US20200031884A1

US20200031884A1 - Micropeptides and use of same for modulating gene expression

Info

Publication number: US20200031884A1
Application number: US16/595,861
Authority: US
Inventors: Jean-Philippe COMBIER; Dominique LAURESSERGUES; Guillaume Becard; François PAYRE; Serge PLAZA; Jérôme CAVAILLE
Original assignee: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS; Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier
Current assignee: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS; Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier
Priority date: 2013-10-31
Filing date: 2019-10-08
Publication date: 2020-01-30
Also published as: RS58834B1; BR112016009697A2; EP3536804B1; EP4032985B1; HUE044944T2; DK3536804T3; ES2907768T3; CN105874083A; DK3063300T3; LT3063300T; EP3063300B1; JP2019170379A; EP3536804A1; CA2927427C; DK4032985T3; US20150121569A1; CN113430295A; WO2015063431A1; EP4032985A1; EP3063300A1

Abstract

Process for detecting and identifying micropeptides (miPEPs) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA and use thereof for modulating gene expression.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to micropeptides (peptides encoded by microRNAs or “miPEPs”) and use thereof for modulating gene expression.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, about 21 nucleotides in length after maturation, which control expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level, by degrading the target mRNA or by inhibiting its translation. The miRNAs occur in plants and animals.
The target genes are often key genes in developmental processes. For example they encode transcription factors or proteins of the proteasome.
The regulation of expression of the miRNAs is very poorly understood, but it is known in particular that the latter involves, like most coding genes, an RNA polymerase II: this enzyme produces a primary transcript, called “pri-miRNA”, which is then matured by a protein complex in particular containing the Dicer type enzymes. This maturation leads firstly to the formation of a precursor of miRNA called “pre-miRNA”, having a stem-loop secondary structure containing the miRNA and its complementary sequence miRNA*. Then the precursor is matured, which leads to formation of a shorter double-stranded RNA containing the miRNA and the miRNA*. The miRNA is then manipulated by the RISC complex, which cleaves the mRNA of the target gene or inhibits its translation.
Moreover, it has been shown that the presence of introns in the primary transcript of the microRNA increases the expression of the mature microRNA (Schwab et al., EMBO Rep., 14(7): 615-21, 2013). However, owing to experimental difficulties, the primary transcripts of microRNAs, or pri-miRNAs, have received very little study.
About 50% of eukaryotic genes have small open reading frames within their 5′UTR region (5′ UnTranslated Region) upstream of the coding sequence. These small open reading frames (or “uORFs” for upstream ORFs) may perform a role of translation regulator, mainly in cis, by modulating the fixation and the rate of the ribosomes on the mRNA, but also in trans by an as yet unknown mechanism, by means of peptides encoded by said uORFs (Combier et al., Gene Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008). By definition, the uORFS are present upstream of coding genes.
Recently, small ORFs have also been discovered in long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs), the putative function of which, if it exists, is not known (Ingolia et al., Cell, 147(4): 789-802, 2011; Guttman & Rinn, Nature, 482(7385): 339-46, 2012).
However, no example has yet been reported concerning the existence of ORFs encoding peptides within non-coding microRNAs. Until now, the microRNAs, and by extension their primary transcript, have always been regarded, based on their particular mode of action, as non-coding regulatory RNAs that do not produce any peptide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One of the aspects of the invention is to propose peptides capable of modulating the expression of microRNAs.
Another aspect of the invention is to propose a means for modulating the expression of one or more target genes of a microRNA.
The present invention offers the advantage of allowing easier and more effective control of the expression of genes targeted by the microRNAs, through a means other than the microRNA.
The invention thus relates to a process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA,
comprising:

- a) a step of detecting an open reading frame from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
- b) a step of comparison between:
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
  - in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
  - in the absence of said peptide,
    in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a micropeptide encoded by said open reading frame.

The invention relates in particular to a process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA,
comprising:

- a) a step of detecting an open reading frame from 15 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
- b) a step of comparison between:
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
  - in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
  - in the absence of said peptide,
    in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a micropeptide encoded by said open reading frame.

The invention relates in particular to a process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA,
comprising:
a) a step of detecting an open reading frame from 15 to 303 nucleotides in length, or of 12 nucleotides in length, contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
b) a step of comparison between:

- the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
- in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
- the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA, in the absence of said peptide,
  in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a micropeptide encoded by said open reading frame.

- a) a step of detecting an open reading frame of 12 nucleotides in length contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
- b) a step of comparison between:
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
  - in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
  - in the absence of said peptide,
    in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a micropeptide encoded by said open reading frame.

In a first step, the process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide therefore consists of detecting, on the primary transcript of a microRNA, the existence of an open reading frame potentially encoding a peptide.
For its part, the second step makes it possible to characterize said peptide, i.e. to determine whether said peptide corresponds to a peptide really produced in the cell, by searching for an effect of said peptide on the accumulation of said microRNA.
In order to demonstrate an effect of the peptide on the accumulation of the microRNA, a large quantity of peptide is introduced into a first cell expressing said microRNA. The accumulation of the microRNA in this first cell is then measured and compared with the accumulation of the microRNA in a second cell identical to the first, but not containing said peptide.
Observation of a variation of the quantities of microRNA between the cells in the presence and in the absence of the peptide thus indicates (i) that there is a peptide encoded on the primary transcript of said microRNA, (ii) that the sequence of this peptide is encoded by the open reading frame identified on the primary transcript of said microRNA, and (iii) that said peptide has an effect on the accumulation of said microRNA.
The invention is therefore based on the unexpected double observation made by the inventors that, on the one hand, there are open reading frames that are able to encode micropeptides present on the primary transcripts of microRNAs, and on the other hand that said micropeptides are capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNAs.
In particular, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA,
comprising:

- a) a step of detecting an open reading frame from 15 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
- b) a step of comparison between:
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing the primary transcript of said microRNA,
  - in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing the primary transcript of said microRNA,
  - in the absence of said peptide,
    in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a micropeptide encoded by said open reading frame.

In particular, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA,
comprising:

- a) a step of detecting an open reading frame from 15 to 303 nucleotides in length, or of 12 nucleotides in length, contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
- b) a step of comparison between:
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing the primary transcript of said microRNA,
  - in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing the primary transcript of said microRNA,
  - in the absence of said peptide,
    in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a micropeptide encoded by said open reading frame.

- a) a step of detecting an open reading frame of 12 nucleotides in length contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
- b) a step of comparison between:
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing the primary transcript of said microRNA,
  - in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing the primary transcript of said microRNA,
  - in the absence of said peptide,
    in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a micropeptide encoded by said open reading frame.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Effects of overexpression of MtmiR171b (miR171b identified in Medicago truncatula) on the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (A) or on the number of lateral roots (B) in M. truncatula.

(A) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b (left-hand columns), of HAM1 (middle columns) or of HAM2 (right-hand columns) in a control plant (white columns) or in a plant in which MtmiR171b is overexpressed (black columns). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10). The overexpression of MtmiR171b induces a decrease in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes.
(B) The y-axis indicates the mean number of lateral roots observed in a control plant (white column) or in a plant in which MtmiR171b is overexpressed (black column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=100). The overexpression of MtmiR171b leads to a reduction in the number of lateral roots.

FIG. 2. Effects of overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b and of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (A) or on the number of lateral roots (B) in M. truncatula.

(A) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiPEP171b1 (graph on left), miR171b (graph on right, left-hand columns), of HAM1 (accession No. MtGI9-TC114268) (graph on right, middle columns) or of HAM2 (accession No. MtGI9-TC120850) (graph on right, right-hand columns) in a control plant (white columns) or in a plant in which MtmiPEP171b1 is overexpressed (black columns). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10). The overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 induces an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b, as well as a decrease in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes.
(B) The y-axis indicates the mean number of lateral roots observed in a control plant (white column) or in a plant in which MtmiPEP171b1 is overexpressed (black column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=100). The overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 leads to a reduction in the number of lateral roots.

FIG. 3. Effects of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b and the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (A) and on the number of lateral roots (B) in M. truncatula.

(A) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b (left-hand columns), of HAM1 (middle columns) or of HAM2 (right-hand columns) in a control plant (white columns) or in a plant treated by watering once daily for 5 days with MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.01 μM (light grey columns), 0.1 μM (dark grey columns) or 1 μM (black columns). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10). Application of MtmiPEP171b1 at different concentrations induces an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b, as well as a decrease in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes.
(B) The y-axis indicates the mean number of lateral roots observed in a control plant (white column) or in a plant treated by watering with MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.1 μM once daily for 5 days (black column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=100). Application of MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.1 μM leads to a reduction in the number of lateral roots.
(C) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b (left-hand columns), of HAM1 (middle columns) or of HAM2 (right-hand columns) in a control plant (white columns) or in a plant treated by watering once daily for 5 days with MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.01 μM (grey columns), 0.1 μM (dark grey columns) or 1 μM (black columns) or with 0.01 μM of a scramble peptide (LIVSHLYSEKFDCMRKILRI, SEQ ID NO: 428) (light grey columns) the amino acid composition of which is identical to miPEP171b but the sequence of which is different. The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10).

FIG. 4. Effects of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of pre-MtmiR171b (A) and of MtmiR171b (B) in M. truncatula.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of the precursors of the different forms of the microRNA in control plants (left-hand column) or in plants treated by watering once daily for 5 days with MtmiPEP171b1 at 0.01 μM, 0.1 μM or 1 μM (right-hand columns). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=200). Application of MtmiPEP171b1 at different concentrations leads to an increase in the accumulation of pre-MtmiR171b (A) and of MtmiR171b (B).

FIG. 5. Effects of overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 (A) and effects of MtmiPEP171b1 (B) on the expression of different precursors of microRNAs in M. truncatula.

The y-axis indicates the ratio of the expression of the precursors of microRNAs in plants overexpressing MtmiPEP171b1 to the expression of these same precursors in control roots (A), or the ratio of the expression of the precursors of microRNAs in plants treated with MtmiPEP171b1 (0.1 μM) to the expression of these same precursors in control roots (B). The different precursors of microRNAs tested are indicated from left to right on the x-axis, namely pre-MtmiR171b (SEQ ID NO: 246), pre-MtmiR169 (SEQ ID NO: 359), pre-MtmiR169a (SEQ ID NO: 360), pre-MtmiR171a (SEQ ID NO: 361), pre-MtmiR171h (SEQ ID NO: 362), pre-MtmiR393a (SEQ ID NO: 363), pre-MtmiR393b (SEQ ID NO: 364), pre-MtmiR396a (SEQ ID NO: 365) and pre-MtmiR396b (SEQ ID NO: 366). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10). It is noted that MtmiPEP171b1 only leads to an effect on the accumulation of MtmiR171b and not on the other miRNAs.

FIG. 6. Effects of translation of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b in tobacco plants transformed in order to express pri-MtmiR171b (white column) or a mutated pri-MtmiR171b in which the codon ATG has been replaced with ATT (black column). The mutated pri-MtmiR171b is therefore incapable of producing MtmiPEP171b1. The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=30). It is noted that the absence of translation of MtmiPEP171b1 leads to a marked decrease in the accumulation of miR171b.

FIG. 7. Effects of overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of pre-MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of pre-MtmiR171b in tobacco plants that have been transformed in order to express MtmiR171b (left-hand column), MtmiR171b and MtmiPEP171b1 (middle column), or MtmiR171b and a mutated version of MtmiORF171b in which the start codon ATG has been replaced with ATT (right-hand column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=30). It is noted that the expression of MtmiPEP171b1 increases the expression of MtmiR171b, and this effect is dependent on the translation of MtmiORF171b to MtmiPEP171b1.

FIG. 8. Effects of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of pre-MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b in tobacco plants transformed in order to express MtmiR171b onto which MtmiPEP171b1 has been sprayed (0.1 μM) twice, 12 h and then 30 min before sampling (right-hand column) or not (left-hand column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=6). The peptide MtmiPEP171b1 applied by spraying induces an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b.

FIG. 9. Effects of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of pri-miR171b (A), pre-MtmiR171b (B) and MtmiR171b (C) demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of the precursors of the different forms of the microRNA in tobacco plants modified in order to express MtmiR171b (left-hand column) or modified in order to express MtmiR171b and overexpress MtmiPEP171b1 (right-hand columns, FIG. 9A) or treated with 0.1 μM of miPEP171b1 (FIGS. 9B and C). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=30). The overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 or application of miPEP171b1 increases the accumulation of pri-MtmiR171b (A), pre-MtmiR171b (B) and MtmiR171b (C).

FIG. 10. Localization of MtmiPEP171b1 in tobacco leaf cells that have been modified in order to express MtmiPEP171b1.

The photographs show tobacco leaf cells modified in order to express the protein GFP alone (left panel) or the protein GFP fused to MtmiPEP171b1 (right panel). These observations indicate that MtmiPEP171b is localized in small nuclear bodies.

FIG. 11. Effects of the expression of AtmiPEP165a (identified in Arabidopsis thaliana) on the expression of AtmiR165a (A), and of the expression of AtmiPEP319a2 (identified in Arabidopsis thaliana) on AtmiR319a (B), demonstrated in the model plant of tobacco.

(A) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR165a in tobacco plants modified in order to express AtmiR165a (left-hand column) or to express AtmiR165a and AtmiPEP165a (right-hand column).
(B) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR319a in tobacco plants modified in order to express AtmiR319a (left-hand column) or in order to express AtmiR319a and AtmiPEP319a (right-hand column).
The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=30). In both cases, it is noted that the expression of miORF, and therefore the production of miPEP, leads to an increase in the accumulation of pre-miRNA.

FIG. 12. Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP165a on root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The photograph shows two plants of the same age: a control plant (plant on the left) and a plant treated with AtmiPEP165a (plant on the right). The treatment with AtmiPEP165a leads to a phenotype with greatly accelerated root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. The graph shows the expression of pre-miR165 in response to treatment with increasing doses of AtmiPEP165a.

FIG. 13. Conservation of the sequence of miPEP8 identified in Drosophila.

The sequences of miPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 104) were deduced from the sequences of miORF8 (SEQ ID NO: 208) of 12 different Drosophila species and were aligned. A histogram shows the conservation of each amino acid between the sequences of miORF8 in the 12 species analysed.

FIG. 14. Evolution of the mass (kDa) and isoelectric point (pI) of miPEP8 in the Drosophila species.

The y-axis on the left indicates the size of the miPEP8 (in kD). The y-axis on the right indicates the isoelectric point of the miPEP. The x-axis indicates the origin of the miPEP, i.e. the Drosophila species. It is noted that despite a significant change in their size (by more than a factor of 3), the charge of the miPEPs is still very basic (>9.8) in the 12 species studied.

FIG. 15. Effect of the addition of sequences on the function of miPEP.

The tobacco leaves were transformed in order to overexpress miPEP171b. These graphs show that the addition of sequences (tag His, HA or GFP) does not alter the function of miPEP. The y-axis indicates the relative expression of pre-MtmiR171b in tobacco plants that have been transformed in order to express MtmiR171b (left-hand column), MtmiR171b and MtmiPEP171b1 with or without addition of protein tags (right-hand columns). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=6). It is noted that the expression of MtmiPEP171b1 increases the expression of MtmiR171b, and this effect is independent of the presence of tags.

FIG. 16. Expression of MtmiPEP171b1 in the root system of Medicago truncatula.

The roots of Medicago truncatula were transformed in order to express fusions between GUS protein (in blue) and the promoter of miR17b (A, E), the ATG of miPEP171b1 (B, F), whole miPEP171b1 (C, G) or ATG2 (second ATG located on the precursor, after miPEP) (D, H). It is clear that there is expression of miRNA in the root tips (A) as well as the lateral roots (E). The transcriptional (B, F) and translational (C, G) fusions show an expression of miPEP171b in the same tissues, whereas the next ATG is not active (D, H).

FIG. 17. Expression of DmmiPEP8 in cells of Drosophila melanogaster

The cells of Drosophila melanogaster were transfected in order to overexpress DmmiPEP8 (OE miPEP8) or miPEP8 of which the translation start codons have been mutated (OE miPEP8 mut). The y-axis indicates the relative expression of Pre-miR8. The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of independent experiments=6). It is noted that the expression of DmmiPEP8 increases the expression of DmmiR8, and this effect is linked to the translation of the mRNA.

FIG. 18. Impact of DmmiPEP8 on accumulation of DmmiR8 in cells of D. melanogaster

The cells of Drosophila melanogaster were transfected in order to overexpress wild-type DmmiR8 (OE miR8) or DmmiR8 the translation start codons of which have been mutated (OE miR8 miPEP8 mut). The y-axis indicates the relative expression of Pre-miR8. The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of independent experiments=2). It is noted that the presence of DmmiPEP8 increases the expression of DmmiR8.

FIG. 19. Impact of HsmiPEP155 on accumulation of HsmiR155 in cells of Homo sapiens

HeLa cells of Homo sapiens had been transfected in order to overexpress HsmiPEP155 (OE miPEP155). The y-axis indicates the relative expression of Pre-miR155. The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of independent experiments=2). It is noted that the expression of HsmiPEP155 increases the expression of HsmiR155.

FIG. 20. Effects of translation of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b in tobacco plants transformed in order to express pri-miR171b (left-hand column), a pri-miR171b in which the miORF171b has been deleted (middle column) or a mutated pri-miR171b in which the codon ATG has been replaced with ATT (right-hand column). The mutated pri-miR171b is therefore incapable of producing miPEP171b1. The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=30). It is noted that the absence of translation of miPEP171b1 leads to a marked decrease in the accumulation of miR171b.

FIG. 21. Effects of overexpression of MtmiPEP171b1 on the expression of MtmiR171b demonstrated in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171b in tobacco plants that had been transformed with a vector allowing the expression of miPEP171b and either a second empty vector (white column), or a vector allowing the expression of mtmiPEP171b (left black column), or a vector in which the codon ATG of the ORF encoding mtmiPEP171b has been replaced with ATT (middle black column), or a vector in which the nucleotide sequence of the ORF has been mutated without modifying the amino acid sequence of the translated peptide (miPEP encoded by a degenerate ORF) (right black column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=30). It is noted that the expression of MtmiPEP171b1 increases the expression of MtmiR171b, and this effect is dependent on the translation of MtmiORF171b to MtmiPEP171b1.

FIG. 22. Effects of AtmiPEP165a on accumulation of AtmiR165a and of its target genes (PHA VOL UTA: PHV, PHABOL USA: PHB and REVOL UTA: REV).

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR165a, PHV, PHB and REV in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana treated with water (control) or different concentrations of AtmiPEP165a (0.01 μM, 0.1 μM, 1 μM or 10 μM). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10).
The treatment of plants with higher and higher concentrations of AtmiPEP165a demonstrates a dose-dependent effect of the accumulation of AtmiR165a and the negative regulation of its target genes as a function of the quantity of AtmiPEP165a.

FIG. 23. Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP164a on the expression of AtmiR164a in A. thaliana.

The photographs show the results of a Northern blot analysis of the accumulation of AtmiR164a in roots treated with water (control, photograph on left) or with 0.1 μM of a synthetic peptide, having a sequence identical to that of AtmiPEP164a, dissolved in water (0.1 μM miPEP164a). The RNA U6 is used as loading control making it possible to quantify the quantity of AtmiR164a.
This experiment was repeated 4 times independently and led to similar results.
Treatment of shoots of A. thaliana with 0.1 μM of miPEP164a leads to an increase in the accumulation of miR164a.

FIG. 24. Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP164a on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana.

The photographs show two plants (top views and side views) after 3 weeks of growth: a control plant watered with water (A), and a plant watered with a composition of 0.1 μM of synthetic peptide corresponding to AtmiPEP164a (B). Watering plants of Arabidopsis thaliana with AtmiPEP164a increases plant growth significantly.

FIG. 25. Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP165a on the expression of AtmiR165a in A. thaliana.

The photographs show the results of a Northern blot analysis of the accumulation of AtmiR165a in roots treated with water (control, photograph on left) or with 0.1 μM of a synthetic peptide, having a sequence identical to that of AtmiPEP165a, dissolved in water (0.1 μM miPEP165a). The RNA U6 is used as loading control making it possible to quantify the quantity of AtmiR165a.
This experiment was repeated 4 times independently and led to similar results.
Treatment of A. thaliana shoots with 0.1 μM of miPEP165a leads to an increase in the accumulation of miR165a.

FIG. 26. Effects of overexpression of AtmiPEP319a1 on the expression of AtmiR319a in A. thaliana.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR319a in a control plant (left-hand column) or in a plant in which AtmiPEP319a1 is overexpressed (right-hand column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10). The overexpression of AtmiPEP319a1 induces an increase in the accumulation of AtmiR319a.

FIG. 27. Effects of treatment with AtmiPEP319a on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana.

The photographs show two plants (top views and side views) after 3 weeks of growth: a control plant watered with water (A), and a plant watered with a composition of 0.1 μM of synthetic peptide corresponding to AtmiPEP319a1 (B). Watering of the plants of Arabidopsis thaliana with AtmiPEP319a1 increases plant growth significantly.

FIG. 28. Immunolocalization.

The roots of Medicago truncatula were transformed in order to express fusions between the GUS protein (in blue) and the ATG of miPEP171b (Pro_miR171b-ATG1:GUS) or ATG2 (second ATG located on the precursor, after miPEP) (Pro_miR171b-ATG2:GUS). Labelling was also carried out with an anti-miPEP171b antibody (miPEP171b). Immunolocalization of miPEP171b in the roots of M. truncatula reveals the presence of miPEP171b in the lateral root initiation sites, showing a co-localization between the microRNA and the corresponding miPEP.

FIG. 29. Effects of the overexpression of AtmiPEP160b1 on the expression of AtmiR160b in A. thaliana.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR160b in a control plant (left-hand column) or in a plant in which AtmiPEP160b1 is overexpressed (right-hand column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10).
The overexpression of AtmiPEP160b1 induces an increase in the relative expression of AtmiR160b.

FIG. 30. Effects of AtmiPEP164a1 on the expression of AtmiR164a.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR164a in a control plant (left-hand column) or in a plant watered once a day with AtmiPEP164a1 at 0.1 μM (right-hand column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10).
The addition of AtmiPEP164a1 induces induces an increase in the relative expression of AtmiR164a.

FIG. 31. Effects of the overexpression of AtmiPEP319a1 on the expression of AtmiR319a in A. thaliana.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of AtmiR319a in a control plant (left-hand column) or in a plant in which AtmiPEP319a1 is overexpressed (right-hand column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10).
The overexpression of AtmiPEP319a1 induces an increase in the relative expression of AtmiR319a.

FIG. 32. Effects of MtmiPEP169d on the expression of MtmiR169d in M. truncatula.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR169d in a control plant (left-hand column) or in a plant watered once a day with MtmiPEP169d at 0.1 μM (right-hand column).
The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10). The addition of MtmiPEP169d induces an increase in the relative expression of MtmiR169d.

FIG. 33. Effects of the overexpression of MtmiPEP171e on the expression of MtmiR171e in M. truncatula.

The y-axis indicates the relative expression of MtmiR171e in a control plant (left-hand column) or in a plant in which MtmiPEP171e is overexpressed (right-hand column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10).
The overexpression of MtmiPEP171e induces an increase in the relative expression of MtmiR171e.

