection.
  • the DNA fragments of interest (HsmiPEP155 and the mutated miPEP) were synthesized or amplified by PCR using specific primers, and then cloned using the enzymes XhoI and NotI into a pUAS plasmid permitting their overexpression by means of the GAL4 transcription factor, the expression of which is controlled by a constitutive strong promoter.
  • the different constructs were produced either by PCR amplification on genomic DNA of HeLa cells, or by RT-PCR on total RNAs of L428 human cells.
  • the amplified PCR fragments are digested with the HindIII/EcoRI restriction enzymes and then cloned into the vector pcDNA3.1.
  • the DH5 ⁇ strain of Escherichia coli is electroporated and then cultured on a solid medium (2YT+agar+ampicillin).
  • the plasmid DNA from different clones is then prepared and sequenced for verification.
  • the constructs are then prepared using the QIAfilter Plasmid Midi kit (QIAGEN) and stored at ⁇ 20° C.
  • the HeLa cells (established tumour line, ATCC CCL-2.2) are cultured in a 6-well plate in complete medium [(DMEM (1 ⁇ )+Glutamax+4.5 g/L glucose without pyruvate+1 ⁇ penicillin/streptomycin+1 mM Na-pyruvate+10% calf serum] and placed in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 .
  • the cells are transfected when they are at 50% confluence.
  • the complete medium containing the antibiotics is replaced with complete medium without antibiotics.
  • a mix A [250 ⁇ l of Optimem (+Glutamax) (Gibco)+2 ⁇ g of DNA] and a mix B [250 ⁇ l of Optimem+4 ⁇ l of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen)] is prepared, and left for 5 min at ambient temperature. Then mix B is mixed dropwise into mix A, and left to incubate for 25 min at ambient temperature. The mixture is then deposited dropwise into the well. 4-5 hours later, the medium is changed and replaced with complete medium with antibiotics. 48 hours after transfection, the cells are stopped. The medium is aspirated and discarded; the cells are rinsed with PBS 1 ⁇ . It is then possible to store the cells at ⁇ 20° C. or extract the total RNAs directly.
  • RNAs are extracted by depositing 1 ml of Tri-Reagent (Euromedex) on the cells.
  • the Tri-reagent is aspirated and returned several times so that the cells are lysed correctly, and then it is transferred into a 1.5-ml tube.
  • 0.2 ml of water-saturated chloroform is added. It is mixed by vortexing, then left for 2 to 3 minutes at ambient temperature. It is centrifuged for 5 minutes at 15300 rpm and at 4° C.
  • the aqueous phase is precipitated from 0.5 ml of isopropanol after incubation for 10 minutes at ambient temperature and centrifugation for 15 minutes at 15300 rpm and at 4° C.
  • the pellet is rinsed with 1 ml of 70% ethanol, with centrifugation for 5 minutes at 15300 rpm at 4° C. The supernatant is again discarded and the pellet is dried for a few minutes in the air.
  • the RNAs are treated with DNase.
  • the pellet is resuspended in 170 ⁇ l of ultra-pure water, 20 ⁇ l of DNase buffer 10 ⁇ and 10 ⁇ l of RQ1 RNase-free DNase and held at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Then 20 ⁇ l of SDS10% and 5 ⁇ l of proteinase K (20 mg/ml) are added over 20 minutes at 37° C.
  • a last phenol extraction is carried out with 225 ⁇ l of a phenol/H 2 O/chloroform mixture, and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 15300 rpm at 4° C.
  • the aqueous phase is then precipitated from 20 ⁇ l of 3M sodium acetate and 600 ⁇ l of 100% ethanol for 20 minutes at ⁇ 80° C. Then it is centrifuged for 15 min at 4° C. at 15300 rpm. The supernatant is discarded. The pellet is rinsed in 1 ml of 70% ethanol, centrifuged for 5 min at 15300 rpm at 4° C., the supernatant is discarded again and the pellet is left to dry for some minutes in the air.
  • the pellet is then taken up in 15-20 ⁇ l of ultra-pure water and the RNAs are assayed.
  • RNAs 10-15 ⁇ g of total RNAs is then analysed by Northern blot on 15% acrylamide gel [solution of acrylamide/40% bis-acrylamide, ratio 19:1], 7M urea in TBE 1 ⁇ . Migration is carried out at 400V, in TBE1 ⁇ as migration buffer, after preheating the gel. The RNAs are then electro-transferred onto a Biodyne Plus 0.45 ⁇ m nylon membrane, for 2 hours, at 1V and 4° C. in a transfer tank. At the end of transfer, the membrane is irradiated with UV at 0.124 J/cm 2 .
  • the membrane is then pre-hybridized in a buffer 5 ⁇ SSPE, 1 ⁇ Denhardt's, 1% SDS and 150 ⁇ g/ml of yeast tRNA, for 1 hour at 50° C. in a hybridization oven. Then the nucleotide probe is added, labelled at 5′ with ⁇ - 32 P-ATP (0.5 to 1 ⁇ 10 6 cpm/ml of hybridization buffer) and is hybridized overnight at 50° C.
  • the membrane is then washed twice in 0.1 ⁇ SSPE/0.1% SDS at ambient temperature and exposed in an autoradiography cassette containing a BioMax HE screen (Kodak) and a BioMax MS film (Kodak), in order to detect a microRNA, for 24-48 hours, at ⁇ 80° C.

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US11858972B2 (en) 2018-03-15 2024-01-02 Fundació Privada Institut D'investigació Oncològica De Vall Hebron Micropeptides and uses thereof

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CA2951018C (fr) * 2014-06-03 2023-11-14 Universite Toulouse Iii-Paul Sabatier Utilisation de micropeptides pour favoriser la symbiose mycorhizienne
WO2015185861A1 (fr) * 2014-06-03 2015-12-10 Universite Toulouse Iii-Paul Sabatier Utilisation de micropeptides pour favoriser la croissance des plantes
FR3061179A1 (fr) 2016-12-22 2018-06-29 Universite Toulouse Iii-Paul Sabatier Peptides therapeutiques
CN108690123B (zh) * 2018-06-21 2021-11-19 上海交通大学医学院 短肽在制备免疫调节药物中的应用
CN110540589B (zh) * 2019-01-08 2021-07-20 西南大学 一种多肽、多肽修饰的脂质载体及应用
CN112301029B (zh) * 2019-07-31 2023-02-24 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院 靶向调节miRNA的功能性小肽、其获得方法及其应用
CN111500579A (zh) * 2020-04-23 2020-08-07 九圣禾种业股份有限公司 棉花miR164a和NAC100L及其在调控植物黄萎病抗性中的应用
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US11858972B2 (en) 2018-03-15 2024-01-02 Fundació Privada Institut D'investigació Oncològica De Vall Hebron Micropeptides and uses thereof

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