FIG. 34. Localization of the MtmiPEP171b1 in a wildtype plant M. truncatula.

Various amounts of synthetic peptides MtmiPEP171b1 (1, 0.5, or 0.1 nmol) and a total root extract from M. truncatula have been analysed by immunoblotting with an antibody specific for MtmiPEP171b1.
MtmiPEP171b1 is naturally produced in the roots of M. truncatula.

FIG. 35. Presence of AtmiPEP165a in a wildtype plant A. thaliana.

The upper picture corresponds to the western blotting analysis of the amount of AtmiPEP165a in a wildtype seeding plant of A. thaliana Col-0 (left-hand) and a seeding plant of A. thaliana overexpressing AtmiPEP165a (right-hand). The lower picture corresponds to the western blotting analysis of the amount of a control protein (tubulin) in a wildtype seeding plant of A. thaliana Col-0 (left-hand) and a seeding plant of A. thaliana overexpressing AtmiPEP165a (right-hand). AtmiPEP165a is naturally produced in A. thaliana and is present in larger amounts in plants overexpressing AtmiPEP165a.

FIG. 36. Action of AtmiPEP165a in A. thaliana.

(A) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of pri-miR165a in control roots (left-hand column) or watered once a day with AtmiPEP165a at 10 μM (right-hand column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=10).
The addition of AtmiPEP165a induces an increase in the relative expression of AtmiR165a.
(B) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of pri-miR165a, in the presence of cordycepin (inhitor of the RNA synthesis), in control roots (grey curve) or watered once a day with with AtmiPEP165a at 10 μM (black curve). The x-axis indicates the duration of the treatment with cordycepin.
The addition of AtmiPEP165a does not induce a better stability of pri-miR165a.
(C) The y-axis indicates the relative expression of pri-miR165a, in wildtype plants (Col-0) or in plants mutated with a low allele of the second large subunit of RNA polymerase II (nrpb2-3). The x-axis indicates if the plants have been watered with water or with AtmiPEP165a at 10 at 10 μM.
Mutated plants, unlike wildtype plants, are not capable of accumulating AtmiR165a in response to AtmiPEP165a.

FIG. 37. Effects of the pri-miR171b on the number of lateral roots in M. truncatula.

The y-axis indicates the mean number of lateral roots observed in a control plant (white column) or in a plant in which the pri-miR171b is overexpressed (black column). The error bar corresponds to the standard error of the mean (number of individuals=100).
The overexpression of pri-miR171b induces a decrease in the number of lateral roots.

FIG. 38. Translatability of DmmiPEP8 in Drosophila melanogaster cells

Some Drosophila melanogaster cells have been transfected to overexpress DmmiPEP8 (miPEP8::GFP) or DmmiPEPmt (of which start codons have been mutated (miPEP8 mt::GFP). As a transfection control, a plasmid producing moesin-RFP protein (lower picture) has been co-transfected with the plasmids encoding DmmiPEP8 (left-hand picture) and DmmiPEP8 mt (right-hand picture). It is observed that the start codons of the DmmiPEP8 sequence are functional because they allow the synthesis of GFP (top left picture) whereas the constructions with mutated ATGs do not produce hardly any GFP (top right picture).
Thus, these results suggest that the ORF of the miPEP is functional.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the invention, the terms “microRNA”, “non-coding microRNA” and “miRNA” are equivalent and may be used interchangeably. They define small molecules of RNA of about 21 nucleotides, which are not translated and do not lead to a peptide or a protein.
However, in this mature form, the microRNAs perform a function of regulation of certain genes via post-transcriptional mechanisms, for example by means of the RISC complex.
The primary transcript of the microRNA or “pri-miRNA” corresponds to the RNA molecule obtained directly from transcription of the DNA molecule. Generally, this primary transcript undergoes one or more post-transcriptional modifications, involving for example a particular structure of the RNA or cleavage of certain portions of the RNA by splicing phenomena, and which lead to the precursor form of the microRNA or “pre-miRNA”, then to the mature form of the microRNA or “miRNA”.
The terms “micropeptides” and “miPEPs” (microRNA encoded PEPtides) are equivalent and may be used interchangeably. They define a peptide that is encoded by an open reading frame present on the primary transcript of a microRNA, and which is capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA.
The micropeptides within the meaning of the present invention are not to be understood as necessarily being small peptides, as “micro” does not correspond to the size of the peptide. According to the invention, a miPEP can also be considered as a transcription modulator, and in particular a transcription activator. Such a transcription modulator can operate at the transcription level to modulate the accumulation of pri-miR, pre-miR and miR.
Taking into account the degeneracy of the genetic code, one and the same micropeptide may be encoded by several nucleotide sequences. Nucleotide sequences of this kind, differing from one another by at least one nucleotide but encoding one and the same peptide, are called “degenerate sequences”.
The terms “open reading frame” or “ORF” are equivalent and may be used interchangeably. They correspond to a nucleotide sequence in a DNA or RNA molecule that may potentially encode a peptide or a protein: said open reading frame begins with a start codon (the start codon generally encoding a methionine), followed by a series of codons (each codon encoding an amino acid), and ends with a stop codon (the stop codon not being translated).
In the invention, the ORFs may be called specifically “miORFs” when they are present on the primary transcripts of microRNA.
The miORFs as defined in the particular invention may have a size from 12 to 303 nucleotides and may encode peptides from 3 to 100 amino acids.
In particular, the miORFs as defined in the invention may have a size from 15 to 303 nucleotides. As an amino acid is encoded by a codon of 3 nucleotides, the miORFs from 15 to 303 nucleotides encode miPEPS from 4 to 100 amino acids.
In particular, the miORFs have a size of:
15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 47, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 105, 108, 111, 114, 117, 120, 123, 126, 129, 132, 135, 138, 141, 144, 147, 150, 153, 156, 159, 162, 165, 168, 171, 174, 177, 180, 183, 186, 189, 192, 195, 198, 201, 204, 207, 210, 213, 216, 219, 222, 225, 228, 231, 234, 237, 240, 243, 246, 249, 252, 255, 258, 261, 264, 267, 270, 273, 276, 279, 282, 285, 288, 291, 294, 297, 300 or 303 nucleotides, and encode respectively miPEPs having a size of:
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 amino acids.
In the invention, “accumulation” means the production of a molecule, such as a microRNA or a micropeptide, in the cell.
Thus, “modulation” of the accumulation of a molecule in a cell corresponds to a modification of the quantity of this molecule present in the cell.
Moreover, the effect of a miPEP can be observed through the modulation of the accumulation of the miR, but also through the modulation of the accumulation of the corresponding pri-miR or pre-miR.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA is a decrease or an increase in the accumulation of said microRNA, in particular an increase.
A “decrease in the accumulation” corresponds to a decrease in the quantity of said molecule in the cell.
Conversely, an “increase in the accumulation” corresponds to an increase in the quantity of said molecule in the cell.
In an advantageous embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA is an increase in the accumulation of said microRNA.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the presence of said peptide in the cell results from:

- the introduction of a nucleic acid encoding said peptide into the cell, or
- the introduction of said peptide into the cell.

In order to characterize a miPEP, it is necessary to have a cellular model expressing a microRNA in which said peptide to be tested is present. For this, it is possible to introduce a peptide into the cell, either by bringing the cell into contact with said peptide, or by introducing a nucleic acid encoding said peptide into the cell, and this nucleic acid will then be translated into peptide within the cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said open reading frame in step a) is contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of said primary transcript of the microRNA, preferably in the 5′ portion.
The 5′ or 3′ portions of the primary transcript of the microRNA correspond to the terminal portions of the RNA molecule that are cleaved during maturation of the microRNA.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said microRNA is present in a wild-type plant cell.
In the invention, a wild-type plant cell corresponds to a plant cell that has not been genetically modified by humans.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said microRNA is present in a wild-type animal cell, and in particular a wild-type human cell or a wild-type Drosophila cell.
In the invention, a wild-type animal cell corresponds to an animal cell, and in particular a human cell, that has not been modified genetically by humans.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said specified eukaryotic cell and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b, are plant cells of a cruciferous plant such as Arabidopsis thaliana, of a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or of a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said specified eukaryotic cell and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b, are plant cells, preferably cells of Medicago truncatula, Nicotiana benthamiana or Arabidopsis thaliana.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said specified eukaryotic cell and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b, are animal cells, preferably human cells or Drosophila cells.
In the process for detecting and identifying a micropeptide as defined above, after identifying an ORF that is able to encode a peptide on the primary transcript of a microRNA, it is necessary to have a cellular model having said microRNA and said peptide, so as to be able to demonstrate a possible effect of the peptide on said microRNA. Two options are therefore conceivable:

- the cellular model in which the miORF has been identified and that in which the effect of the peptide on the miRNA has been demonstrated are identical, or
- the cellular model in which the miORF has been identified and that in which the effect of the peptide on the miRNA has been demonstrated are different.

In the first option, the cellular model used for observing an effect of the peptide is the same as that in which the primary transcript of said microRNA was isolated. In this cellular model, the specified eukaryotic cells contain said microRNA naturally and only the peptide to be tested has to be introduced into these cells. In this context, said microRNA is qualified as “of endogenous origin” as it exists naturally in the cells. Nevertheless, other copies of a microRNA of endogenous origin may be added to a cell, for example by introducing a vector encoding said microRNA of endogenous origin into the cell.
In the second option, the cellular model used for observing an effect of the peptide is different from that in which the primary transcript of said microRNA was isolated. In this cellular model, the specified eukaryotic cells contain neither the microRNA, nor the peptide to be tested. These two elements must therefore be introduced into these cells. In this context, said microRNA is qualified as “of exogenous origin” as it does not exist naturally in the cells.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which said microRNA is of endogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell and in said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above in which said microRNA is of exogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell and in said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b), said eukaryotic cells containing a vector allowing the expression of said microRNA.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the accumulation of said microRNA is determined using quantitative RT-PCR or Northern blot.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a miPEP as defined above, in which the accumulation of said microRNA is determined using a DNA or RNA chip.
The accumulation of said microRNA may be determined using the techniques of molecular biology for assaying specific nucleic acid molecules.
In another aspect, the invention also relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA in which the sequence of the primary transcript contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a miPEP, comprising:

- a) a step of detecting an open reading frame from 15 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
- b) a step of comparison between:
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
  - in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell, of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing said microRNA,
  - in the absence of said peptide,
    in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a microRNA the primary transcript of which contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a micropeptide.

In particular, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA in which the sequence of the primary transcript contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a miPEP,
comprising:

- a) a step of detecting an open reading frame from 15 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of said microRNA, then
- b) a step of comparison between:
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a specified eukaryotic cell expressing the primary transcript of said microRNA,
  - in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of said open reading frame, said peptide being present in the cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of said microRNA, and
  - the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell, of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell expressing the primary transcript of said microRNA,
  - in the absence of said peptide,
    in which a modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA in the presence of said peptide relative to the accumulation of said microRNA in the absence of said peptide indicates the existence of a microRNA the primary transcript of which contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a micropeptide.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which the modulation of the accumulation of said microRNA is a decrease or an increase in the accumulation of said microRNA, in particular an increase.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which the presence of said peptide in the cell results from:

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said open reading frame in step a) is contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of said primary transcript of the microRNA, preferably in the 5′ portion.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said microRNA is present in a wild-type plant cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said microRNA is present in a wild-type animal cell, and in particular a wild-type human cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said eukaryotic cell, and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b) are plant cells, preferably cells of Medicago truncatula.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said eukaryotic cell, and said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b) are animal cells, preferably Drosophila cells.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which said microRNA is of endogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell and in said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above in which said microRNA is of exogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell and in said eukaryotic cell of the same type as the aforesaid specified eukaryotic cell, used in step b), said eukaryotic cells containing a vector allowing the expression of said microRNA.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which the accumulation of said microRNA is determined using quantitative RT-PCR or Northern blot.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for detecting and identifying a microRNA as defined above, in which the accumulation of said microRNA is determined using a DNA or RNA chip.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a miPEP as obtained by implementing the process as defined above.
More particularly, the invention relates to a miPEP encoded by a nucleotide sequence as obtained by implementing the process as defined above. In other words, the invention relates to a miPEP encoded by a nucleotide sequence detected and identified by implementing the process as defined above.
Another aspect of the invention also relates to a miPEP of 3 to 100 amino acids, in particular of 4 to 100 amino acids, in particular of 4 to 60 amino acids, preferably of 4 to amino acids, encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
Another aspect of the invention also relates to a miPEP of 4 to 100 amino acids, or of 3 amino acids, encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
Another aspect of the invention also relates to a miPEP of 3 amino acids encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
In particular, the miPEP as defined in the invention is encoded by a miORF of 15 to 303 nucleotides and has a size of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 amino acids, in particular 5, 8, 10, 18, 19, 23, 37, 50 or 59 amino acids.
In particular, the miPEP of the invention has a size in the range from 4 to 10 amino acids, 4 to 20 amino acids, 4 to 30 amino acids, 4 to 40 amino acids, 4 to 50 amino acids, 4 to 60 amino acids, 4 to 70 amino acids, 4 to 80 amino acids, 4 to 90 amino acids, or 4 to 100 amino acids.
Moreover, it should be noted that several miORFS may be identified on the primary transcript of a microRNA, indicating that a primary transcript of microRNA may potentially encode several miPEPs.
It should also be noted that the effect of a miPEP is generally specific to a single microRNA, namely that resulting from the primary transcript encoding said miPEP.
The modulation of the microRNA by said miPEP may be demonstrated after observing a variation in quantities of microRNA between the cells in the presence and in the absence of the miPEP.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said nucleotide sequence being contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of said primary transcript of a microRNA, preferably in the 5′ portion.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said nucleotide sequence corresponding to the first open reading frame present on said primary transcript of a microRNA.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said miPEP having a basic isoelectric point, preferably above 8.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said miPEP having an acidic isoelectric point.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said miPEP being selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386, and SEQ ID NO: 355 (Table 1).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said miPEP being selected from the group of peptides consisting of:

- SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 104 and SEQ ID NO: 355,
- SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386, or
- SEQ ID NO: 424.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, consisting of the amino acid sequence MVT.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a miPEP as defined above, said miPEP being labelled.
Without restriction, a labeled peptide may be obtained by fusing said peptide to another peptide sequence, to a fluorescent marker (GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC, LacZ . . . ), to a signal sequence (allowing the addressing of the peptide), to a Tag sequence (allowing purification of miPEP) or to a radioactive isotope (I¹²⁵, P³², . . . ).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a labelled miPEP as defined above, said labelled miPEP being selected from the group of peptides consisting of:

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled AtmiPEP164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 24), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled AtmiPEP165a (SEQ ID NO: 43), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled AtmiPEP319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 76), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled AtmiPEP319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 77), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled AtmiPEP160b1 (SEQ ID NO: 14), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled MtmiPEP169d (SEQ ID NO: 424), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled MtmiPEP171e (SEQ ID NO: 63), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled DmmiPEP1a (SEQ ID NO: 102), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled DmmiPEP1b (SEQ ID NO: 103), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled DmmiPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 104), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the labelled HsmiPEP155 (SEQ ID NO: 355), preferably labelled by a fluorescent marker such as GUS, GFP, FAM, FITC or LacZ.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a miPEP as defined above.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule as defined above, said molecule being selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of SEQ ID NO: 105 to SEQ ID NO 208, SEQ ID NO: 387 to SEQ ID NO: 399 and SEQ ID NO: 356 (Table 2).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule as defined above, said molecule being selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of:

- SEQ ID NO: 105 to SEQ ID NO: 208 and SEQ ID NO: 356,
- SEQ ID NO: 387 to SEQ ID NO: 399, or
- SEQ ID NO: 425.

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 163) contained in the primary transcript of miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319), said MtmiPEP171b1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR171b in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to AtmiPEP164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 24) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 128) contained in the primary transcript of miR164a (SEQ ID NO: 297), said AtmiPEP164a1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR164a in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to AtmiPEP165a (SEQ ID NO: 43) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 147) contained in the primary transcript of miR165a (SEQ ID NO: 305), said miPEP165a being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR165a in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to AtmiPEP319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 76) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 180) contained in the primary transcript of miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331), said AtmiPEP319a1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR319a in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to AtmiPEP319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 77) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 181) contained in the primary transcript of miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331), said AtmiPEP319a2 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR319a in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to AtmiPEP160b1 (SEQ ID NO: 14) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 118) contained in the primary transcript of miR160b (SEQ ID NO: 291), said AtmiPEP160b1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR160b in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to MtmiPEP169d (SEQ ID NO: 424) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 425) contained in the primary transcript of miR169d (SEQ ID NO: 427), said MtmiPEP169d being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR169d in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to MtmiPEP171e (SEQ ID NO: 63) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 167) contained in the primary transcript of miR171e (SEQ ID NO: 322), said MtmiPEP171e being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR171e in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to DmmiPEP1a (SEQ ID NO: 102) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 206) contained in the primary transcript of miR1 (SEQ ID NO: 353), said dmmiPEP1a being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR1 in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to DmmiPEP1b (SEQ ID NO: 103) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 207) contained in the primary transcript of miR1 (SEQ ID NO: 353), said dmmiPEP1b being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR1 in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to dmmiPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 104) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 208) contained in the primary transcript of miR8 (SEQ ID NO: 354), said dmmiPEP8 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR8 in a eukaryotic cell.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to HsmiPEP155 (SEQ ID NO: 355) encoded by the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 356) contained in the primary transcript of miR155 (SEQ ID NO: 358), said HsmiPEP155 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR155 in a eukaryotic cell.
In another aspect, the invention relates to an isolated peptide, or an isolated and purified peptide, or a synthetic peptide or a recombinant peptide, comprising or consisting of a sequence identical to that of a miPEP, said miPEP in particular being present naturally in a plant, or in an animal, such as humans.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a vector comprising at least one nucleic acid molecule as defined above.
In another aspect, the invention also relates to the use of at least:

- a miPEP as defined above,
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid,
  for modulating the expression of at least one gene in a specified eukaryotic cell,
  said specified eukaryotic cell being capable of expressing a microRNA, the primary transcript of which contains at least one nucleotide sequence encoding said at least one miPEP and the accumulation of which is modulated by said at least one miPEP,
  the expression of said at least one gene being regulated by said microRNA.

In another aspect, the invention also relates to the use of at least:

- a miPEP of 4 to 100 amino acids, preferably of 4 to 40 amino acids, encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell,
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid,
  for modulating the expression of at least one gene in a specified eukaryotic cell,
  said specified eukaryotic cell being capable of expressing a microRNA, the primary transcript of which contains at least one nucleotide sequence encoding said at least one miPEP and the accumulation of which is modulated by said at least one miPEP,
  the expression of said at least one gene being regulated by said microRNA.

In another aspect, the invention also relates to the use of at least:

- a miPEP of 4 to 100 amino acids, or of 3 amino acids, encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell,
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid,
  for modulating the expression of at least one gene in a specified eukaryotic cell,
  said specified eukaryotic cell being capable of expressing a microRNA, the primary transcript of which contains at least one nucleotide sequence encoding said at least one miPEP and the accumulation of which is modulated by said at least one miPEP,
  the expression of said at least one gene being regulated by said microRNA.

In another aspect, the invention also relates to the use of at least:

- a miPEP of 3 amino acids, encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA in a eukaryotic cell,
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid,
  for modulating the expression of at least one gene in a specified eukaryotic cell,
  said specified eukaryotic cell being capable of expressing a microRNA, the primary transcript of which contains at least one nucleotide sequence encoding said at least one miPEP and the accumulation of which is modulated by said at least one miPEP,
  the expression of said at least one gene being regulated by said microRNA.

The invention is based on the surprising observation made by the inventors that it is possible to modulate the expression of one or more target genes of one and the same microRNA by modulating the accumulation of said microRNA using a miPEP.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is a plant cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is a plant cell of a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana, of a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or of a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is an animal cell, in particular human.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is an animal cell, in particular human, said miPEP not being used for surgical or therapeutic treatment of the human body or animal body, nor for modifying the genetic identity of a human being.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said specified eukaryotic cell is an animal cell, said miPEP being used for surgical or therapeutic treatment of the human body or animal body.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA and said gene are of endogenous origin in said specified eukaryotic cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA and said gene are of exogenous origin in said specified eukaryotic cell, said specified eukaryotic cell containing at least one vector allowing the expression of said microRNA and of said gene.
In the invention, the expressions “of endogenous origin” and “of exogenous origin” are used for distinguishing said microRNAs and/or the genes of different species, in view of the conservation of the sequences between species.
Thus, the term “of endogenous origin” indicates that the microRNA and/or gene may be present naturally in the cell in question. Other copies of the microRNA and/or of the gene of endogenous origin may nevertheless be added artificially to the cell in question, for example by cloning.
Conversely, the term “of exogenous origin” indicates that the microRNA and/or the gene are never present naturally in the cell in question. It is a microRNA and/or a gene identified in another cellular type or in an organism of another species; this microRNA and/or this gene are therefore necessarily introduced artificially into the cell in question.
In the invention, a genetically transformed cell may therefore contain 2 groups of microRNAs and/or of genes potentially similar in terms of sequence, one of endogenous origin and the other of exogenous origin.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which the primary transcript of the miRNA and said gene are of exogenous origin in said specified eukaryotic cell, said specified eukaryotic cell containing at least one vector allowing the expression of the primary transcript of the microRNA.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which the primary transcript of the miRNA is encoded by a vector introduced into the cell artificially.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386 and SEQ ID NO: 355 (Table 1).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from the group of peptides consisting of:

In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59), AtmiPEP164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 24), AtmiPEP165a (SEQ ID NO: 43), AtmiPEP319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 76) and AtmiPEP319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 77).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59), AtmiPEP164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 24), AtmiPEP165a (SEQ ID NO: 43), AtmiPEP319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 76), AtmiPEP319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 77), AtmiPEP160b1 (SEQ ID NO: 14), MtmiPEP171e (SEQ ID NO: 63) and MtmiPEP169d (SEQ ID NO: 424). In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from DmmiPEP1a (SEQ ID NO: 102), DmmiPEP1b (SEQ ID NO: 103) and DmmiPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 104).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said miPEP is HsmiPEP155a (SEQ ID NO: 355).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of SEQ ID NO: 105 to SEQ ID NO: 208 and SEQ ID NO: 356 (Table 2).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of:

In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from miORF171b (SEQ ID NO: 163), miORF164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 128), miORF165a (SEQ ID NO: 147), miORF319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 180) and miORF319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 181).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from miORF171b (SEQ ID NO: 163), miORF164a1 (SEQ ID NO: 128), miORF165a (SEQ ID NO: 147), miORF319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 180), miORF319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 181), miORF160b1 (SEQ ID NO: 118), miORF169d (SEQ ID NO: 425) and miORF171e (SEQ ID NO: 167).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from miORF1a (SEQ ID NO: 206), miORF1b (SEQ ID NO: 207) and miORF8 (SEQ ID NO: 208).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said nucleic acid is selected from miORF155 (SEQ ID NO: 356).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of SEQ ID NO: 282 to SEQ ID NO: 354 and SEQ ID NO: 358.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from the group of nucleic acids consisting of:

- SEQ ID NO: 282 to SEQ ID NO: 354 and SEQ ID NO: 358,
- SEQ ID NO: 412 to SEQ ID NO: 423, or
- SEQ ID NO: 427.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319), miR165a (SEQ ID NO: 305) and miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319), miR164a (SEQ ID NO: 297), miR165a (SEQ ID NO: 305), miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331), miR160b (SEQ ID NO: 291), miR171e (SEQ ID NO: 322) and miR169d (SEQ ID NO: 427).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from miR1a (SEQ ID NO: 353) and miR8 (SEQ ID NO: 354).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above in which said microRNA is selected from miR155 (SEQ ID NO: 358).
In another aspect, the invention relates in particular to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by a microRNA in a eukaryotic cell,
comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of a miPEP in said eukaryotic cell,

- said miPEP having:
  - a size from 3 to 100 amino acids, preferably 4 to 20 amino acids, and
  - a peptide sequence identical to that encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA regulating the expression of said gene, and
  - being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA,
    in which the accumulation of said miPEP in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said miPEP.

In another aspect, the invention relates in particular to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by a microRNA in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of a miPEP in said eukaryotic cell,

- said miPEP having:
  - a size from 4 to 100 amino acids, or of 3 amino acids, and
  - a peptide sequence identical to that encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA regulating the expression of said gene, and
  - being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA,
    in which the accumulation of said miPEP in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said miPEP.

- said miPEP having:
  - a size of 3 amino acids, and
  - a peptide sequence identical to that encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA regulating the expression of said gene, and
  - being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA,
    in which the accumulation of said miPEP in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said miPEP.

In particular, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by a microRNA in a eukaryotic cell,
comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of a miPEP in said eukaryotic cell,

- said miPEP having:
  - a size from 4 to 100 amino acids, preferably 4 to 20 amino acids, and
  - a peptide sequence identical to that encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA regulating the expression of said gene, and
  - being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA,
    in which the accumulation of said miPEP in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said miPEP.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above, in which the accumulation of said miPEP in the cell results from:

- introduction of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP into the cell, or
- introduction of said miPEP into the cell.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said eukaryotic cell is a plant cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said eukaryotic cell is an animal cell and in particular a human cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said eukaryotic cell is an animal cell and in particular a human cell, said process not being used for surgical or therapeutic treatment of the human body or animal body, nor for modifying the genetic identity of a human being.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said microRNA and said gene are of endogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said microRNA and said gene are of exogenous origin in said eukaryotic cell, said eukaryotic cell containing at least one vector allowing the expression of said microRNA and of said gene.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386 and SEQ ID NO: 355.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from the group of peptides consisting of:

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said MtmiPEP171b1 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said MtmiPEP171b1.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR171b (SEQ ID NO: 319) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of MtmiPEP171b1 (SEQ ID NO: 59) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said MtmiPEP171b1 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said MtmiPEP171b1,
in which said gene is selected from the genes HAM1 (accession No. MtGI9-TC114268) and HAM2 (accession No. MtGI9-TC120850) (accession numbers according to the database Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas “MtGEA”).
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR164a (SEQ ID NO: 297) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP165a1 (SEQ ID NO: 24) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP164a1 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP164a1.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR165a (SEQ ID NO: 305) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP165a (SEQ ID NO: 43) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP165a in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP165a.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP319a1 (SEQ ID NO: 76) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP319a1 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP319a1.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR319a (SEQ ID NO: 331) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP319a2 (SEQ ID NO: 77) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP319a2 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP319a2.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR160b (SEQ ID NO: 291) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of AtmiPEP160b1 (SEQ ID NO: 14) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said AtmiPEP160b1 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said AtmiPEP160b1.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR169d (SEQ ID NO: 427) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of MtmiPEP169d (SEQ ID NO: 424) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said MtmiPEP169d in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said MtmiPEP169d.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR171e (SEQ ID NO: 322) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of MtmiPEP171e (SEQ ID NO: 63) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said MtmiPEP171e in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said MtmiPEP171e.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR1 (SEQ ID NO: 353) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of DmmiPEP1a (SEQ ID NO: 102) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said DmmiPEP1a in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said DmmiPEP1a.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR1 (SEQ ID NO: 353) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of DmmiPEP1b (SEQ ID NO: 103) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said DmmiPEP1b in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said DmmiPEP1b.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR8 (SEQ ID NO: 354) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of DmmiPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 104) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said DmmiPEP8 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said DmmiPEP8.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a process for modulating the expression of a gene regulated by miR155 (SEQ ID NO: 358) in a eukaryotic cell, comprising carrying out a step of accumulation of hsmiPEP155 (SEQ ID NO: 355) in said eukaryotic cell,
in which the accumulation of said hsmiPEP155 in said eukaryotic cell induces a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to the expression of said gene without accumulation of said hsmiPEP155.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell containing a peptide identical to a miPEP as defined above, said peptide being present in said eukaryotic cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of the microRNA bearing the nucleotide sequence encoding said miPEP.
In the invention, by the term “modified eukaryotic cell” is meant that said eukaryotic cell contains a miPEP introduced into the cell artificially, whether as a peptide, or via a vector encoding said miPEP.
In addition to a miPEP introduced artificially in the cell, a modified eukaryotic cell according to the invention also contains at least one nucleic acid corresponding to the miORF encoding said miPEP.
In addition to a miPEP introduced artificially in the cell and of the miORF, a modified eukaryotic cell according to the invention also contains at least one miR, the primary transcript of which contains said miORF.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said microRNA is of endogenous origin.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above in which said microRNA is of exogenous origin, said modified eukaryotic cell containing a vector allowing the expression of said microRNA.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, said cell being a plant cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said plant cell is a cell of Medicago truncatula or of Arabidopsis thaliana, and said peptide is selected from the group of peptides consisting of:

- SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 101,
- SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386, or
- SEQ ID NO: 424.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said plant cell is a cell of Medicago truncatula or of Arabidopsis thaliana, and said peptide is selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 59 and SEQ ID NO: 77.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said plant cell is a cell of Medicago truncatula or of Arabidopsis thaliana, and said peptide is selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 59, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 76, SEQ ID NO: 77, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 424 and SEQ ID NO: 63.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, said cell being an animal cell.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said animal cell is a Drosophila cell and said peptide is selected from the group of peptides consisting of SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 103 and SEQ ID NO: 104.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a modified eukaryotic cell as defined above, in which said animal cell is a human cell and said peptide consists of SEQ ID NO: 355.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a plant comprising at least one modified eukaryotic cell as defined above.
In another aspect, the invention also relates to a non-human animal organism comprising at least one modified eukaryotic cell as defined above.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising at least:

- a miPEP as defined above,
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising at least one miPEP selected from the group consisting of:

In another aspect, the invention relates to a pesticide composition comprising at least:

In another aspect, the invention relates to a phytopharmaceutical composition comprising at least:

In another aspect, the invention relates to an elicitor composition comprising at least:

“Elicitor composition” denotes a composition capable of endowing the plant with better capacity for symbiosis or better resistance to different stresses whether they are of the nature of thermal stress, water stress or chemical stress.
For this purpose, the invention also relates to compositions acting on the growth (inhibition of growth or conversely growth promotion) and the physiology (better capacity for mycorrhization, nodule formation, better tolerance of different stresses) of the plant.
In particular, the invention relates to compositions for promoting plant growth.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a herbicide composition comprising at least:

In another aspect, the invention relates to an insecticide composition comprising at least:

In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP164a as active ingredient, said miPEP164a preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP319a as active ingredient, said miPEP319a preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP171b as active ingredient, said miPEP171b preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 59.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP165a as active ingredient, said miPEP165a preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 43.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP319a2 as active ingredient, said miPEP319a2 preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 77.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP160b1 as active ingredient, said miPEP160b1 preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP169d as active ingredient, said miPEP169d preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 424.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition, in particular a phytosanitary composition, comprising miPEP171e as active ingredient, said miPEP171e preferably consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63. The solubility properties of the miPEPs are in particular determined by their amino acid composition. The hydrophilic miPEPs can be dissolved and packaged in aqueous solutions, such as water. The hydrophobic miPEPs can be dissolved and packaged in solvents, such as organic solvents.
For treatment of plants with the miPEPS, the organic solvents are solvents that are non-toxic to the plants in small quantities, i.e. they do not have any harmful effect on the development of the plant. Non-limitatively, the organic solvents may be selected from acetonitrile and acetic acid.
The miPEPs can also be dissolved and packaged in mixtures of organic solvents, such as for example a mixture of acetonitrile and acetic acid. In particular, the miPEPs may be dissolved in a solution comprising 50% acetonitrile, 10% acetic acid and 40% water (volume/volume/volume).
Preferably, miPEPs 164a and 165a are dissolved in water, and miPEPs 171b and 319a are dissolved in a solution comprising 50% acetonitrile, 10% acetic acid and 40% water (volume/volume/volume).
Non-limitatively, the compositions, the pesticide compositions, the phytopharmaceutical compositions, the herbicide compositions and the insecticide compositions as defined above may comprise 10⁻⁹M to 10⁻⁴M of miPEP, in particular 10⁻⁹M, 10⁻⁸M, 10⁻⁷M, 10⁻⁶M, 10⁻⁵M or 10⁻⁴M of miPEP.
Compositions of higher or lower concentration may also be provided depending on the applications envisaged. For example, compositions comprising 10⁻¹M to 10⁻³M of miPEP, in particular 10⁻¹M, 10⁻²M or 10⁻³M of miPEP, may be envisaged in the case where the miPEP has to be administered to the plant by spreading.
In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as a herbicide for eradicating plants or slowing their growth, preferably as a herbicide specific to a species or to a genus of plants.
In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as a phytopharmaceutical agent,

- for promoting the growth and/or development of plants,
  in particular for modulating the physiological parameters of a plant, in particular the biomass, foliar surface area, flowering, fruit size, production and/or selection of plant seeds, in particular for controlling the parthenocarpy or the monoecism of a plant, or for modifying the physiological parameters of plant seeds, in particular germination, establishment of the root system and resistance to water stress,
- or for preventing or treating plant diseases,
  in particular for promoting resistance to infectious diseases.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for modulating the physiological parameters of a plant, in particular biomass, foliar surface area, or fruit size.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for thinning of orchards in order to increase fruit size.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for production and/or selection of plant seeds, said composition being used for controlling the parthenocarpy or the monoecism of a plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, said composition being administered to said plant via the leaves or via the roots.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for production and/or selection of plant seeds.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, in which said composition is used for modifying the physiological parameters of said plant seeds, in particular establishment of the root system, germination and resistance to water stress.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, in which said composition is applied by coating or film-coating of said plant seeds.
In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as a pesticide, for eradicating organisms that are harmful to plants or that might be classified as such,
in particular as insecticide, arachnicide, molluscicide or rodenticide.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as insecticide.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for eradicating insect pests.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, for eradicating animal species classified as harmful or liable to be classified as such, in particular the Muridae, in particular the rat.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, as pesticide for eradicating organisms harmful to plants or liable to be classified as such,
in particular as insecticide, arachnicide, molluscicide, or rodenticide,
in particular by application of said composition to a plant or to a support in contact with the plant.
In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a composition as defined above, in which said composition is applied to a plant to protect it against insect pests.
In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a peptide for promoting the growth of a plant, said peptide being introduced into the plant, said peptide having an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of a sequence identical to that of a miPEP naturally present in said plant,
said miPEP naturally present in said plant being a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located on the primary transcript of a miRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miRNA in said plant, said miRNA regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers.
The inventors have surprisingly found that the use of peptides the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of miPEPs encoded on the primary transcripts of miRNAs makes it possible to promote the growth of the plants.
In the invention, the term “plant” refers generally to the whole or part of a plant irrespective of its stage of development (including the plant in the form of a seed or a young shoot), to one or more organs of the plant (for example the leaves, roots, stem, flowers), to one or more cells of the plant, or to a cluster of cells of the plant.
In the invention, the term “growth” refers to the development of the whole or part of a plant over time. The growth of the plant may thus be determined and quantified by monitoring developmental parameters observable for certain parts, cells or organs of the plant, such as the leaves, roots, stems or flowers.
Non-limitatively, the parameters for determining and quantifying the growth of a plant may in particular be:

- the size, surface area, volume, mass and the number of leaves,
- the size and number of flowers,
- the size of the stem (or spike),
- the length and number of roots,
- the earliness of germination,
- the earliness of budding,
- the earliness of floral induction (or floral transition),
- or also the number of cells.

In the case of leguminous plants, plant growth may also be linked to the rate of nodulation, or also to the size and number of nodules on the roots.
Moreover, in the invention, the expression “promote plant growth”, or “improve plant growth”, indicates:

- either an acceleration of development (such as for example a larger leaf size for a plant at a given point in time relative to a reference plant),
- or an increase in development (such as for example a larger leaf size for a plant that cannot be attained by a reference plant),
- or an acceleration and an increase in the development of the plant.

It is important to note that the use according to the invention has the advantage of being ecological, in comparison with the chemical methods used conventionally in horticulture or in agriculture, as the miPEP is a peptide that is present naturally in the plant.
The invention also relates to the use of a miPEP introduced into a plant for promoting its growth,
said miPEP introduced being a peptide comprising, or consisting of, a sequence identical to that of a miPEP naturally present in said plant,
said miPEP naturally present is a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids, the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of a miRNA,
said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miRNA in said plant,
said miRNA regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers,
the sum total of the quantity of said miPEP introduced and that of said miPEP naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said miPEP naturally present.
In the invention, the expression “miPEP introduced” refers to a miPEP introduced into the plant artificially as opposed to the “miPEP present naturally in the plant”. The introduction of a miPEP into the plant therefore involves a technological step, which is not a natural phenomenon and corresponds neither to crossing, nor to selection.
The miPEP introduced may be either a peptide produced outside of the plant (for example an isolated and/or purified peptide, a synthetic peptide or a recombinant peptide), or a peptide produced in the plant following the non-natural introduction of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP into said plant.
The plant into which the miPEP has not been introduced has a basal quantity of said miPEP, which corresponds to the quantity of said miPEP naturally present. The use of a miPEP comprising, or consisting of, a sequence identical to that of said miPEP leads to an increase in the total quantity of miPEP, which modulates the accumulation of the miRNA the primary transcript of which contains the sequence encoding said miPEP.
Moreover, the miPEP introduced is present in the plant and its introduction has no impact on its stability.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said gene, involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1 (Accession No. AT1G56010.1), NAC4 (Accession No. AT5G07680.1), NAC5 (Accession No. AT5G61430.1), CUC1 (Accession No. AT3G15170.1), CUC2 (Accession No. AT5G53950.1), TCP3 (Accession No. AT1G53230.1) and TCP4 (Accession No. AT3G15030.1) (accession numbers according to the database The Arabidopsis Information Resource “TAIR”).
In particular, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1, NAC4, NAC5, CUC1 and CUC2.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: TCP3 and TCP4.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miRNA is selected from miR164a and mir319a.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR is selected from miR164a, miR319a, miR171b, miR165a, miR160b, miR169d and miR171e.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is selected from AtmiPEP164a1, AtmiPEP319a1, AtmiPEP319a2, MtmiPEP171b1, AtmiPEP165a1, AtmiPEP160b1, MtmiPEP169d, MtmiPEP171e.
In particular, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR164a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 297.
In particular, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR164a has a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, preferably at least 90% identity, with the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 297.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP164a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP164a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24.
In particular, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR319a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 331.
In particular, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miR319a has a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, preferably at least 90% identity, with the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 331.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP319a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP319a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana, a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said plant is Arabidopsis thaliana.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for promoting the growth of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, in which AtmiPEP164a1 is introduced into said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said AtmiPEP164a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant,
said AtmiPEP164a1 introduced being a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present, said sequence of AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present being encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR164a, which miR164a controls the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana,
the sum total of the quantity of said AtmiPEP164a1 introduced and that of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for promoting the growth of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, in which the AtmiPEP319a1 is introduced into said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said AtmiPEP319a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant,
said AtmiPEP319a1 introduced being a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present, said sequence of the AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present being encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR319a, which miR319a controls the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana,
the sum total of the quantity of said AtmiPEP319a1 introduced and that of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant externally, preferably by watering, by spraying or by adding a fertilizer, a compost, a culture substrate or an inert support.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced by watering and by spraying.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced by watering and by adding a fertilizer.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced by spraying and by adding a fertilizer.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced, by watering, by spraying and by adding a fertilizer.
The inventors have in fact unexpectedly found that it is possible to apply a composition comprising a miPEP directly to the plant in order to modulate the accumulation of the corresponding miRNA in the plant, which indicates that the miPEP is captured by the plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the plant is treated with a composition comprising 10⁻⁹M to 10⁻⁴M of said miPEP, in particular 10⁻⁹M, 10⁻⁸M, 10⁻⁷M, 10⁻⁶M, 10⁻⁵M or 10⁻⁴M of said miPEP.
Preferably, the compositions have a concentration from 10⁻⁸M to 10⁻⁵M for application by watering or by spraying on the plant.
In addition, compositions of higher or lower concentration may be envisaged for treating the plant with the miPEP. As a non-limitative example, compositions of higher concentration comprising 10⁻¹M to 10⁻³M, in particular 10⁻²M of miPEP, may be used in the case where the miPEP introduced exogenously is administered to the plant by spreading.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant by means of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, said nucleic acid being introduced into the plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the size of the stem is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the number of leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the size of the leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the number of roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the length of the roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the rate of nodulation is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the number of nodules is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
The increase in the parameters for determining and quantifying growth in the plant into which the miPEP has been introduced (such as the size of the stem, the number and size of the leaves, the number and length of the roots, the rate of nodulation or also the number of nodules on the roots) is preferably demonstrated by comparison with an identical plant (i.e. a plant of the same species and/or variety), of the same age and grown under the same conditions but into which no miPEP has been introduced.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for promoting the growth of a plant, comprising a step of introducing a miPEP into a plant, said miPEP also being present naturally in said plant,
said miPEP introduced being a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of said miPEP naturally present, said sequence of the miPEP naturally present being encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of a miRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miRNA, said miRNA regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers,
the sum total of the quantity of said miPEP introduced and that of said miPEP naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said miPEP naturally present.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1 (Accession No. AT1G56010.1), NAC4 (Accession No. AT5G07680.1), NAC5 (Accession No. AT5G61430.1), CUC1 (Accession No. AT3G15170.1), CUC2 (Accession No. AT5G53950.1), TCP3 (Accession No. AT1G53230.1) and TCP4 (Accession No. AT3G15030.1).
In particular, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1, NAC4, NAC5, CUC1 and CUC2.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: TCP3 and TCP4.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miR is selected from miR164a, miR319a, miR171b, miR165a, miR160b, miR169d and miR171e.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is selected from AtmiPEP164a1, AtmiPEP319a1, AtmiPEP319a2, MtmiPEP171b1, AtmiPEP165a1, AtmiPEP160b1, MtmiPEP169d, MtmiPEP171e.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miRNA is miR164a, in particular in which said miR164a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 297.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP164a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP164a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miRNA is miR319a, in particular in which said miR319a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 331.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP319a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP319a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana, a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said plant is Arabidopsis thaliana.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, for promoting the growth of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, in which AtmiPEP164a1 is introduced into said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said AtmiPEP164a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant,
said AtmiPEP164a1 introduced being a peptide comprising or consisting of a sequence identical to that of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present, where the AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present is a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR164a,
said AtmiPEP164a1 being capable of increasing the accumulation of said miR164a, where said miR164a regulates the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana,
the sum total of the quantity of said AtmiPEP164a1 introduced and that of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said AtmiPEP164a1 naturally present.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, for promoting the growth of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, in which AtmiPEP319a1 is introduced into said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said AtmiPEP319a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant,
said AtmiPEP319a1 introduced being a peptide comprising or consisting of a sequence identical to that of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present, where the AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present is a peptide of 4 to 100 amino acids the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR319a,
said AtmiPEP319a1 being capable of increasing the accumulation of said miR319a, where miR319a regulates the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana,
the sum total of the quantity of said AtmiPEP319a1 introduced and that of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present being strictly greater than the quantity of said AtmiPEP319a1 naturally present.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant externally, preferably by watering, by spraying or by adding a fertilizer, a compost, a culture substrate or an inert support.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is administered to the plant in the form of a composition comprising 10⁻⁹M to 10⁻⁴M of said miPEP, in particular 10⁻⁹, 10⁻⁸, 10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁵or 10⁻⁴M of said miPEP.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant by means of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, said nucleic acid being introduced into the plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the size of the stem is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the number of leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the size of the leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the number of roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the length of the roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the rate of nodulation is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the number of nodules is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a plant into which a miPEP has been introduced according to the use or the process for promoting the growth of a plant described above.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant comprising:

a) a step of introducing a nucleic acid encoding a miPEP of 4 to 100 amino acids into a plant, or into at least one cell of said plant, under conditions allowing the expression of said miPEP,
said miPEP also being naturally present in said plant, said miPEP naturally present being a peptide the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of a miR, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR in the plant, said miR regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers, and
b) a step of culturing the plant, or at least one cell of said plant, obtained in step a) under conditions allowing a transgenic plant to be obtained.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant comprising:

a) a step of introducing a nucleic acid encoding a miPEP of 4 to 100 amino acids, or of 3 amino acids, into a plant, or into at least one cell of said plant, under conditions allowing the expression of said miPEP,
said miPEP also being naturally present in said plant, said miPEP naturally present being a peptide the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of a miR, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR in the plant, said miR regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers, and
b) a step of culturing the plant, or at least one cell of said plant, obtained in step a) under conditions allowing a transgenic plant to be obtained.

a) a step of introducing a nucleic acid encoding a miPEP of 3 amino acids, into a plant, or into at least one cell of said plant, under conditions allowing the expression of said miPEP,
said miPEP also being naturally present in said plant, said miPEP naturally present being a peptide the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of a miR, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR in the plant, said miR regulating the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers, and
b) a step of culturing the plant, or at least one cell of said plant, obtained in step a) under conditions allowing a transgenic plant to be obtained.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said transgenic plant obtained in step b) has improved growth relative to an identical plant in which said nucleic acid has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the expression of said miPEP encoded by the nucleic acid introduced in the plant results in an improved growth relative to an identical plant in which said nucleic acid has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which step a) is carried out using a vector containing said nucleic acid, preferably a plasmid.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the expression of said nucleic acid of step a) is placed under the control of a strong promoter, preferably a constitutive strong promoter such as the 35S promoter.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant is selected from the group consisting of: NAC1 (Accession No. AT1G56010.1), NAC4 (Accession No. AT5G07680.1), NAC5 (Accession No. AT5G61430.1), CUC1 (Accession No. AT3G15170.1), CUC2 (Accession No. AT5G53950.1), TCP3 (Accession No. AT1G53230.1) and TCP4 (Accession No. AT3G15030.1).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miPEP has an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 101 and SEQ ID NO: 375 to SEQ ID NO: 386.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miPEP has an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of:

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miRNA is miR164a, in particular in which said miR164a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 297.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP164a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP164a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miRNA is miR319a, in particular in which said miR319a has a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 331.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miPEP is AtmiPEP319a1, in particular in which said AtmiPEP319a1 has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said nucleic acid introduced in step a) comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 128 and SEQ ID NO: 180.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said plant is a crucifer such as Arabidopsis thaliana, a leguminous plant such as Glycine max (soya), Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) or a plant of the Solanaceae family such as Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) or Solanum melongena (aubergine).
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said transgenic plant is a crucifer.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said transgenic plant is Arabidopsis thaliana.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, comprising:

a) a step of introducing a nucleic acid containing the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 128, encoding AtmiPEP164a1 consisting of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 24, into an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, or into at least one cell of said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, under conditions allowing the expression of AtmiPEP164a1,
said AtmiPEP164a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said miPEP naturally present being a peptide the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of miR164a, said AtmiPEP164a1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR164, where miR164a controls the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana, and
b) a step of culturing the plant, or at least one cell of said plant, obtained in step a) under conditions allowing a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant to be obtained.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, comprising:

a) a step of introducing a nucleic acid containing the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 180, encoding AtmiPEP319a1 consisting of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 76, into an Arabidopsis thaliana plant, or into at least one cell of said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, under conditions allowing the expression of AtmiPEP319a1,
said AtmiPEP319a1 also being naturally present in said Arabidopsis thaliana plant, said miPEP naturally present being a peptide the sequence of which is encoded by an open reading frame located at 5′ on the primary transcript of the miR319a, said AtmiPEP319a1 being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR319, which miR319a regulates the expression of at least one gene involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of Arabidopsis thaliana, and
b) a step of culturing the plant, or at least one cell of said plant, obtained in step a) under conditions allowing a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant to be obtained.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process of production as defined above, in which said miPEP is introduced into the plant by means of a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, said nucleic acid being introduced into the plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the size of the stem is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the stem of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the number of leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the size of the leaves is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the size of the leaves of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the number of roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the length of the roots is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the length of the roots of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the rate of nodulation is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the rate of nodulation of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a process for producing a transgenic plant as defined above, in which the number of nodules is increased in the plant into which said miPEP has been introduced relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which no miPEP has been introduced, or relative to the number of nodules of an identical plant of the same age into which said miPEP has not been introduced.
In an aspect, the invention also relates to a transgenic plant as obtained by the process of production as defined above.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a transgenic plant containing a vector encoding a miPEP, said miPEP being also naturally present in said plant,
said miPEP naturally present being a peptide of which the sequence is encoded by an open reading frame located in 5′ portion on the primary transcript of a miR, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR in the plant, said miR regulating the expression of at least one gene,
the expression of said miPEP encoded by the vector introduced in the plant resulting in a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to an identical plant in which said nucleic acid has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said gene is involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers, and the expression of said miPEP encoded by the nucleic acid introduced in the plant results in an improved growth of the transgenic plant relative to an identical plant in which said nucleic acid has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a transgenic plant as defined above, in which said miPEP is selected from the group consisting of:

In another aspect, the invention relates to a transgenic plant comprising a vector,
said vector containing a nucleic acid enabling the expression of a primary transcript of a miR,
said primary transcript of a miR containing an open reading frame encoding a miPEP,
said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said miR in said plant, said miR regulating the expression of at least one gene in said plant,
the expression of the miPEP encoded by the vector introduced in the plant resulting in a modulation of the expression of said gene relative to an identical plant in which said nucleic acid has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a transgenic plant as defined above in which said nucleic acid is of endogenous origin.
If said nucleic acid is of endogenous origin, at least one copy of said nucleic acid is already present naturally in the plant, independently of the vector introduced in the plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a transgenic plant as defined above in which said nucleic acid is of exogenous origin.
If said nucleic acid is of exogenous origin, no copy of said nucleic acid is already present naturally in the plant
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a transgenic plant as defined above in which said gene is involved in the development of the vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant, in particular the roots, stem, leaves or flowers, and the expression of said miPEP encoded by the nucleic acid introduced in the plant results in an improved growth of the transgenic plant relative to an identical plant in which said nucleic acid has not been introduced.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a transgenic plant as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from the group consisting of:

In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising, in combination, a quantity of seeds of a plant and a quantity of a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of a miPEP naturally present in said plant.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a composition as defined above in which said miPEP is selected from the group consisting of:

In an embodiment, the invention relates to a composition comprising, in combination, a quantity of seeds of a plant, in particular A. thaliana, and a quantity of a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of AtmiPEP164a1.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a composition comprising, in combination, a quantity of seeds of a plant, in particular A. thaliana, and a quantity of a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of AtmiPEP319a1.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a composition comprising, in combination, a quantity of seeds of a plant, in particular M. truncatula, and a quantity of a peptide the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of MtmiPEP171b.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a composition as defined above, formulated so as to form a coated seed.
Coating may be carried out by the processes used conventionally in the agri-food industry and may be obtained using a material able to disaggregate in a solvent or in the ground, such as a binder or clay.
According to the invention, coating may be used for example for conferring particular properties on a composition of miPEP, or on a composition of seeds in combination with a miPEP.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a composition as defined above, formulated so as to form a coated seed comprising MtmiPEP171b.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a composition as defined above, formulated so as to form a coated seed comprising AtmiPEP164a1.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a composition as defined, above formulated so as to form a coated seed comprising AtmiPEP319a1.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least:

- a miPEP as defined above
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid.
  and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising at least:
- a miPEP as defined above
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid.
  for use as a medicament, in particular for humans or for animals.

The use of the compositions of the invention is applicable in human medicine and in veterinary medicine.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising at least:

- a miPEP as defined above
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid,
  for use in the prevention and/or treatment of a disease involving deregulation of the expression of a gene of the patient,
  the expression of said gene being regulated by a microRNA the accumulation of which is modulated by said miPEP.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to the composition as defined above in which said disease is selected from cancer, diabetes, obesity, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the composition as defined above in which said disease is selected from: cancer, diabetes, obesity, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the composition as defined above in which said disease is selected from: cancer, diabetes, obesity, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, or from cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to the composition as defined above in which said disease is selected from cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising at least:

- a miPEP as defined above,
- a nucleic acid encoding said miPEP, or
- a vector containing said nucleic acid,
  for use in the prevention and/or treatment of an infection of an animal or of a human with a parasitic organism,
  said parasitic organism having a gene the expression of which is regulated by a microRNA the accumulation of which is modulated by said miPEP.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a miPEP from 4 to 100 amino acids, or of 3 amino acids, encoded by a nucleotidic sequence contained in the primary transcript of a microRNA, said miPEP being capable of modulating the accumulation of said microRNA in an eukaryotic cell, for its use a medicament.
In another aspect, the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing a miPEP.
In particular, the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP165a.
In particular, the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing MtmiPEP171b.
In particular, the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP164a1.
In particular, the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP319a1.
Such an antibody may be obtained by a process known to a person skilled in the art, such as for example by injecting said miPEP into a non-human animal in order to trigger an immunization reaction and the production of antibodies by said animal.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of a miPEP comprising a step of labelling a biological sample from a plant with an antibody specifically recognizing a miPEP.
In particular, the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of AtmiPEP165a using an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP165a.
In particular, the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of MtmiPEP171b using an antibody specifically recognizing MtmiPEP171b.
In particular, the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of AtmiPEP164a1 using an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP164a1.
In particular, the invention relates to a process of immunolocalization of MtmiPEP319a1 using an antibody specifically recognizing AtmiPEP319a1.
In another aspect, the invention relates to an antibody specifically recognizing a miPEP according to the invention, for its use as a medicament.
In another aspect, the invention relates a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody specifically recognizing a miPEP according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a protocol for producing a recombinant peptide, the sequence of which comprises or consists of a sequence identical to that of a miPEP as defined above, comprising a step of transforming an organism with an expression vector encoding said recombinant peptide.
In an embodiment, said organism is selected from the group comprising bacteria, yeasts, fungi (other than yeasts), animal cells, plants and animals.
In an embodiment, said organism is Escherichia coli.
In particular, the invention relates to a protocol for producing a recombinant peptide as defined above, comprising the following steps:

- binding the nucleic acid encoding said recombinant peptide to a nucleic acid encoding a tag, such as GST,
- introducing the expression vector containing said nucleic acid encoding said recombinant peptide into the bacterium E. coli,
- culturing the bacterium E. coli containing the expression vector in LB medium preferably up to an OD between 0.2 and 0.4,
- inducing production of the recombinant peptide with IPTG, preferably for 4 to 5 hours,
- centrifuging and lysing the E. coli bacteria,
- filtering the supernatant,
- purifying said recombinant peptide on a glutathione sepharose affinity column,
- if necessary, cleaving the GST with a protease.

All the sequences of the miPEPs, miORFs, miRNAs and primary transcripts of miRNAs are presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Table 7 presents an analysis of the polymorphism of the DNA sequence of the different regions of pri-miR171b (a haplotype is defined when it differs by at least one amino acid from the other haplotypes).

TABLE 1

List of potential miPEPs (miPEPs)

miPEP			Target genes of the
(pI / size MW)	miRNA	Organism	miRNA	Sequence of the miPEP	SEQ ID

AtmiPEP156a1	miR156a	Arabidopsis thaliana	SPL gene family,	MFCSIQCVARHLFPLHVREIKKATRAI	SEQ ID NO: 1
(10.57 / 3824)			involved in	KKGKTL
AtmiPEP156a2	miR156a	Arabidopsis thaliana	development of the	MRRQTSVPFACKRDKESDKSHKER	SEQ ID NO: 2
AtmiPEP156a3	miR156a	Arabidopsis thaliana	stem and flowering	MVMFELDLDKNPREDLLKGLKWNLF	SEQ ID NO: 3
				SSHISPSLPPSL
AtmiPEP156c1	miR156c	Arabidopsis thaliana		MKDNFPLLLRL	SEQ ID NO: 4
(8.5 /1359)
AtmiPEP156c2	miR156c	Arabidopsis thaliana		MSDD	SEQ ID NO: 5
AtmiPEP156e1	miR156e	Arabidopsis thaliana		MIYINKYGSISAVEDD	SEQ ID NO: 6
(4.03 / 1818)
AtmiPEP156f1	miR156f	Arabidopsis thaliana		MSQR	SEQ ID NO: 7
(9.5 / 520)

AlmiPEP159a	miR159a	Arabidopsis lyrata	MYB gene family,	MTCPLLSLSFLLSKYI	SEQ ID NO: 8
AtrniPEP159a1	miR159a	Arabidopsis thaliana	involved in	MTWPLLSLSFLLSKYV	SEQ ID NO: 9
(8.34 / 1898)			germination and
CmiiPEP159a	miR159a	Capsella rubella	flowering	MTCTLSALSLSLNMFRVN	SEQ ID NO: 10
AtmiPEP159b1	miR159b	Arabidopsis thaliana		MFYLS	SEQ ID NO: 11
(5.27 / 659)
AtmiPEP159b2	miR159b	Arabidopsis thaliana		MVNTSSFFISSFILPLVLSESNCLLFRTI	SEQ ID NO: 12
				YKFSMVLY

AtmiPEP160a1	miR160a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ARF gene family,	MFCLLIPIFSFVFSPNRHLRLQEQ	SEQ ID NO: 13
(8.02 / 2936)			involved in
AtmiPEP160b1	miR160b	Arabidopsis thaliana	germination,	MFSPQ	SEQ ID NO: 14
(5.28 / 608)			development and
AtmiPEP160b2	miR160b	Arabidopsis thaliana	flowering	MKYIHILILFKSRSTYKLSTNHI	SEQ ID NO: 15

AtmiPEP161	miR161	Arabidopsis thaliana	PPR gene family	MKIPLFLPKL	SEQ ID NO: 16
(10/ 1199)

AtmiPEP162a1	miR162a	Arabidopsis thaliana	DCL1 gene, involved	MVSGQEDSWLKLSSLCFLFLSLLDSLI	SEQ ID NO: 17
(4.03 / 3045)			in development
AtmiPEP162b1	miR162b	Arabidopsis thaliana		MFLLIFLRLIMICVCSSTDFLRSVNYFC	SEQ ID NO: 18
(5.71 /4114)				LFIYDL

AtmiPEP 163-1	miR163	Arabidopsis thaliana	SAMT gene family,	MSTTQEHRS	SEQ ID NO: 19
(6.5 / 1076)			involved in the
AtmiPEP163-2	miR163	Arabidopsis thaliana	production of	MLKCWSSRFLRVSPYQNAHSLSLG	SEQ ID NO: 20
			secondary metabolites

AlmiPEP164a1	miR164a	Arabidopsis lyrata	NAC gene family,	MPLAVIRQGIVWP	SEQ ID NO: 21
AlmiPEP164a2	miR164a	Arabidopsis lyrata	involved in root,	MPSWHDMVLLPYVKHTHANTRHIT	SEQ ID NO: 22
AlmiPEP164a3	miR164a	Arabidopsis lyrata	foliar and floral	MTWFFCLT	SEQ ID NO: 23
AtmiPEP164a1	miR164a	Arabidopsis thaliana	development	MPSWHGMVLLPYVKHTHASTHTHTH	SEQ ID NO: 24
(7.05 / 4256)				NIYGCACELVFH
AtmiPEP164a2	miR164a	Arabidopsis thaliana		MAWYGSFALRKTHSRQHTHTHT	SEQ ID NO: 25
AtmiPEP164a3	miR164a	Arabidopsis thaliana		MVWFFCLT	SEQ ID NO: 26
BrmiPEP164a1	miR164a	Brassica rapa		MMIILWK	SEQ ID NO: 27
BrmiPEP164a2	miR164a	Brassica rapa		MLWAKLVSFSTLHSLVFLLSPSFA	SEQ ID NO: 28
BrmiPEP164a3	miR164a	Brassica rapa		MPSWHGIVILPFVKHTHANIHYSYSC	SEQ ID NO: 29
				VCI
CpmiPEP164a1	miR164a	Carica papaya		MIACHPYLPFPLFLSLTFYSIFFSPSPPS	SEQ ID NO: 30
				PSLPL
CpmiPEP164a2	miR164a	Carica papaya		MPSLLAFSPFPFSNILLNLLLPLPPFPLS	SEQ ID NO: 31
CrmiPEP164a1	miR164a	Capsella rubella		AIITIIKPLSLSLPLSLSLSGFSV	SEQ ID NO: 32
				MELKGLRTWQLLDKV
CrmiPEP164a2	miR164a	Capsella rubella		MPSWHGMACFYCLT	SEQ ID NO: 33
CrmiPEP164a3	miR164a	Capsella rubella		MAWHGMFLLPYVKHTHANTYSLYM	SEQ ID NO: 34
GrmiPEP16.4a1	miR164a	Gossypium raimondii		MMRSRILKFQYRFGMGIGGRKQLKN	SEQ ID NO: 35
				QLCQIQGRIS
GrmiPEP164a2	miR164a	Gossypium raimondii		MSNSRSYQLK	SEQ ID NO: 36
GrmiPEP164a3	miR164a	Goysypium raimondii		MNEDLEISTRKRTPQLC	SEQ ID NO: 37
MtmiPEP164a1	miR164a	Medicago truncatula		MPKFDIFFYIFV	SEQ ID NO: 38
MtmiPEP164a2	miR164a	Medicago truncatula		MSYISLSPKLLPINTKPFPWLVQFNFY	SEQ ID NO: 39
				FSSNTKCNKLHFLGEKLLVGEAGHVQ
				ILFLIHSLIMHINIFCTCSPSPTRLPHPSL
OsmiPEP164a1	miR164a	Oryza sativa		MQTHSNTPQSTYSLSLSLSE	SEQ ID NO: 40
OsmiPEP164a2	miR164a	Oryza saliva		MCVCDINMHSMLMLL	SEQ ID NO: 41

AlmiPEP165a	miR165a	Arabidopsis lyrata	HD-ZIPIII gene	MRIKLFQLRGMLSGSRILYIYTCVC	SEQ ID NO: 42
AtmiPEP165a	miR165a	Arabidopsis thaliana	family, involved in	MRVKLFQLRGMLSGSRIL	SEQ ID NO: 43
(12.3 / 2105)			vascular, root,
BcmiPEP165a	miR165a	Brassica carinata	foliar and floral	MRMKLFQLRGMLSGSRILYIHKYVY	SEQ ID NO: 44
			development, and	MLIQVFDHICI
BjmiPEP165a	miR165a	Brassica juncea	nodulation	MRMKLFQLRGMLSGSRILYIHKYVYI	SEQ ID NO: 45
				C
BnmiPEP165a	miR165a	Brassica napus		MRMKLFQLRGMLSGSRILYIHKYVY	SEQ ID NO: 46
				MIIQVFDHICI
BomiPEP165a	miR165a	Brassica oleracea		MRMKLFQLRGMLSGSRILYIHKYVY	SEQ ID NO: 47
				MLIQVFDHICI
BrmiPEP165a	miR165a	Brassica rapa		MRMKLFQLRGMLSGSRILYIHKYVYI	SEQ ID NO: 48
				C
AtmiPEP166a	miR166a	Arabidopsis thaliana		MLDLFRSNNRIEPSDFRFD	SEQ ID NO: 49
(4.68 / 2372)
AtiMPEP166b	miR166b	Arabidopsis thaliana		MRDR	SEQ ID NO: 50
(9.35 / 576)

AtmiPEP167a	miR167a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ARF gene family,	MNRKISLSLS	SEQ ID NO: 51
(11 / 1148)			involved in root and
AtmiPEP167b1	miR167b	Arabidopsis thaliana	floral development	MMGCFVGF	SEQ ID NO: 52
(5.27 / 891)			gene family of
AtmiPEP167b2	miR167b	Arabidopsis thaliana	CCAAT-bing factor,	MQEETYEG	SEQ ID NO: 53
AtmiPEP169c1			involved in	MPHTNLKDLFIFSPNVFFSFAIYLHNS	SEQ ID NO: 54
(9.3 / 7110)	miR169c	Arabidopsis thaliana	nodulation, drought	WNKNYIHKRENFHNTSFALIFFFSSIM
			resistance, resistance	SINYG
AtmiPEP169c2	miR169c	Arabidopsis thaliana	to nitrogen deficiency	MFFFRLLFISTILGTKTIFTNERIFTTPL	SEQ ID NO: 55
				LLSFFFFRPL
AtmiPEP1691	miR1691	Arabidopsis thaliana		MRHKES	SEQ ID NO: 56
(8.52 / 786)

AtmiPEP171a1	miR171a	Arabidopsis thaliana	GRAS gene family,	MNLLKKERQRRRQRSIGSHCIASLVL	SEQ ID NO: 57
(11.05 /4057)			involved in floral,	KDGYMKKI
AtmiPEP171b	miR171b	Arabidopsis thaliana	foliar, and root	MVLSGKLTF	SEQ ID NO: 58
(8.5 / 995)			development,
MtmiPEP171b1	miR171b	Medicago truncatula	mycorrhization,	MLLHRLSKFCKIERDIVYIS	SEQ ID NO: 59
			nodulation
MtmiPEP171b2	miR171b	Medicago truncatula		MKIEE	SEQ ID N0:60
ZmmiPEP171b	miR171b	Zen mays		MHLPSTPSRPPPQHTSLSFLGKEMTKG	SEQ ID NO: 61
				TTTACFG
AtmiPEP171c1	miR171c	Arabidopsis thaliana		MLSLSHFHIC	SEQ ID NO: 62
(6.68 / 1187)
MtmiPEP171e	miR171e	Medicago truncatula		MMVFGKPKKAMLVRFNPKTDLHV	SEQ ID NO: 63
MtmiPEP171h	miR171h	Medicago truncatula		MASAAKVYMA	SEQ ID NO: 64

AtmiPEP172a1	miR172a	Arabidopsis thaliana	AP2 gene family,	MASKIW	SEQ ID NO: 65
(8.5 / 734)			involved in floral
AtmiPEP172a3	miR172a	Arabidopsis thaliana	development	MVRFQLSIRD	SEQ ID NO: 66
AtmiPEP172b1	miR172b	Arabidopsis thaliana		MCTYYYLINKYF	SEQ ID NO: 67
(7.9 / 1621)
AtmiPEP172c1	miR172c	Arabidopsis thaliana		MFPAKWCRLES	SEQ ID NO: 68
(7.98 / 1367)
AtmiPEP172e1	miR172e	Arabidopsis thaliana		MGSLSLFKSQLEILMLLLSLSK	SEQ ID NO: 69
(8.35 / 2452)
AtmiPEP172e2	miR172e	Arabidopsis thaliana		MSVYIHVPISLNCFSPKSSC	SEQ ID NO: 70
AtmiPEP172e3	miR172e	Arabidopsis thaliana		MGVPNFRPRNR	SEQ ID NO: 71

AcmiPEP319a1	miR319a	Arabidopsis cebennensis	TCP gene family,	MRSRVSFFFFKIMLFRLLGYRSM	SEQ ID NO: 72
AcmiPEP319a2	miR319a	Arabidopsis cebennensis	involved in floral and	MHTYIHTISNISSIFFCSKRSFSPFTYIRI	SEQ ID NO: 73
			foliar development	IVVIDPFRIALTFR
AhmiPEP319a	miR319a	Arabidopsis halleri		MRSRVSLFLSFSSNFAAYSPRS	SEQ ID NO: 74
				MHTYIPSSSFPISNISSVFFCYKRSFSPY	SEQ ID NO: 75
AlmiPEP319a	miR319a	Arabidopsis lyrata		TYIRIIVVIDPFRIALTFR
AtmiPEP319a1	miR319a	Arabidopsis thaliana		MNIHTYHHLLFPSLVFHQSSDVPNALS	SEQ ID NO: 76
(6.56 / 5917)				LHIHTYEYIIVVIDPFRITLAFR
AtmiPEP319a2	miR319a	Arabidopsis thaliana		MFQTLYLFIYIHTNILLLS	SEQ ID NO: 77
BrmiPEP319a	miR319a	Brassica rapa		MFKLYFSAILSTQYMHTYHHRIALIFL	SEQ ID NO: 78
				SILYPSTNYLMSPILNPT
CpmiPEP319a	miR319a	Carica papaya		MKIKLGFSLIKIIILLDKNS	SEQ ID NO: 79
CrmiPEP319a	miR319a	Capsella rubella		MPHTYIHIPSSSFLISSFCL	SEQ ID NO: 80
EgmiPEP319a	miR319a	Eucalyptus grandis		MKHIQRWRYGETSGRQGDWKRLEIK	SEQ ID NO: 81
				VHSNPSLKVKKNTNNFSSSL
GrmiPEP319a	miR319a	Gossypium raimondii		MIHFNLSQWRAICMANFHLTYSFLFG	SEQ ID NO: 82
				VL
MtmiPEP319a	miR319a	Medicago truncatula		MHVYLELFMVIKGLGFLLLVK	SEQ ID NO: 83
OsmiPEP319a	miR319a	Oryza saliva		MEMIQRPCLILKFFFKLSTLYIP	SEQ ID NO: 84
PpmiPEP319a	miR319a	Physcomitrella patens		MFHRRRSSVLLPPFGQTQPNPRCLPDL	SEQ ID NO: 85
				RFPSCFTPCTA
ThmiPEP319a1	miR319a	Thellungiella halophila		MTICKVSKACFYAGKIENSRLIKKIGIP	SEQ ID NO: 86
				KREGAPFSPIRENQ
ThmiPEP319a2	miR319a	Thellungiella halophila		MEIQIKKKNLYIMNTQKLPNLYIYIYK	SEQ ID NO: 87
				YVFIKLMVVE
AtmiPEP319b1	miR319b	Arabidopsis thaliana		MVPQINLWSSRVILKIRIDSSTHREED	SEQ ID NO: 88
(8.04 /5120)				HCIQNHKHGLSFIFSF

AtmiPEP394a1	miR394a	Arabidopsis thaliana	F-box gene family,	MSLQFYERVSFKNTVK	SEQ ID NO: 89
(9.7 / 1977)			involved in foliar
			development and
			drought resistance

AtmiPEP395c1	miR395c	Arabidopsis thaliana	Family of the APS and	MTEQEEESQMST	SEQ ID NO: 90
(3.58 / 1429)			AST genes, involved
AtmiPEP395e1	miR395e	Arabidopsis thaliana	in germination and	MYLQYIDNVISIYSNNRRVGRMFSRV	SEQ ID NO: 91
(9.98 / 4700)			sulphur metabolism	PLSTSLEIQFFIK

AtmiPEP397b1	miR397b	Arabidopsis thaliana	Family of the genes of	MSKEIFFSPGFE	SEQ ID NO: 92
(4.53 / 1418)			laccases, involved in
			copper metabolism,
			their overexpression
			improves growth

AtmiPEP398c1	miR398c	Arabidopsis thaliana	CSD gene family,	MRTHEQSTAITTLRHCYSSRFMCSQV	SEQ ID NO: 93
			involved in copper	TPAELFLYRPCFINAVAR
			metabolism, its
			overexpression
			improves growth

AtmiPEP399b	miR399b	Arabidopsis thaliana	PHO2 gene family,	MKRNM	SEQ ID NO: 94
(11 / 678)			involved in
AtmiPEP399d1	miR399d	Arabidopsis thaliana	phosphorus	MQCEI	SEQ ID NO: 95
(4 / 622)			metabolism

AtmiPEP403	miR403	Arabidopsis thaliana	AGO gene family	MFCA	SEQ ID NO: 96
(5.27470)

AtmiPEP447a1	miR447a	Arabidopsis thaliana	Family of the genes of	MVMAHH	SEQ ID NO: 97
(6.69 / 724)			phosphoglycerate
AtmiPEP447a2	miR447a	Arabidopsis thaliana	kinase	MMKPRWNCSLYGITEWINNQNQKSK	SEQ ID NO: 98
				RKGRRKTQIWRIGDRLDTVECITLML
				SAY
AtmiPEP447b1	miR447b	Arabidopsis thaliana		MLLIIVELVL	SEQ ID NO: 99
(4 / 1155)
AtmiPEP447b2	miR447b	Arabidopsis thaliana		MLCFNFRCVRRFAE	SEQ ID
					NO: 100
AtmiPEP447c	miR447c	Arabidopsis thaliana		MYTYQLDNSFSWFICTRFCLYRYFLF	SEQ ID
				NFRCFRRFSE	NO: 101

DmmiPEP1a	miR1	Drosophila melanogaster	Muscular	MWREVCAQKSQTKRRNFITGNQRRN	SEQ ID
			differentiation	KTKANRKAETKQQKVYEFFVQARER	NO: 102
				CKTRKKHEKKTLKKTKKIQNRYRAV
				SENEWGKGFPSHI

DmmiPEP1b	miR1	Drosophila melanogaster	Muscular	MRTKKSNKKAQFYYGQPTTKQNKSQ	SEQ ID
			differentiation	PKSRNKAAKSL	NO: 103

DmmiPEP8	miR8	Drosophila melanogaster	Growth	MEPGFVFVLFPTHLSTQHTQREKSILV	SEQ ID
				MGLNLQSAKQSDKQNSKERKKNTQI	NO: 104
				NSQRIPYRQGGQCSKVLSP

HsmiPEP155	miR155	Homo sapiens	inflammation	MEMALMVAQTRKGKSVV	SEQ ID
					NO: 355

AtmiPEP157c	miR157c	Arabidopsis thaliana	SPL gene family,	MMLHITHRFESDVGC	SEQ ID
(5.95 / 1776)			involved in		NO: 375
AtmiPEP157d	miR157d	Arabidopsis thaliana	development of the	MLYV	SEQ ID
(5.27 / 524)			stem and flowering		NO: 376

AtmiPEP160c	miR160c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ARF gene family,	MFMRRGLVYNNIYI	SEQ ID
(9.98 / 1790)			involved in		NO: 377
			germination,
			development and
			flowering

AtmiPEP164b	miR164b	Arabidopsis thaliana	NAC gene family,	MMKVCDEQDGEAGHVHY	SEQ ID
(4.72 / 1949)			involved in root, foliar		NO: 378
			and floral
			development

AtmiPEP166c	miR166c	Arabidopsis thaliana	HD-ZIPIII gene	MKKRITRINLEEQIKKTLDDSRTRLHS	SEQ ID
(10.42 / 3407)			family, involved in	P	NO: 379
			vascular, root, foliar
			and floral
			development and
			nodulation
AtmiPEP166d	miR166d	Arabidopsis thaliana		MKKIGSIDSF	SEQ ID
(8.35 / 1125)					NO: 380

AtmiPEP169a	miR169a	Arabidopsis thaliana	Gene family of	MTCRFK	SEQ ID
(9.5 / 784)			CCAAT-bing factor,		NO: 381
AtmiPEP169h1	miR169h	Arabidopsis thaliana	involved in	MVT
(5.28 / 349)			nodulation, drought
AtmiPEP169h2	miR169h	Arabidopsis thaliana	resistance, resistance	MKNENLCGSQG	SEQ ID
			to nitrogen deficiency		NO: 382
AtmiPEP169n	miR169n	Arabidopsis thaliana		MKCMMKKRGLTWRKASCLVAKDDL	SEQ ID
(8.96 / 5315)				PDLFRLHDSISNSCILDYYTF	NO: 383

AtmiPEP170	miR170	Arabidopsis thaliana	GRAS gene family,	MFPRESL	SEQ ID
(5.75 /879)			involved in floral,		NO: 384
			foliar, and root
			development,
			mycorrhization,
			nodulation

AtmiPEP396a	miR396a	Arabidopsis thaliana	Family of the GRF	MTLSVFFHSFLELQNFFRFFFFSFDISY	SEQ ID
(5.3 / 3636)			genes involved in root	A	NO: 385
			development and
			cellular proliferation,
			mycorrhization

AtmiPEP399c	miR399c	Arabidopsis thaliana	PHO2 gene family,	MSLAKGELPCHCFRLNIVYNRFC	SEQ ID
(8.66/2703)			involved in		NO: 386
			phosphorus
			metabolism

MtmiPEP169d	miR169d	Medicago tuncatula	Family NF-YA	MVKESFMERLKVR	SEQ ID NO:
			genes (or HAP2		424
			genes)

TABLE 2

List of the miORFs

miPEP	Organism	Sequence of the miORF	SEQ ID

AtmiPEP156a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTCTGTTCAATTCAATGCGTCGCCAGACATCTGTTCCCTTTGC	SEQ ID NO: 105
		ATGTAAGAGAGATAAAGAAAGCGACAAGAGCCATAAAGAAAGG
		TAA

AtmiPEP156a2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGCGTCGCCAGACATCTGTTCCCTTTGCATGTAAGAGAGATAAA	SEQ ID NO: 106
		GAAAGCGACAAGAGCCATAAAGAAAGGTAA

AtmiPEP156a3	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTTATGTTTTTTCTCGATTTAGACAAAAACCCTAGATTTGATC	SEQ ID NO: 107
		TTCTAAAGGGTCTCAAATGGAATCTCTTCTCTTCTCATATCTCTCC
		CTCTCTCCCTCCCTCTCTTTGA

AtmiPEP156c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAAGGACAACTTTCCTCTTCTCCTTCGGTTATAA	SEQ ID NO: 108

AtmiPEP156c2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAGTGATGACTGA	SEQ ID NO: 109

AtmiPEP156e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGATATATATAAATAAATATGGGTCGATATCGGCTGTGGAGGAC	SEQ ID NO: 110
		GACTAG

AtmiPEP156f1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAGCCAAAGATAA	SEQ ID NO: 111

A1miPEP159a	Arabidopsis lyrata	ATGACGTGTCCTCTTCTCTCTCTCTCTTTCCTTCTCTCTAAGTATAT	SEQ ID NO: 112
		TTAG

AtmiPEP159a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGACGTGGCCTCTTCTCTCTCTCTCTTTCCTTCTCTCTAAGTATGT	SEQ ID NO: 113
		TTAG

CrmiPEP159a	Capsella rubella	ATGACGTGTACTCTCTCTGCTCTATCTCTCTCTCTAAATATGTTTA	SEQ ID NO: 114
		GGGTTAA

AtmiPEP159b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTTTATCTTTCATAA	SEQ ID NO: 115

AtmiPEP159b2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTTAATACTAGTAGCTTTTTCATTTCAAGTTTTATCCTTCCAT	SEQ ID NO: 116
		TGGTTCTTTCTGAGTCAAATTGTCTCCTGTTTCGAACCATATATAA
		GTTTTCAATGGTTTTGTATTAA

AtmiPEP160a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTTTGTTTGTTGATTCCCATCTTCTCTTTTGTCTTTTCACCAAA	SEQ ID NO: 117
		TCGTCATTTAAGGCTTCAAGAACAGTAA

AtmiPEP160b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTTTCCCCTCAATGA	SEQ ID NO: 118

AtmiPEP160b2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAAATACATACACATITTGATTTTATTTAAATCAAGATCGACG	SEQ ID NO: 119
		TATAAGCTATCCACCAATCATATTTAA

AtmiPEP161	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAAAATTCCATTGTTTCTGCCGAAGCTTTGA	SEQ ID NO: 120

AtmiPEP162a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTATCTGGTCAAGAAGATTCCTGGTTAAAACTTTCATCTCTCT	SEQ ID NO: 121
		GTTTCCTTTTTCTTTCTTTGTTGGATTCATTAATTTGA

AtmiPEP162b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTTCTTTTAATCTTTTTGAGATTAATAATGATTTGTGTTTGTTC	SEQ ID NO: 122
		ATCAACCGATTTTCTCAGATCTGTCAATTATTTTTGTTTATTTATTT
		ATGATTTATGA

AtmiPEP163-1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTCCACTACTCAAGAGCATAGGTCTTGA	SEQ ID NO: 123

AtmiPEP163-2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGATACTAAAGTGCTGGAGTTCCCGGTTCCTGAGAGTGAGTCCA	SEQ ID NO: 124
		TATCAAAATGCGCATTCGTTATCACTTGGTTGA

AlmiPEP164a1	Arabidopsis lyrata	ATGCCCTTAGCAGTTATTAGACAAGGGATTGTTTGGCCCTAG	SEQ ID NO: 125

AlmiPEP164a2	Arabidopsis lyrata	ATGCCATCATGGCATGACATGGTTCTTTTGCCITACGTAAAACAC	SEQ ID NO: 126
		ACTCACGCCAACACACGCCACATAACATAA

AlmiPEP164a3	Arabidopsis lyrata	ATGACATGGTTCTTTTGCCTTACGTAA	SEQ ID NO: 127

AtmiPEP164a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGCCATCATGGCATGGTATGGTTCTTTTGCCTTACGTAAAACAC	SEQ ID NO: 128
		ACTCACGCCAGCACACACACACACACACATAACATATACGGATG
		TGCGTGTGAGCTAGTCTTCCATTAA

AtmiPEP164a2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGCATGGTATGGTTCTTTTGCCTTACGTAAAACACACTCACGC	SEQ ID NO: 129
		CAGCACACACACACACACACATAA

AtmiPEP164a3	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTATGGTTCTTTTGCCTTACGTAA	SEQ ID NO: 130

BrmiPEP164a1	Brassica rapa	ATGATGATAATTTTGTGGAAATAA	SEQ ID NO: 131

BrmiPEP164a2	Brassica rapa	ATGCTTTGGGCCAAGCTAGTTTCTTTTAGCACTCTTCACTCACTAG	SEQ ID NO: 132
		TTTTTCTTCTCAGCCCTTCTTTTGCGTGA

BrmiPEP164a3	Brassica rapa	ATGCCATCATGGCATGGCATTGTCATTTTGCCTTTCGTAAAACAC	SEQ ID NO: 133
		ACTCACGCCAACATACATTATTCATATTCATGTGTATGTATATGA
		ATGCCATCATGGCATATGCCATCATGGCAT

CpmiPEP164a1	Carica papaya	ATGATTGCATGCCATCCCTACTTGCCTTTTCCCCTTTTCCTTTCTCT	SEQ ID NO: 134
		AACATTTTACTCAATCTTCTTCTCCCCCTCCCCCCCTTCCCCCTCTC
		TGCCATTATAA

CpmiPEP164a2	Carica papaya	ATGCCATCCCTACTTGCCTTTTCCCCTTTTCCTTTCTCTAACATTTT	SEQ ID NO: 135
		ACTCAATCTTCTTCTCCCCCTCCCCCCCTTCCCCCTCTCTGCCATTA
		TAACCATAATTAAACCTCTCTCCCTCTCTCTCCCTCTCTCTCTCTCT
		CTCTCTGGGTTCTCAGTATAA

CrmiPEP164a1	Capsella rubella	ATGGAATTAAAAGGTTTGAGAACTTGGCAGTTATTAGACAAGGTA	SEQ ID NO: 136
		TAG

CnniPEP164a2	Capsella rubella	ATGCCATCATGGCATGGCATGGCATGTTTCTATTGCCTTACGTAA	SEQ ID NO: 137

CrmiPEP164a3	Capsella rubella	ATGGCATGGCATGTTTCTATTGCCTTACGTAAAACACACTCACGC	SEQ ID NO: 138
		CAACACATACTCACTATACATGTAAATAAGTATGTGCGCGTGTGA

GrmiPEP164a1	Gossypium raimondii	ATGATGAGATCAAGAATTTTAAAGTTTCAATATAGATTTGGCATG	SEQ ID NO: 139
		GGTATTGGCGGCAGAAAGCAATTAAAAAACCAGTTATGTCAAAT
		TCAAGGTCGTATCAGTTAA

GrmiPEP164a2	Gossypium raimondii	ATGTCAAATTCAAGGTCGTATCAGTTAAAATGA	SEQ ID NO: 140

GrmiPEP164a3	Gossypium raimondii	ATGAATGAAGATTTAGAAATTTCAACAAGGAAGAGGACCCCACA	SEQ ID NO: 141
		GCTTTGTTAA

MtmiPEP164a1	Medicago truncatula	ATGCCCAAATTTGATATTTTTTTTTATATATTTGTATAG	SEQ ID NO: 142

MtmiPEP164a2	Medicago truncatula	ATGTCATATATCTCTCTCTCTCCTAAGTTGCTACCTATAAATACTA	SEQ ID NO: 143
		AGCCTTTCCCTTGGTTGGTTCAATTCAACTTCTACTTCTCATCAAA
		CACAAAGTGCAATAAGCTTCATTTCCTGGGTGAGAAGCTCCTTGT
		TGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGTGCAAATCCTCTITCTGATTCATTCTCT
		CATAATGCATATCAATATCTTTTGCACGTGCTCCCCTTCTCCAACT
		AGG

OsmiPEP164a1	Oryza sativa	ATGCAAACCCACTCCAACACTCCACAATCCACATACTCTCTCTCT	SEQ ID NO: 144
		CTCTCTCTCTCTGAGTAG

OsmiPEP164a2	Oryza sativa	ATGTGTGTGTGTGATATCAATATGCATTCGATGTTGATGCTACTGT	SEQ ID NO: 145
		AG

AlmiPEP165a	Arabidopsis lyrata	ATGAGAATTAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCG	SEQ ID NO: 146
		AGGATATTATACATATATACATGIGTATGTTGA

AtmiPEP165a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAGGGTTAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCG	SEQ ID NO: 147
		AGGATATTATAG

BcmiPEP165a	Brassica carinata	ATGAGAATGAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCG	SEQ ID NO: 148
		AGGATATTATATATACACAAATACGTATATATGTTAATACAAGTG
		TTTGATCATATATGTATATAG

BjmiPEP165a	Brassica juncea	ATGAGAATGAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCG	SEQ ID NO: 149
		AGGATATTATATATACACAAATATGTATATATATGTTAA

BnmiPEP165a	Brassica napus	ATGAGAATGAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCG	SEQ ID NO: 150
		AGGATATTATATATACACAAATACGTATATATGATAATACAAGTG
		TTTGATCATATATGTATATAG

BomiPEP165a	Brassica oleracea	ATGAGAATGAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCG	SEQ ID NO: 151
		AGGATATTATATATACACAAGTACGTATATATGTTAATACAAGTG
		TTTGATCATATATGTATATAG

BrmiPEP165a	Brassica rapa	ATGAGAATGAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCG	SEQ ID NO: 152
		AGGATATTATATATACACAAATATGTATATATATGTTAA

AtmiPEP166a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTGGATCTCTTTCGATCTAACAATCGAATTGAACCTTCAGATT	SEQ ID NO: 153
		TCAGATTTGATTAG

AtmiPEP166b	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAGAGATAGATAA	SEQ ID NO: 154

AtmiPEP167a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAACAGAAAAATCTCTCTTTCTCTTTCTTGA	SEQ ID NO: 155

AtmiPEP167b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGATGGGTTGTTTTGTGGGATTTTAA	SEQ ID NO: 156

AtmiPEP167b2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGCAGGAGGAAACATATGAGGGGTGA	SEQ ID NO: 157

AtmiPEP169c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGCCACATACAAACTTGAAAGATCTCTTCATCTTTTCTCCAAATG	SEQ ID NO: 158
		TTTTTTTTTCGTTTGCTATTTATCTCCACAATTCTTGGAACAAAAA
		CTACATTCACAAACGAGAGAATTTTCACAACACCTCTTTTGCTCTC
		ATTTTTTTTTTTTCGTCCATTATGAGTATTAATTATGGTTAG

AtmiPEP169c2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTTTTTTTTCGTTTGCTATTTATCTCCACAATTCTTGGAACAA	SEQ ID NO: 159
		AAACTACATTCACAAACGAGAGAATTTTCACAACACCTCTTTTGC
		TCTCATTTTTTTTTTTTCGTCCATTATGA

AtmiPEP16911	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAGACATAAAGAGAGTTAA	SEQ ID NO: 160

AtmiPEP171a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAACCTCCTCAAGAAGGAAAGACAGAGGAGGAGACAAAGAA	SEQ ID NO: 161
		GTATAGGTTCACATTGCATAGCCAGTTTAGTTTTGAAGGATGGAT
		ATATGAAAAAAATATGA

AtmiPEP171b	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTTCTCTCCGGTAAATTAACATTTTAG	SEQ ID NO: 162

MtmiPEP171b1	Medicago truncatula	ATGCTTCTTCATAGGCTCTCCAAATTTTGCAAAATTGAAAGAGAC	SEQ ID NO: 163
		ATAGTATATATATCTTAG

MtmiPEP171b2	Medicago truncatula	ATGAAGATTGAAGAGTAA	SEQ ID NO: 164

ZmmiPEP171b	Zea mays	ATGCATCTGCCTTCAACTCCCTTCGCCCCCCACCCCAACACACAT	SEQ ID NO: 165
		CTCTCTCTTTTCTAGGGAAGGAAATGACGAAGGGGACGACGACG
		GCATGCTTCGGCTAG

AtmiPEP171c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTGTCTCTTTCTCATTTTCATATCTGCTAA	SEQ ID NO: 166

MtmiPEP171e	Medicago truncatula	ATGATGGTGTTTGGGAAGCCGAAAAAAGCGATGTTGGTGAGGTT	SEQ ID NO: 167
		CAATCCGAAGACGGATTTACATGTATAG

MtmiPEP171h	Medicago truncatula	ATGGCTTCAGCTGCAAAAGTATACATGGCGTGA	SEQ ID NO: 168

AtmiPEP172a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGCTTCCAAGATCTGGTAA	SEQ ID NO: 169

AtmiPEP172a3	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTTAGGTTCCAACTAAGTATACGAGATTAA	SEQ ID NO: 170

AtmiPEP172b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTGTACGTACTATTATCTCATAAATAAATATTITTAA	SEQ ID NO: 171

AtmiPEP172c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTTCCAGCAAAATGGTGCCGTCTTGAGTCTTGA	SEQ ID NO: 172

AtmiPEP172e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGGATCTCTCTCTTTATTTAAAAGTCAATTAGAGATCTTGATGC	SEQ ID NO: 173
		TACTTCTGTCCCTTTCCAAGTGA

AtmiPEP172e2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAGTGTATATATTCATGTACCTATCTCTCTCAATTGCTTCTCAC	SEQ ID NO: 174
		CAAAATCATCTTGCTGA

AtmiPEP172e3	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGGAGTTCCCAACTTTAGACCTCGAAACCGATAA	SEQ ID NO: 175

AcmiPEP319a1	Arabidopsis cebennensis	ATGAGATCTAGGGTTTCTTTCTTTTTCTTCAAAATCATGCTTTTTC	SEQ ID NO: 176
		GCTTGCTAGGTTATAGATCCATGTAA

AcmiPEP319a2	Arabidopsis cebennensis	ATGCATACATACATACATACCATCTCTAATATTTCATCAATCTTCT	SEQ ID NO: 177
		TTTGTTCCAAACGCCTTTCTCTCCATTTACATACATACGAATCATT
		GTTGTCATAGATCCGTTTAGAATTGCTTTAACTTTTAGATGA

AlmiPEP319a	Arabidopsis halleri	ATGAGATCTAGGGTTTCTTTGTTTCTTTCGTTTTCTTCAAATTTTGC	SEQ ID NO: 178
		TGCATATTCTCCAAGATCATGA

AlmiPEP319a	Arabidopsis lyrata	ATGCATACATACATACCATCATCATCTTTTCCCATCTCTAATATTT	SEQ ID NO: 179
		CATCAGTCTTCTTTTGTTACAAACGCTCTTTCTCGCCATATACATA
		CATAAGAATCATTGTTGTCATAGATCCGTTTAGAATTGCTTTAACT
		TTTAGATGA

AtmiPEP319a1	Arabidopsis thailana	ATGAATATACATACATACCATCATCTTCTTTTCCCATCTCTAGTTT	SEQ ID NO: 180
		TTCATCAATCTTCTGATGTTCCAAACGCTCTATCTCTTCATATACA
		TACATACGAATATATTATTGTTGTCATAGATCCATTTAGAATCACT
		TTAGCTTTTAGATGA

AtmiPEP319a2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTCCAAACGCTCTATCTCTTCATATACATACATACGAATATAT	SEQ ID NO: 181
		TATTGTTGTCATAG

BrmiPEP319a	Brassica rapa	ATGTTTAAGCTCTACTTCTCAGCAATTCTCTCCACCCAATACATGC	SEQ ID NO: 182
		ATACATACCATCATCGTATCGCTCTAATTTTTCTATCAATCTTGTA
		TCCTTCCACAAATTATCTTATGTCTCCCATTTTAAATCCTACATAG

CpmiPEP319a	Carica papaya	ATGAAGATTAAATTAGGTTTTAGTCTTATTAAGATTATTATATTAC	SEQ ID NO: 183
		TAGACAAAAACAGTTAA

CrmiPEP319a	Capsella rubella	ATGCATCCACATACATACATACATATACCATCATCTTCTTTTCTCA	SEQ ID NO: 184
		TCTCTAGTTTTTGTTTATAA

EgmiPEP319a	Eucalyptus grandis	ATGAAGCATATTCAAAGGTGGAGATATGGGGAGACTTCCGGAAG	SEQ ID NO: 185
		AGCAGGGGATTGGAAAAGGCTCGAGATCAAAGTGCATAGCAACC
		CTTCGCTAAAGGTGAAAAAGAATACGAATAACTTCAGTAGCTCAC
		TTTAA

GrmiPEP319a	Gossypium raimondii	ATGATCCATTTCAACCTGTCACAGTGGAGAGCAATTTGTATGGCT	SEQ ID NO: 186
		AATTTCCATCTCACCTATTCTTTTCTGTTTGGGGTTCTCTAG

MtmiPEP319a	Medicago truncatula	ATGCATGTATATCTTGAATTGTTTATGGTAATAAAGGGGTTAGGA	SEQ ID NO: 187
		TTTCTCCTTTTGGTGAAGTGA

OsmiPEP319a	Oryza saliva	ATGGAAATGATACAAAGGCCGTGTTTAATTTTAAAATTTTTTTTCA	SEQ ID NO: 188
		AACTTTCAACACTTTACATCCCATAA

PpmiPEP319a	Physcomitrella patens	ATGTTCCACCGTCGGAGATCCTCGGTGCTGCTACCCCCGTTCGGC	SEQ ID NO: 189
		CAAACCCAACCCAACCCTAGGTGTCTGCCGGACCTCCGCTTCCCC
		TCCTGCTTCACCCCCTGCACCGCTTAA

ThmiPEP319a1	Thellungiella halophila	ATGACGATATGTAAAGTAAGCAAGGCATGTTTTTATGCAGGGAA	SEQ ID NO: 190
		GATTGAAAATTCAAGATTAATCAAGAAAATTGGAATACCAAAAA
		GAGAGGGAGCTCCCTTCAGTCCAATCAGAGAGAATCAATGA

ThmiPEP319a2	Thellungiella halophila	ATGGAGATTCAAATTAAAAAGAAAAACTTATATATAATGAATAC	SEQ ID NO: 191
		ACAAAAGCTACCTAATCTGTATATATATATATATAAATATGTTT
		CATTAAATTAATGGTCGTGGAATAG

AtmiPEP319b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTACCTCAAATTAATCTATGGTCATCTAGGGTTATCTTGAAG	SEQ ID NO: 192
		ATTAGAATTGATTCTAGCACGCACAGAGAGGAAGATCATTGCATC
		CAGAATCACAAACATG³GCCTATCTTTTATCTTTTCTTTTTGA

AtmiPEP394a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTCTCTCCAATTTTATGAGAGGGTTTCCTTCAAGAACACAGTA	SEQ ID NO: 193
		AAATAG

AtmiPEP395c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGACAGAGCAAGAAGAAGAAAGTCAAATGTCCACATGA	SEQ ID NO: 194

AtmiPEP395e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTATCTACAATATATTGATAATGTAATATCTATATATTCAAAC	SEQ ID NO: 195
		AATCGTCGTGTTGGTCGGATGTTTTCTAGAGTTCCTCTGAGCACTT
		CATTGGAGATACAATTTTTTATAAAATAG

AtmiPEP397b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAGCAAGGAGATATTTTTTTCCCCTGGGTTTGAATGA	SEQ ID NO: 196

AtmiPEP398c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAGAACACACGAGCAATCAACGGCTATAACGACGCTACGTCA	SEQ ID NO: 197
		TTGTTACAGCTCTCGTTTCATGTGTTCTCAGGTCACCCCTGCTGAG
		CTCTTTCTCTACCGTCCATGTTTTATCAACGCCGTGGCCCGTG

AtmiPEP399b	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAAGAGAAACATGTAA	SEQ ID NO: 198

AtmiPEP399d1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGCAATGTGAAATATGA	SEQ ID NO: 199

AtmiPEP403	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTTTGTGCTTGA	SEQ ID NO: 200

AtmiPEP447a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTCATGGCTCATCATTAG	SEQ ID NO: 201

AtmiPEP447a2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGATGAAACCTCGATGGAACTGCTCTCTTTATGGAATCACGGAA	SEQ ID NO: 202
		TGGACAAATAATCAAAATCAGAAATCGAAGCGAAAAGGGAGGA
		GAAAAACGCAGATTTGGAGGATTGGGGACAGATTAGATACTGTT
		GAATGCATCACTCTAATGCTATCAGCCTATTAA

AtmiPEP447b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGCTGCTTATCATCGTGGAGTTGGTTCTGTAA	SEQ ID NO: 203

AtmiPEP447b2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGCTTTGTTTCAATTTCAGGTGCGTTAGAAGGTTTGCAGAGTAG	SEQ ID NO: 204

AtmiPEP447c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTACACCTACCAGCTTGATAACTCTTTTTCGTGGTTTCTGTGTA	SEQ ID NO: 205
		CTCGTTTCTGTTTGTACAGATACTTCTTGTTCAATTTCAGATGCTTT
		AGAAGGTTTTCGGAG

dmmiPEP1a	Drosophila melanogaster	ATGTGGCGCGAAGTATGCGCACAAAAAAGTCAAACAAAAAGGCG	SEQ ID NO: 206
		CAATTTTATTACGGGCAACCAACGACGAAACAAAACAAAAGCCA
		ACCGAAAAGCAGAAACAAAGCAGCAAAAAGTTTATGAATTTTTT
		GTGCAGGCGCGTGAAAGATGCAAAACGAGAAAAAAACATGAAA
		AAAAAACATTAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAATCCAAAACAGATACCG
		AGCTGTATCCGAAAACGAGTGGGGAAAGGGGTTTCCCAGTCACA
		TATAA

DmmiPEP1b	Drosophila melanogaster	ATGCGCACAAAAAAGTCAAACAAAAAGGCGCAATTTTATTACGG	SEQ ID NO: 207
		GCAACCAACGACGAAACAAAACAAAAGCCAACCGAAAAGCAGA
		AACAAAGCAGCAAAAAGTTTATGA

DmmiPEP8	Drosophila melanogaster	ATGGAGCCTGGCTTTGTTTTTGTTTTATTTCCAACCCACTTGAGCA	SEQ ID NO: 208
		CACAGCACACACAGAGAGAAAAATCAATACTCGTTATGGGATTA
		AATTTACAAAGCGCAAAGCAAAGCGACAAACAAAATTCAAAAGA
		AAGAAAAAAAAACACTCAAATAAACTCACAAAGAATTCCTTATC
		GCCAAGGGGGCCAATGTTCTAAGGTTCTTTCGCCTTGA

HsmiPEP155	Homo sapiens	TGGAGATGGCTCTAATGGTGGCACAAACCAGGAAGGGGAAATCT	SEQ ID NO: 356
		GTGGTTTAA

AtmiPEP157c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGATGTTGCATATCACACATAGGTTTGAGAGTGATGTTGGTTGT	SEQ ID NO: 387
		TGA

AtmiPEP157d	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGCTGTATGTATAG	SEQ ID NO: 388

AtmiPEP160c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTCATGCGTAGAGGTTTGGTATACAACAATATATACATATAA	SEQ ID NO: 389

AtmiPEP164b	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGATGAAGGTGTGTGATGAGCAAGATGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGT	SEQ ID NO: 390
		GCATTACTAG

AtmiPEP166c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAAGAAGAGAATCACTCGAATTAATTTGGAAGAACAAATTAA	SEQ ID NO: 391
		GAAAACCCTAGATGATTCTCGGACCAGGCTTCATTCCCCCTAA

AtmiPEP166d	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAAGAAGATCGGTAGTATTGATTCATTTTAA	SEQ ID NO: 392

AtmiPEP169a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGACTTGCCGATTTAAATGA	SEQ ID NO: 393

AtmiPEP169h1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGGTGACATGA	SEQ ID NO: 394

AtmiPEP169h2	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAAGAATGAGAACTTGTGTGGTAGCCAAGGATGA	SEQ ID NO: 395

AtmiPEP169n	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGAAGTGTATGATGAAGAAGAGAGGTCTAACATGGCGGAAAGC	SEQ ID NO: 396
		GTCATGTTTAGTAGCCAAGGATGACTTGCCTGATCTTTTTCGCCTC
		CACGATTCAATTTCAAATTCATGCATTTTGGATTATTATACCTTTT
		AA

AtmiPEP170	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTTTCCGAGAGAGTCCCTCTGA	SEQ ID NO: 397

AtmiPEP396 a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGACCCTCTCTGTATTCTTCCACAGCTTTCTTGAACTGCAAAACT	SEQ ID NO: 398
		TCTTCAGATTTTTTTTTTTTTCTTTTGATATCTCTTACGCATAA

AtmiPEP399 c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATGTCACTTGCCAAAGGAGAGTTGCCCTGTCACTGCTTCCGCTTA	SEQ ID NO: 399
		AACACAGTCTATAACCGGTTCTGCTAA

MtmiPEP169d	Medicago truncatula	ATGGTCAAAGAGTCTTTCATGGAGAGGTTGAAAGTGAGATGA	SEQ ID NO: 425

TABLE 3

List of the primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs)

miPEP	Organism	Sequence of the Pri-miRNA	SEQ ID

AtmiPEP156a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATTCATTGTTCACTCTCAAATCTCAAGTTCATTGCCATTTTTAGGTCTCTC	SEQ ID NO: 209
AtmiPEP156a2		TATAAATTCAAATGTTCTGTTCAATTCAATGCGTCGCCAGACATCTGTTC
AtmiPEP156a3		CCTTTGCATGTAAGAGAGATAAAGAAAGCGACAAGAGCCATAAAGAAA
		GGTAAGACTCTTTGAAATAGAGAGAGATAAGGTTTTCTCTTATCTTCTTC
		TCATCAGATCTTTGTTTCTTTACCCTCTTTCTTTTTTTTTTTGCTTTTTATG
		GTTATGTTTTTTCTCGATTTAGACAAAAACCCTAGATTTGATCTTCTAAAG
		GGTCTCAAATGGAATCTCTTCTCTTCTCATATCTCTCCCTCTCTCCCTCCC
		TCTCTTTGATTCTTTGTCTTCTCCAGTTAAAACTCAGATCTAACACAAAGC
		TTAAAAGATTCTCATCGTTTCTTGTTTTCTTTGTTTCATCTTGTAGATCTCT
		GAAGTTGGACTAATTGTGAATGAAAGAGTTGGGACAAGAGAAACGCAA
		AGAAACTGACAGAAGAGAGTGAGCACACAAAGGCAATTTGCATATCATT
		GCACTTGCTTCTCTTGCGTGCTCACTGCTCTTTCTGTCAGATTCCGGTGCT
		GATCTCTTT

AtmiPEP156c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	CTCTGCCTTTAGTTCTTTCTTTTTTGGTAATATATTTATTTTTCGTTACGAT	SEQ ID NO: 210
AtmiPEP156c2		TTGGTCAAAACCCTAGATTTGTTTTCCAAAAGCATATCTGAAAATGAAGG
		ACAACTTTCCTCTTCTCCTTCGGTTATAAATATTCTCTCCGGTTTTGCTTGT
		TTAACCTAAAAGCCTCAGATCTAACTCCAACACCTTCAAAGTCTGCCTCC
		TTTCCAATCTTCTTTCTTCTGTTCGATCTCTAATCTCAGAATTTGTGTCGGT
		AAGGTAAAGGTGATAATGAGTGATGACTGATGAGGGAGTTTTGGGACAA
		ATTTTAAGAGAAACGCATAGAAACTGACAGAAGAGAGTGAGCACACAA
		AGGCACTTTGCATGTTCGATGCATTTGCTTCTCTTGCGTGCTCACTGCTCT
		ATCTGTCAGATTCCGGCT

AtmiPEP156e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TCCCACATCCAAAGATAGAAAGATGTAAGGTCTAGAGTCTTGTTCTTAAT	SEQ ID NO: 211
		CCCCTAACAGAACAATGATATATATAAATAAATATGGGTCGATATCGGC
		TGTGGAGGACGACTAGCTACGGTTTCGAGCCTGGTCACATGCGTAGAGT
		GTGAAAGGTAATTAGGAGGTGACAGAAGAGAGTGAGCACACATGGTGG
		TTTCTTGCATGCTTTTTTGATTAGGGTTTCATGCTTGAAGCTATGTGTGCT
		TACTCTCTCTCTGTCACCCCT

AtmiPEP156f1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TCCCACAGCCAATGAGCCAAAGATAAAGAAACACCTATCCTATAATAAT	SEQ ID NO: 212
		TTAGAGCAATATACCTCCATAATGGAACATCTATATATATAAAGGTATCC
		GTATATCTCTATATATTATATTCATTGAGTTTAAAGTGGCTAGGGTTTATA
		GATGTATGTGATATTAAGAGATATGAAACATATTTGTCGACGGTTTGAGT
		GGTGAGGAATTGATGGTGACAGAAGAGAGTGAGCACACATGGTGGCTTT
		CTTGCATATTTGAAGGTTCCATGCTTGAAGCTATGTGTGCTCACTCTCTAT
		CCGTCACCCCCTTCTCTCCCTCTCCCTC

AlmiPEP159a	Arabidopsis lyrata	AAAAAATGACGTGTCCTTTCTCTCTCTCTCTTTCCTTCTCTCTAAGTATA	SEQ ID NO: 213
		TTTAGGGTTAATTATTAGGGTTCTTTATCTCTTTCTTCAGTCTTTGAAGTTT
		CTTCAATAGCTTTAATTGAAGTGATTTACCTCTCTGGGTGTTTTTAGTATA
		TATATCATGTACATGATCGAATTTCTTTCTATCCAAGTTCTCATCAAACCT
		TCTCATGTTTTGAAGAGTTAAAGGCTTTATAGTTTGCTTAGGTCAGATCC
		ATAACATACTGTATTTGACAAGTTTCTTTGTCACGATAGATCTTGGTCT
		GACCAAAATGATTTTCTCGAGAAAAAAAAAGATGGAAGTAGAGCTCCTT
		GAAGTTCAAACGAGAGTTGAGCAGGGTAAAGAAAAGCTGCTAAGCTATG
		GATCCCATAAGCCCTAATCCTTATAAAGAAAAAAAAGGATTTGGTTATAT
		GGCTTGCATATCTCAGGAGCTTTAACTTGCCCTTTAATGGCTTTTACTCTT
		CTTTGGATTGAAGGGAGCTCTACATCTTCTTTCACCTTCTCTATTTTTCTTT
		CTTTATTTTCTCCTCTACAGTAATTTATTTGGATT

AtmiPEP159a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TTCCAAAACATGACGTGGCCTCTTCTCTCTCTCTCTTTCCTTCTCTCTAAG	SEQ ID NO: 214
		TATGTTTAGGGTTAATAATTAGGGTTCCTCCTCTCTTTTGTTCTGTCTTTAT
		ATCTCCTTCATAGCTCTAATGTAAGAGATTTACCTTTTTGGTGTTTTTGT
		TAATCCACGTTCTCATCAAAACTTTCTCATTGTTTTATGAAGAGTTAAAG
		GTCTTTACAGTTTGCTTATGTCAGATCCATAATATATTTGACAAGATACTT
		TGTTTTTCGATAGATCTTGATCTGACGATGGAAGTAGAGCTCCTTAAAGT
		TCAAACATGAGTTGAGCAGGGTAAAGAAAAGCTGCTAAGCTATGGATCC
		CATAAGCCCTAATCCTTGTAAAGTAAAAAAGGATTTGGTTATATGGATTG
		CATATCTCAGGAGCTTTAACTTGCCCTTTAATGGCTTTTACTCTTCTTTGG
		ATTGAAGGGAGCTCTACATCTTCTTTCACCTTCTCTATTTTTTATTTTTCTT
		TATTTCTACTCAACAATTATTTATTCGGATTCATCTTTAATTTTCCGTTAT
		AATTTCTTTTTGGTAAGGATTATTCGCTATAATTTGAGAAT

CrmiPEP159a	Capsella rubella	TTCCAACGAATGACGTGTACTCTCTCTGCTCTATCTCTCTCTCTAAATATG	SEQ ID NO: 215
		TTTAGGGITAATTAGGGTTCTTCATCTGTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTTCAG
		AGTCTTTATAGCTTCTTCCAAGATTTTTAATTGAAAGTAATTTACCTCTTT
		TGGAGTTCTGTACATATAGAATATCAGGAGTCGTGTTTCTTTTTTTATCAA
		GGTTCTCATCTAACCTTTATAGTATTTTCATTAGTTGATAAAGGTCTTCAT
		AGTTTGCTTAGATCAGATCTTGTCTTCGTCTTTTCGATAGATCTTGTTCTG
		TCCAATATACAGTGATTTTATTTCGAGAGCAAAAAAGATGAGAGGTAGA
		GCTCCTTGAAGITCAAACGAGAGTTTAGCAGGGTAGAGAAAAGCTGCTA
		AGCTATGGATCCCATAAGCCCTAATCCTTGTTAATGATAAAGGATTTGGT
		TATATGGCTTGCATATCTCAGGAGCTTTAACTTGCCCTTTAATTGCTTTTA
		CTCTTCTTTGGATTGAAGGGAGCTCTACATCTTCTTTGACTTCTCTCTCTA
		TTAAGTCTTTCTTTATTTTCTTCTCTACAATAGTTGTTTTGGATCGGAAGA
		TCTTTAAGTTTCCCTTA

AtmiPEP159b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TTTCACTTTTGTTCTCCTCCTCCCTTTTTTTCTTTTCAGGATTCTTCTTTTCT	SEQ ID NO: 216
AtmiPEP159b2		ATGTTTTATCTTTCATAATAGATCTGATAATTTTGATTTTTCACTATATAT
		ATTATGGTTAATACTAGTAGCTTTTTCATTTCAAGTTTTATCCTTCATTG
		GTTCTTTCTGAGTCAAATTGTCTCCTGTTTCGAACCATATATAAGTTTTCA
		ATGGTTTTGTATTAACTCAAGTATTCAACATTATGTCTCTCTTTTTCTTGC
		TTGGATCTCTAATGCTGTTCATATTTTAAAGCATAGGTTTAGGTTAGATG
		CATGTAACTGCCAATTAAAAGAAGGTCAAGAGTTTTTTGATTGTATGAAT
		ATATGAGTTAGTCAAAGCAGATCCACACGATTATATAGAAAAACAAAGG
		AAGAAGAAGAGGAAGAGCTCCTTGAAGTTCAATGGAGGGTTTAGCAGGG
		TGAAGTAAAGCTGCTAAGCTATGGATCCCATAAGCCTTATCAAATTCAAT
		ATAATTGATGATAAGGTTTTTTTTATGGATGCCATATCTCAGGAGCTTTC
		ACTTACCCCTITTAATGGCTTCACTCTTCTTTGGATTGAAGGGAGCTCTTCA
		TCTCTC

AtmiPEP160a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	CATCCCACCCTTAATTGTTTTATATAAACCATTTCTCCTCCTCTCTCCATC	SEQ ID NO: 217
		ACCTTCAATCTCTCTCGATCTCTCTCTGGATCCCCAATCTCACCTCCATGT
		TTTGTTTGTTGATTCCCATCTTCTCTTTTGTCTTTTCACCAAATCGTCATTT
		AAGGCTTCAAGAACAGTAACCCCAATTCCTCCACAAGAGGGAGAGAAAA
		CAAAAGATCTTCCAATTCCATTCTCGTACATGCAAATCACAATCCATGCC
		ATAGATTGTTTCTATTCCTCCTTATTTATTGCTTGTATCTGTTCATGCATG
		GACCAGGTGGAGAGAGCATTACTTAAAAATAGAATTAGCTATCTGTTTTA
		GGCGAATTAGTTTCCTTACATAACCATGTATATGTCATGACGCATATACA
		TATGTAGATGTATATGTATTATATATGTATGCCTGGCTCCCTGTATGCCAT
		ATGCTGAGCCCATCGAGTATCGATGACCTCCGTGGATGGCGTATGAGGA
		GCCATGCATAT

AtmiPEP160b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ACTCATAACTCTCCCCAAATTCTTGACCAAAAATATCCGCCACTTTCTCTC	SEQ ID NO: 218
AtmiPEP160b2		TGGTTCATGTTTTCCCCTCAATGAAATACATACACATTTTGATTTTATTTA
		AATCAAGATCGACGTATAAGCTATCCACCAATCATATTTAAGGGTTCCCG
		TATACATATATACTATATATATATATGGAATAATAGTCGTGCCTGGCTCC
		CTGTATGCCACAAGAAAACATCGATTTAGTTTCAAAATCGATCACTAGTG
		GCGTACAGAGTAGTCAAGCATGAC

AtmiPEP161	Arabidopsis thaliana	CTCTAACTCATCCTTCTCTTCTATGAAAATTCCATTGTTTCTGCCGAAGCT	SEQ ID NO: 219
		TTGATCAGTACTTCTCTTTTGCTTGATCTCGGTTTTTGACCAGTTTATTGC
		GTCGATCAATGCATTGAAAGTGACTACATCGGGGTTCCGATTTTTTTTGT
		TCTTCATATGATGAAGCGGAAACAGTAATCAACCCTGGTTTAGTCACTTT
		CACTGCATTAATCAATGCATTTGTAAAAAGAGGGAAAAGCA

AtmiPEP162a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	CTAGAAGAAAAAACCAGATCTATAAAGTTTGTTATTAAAAGATAGAGAG	SEQ ID NO: 220
		AGAGGAGGGATGTAGTAGGCCAATAGGCAAATCAGAGAATCACAAATG
		GTATCTGGTCAAGAAGATTCCTGGTTAAAACTTTCATCTCTCTGTTTCCTT
		TTTCTTTCTTTGTTGGATTCATTAATTTGACATATCTCTATCATCACACTG
		ATTCTCTTTCTCCCAGTTTGTCTGCAGATGCATGTGTGTAATCTAGGGTAT
		ATGTTTTTGTCCATTTGGTTTCATAAGGCAATAAAGATCCAGCTATTTACT
		ACTTGTGGTATAGATTTTGACTGTTGAATTTTCAGATCTGATGTGTTTCGT
		TTGATCCGATTCGGAAAATTTATGTTTCGTTGACATTTTGGAGTTTAGTTG
		GAAGAAGAGTGAGAGTCGCTGGAGGCAGCGGTTCATCGATCTCTTCCTG
		TGAACACATTAAAAATGTAAAAGCATGAATAGATCGATAAACCTCTGCA
		TCCAGCGTTTGCCTCTTGTATCTTTCTTATTGACTT

AtmiPEP162b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	CTGCATCTATCCACCTCTCTCTGTAAATTTATCTAAATGTTTCTTTTAATC	SEQ ID NO: 221
		TTTTTGAGATTAATAATGATTTGTGTTTGTTCATCAACCGATTTTCTCAGA
		TCTGTCAATTATTTTTGTTTATTTATTTATGATTTATGAATGAGGAAAGAG
		TGAAGTCGCTGGAGGCAGCGGTTCATCGATCAATTCCTGTGAATATTTAT
		TTTTGTTTACAAAAGCAAGAATCGATCGATAAACCTCTGCATCCAGCGCT
		GCTTGCTC

AtmiPEP163-1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TATCACAGTTCTCATCAAATATTTGAAAGTATCAAACAAAAAAAGGAGA	SEQ ID NO: 222
AtmiPEP163-2		GTGAGAAAAATAAAGAGAGAGATAGAGAGAGATCATGTCCACTACTCA
		AGAGCATAGGTTTGATTGGTGGAAGACAAGTACCTTAGATAAACCGAC
		CAAAACCCGGTGGATAAAATCGAGTTCCAACCTCTTCAACGACAACGAT
		TTCAACACTCTCTTCCAGGAACAACTTCCTCCAGGCAGATGATACTAAAG
		TGCTGGAGTTCCCGGTTCCTGAGAGTGAGTCCATATCAAAATGCGCATTC
		GTTATCACTTGGTTGAACCCATTTGGGGATTTAAATTTGGAGGTGAAATG
		GAACGCGTAATTGATGACTCCTACGTGGAACCTCTTCTTAGGAAGAGCAC
		GGTCGAAGAAGTAACTGCGCAGTGCTTAAATCGTAGATGCTAAAGTCGT
		TGAAGAGGACTTGGAACTTCGATATTATCCCCCGTGT

AlmiPEP164a1	Arabidopsis lyrata	AGTAGGGTTGGAAAATTTTTTTACATTTTTACTCTAAAATAGAATAGAGT	SEQ ID NO: 223
AlmiPEP164a2		TGGAGATGCCCTTAGCAGTTATTAGACAAGGGATTGTTTGGCCCTAGCGA
AlmiPEP164a3		TCCTCTCTTCACTCTCTCACTTTTGTAGTTCAACCCTTCTTTTGCGTGAGAT
		GCCATCATGGCATGACATGGTTCTTTTGCCTTACGTAAAACACACTCACG
		CCAACACACGCCACATAACATAAATAAATTATATATACATATACGTATGT
		GCGTGTGAGTCTTCCATTAATGCAATCTTTGGGCCTATATATATATACAA
		ACCTTCCATAACCAAAGTTATCATACTACAAAAGCTCTCTCGTACTTGGA
		AATGCGGGTGAGAATCTCCATGTTGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGTGCAAACCA
		ACAAACACGAAATCCGTCTCATGTGTTTTGCACGTACTCCCCTTCTCCAA
		CATGAGCTCCTGACCCATTG

AtmiPEP164a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	AGACAAGCCCCCACACTAAAAAAACAGTAATATGGAATAAAAAAAAGC	SEQ ID NO: 224
AtmiPEP164a2		TTTCAAAACTTAGCAGTTATTAGACAAGGTATTGTTTGGCCCTAGCTAGC
AtmiPEP164a3		GATCGTTTAGCTCTCTTCACTCTCTCACTTTTTTAGTTCAACCCTTCTTTTG
		CGTGAGATGCCATCATGGCATGGTATGGTTCTTTTGCCTTACGTAAAACA
		CACTCACGCCAGCACACACACACACACACATAACATATACGGATGTGCG
		TGTGAGCTAGTCTTCCATTAATGCAATCTTTGGGCCTATATATACAAACC
		TTTCCATAACCAAAGTTCTCATACTACAAACGCCCCTCATGTGCTTGGAA
		ATGCGGGTGAGAATCTCCATGTTGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGTGCAAACCAA
		CAAACACGAAATCCGTCTCATTTGCTTATTTGCACGTACTTAACTTCTCCA
		ACATGAGCTCTTCACCC

BrmiPEP164a1	Brassica rapa	AGACAACCCCACGITTTAAAATAAGAAATGATGATAATITTGIGGAAAT	SEQ ID NO: 225
BrmiPEP164a2		AAAAGCTAGTATACTTTTGCAATAATTAGACAAGGTATTGATGCTTTGGG
BrmiPEP164a3		CCAAGCTAGITTCTTTTAGCACTCTICACTCACTAGTTTTTCTICTCAGCC
		CTTCTITTGCGTGAAATGCCATCATGGCATGGCATTGICATTITGCCITTC
		GTAAAACACACTCACGCCAACATACATTATTCATATTCATGIGTATGTAT
		ATGAATGTTCCATTAATGCAATCITTGGGGCCTATATATACGAAGCTTAC
		ATCACCAAAGCTCTCATATTACAAAAGCTCACATATATACTIGGAAATGT
		AGGTGAGAACCTCCATGTTGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGTGCAAACCAAAAA
		ACATGAAATCTGTTTCATATGCMGCACGTGCTCCCCTCCTCCAACATG
		A

CpmiPEP164a1	Carica papaya	AGACAACACTCCTCTTTGTTCCCTTCCTCACGTATCCACTTTTGAAATTTG	SEQ ID NO: 226
CpmiPEP164a2		TAATTTGTGTGCACCACCATGATTGCATGCCATCCCTACTTGCCTTTTCCC
		CTTTTCCTTTCTCTAACATTTTACTCAATCTTCTTCTCCCCCTCCCCCCCTT
		CCCCCTCTCTGCCATTATAACCATAATTAAACCTCTCTCCCTCTCTCTCCC
		TCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTGGGTTCTCAGTATAAATGCAGCTCTGCTTATA
		CTTCCACACCTATATATATATACCTGACCCTTCTTCACCTCCTTCATCCAC
		CTCCTCCTTCTTCCCCAAAACTTTCTTAACTGTTCTCTGCATACATATATA
		TCCACATACATATATATATATATAGAGAGAGAGTGAGACAGAGAGGTTA
		CCGAGGCAATTGGGTGAGTAGCTCCCTGITGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGTGC
		AAATTCTCCATGGCTTTCCCCTCTTTGCACGTGCTCCCCTTCTCCAACATG
		GGTTCC

CrmiPEP164a1	Capsella rubella	CGGCCACCCCCACATTTAACAAGAAAAAAACTGATGGAATTAAAAGGTT	SEQ ID NO: 227
CrmiPEP164a2		TGAGAACTTGGCAGTTATTAGACAAGGTATAGTTTGGCCCTAGCTTCTTT
CrmiPEP164a3		TAATTTAGCTCTCTCCACTCTCACACTTTTCAACTTTCACCCTTCTCTTGC
		GTGAGTCGCGAGATGCCATCATGGCATGGCATGGCATGTTTCTATTGCCT
		TACGTAAAACACACTCACGCCAACACATACTCACTATACATGTAAATAA
		GTATGTGCGCGTGTGAGTCTTCCATCCATCAATGCAATCTTTGGGGCTAT
		ATATATACAAACCTTTTCCATAACCAAAGCTCTCATATAAACTACAAAAG
		GCTCACTTGGGAAATGCGGGTGAGAATCTCCACGTTGGAGAAGCAGGGC
		ACGTGCAAACCAACAAACACGAAACCCTCCTCATGTGCTTTGCACGTACT
		CCCCTTCTCCAACATG

GrmiPEP164a1	Gossypium raimondii	GAAAACCCAAGTTCAGGCTAACAAGTTATCTGATGATGAGATCAAGAAT	SEQ ID NO: 228
GrmiPEP164a2		TTTAAAGTTTCAATATAGATTTGGCATGGGTATTGGCGGCAGAAAGCAAT
GrmiPEP164a3		TAAAAAACCAGTTATGTCAAATTCAAGGTCGTATCAGTTAAAATGAATG
		AAGATTTAGAAATTTCAACAAGGAAGAGGACCCCACAGCTTTGTTAAAT
		TAAGTGTGTGGTTTTTATAATTATCATCTCGAAAGTTTCATAATATCAATT
		AGATTAAAACATCTCTGAATTTCATAATTACAAACCAGATAGATAGATAC
		ATGAAAACTTAGACCCCAGAGATCTGTCTTTAAAGAATGCCCACTTCTAG
		ACTCAATCTCTATTACTCTCTTTTTTTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTTCGGAAAAACT
		TGTATATAAATAAATGACACTTTCTTTGCTTTCTGCACTCAACTCATGAAC
		TTGAAAAGCTTTACTTGGATGGGTTGGTTGGGGGTGAGTATCTCTTGTTG
		GAGAAGCAGGGCACGTGCAAGTTCCTATGTTTAAGTGAACTTTGCACGT
		GCTCCCCTTCTCCACCGTGAG

MtmiPEP164a1	Medicago truncatula	GAAGAGAAAAAACCTAGTGTAAAATTTGATATACTCTTTATGTATAGTAC	SEQ ID NO: 229
MtmiPEP164a2		GAATGTTTTTTTAAAAATTATGTAAAAAATGATAAAATAATAACTAACTA
		AATTAACAGTAAAATTAGAAAAGTAAAATACTATGCCCAAATTTGATAT
		TTTTTTTTATATATTTGTATAGATTATTATTATTTGATATGTAAAGTCCAA
		TTAAAAATTTGTTTTAACTAAGATTTGAACTAGGTTTTCTTAAAAGACTC
		ATCTTTTACTTCAAATTTATTTATCATTTGAATTCAATCACTTTCTAATATT
		ATTATTATTATTTCCACCATACTCATTGCTTTGCCACGTTACTTTAGTTA
		GATCTCTTATGTCATATATCTCTCTCTCTCCTAAGTTGCTACCTATAAATA
		CTAAGCCTTTCCCTTGGTTGGTTCAATTCAACTTCTACTTCTCATCAAACA
		CAAAGTGCAATAAGCTTCATTTCCTGGGTGAGAAGCTCCTTGTTGGAGAA
		GCAGGGCACGTGCAAATCCTCTTTCTGATTCATTCTCTCATAATGCATAT
		CAATATCTTTTGCACGTGCTCCCCTTCTCCAACTAGG

OsmiPEP164a1	Oryza sativa	ATGCAAACCCACTCCAACACTCCACAATCCACATACTCTCTCTCTCTCTCT	SEQ ID NO: 230
OsmiPEP164a2		CTCTCTGAGTAGGAGTACATGTGTGTGTGTGATATCAATATGCATTCGAT
		GTTGATGCTACTGTAGCCATCTTGTGGCTATATAAACCCAGCAGGCAGCA
		GCACAGCTTAGCTAGAGAGCCATATTGCATGCACACTCGCTAATCTCTTT
		TCTCTACTCTACTTGCATTACACCACCTCTGCATTGCACTTCAGTTCATTC
		ATTCCACTGATGCATGGATCGATGTTGCTACCTTCTTCTCTTCTCCTCATG
		CATCCATGCATCGATCTCACCTAGCTTCTTCCTCATCCTCTCTCGATCGAT
		TACAAGAGAAAAGTGTTTGCTGTTCTTGCTATCGATCTACAGGTGAGTAG
		GTTCTTGTTGGAGAAGCAGGGTACGTGCAAAATGCACACCGGTTGGTCG
		AGCTAATTAACAAGCTCTGACGACCATGGTGATCGAATGCACGTGCTCCC
		CTTCTCCACCATGGCCT

AlmiPEP165a	Arabidopsis lyrata	CTAGGGTTTAGGAATGACGACTTGTTTCTGTTGTGTCTTATTAAAAGCCC	SEQ ID NO: 231
		ATCTTCGTCTCCGCCACTCATCATTCCCTCATCATAACACCATCATCACCA
		TTCACCAACCTCTCTCTCTTTCTCTCTCTCCTCTCGATCTACAACAAAATG
		TGAATCTGCTAAGATCGATTATCATGAGAATTAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGG
		GGAATGTTGTCTGGATCGAGGATATTATACATATATACATGTGTATGTTG
		ATACATGTGATCATAGAGAGTATCCTCGGACCAGGCTTCATCCCCCCCAA
		CATGTTATTGCCTCTGATCACCATATATATGTCGTTACATTTCATGGTTAA
		TTACTTGCACAAATCACAAAAGCTTGGTTTGTAACTTTCTATGACCTTTTT
		TAATGACTTTGAATCTTTCATGCATGACTTCTTAAGAGTAGATTTACACA
		TTTGCGGATCCGTTTATGCTTTTTGCTTTTGTTTCGTTTATATATAT

AtmiPEP165a	Arabidopsis thaliana	CTAGGGTTTAGGAATGACGACCTGTTTCTGTTGTGTCTTATTAAAAGCCC	SEQ ID NO: 232
		ATCTTCGTCTCCGCCACTCATCATTCCCTCATCATAACACCATCATCACCA
		TTCACCAACCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCCTCTATCACTCTCTACAACAAAAATTT
		GTGAATCTGCTAAGATCGATTATCATGAGGGTTAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAG
		GGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCGAGGATATTATAGATATATACATGTGTATGTT
		AATGATTCAAGTGATCATAGAGAGTATCCTCGGACCAGGCTTCATCCCCC
		CCAACATGTTATTGCCTCTGATCACCATTTATTGTTACATTTTTTTTTGTTA
		ATTACTTGCGCAAATTACAAAAGCTTGGTTTTTGTGATGACTTTGAATCTT
		TCTTGCATGGCTTCTTAAGAGTAGATTTACGGATCCGTCTATGCTTTTTGC
		TTTTTGTTTCGTTTATTTGTATTTAAAC

BcmiPEP165a	Brassica carinata	GAGATCAATGAAATTATCCTGCCAAATAAAACGTGTGACGTTTATTCAAA	SEQ ID NO: 233
		AATATATGCATTAGATGCTTTGATATTAAAATATTTCCTTTTAAAAGCTA
		GCTAGGGTTTAGGAATGACGAGTTGTGTCTTATTAAAAGCCCTTCTTCTC
		CTCCGCCACTCATCATTCCCTCATCATAACACCATCATCACCATTCACCC
		ACCTCTCCTCTTTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTAGAACAACAAG
		TGAGAATCTGCTAAAATATTGTGACTATTATCATGAGAATGAAGCTATTT
		CAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCGAGGATATTATATATACACAAAT
		ACGTATATATGTTAATACAAGTGTTTGATCATATATGTATATAGATTATT
		CTCGGACCAGGCTTCATCCCCCCTAACATGTTATTGCCTCTGATCACCAG
		ATTCTATCAACTCTTCGCTTATTATTTTGTCACAAACAAGTAATAAGCTCA
		TAATTTTCTTTGAGTCTTTCAGCATCGTTTCATTATGTTTTTCGAATCCG

BjmiPEP165a	Brassica juncea	GAGATCAATGAAATTATCCTGCCAAATAAAACGTGTGACGTTTATTCAAA	SEQ ID NO: 234
		AATATATGCATTAAATGCTTTGATATTAAAATATTTCCTTTTAAAAGCTA
		GCTAGGGTTTAGGAATGACGAGTTGTGTCTTATTAAAAGCCCTTCTTCTC
		CTCCGCCACTCATCATTCCCTCATCATAACACCATCATCACCATTCATCCA
		CCTCTTCTCTCCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCT
		AGAACAACAAGTGAGAATCTGCTAAAATATTGTGATTATTATCATGAGA
		ATGAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCGAGGATATTATA
		TATACACAAATATGTATATATATGTTAATATCAGTGTTTGATCATATATA
		TGTATATAGATTATTCTCGGACCAGGCTTCATCCCCCCTAACATGTTATTG
		CCTCTGATCACCAGATTCTATCAACTCTTAGCTTATTATTTGTCACAAACA
		AGTAATAAGCTCAATAATGTCTTTGAGTCTTTCAGCATCGTTICATATGTT
		TTCGAATCCG

BnmiPEP165a	Brassica napus	GATATCAATGAAATTATCCTGCCAAATAAAACGTGTGACGTTTATTCAAA	SEQ ID NO: 235
		AATATATGCTTTAAATGCTTTCATATTAAAATATTTCCTTTTAAAAGCTAG
		CTAGGGTTTAGGAATGACGAGTTGTGTCTTATTAAAAGCCCTTCTTCTCC
		TCCGCCACTCATCATTCCCTCATCATAACACCATCATCACCATTCACCCA
		CCTCTCCTCTTTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTAGAACAACAAGT
		GAGAATCTGCTAAAATATTGTGACTATTATCATGAGAATGAAGCTATTTC
		AGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCGAGGATATTATATATACACAAATA
		CGTATATATGATAATACAAGTGTTTGATCATATATGTATATAGATTATTC
		TCGGACCAGGCTTCATCCCCCCTAACATGTTATTGCCTCTGATCACCAGA
		TTCTATCAACTCTTCGCTTATTATTTGTCACAAACAAGTAATAAGCTCAAT
		AATGTCTTTGAGTCTTTCAGCATCGTTTCATATGTTTTCGAATCCG

BomiPEP165a	Brassica oleracea	GGGATCAATGAAAATTATCCTGCCAAATAAAAACGTGTGACGTTTATCC	SEQ ID NO: 236
		AAAAATATATGCATTAAATGCTGTGATATGAAGTATTTCCTTTAAAAGCT
		AGCTAGGGTTTAGGAATTACGAGTTGTGTTTTATTAAAAGCCCTTCTTCT
		CCTCCGCCACTCATCATTCCCTCATCATAACACCATCATCACCATTCACCC
		ACCTCTCCTCTTTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTAGAACAACAAGTGAGA
		ATCTGCTAAAATATTGTGACTATTATCATGAGAATGAAGCTATTTCAGTT
		GAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCGAGGATATTATATATACACAAGTACGTA
		TATATGTTAATACAAGTGTTTGATCATATATGTATATAGATTATTCTCGG
		ACCAGGCTTCATCCCCCCTAACATGTTATTGCCTCTGATCACCAGATTCT
		ATCAACTCTTCGCTTATTATTTGTCACAAACAAGTAGTAAGCTCAATAAT
		GTCTTTGAGCCTTTCAGCATCGTTTCATATGTTTTCGAATCCG

BrmiPEP165a	Brassica rapa	GAGATCAATGAAATTATCCTGCCAAATAAAACGTGTGACGTTTATTCAAA	SEQ ID NO: 237
		AATATATGCATTAAATGCTTTGATATTAAAATATTTCCTTTTAAAAGCTA
		GCTAGGGTTTAGGAATGACGAGTTGTGTCTTATTAAAAGCCCTTCTTCTC
		CTCCGCCACTCATCATTCCCTCATCATAACACCATCATCACCATTCATCCA
		CCTCTTCTCTCCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCT
		AGAACAACAAGTGAGAATCTGCTAAAATATTGTGATTATTATCATGAGA
		ATGAAGCTATTTCAGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGGATCGAGGATATTATA
		TATACACAAATATGTATATATATGTTAATATCAGTGTTTGATCATATATA
		TGTATATAGATTATTCTCGGACCAGGCTTCATCCCCCCTAACATGTTATTG
		CCTCTGATCACCAGATTCTATCAACTCTTAGCTTATTATTTGTCACAAACA
		AGTAATAAGCTCAATAATGTCTTTGAGTCTTTCAGCATCGTTTCATATGTT
		TTCGAATCCG

AtmiPEP166a	Arabidopsis thaliana	CATCATCACCACTCACTTATCTTCTTCTCCATCTCTCTCTCTGCTTCTCCCT	SEQ ID NO: 238
		TAATCTTAGCCGGGTCTCGTGGGGGACGAACATAGAAAGAGAGAGATAT
		AAAGATATATATTCAGAAACCCTAGATTCTATAATTTCGACTGAAAAGA
		AAAAGGGGCTTTCTCTTTTGAGGGGACTGTTGTCTGGCTCGAGGACTCTG
		GCTCGCTCTATTCATGTTGGATCTCTTTCGATCTAACAATCGAATTGAACC
		TTCAGATTTCAGATTTGATTAGGGTTTTAGCGTCTTCGGACCAGGCTTCAT
		TCCCCCCAATTGTTGCTCCCTGTTTACTCCATATTTCTTCCTTCTTTTCAAA
		TTAGGGTTTCAGATCCAGTGAATGAACCCTTGTTAAAGGTTTGATCTCTT
		ACCTTACTTT

AtmiPEP166b	Arabidopsis thaliana	TCTCATCATTCTCTTCATCATCACCACATTCATCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTC	SEQ ID NO: 239
		TCTCTCTCTTTCTCTTCCTTGATCTTAGCCGGATCTGTTGGGGGACGAACA
		CATGAGAGATAGATAAAATATAAGAAATTTCTCGAAAAAACCTAATAGA
		AAAAGGTCTGTTTCTTAAAGAAGAAGAAGAAGAGGATTTAAAGAGGGAT
		TTTTCTTTTGAGGGGACTGTTGTCTGGCTCGAGGACTCTTATTCTAATACA
		ATCTCATTTGAATACATTCAGATCTGATGATTGATTAGGGTTTTAGTGTC
		GTCGGACCAGGCTTCATTCCCCCCAA

AtmiPEP167a	Arabidopsis thaliana	TGATGAACAGAAAAATCTCTCTTTCTCTTTCTTGATCTGCTACGGTGAAG	SEQ ID NO: 240
		TCTATGGTGCACCGGCATCTGATGAAGCTGCCAGCATGATCTAATTAGCT
		TTCTTTATCCTTTGTTGTGTTTCATGACGATGGTTAAGAGATCAGTCTCGA
		TTAGATCATGTTCGCAGTTTCACCCGTTGACTGTCGCACCC

AtmiPEP167b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	AACCACAAAGTACCGCTGCTATTTTCTTTTTACGTCTTTGTATTTGCATCG	SEQ ID NO: 241
AtmiPEP167b2		TCTAAGAGAATGATGGGTTGTTTTGTGGGATTTTAATGCAGGAGGAAAC
		ATATGAGGGGTGATTAAGGCAAAAACCTTAAGATGTGGTCATTTAGATA
		CATGGAGTCAAACTAAGAATGGACCTTGGCGAAAGCTTCTTCACGGTCA
		AGATTTAAAATCAGGTACGACACTGTGTACGTGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAG
		AGAGAAAGAGATTATAGAAAGAAAGAGATGTATCACAATAAAGGAGTA
		TATTTAGGGTCACAGGTGGIGGAGATATAGGTATGCAGGGCCAAGGCTC
		TAATCTCTICATAGCCCTATTGATTTTGTCCCTCTCTCTCTCTCTTTCTTCC
		TCTCTTAGCTGTATGCATTATGATGCGTCTTTTAATTCACTGTTTCAGGCT
		TCTTTAATTCGTGGTGTCTCTCTCCTTTTTACCCAACCATCTCTTAAAATTT
		TTAACATCTGTTCCTCAAATCCTCTCTCATCTCTTTCTATAAGTATCTATA
		GCGCCTCTTAAACCACAAAGCATCACCTCTGTCTTCTCTCATCTCCTTTCT
		GTATTCTCTTTCATTGCCTTCACGTCTGTTGCAATTTCTCCACTTCTTGAG
		CTTCCGTTTTTTACAATTATTGATCCGTCAAATATGTGAGATTTGCACAAC
		TTGTTGCTCAGGTATTTTGAAGACAAGTCCACAAGGGAACAAGTGAAGC
		TGCCAGCATGATCTATCTTTGGTTAAGAGATGAATGTGGAAACATATTGC
		TTAAACCCAAGCTAGGTCATGCTCTGACAGCCTCACTCCTTCCT

AtmiPEP169c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	GAGCAAGACAATGCCACATACAAACTTGAAAGATCTCTTCATCTTTTCTC	SEQ ID NO: 242
AtmiPEP169c2		CAAATGTTTTTTTTTCGTTTGCTATTTATCTCCACAATTCTTGGAACAAAA
		ACTACATTCACAAACGAGAGAATTTTCACAACACCTCTITTGCTCTCATT
		TTTTTTTTTTCGTCCATTATGAGTATTAATTATGGTTAGGGAATCTTACAG
		AATGAAAATGAAGGTGTGAATGGATTGTCTCATCTAAAGCCTTGAATGT
		GGGAAAAAGGCCATTGTTOTTCAGCCAAGGATGACTTGCCGGTAGCTTG
		TATTATGATTACTCTATATTCGATTTATATTATGGAGATGATGGTTTATAT
		ATATTTACTTATCTACATAGTTTTAGTTGATTTTTTTTCGTACGTAATATA
		ATACGAAAAAGTATTTACTTATTTATATATGTGTGTTGGGGCAAGAAGTG
		TAACCAAGCTAGCCCGGCAAGTCATCTATGGCTATGCAACTGTCTCTTCC
		TCTCATTCTAGGCTTACGATGACACGTAAAAAATCCCAAATATCACTAAT
		d Inventor Nation

AtmiPEP16911	Arabidopsis thaliana	AGGCATGAGACATAAAGAGAGTTAAATATAATGAAGAAGAGAGGTCTA	SEQ ID NO: 243
		ATATGGCGAAAAGAGTCATGTTTAATAGCCAAGGATGACTTGCCTGATCT
		TTTTCACCTCCATGATTCAATTTTAAGTTCGTGGATTTTGGATTATTATGC
		GTTTAAAAGGTATAATAATTTGAGATCATGTTGAATCTTGCGGGTTAGGT
		TTCAGGCAGTCTCTTTGGCTATCTTGACATGCTTTCTTCATC

AtmiPEP171a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	GAATTTTGATTTATGAACCTCCTCAAGAAGGAAAGACAGAGGAGGAGAC	SEQ ID NO: 244
		AAAGAAGTATAGGTTCACATTGCATAGCCAGTTTAGTTTTGAAGGATGG
		ATATATGAAAAAAATATGAAGAGAGAGAAGAGAGAAGAAGAGGAGGAT
		TAAAGAGGGTGAGGCCAGCTTTTGTGCTTTGGTAGTAGATGAGGTTTAAA
		TGCTCCATACCTTCCATTTCTTCTCTCTTACCCTAATTTAATTCTTCCTCT
		CCTTTATAACTCCCCACAGACATTCTCACTTCTCCTCCTCACACTTCACAT
		CAACACTTCTTTCTTGTTTTTTCATTTTACAATGTTTCCTTTGATATCCGCA
		CTTTAAGCATGAGAGAGTCCCTTTGATATTGGCCTGGTTCACTCAGATCT
		TACCTGACCACACACGTAGATATACATTATTCTCTCTAGATTATCTGATT
		GAGCCGCGCCAATATCTCAGTACTCTCTCGTCTCTATTTTGGACTTTGTGG
		TCTTGTAGATCGATTTGTATGTGTGTGTTGAAATGGAGACAAGTACTTGT
		AACTTCTTTGTTGTTATATTGTTTACCTATAGGCTGATGTCATAAACTCTT
		TTGATCTTGTTTCTAACTTCCAGATTCTTGAAAAATCAAGTCGTGTGTGTG
		TCTCCATGGAAGCCTTTTCCATTTCTTCCTTTCCA

AtmiPEP171b	Arabidopsis thaliana	ACTCATAAACTTTGCTACTGGCCGCATTTCTATTTTCTCCTTCGATTCTTC	SEQ ID NO: 245
		TAATTCGTACTTTGGTTTCTGACGTCCCTAAAATTTTTAGACAGTAAGAG
		TTTCTCCAGGATCCGATGGTTCTCTCCGGTAAATTAACATTTTAGTGTCAA
		TAGTCATTTATACATATTTTTATTTCACTTTTTGTTTTGTTTATTGGTTTTC
		TGGAGCTAAGTGGAGATTATAGTCGAACAAGAGTGGTTTTATGCAAGGT
		AACGCGAGATATTAGTGCGGTTCAATCAAATAGTCGTCCTCTTAACTCAT
		GGAGAACGGTGTTGTTCGATTGAGCCGTGCCAATATCACGCGGTAAACC
		AAAAATGGCAAAGATAGTTATTATAACCTTAAAGGTATGTATCATTATCG
		TTTTATTGTTTCAATTTTGATTAATGGCTTTGATATTTCATTTTTTTTTT

MtmiPEP171b1	Medicago truncatula	ATTGGTCAAACATACATACAGTAGCACTAGCTGGTTICATTATTCCACTA	SEQ ID NO: 246
MtmiPEP171b2		TGCTTCTTCATAGGCTCTCCAAATITTGCAAAATTGAAAGAGACATAGTA
		TATATATCTTAGCAAGGAGAAATTCAGGATATTGAGGATGAAGATTGAA
		GAGTAATCAGTGATGAAGAAAGCAAGCAAGGTATTGGCGCGCCTCAATT
		TGAATACATGGCTATAAAAATGCATCATATCAGCCATGTAGTTTGATTGA
		GCCGCGTCAATATCTTGTTTCCATCTCCAAATTTACCAATCTCATCAAATC
		AAATTAACACCACAATCAAGGCTTTCATTTAATGCAGTCAAAATAGGTTG
		ACCTTATCATCGAAGAAATTGTTTTCTCATTCCTATCGAAGTTGGACTTGC
		CGAAAATGCTCGAAAGCATGTGTTTTAGTTCGACAGGCGAAAAAGTTAC
		CGAAGGACAATTTGGTGTGGTTCGGATAAGATCAAGCAACGGATATTTT
		CAAGACACGTTCGAAATTCAAATCAAATGGATAAGTATCGTTAGTTTACT
		GCAGTTATAGTTTTAAATTCAAATCTAGGCAGTTGTTTCTATTTGTATAAA
		TAGTAGTTTTTCCCTAGGGAAAAGGGGTCGCAATTCAATCATACAAAAA
		ACTTACAATCAAATTATCCGCATGGAAGAGAGAAACGAGTCACAAGTTG
		CAATGTATGAACATGTGTACCAATTTACATTCAATCAGTACAATTTAAGT
		TCATTTCCATAAAAAAAAA

ZmmiPEP171b	Zea mays	ACCAGGGTTAGGTATCCATCCACACAGCAATGCATCTGCCTTCAACTCCC	SEQ ID NO: 247
		TCTCGCCCCCCACCCCAACACACATCTCTCTCTTTTCTAGGGAAGGAAAT
		GACGAAGGGGACGACGACGGCATGCTTCGGCTAGCTCGTTGGTGCTAGG
		ACAAGGGCGGAGGTATTGGCGCGCCTCAATCCGAAGGCGTGGCTGATAG
		ATTGGCGCGGCAGCCATGTTCTTGGATTGAGCCGCGTCAATATCTCCCCT
		TGCCTGTCCCGTACCTAGCTAGCTTGCTTGCCTCACTGATCGATGTCGTCC
		CTATTTCATGGAGAAGCTGATGATTGATTATTCTCACAAGCAAGAACTGT
		CTGATCTGTTGCCTGCATCGATCAGGATCTATATGCTGGAGAGTTCACAA
		GAACATGGACAGAACTCGCTTCAACAACCGATCAATCGATTGATTAGGT
		ATGTACCTACCTCATATGCCTCAGCTCTTCGTTATGGATTTCTTCAACCGA
		AGGGTCAGTAAGCTCTTGGTTCCATGCCACTGCGTGAACTAAGCGTTCAC
		AAAATCCGTTCCTTTCGGCATGAACCAAGCACTCAAAATCGCATGCAGCAT
		CTTTCGTTTCAAAAAAAAATTGACTTYTGAAAACAATAGATGAATCAGTT
		TCAAACATATATGATTATCCATTTTCTCAACCGGGAATTTATATCTCGTTG
		GGATGCAAAACCGTTCAGTAGTAAAACTACTCCACGAGTATAAACTGTTT
		CAGTTATTTTACTATTAATTAGTTACCCGTATGCTGTTATGGITTCTATAT
		ATCTATAAGTAAACCTTACTTAAATAAGATAGTTATACAAAAAAAAAAA
		AAAAA

AtmiPEP171c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	CAAGAAAAAACATTGAAATAGCTCATGTTGTCTCTTTCTCATTTTCATAT	SEQ ID NO: 248
		CTGCTAAAAAAAGAACCGTGTTTTCTAAACTGGTTTAACGGTAAGTACCT
		GTCTCTAGTAACTTACCTATCAATTTGTTCCAATCATTTACTTGCTTTGAC
		TTATTTGGTTTCCTTTTGTTTTGTTTTTCTTTAATATGTGGATGGAGTTTGG
		TGTAATAAGCAACTGAAGAGTCGATGAGCGCACTATCGGACATCAAATA
		CGAGATATTGGTGCGGTTCAATCAGAAAACCGTACTCTTTTGTTTTAAAG
		ATCGGTTTATTTGATTGAGCCGTGCCAATATCACGCGTTTAAATAGTTTA
		AAGATTCTATGTTAGTTGATGTGATCAATCAAGGTATGAATCTATATCAA
		TTCTCTTATGCATAGTTTTATATTTACAGAGATGAGGTATTATCAATGTCT
		ATCGTCGAGGATCACGCTCTTACTTATGTTATATTTCTATATAATTTTATT
		AATTAGTTTTCTAAAAGAGAAGGACAATTTAAAATTATTTTAAAGAGTTT
		TTTTTAAGTAGTTTTGTTTTCATGTTTATCTTCTGCAGGCTCTGAAGTTAG
		GATAGTAACAAGAAAAAAGACAGAAAAAAAGAAGAAAATTCATATACA
		TTCGTGA

MtmiPEP171e	Medicago truncatula	GAATAAGTGAATATTATCGATATTTATATCATATATCAACTTTTCTTCTGT	SEQ ID NO: 249
		GCTTGCTTGCAAATTTGCAATTAAGCTTTTTTGATCTTATGTAAGAGAAT
		ATTATTGATGATGGTGTTTGGGAAGCCGAAAAAAGCGATGTTGGTGAGG
		TTCAATCCGAAGACGGATTTACATGTATAGAGTTGTAAAATACGATCTCA
		GATTGAGCCGCGCCAATATCACTTT

MtmiPEP171h	Medicago truncatula	CCACAAAACTATAACTAGCTAGAAGCTTTAATCGCCTTATTTATTATAAT	SEQ ID NO: 250
		AATAATAATAAATATGGCTTCAGCTGCAAAAGTATACATGGCGTGATATT
		GATCCGGCTCATCTATATCTTCAAGTTCAATCATCCATATTCATATCAATT
		TCAGACGAGCCGAATCAATATCACTCTTGTTTGCTTCATTGCATATTAATT
		ATATACTTCATTTATAAGTTATAGTTTGCCATATATATATTAGATTGATTC
		TGCAGAAGTAGACAGGAGTGGTGTTGTTTCTGCTCATCTTATTAAATAAT
		GAATGAATGAATGACATTTGCTTACTTATAAGACGAGCCGAATCAATATC
		ACTCCAGTACACCT

AtmiPEP172a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	CTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCATCTGTGTTCTAGATCTCACCAGGTCTTTCT	SEQ ID NO: 251
AtmiPEP172a3		CTGGTTAATATATGGCTTCCAAGATCTGGTAATATGTTATAAATACGTCA
		TACTTAAGCTTTTTTCAAATCAAAAATAGAAATTTGTGGGTTTGTCTCGTT
		TTACTATTTTAGCAGTATATATTAAGAAGTTCAGATGTTATTCGATCATCT
		GTTTTTTGCTTCCCCTCTGCCATCTTTATCTTTTAGGGTTTCAATTCTTTTTC
		ACTTTTTTCTTCTGGTTTGGAGATGGTTAGGTTCCAACTAAGTATACGAG
		ATTAAATTTGACATCTTAGTTACTTCAAAATTCCTTCAATCAAAACAAGT
		CATCTCGACTATTCCGCCATGTTTGTATATACATATTTATATATTATATAT
		ATGAAGGTACGAGTTTCTAGTGTCTATAAATTAAGAAGGTTAAGTACCAT
		ATAGATGATATTTGTTAAGTAGTAAGTCACTCAAAGTTTGAGTTTGGGTT
		TGAGTTTGAGTTTGAGTTTGAGTTTGAGAGACAAAAGATTACTACAAGA
		AGATTGTTAAACAAAAATGGAAGACTAATTTCCGGAGCCACGGTCGTTG
		TTGGCTGCTGTGGCATCATCAAGATTCACATCTGTTGATGGACGGTGGTG
		ATTCACTCTCCACAAAGTTCTCTATGAAAATGAGAATCTTGATGATGCTG
		CATCGGC

AtmiPEP172b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ACTTGCACCTCTCACTCCCTTTCTCTAACTAGTCTTGTGTGCACCCATTTA	SEQ ID NO: 252
		TGTGTACGTACTATTATCTCATAAATAAATATTTTTAAAATTAGATGCATT
		TATTGATATGAAAAAGTTACAAGATTAGTTTGTTGTGTGTGAGACTTTGG
		ATCGACAGATCGAAAAATTAACTAACCGGTCAGTATTGAATATCAACTA
		TTATATGCTCCATGCATTCGCTTATAGTTTCACACAATTTGTTTTCTTCAC
		GGTCTAAAATCAGAAGATTCCATATATTTTCTTATGACGTAAAAGGACCA
		CTTATAAGTTGACACGTCAGCCCTTGGATTCGTGAGGTTTTTCTCTCTACT
		TCACCTATCTACTTTTCCTCATATCCCACTGCTTTTCTCCTTCTTGTTCTTG
		TTTTTCTCGTTTTTTTCTTCTTCTTCTCCAAGAAAATAGAGATCGAAAAGA
		TTAGATCTATTTTGTGTAGCAAGAAATTATCATTTTCGTTTCTTCATTCAT
		ATATTGTTCTATTATGTTGTACAATAATAGATACTCGATCTCTTGTGCGTG
		CGTAAATTTTATACAAGTTGTCGGCGGATCCATGGAAGAAAGCTCATCTG
		TCGTTGTTTGTAGGCGCAGCACCATTAAGATTCACATGGAAATTGATAAA
		TACCCTAAATTAGGGTTTTGATATGTATATGAGAATCTTGATGATGCTGC
		ATCAAC

AtmiPEP172c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TCACCAAATAGGCTCTTCTTTATCGCTTCATATATATAAAAGTCTACATCT	SEQ ID NO: 253
		ATCTCTTTCTAGGTCACTAGCTAGACTCTAGATTAAGGATTGAAATTAGG
		GTTTCATGTTTCCAGCAAAATGGTGCCGTCTTGAGTCTTGAAAAGATCCA
		AGACAAAACCAAATCACTACATACATCCCTATCATCAACCAGCTACTGTT
		CGCTGTTGGAGCATCATCAAGATTCACAAATCATCAAGTATTCGTGTAAA
		TAAACCCATTTATGATTAGATTTTTGATGTATGTATGAGAATCTTGATGA
		TGCTGCAGCTGCAATCAGTGGCT

AtmiPEP172e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TGTCATATTGAGAACTCTTTAGCCTTTGGCTTCTGTTCCTGACACTTGTAT	SEQ ID NO: 254
AtmiPEP172e2		AGTGAAGTGGGCTTGTGTTATATAGATGGGATCTCTCTCTTTATTTAAAA
AtmiPEP172e3		GTCAATTAGAGATCTTGATGCTACTTCTGTCCCTTTCCAAGTGATTTTACG
		TCGACCAACTAGCTTTTTTCATATGAGTGTATATATTCATGTACCTATCTC
		TCTCAATTGCTTCTCACCAAAATCATCTTGCTGATTCATTTGCTGTCTGAA
		TCCTCTTGCTTTCCTCTTTGCTTTTTCATTTGTTGATTTAAACCATGGGAGT
		TCCCAACTTTAGACCTCGAAACCGATAAGGATCTTTCTCTGCGGTTGAAA
		TAGCTAGGTTCTCGATGAATAGGCTAGCCTTTGGTGGATGTTATCAGCCA
		GTAGTCGCAGATGCAGCACCATTAAGATTCACAAGAGATGTGGTTCCCTT
		TGCTTTCGCCTCTCGATCCGCAGAAAAGGGTTCCTTATCGAGTGGGAATC
		TTGATGATGCTGCATCAGCAAATAC

AcmiPEP319a1	Arabidopsis	TTGTATCCATAGTGTATTTCCTCGCATCTACCATCCATTTTCTACGCCTCT	SEQ ID NO: 255
AcmiPEP319a2	cebennensis	CTCTCTCTCTTTCTCCATCAAATCTTGTTTTGTTCAAACTCTCTCTCTCATC
		AATTCTCTCCATACAATACATGCATACATACATACATACCATCTCTAATA
		TTTCATCAATCTTCTTTTGTTCCAAACGCTCTTTCTCTCCATTTACATACAT
		ACGAATCATTGTTGTCATAGATCCGTTTAGAATTGCTTTAACTTTTAGATG
		AGATCTAGGGTTTCTTTCTTTTTCTTCAAAATCATGCTTTTTCGCTTGCTA
		GGTTATAGATCCATGTAAGTTTAGAGTAGATGTACACACACACGCTCGG
		ACACTTATTAAATACATGTTGATACACTTAATACTCGCTGTTTTGAATTG
		ATGTTGTAGGAATATATAAATGTAGAGAGAGCTTCCTTGAGTCCATTCAC
		AGGTCGGATATGATCCAATTAGCTTCCGACTCATTCATCCAAATACCGAG
		TCGCCAAAATTCAAATTAGACTCGTTAAATGAATGAATGATGCGGTAGA
		CAAATTGGATCATTGATTCTCTTTGATTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTCCCTCTC
		TCTTCTGTATTCC

AhmiPEP319a	Arabidopsis halleri	TTGTATCCATAGTGTATTTCCTCGCATCTACCATCCATTTTCTACGCCTCA	SEQ ID NO: 256
		CTCTCTCTTTCTCCATCAAATCTTGTTTTGATCAAACTCTCTCTCTCTCTCT
		CTCATCAATTGTCTCCATACAATACATACATACCATCATCTTTCCCATCTC
		TAATATTTCATCAATCTTCTTTTGTTCAAACGCTCTTCCTCTCCATATACA
		TATACATACATACGAATCACATTGGTGTCATAGATCCGTTTAGAATTGCT
		TTAACTTTTAGATGAGATCTAGGGTTTCTTTGTTTCTTTCGTTTTCTTCAA
		ATTTTGCTGCATATTCTCCAAGATCATGATTTTTCGCTTGCTAGGTTATAG
		ATCCATGCAAATATAGAGTAGATTTACACACACACACGCTCGGACACTT
		ATTACATACATGTTGATACACTTAATACTCGCTGTTTTTAATTGATGTTGT
		AGGAATATATATATGTAGAGAGAGCTTCCTTGAGTCCATTCACAGGTCGT
		GATATGATCCAATTAGCTTCCGACTCATTCATCCAAATACCGAGTCGCCA
		AAATTCGAACTAGACTCGTTAAATGAATGAATGATGCGGTAGACAAATT
		GGATCATTGATTCTCTTTGATTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTCCCTCTCTCTTCTG
		TAT

AlmiPEP319a	Arabidopsis lyrata	TTGTATCCATAGTGTATTTCCTCGCATCTACCATCCATTTTCTACGCCTCT	SEQ ID NO: 257
		CTCTTTCTCCATCAAATCTTGTTTTGTTCCAACTCTCTCTCTCATCAATTCA
		TTCCATACAATACATGCATACATACATACCATCATCATCTTTTCCCATCTC
		TAATATTTCATCAGTCTTCTTTTGTTACAAACGCTCTTTCTCGCCATATAC
		ATACATAAGAATCATTGTTGTCATAGATCCGTTTAGAATTGCTTTAACTTT
		TAGATGAGATCTAGGGTTTCTTTCTTTTTCTTCAATTTTTGCTGCATATTCT
		TCAAAATCATGATTTTTCGCTTGCTAGGTTATAGATCCATGCAAATATAG
		AGTAGATGTACACACATTCACGCTCGGACACTTATTACATACATGTTGAT
		ACACTTAATACTCGCTGTTTTGAATGGATGTTGTAGGAATATATATGTAG
		AGAGAGCTTCCTTGAGTCCATTCACAGGTCGTGATATGATCCAATTAGCT
		TCCGACTCATTCATCCAAATACCGAGTCGCCAAAATTCGAACTAGACTCG
		TTAAATGAATGAATGATGCGGTAGACAAATTGGATCATTGATTCTCTTTG
		ATTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTCCCTCT

AtmiPEP319a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TTGTATCCGCAGTGTATTTCCTCGCATCTACCATCCCTTTTCTACGCCTCT	SEQ ID NO: 258
AtmiPEP319a2		CTCCCTCTCTCTCTTTCTCCATCAAATCTTGTTTTGTTCAAACTCTCTCTCT
		CTCATCTATTCTCTCCATACAATACATGAATATACATACATACCATCATCT
		TCTTTTCCCATCTCTAGTTTTTCATCAATCTTCTGATGTTCCAAACGCTCT
		ATCTCTTCATATACATACATACGAATATATTATTGTTGTCATAGATCCATT
		TAGAATCACTTTAGCTTTTAGATGAGATCTAGGGTTTCTTTGTTTTCTTTC
		AAATTTTGTTGCATATTCTTCTAAATCATGGTTTTTCGCTTGCTAGGTTAT
		AGATCCATGCAAATATGGAGTAGATGTACAAACACACGCTCGGACGCAT
		ATTACACATGTTCATACACTTAATACTCGCTGTTTTGAATTGATGTTTTAG
		GAATATATATGTAGAGAGAGCTTCCTTGAGTCCATTCACAGGTCGTGATA
		TGATTCAATTAGCTTCCGACTCATTCATCCAAATACCGAGTCGCCAAAAT
		TCAAACTAGACTCGTTAAATGAATGAATGATGCGGTAGACAAATTGGAT
		CATTGATTCTCTTTGATTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTCCCTCT

BrmiPEP319a	Brassica rapa	TTGTATCCATTGTGTATTTCCTTGCATCCATCAATAAATTTTATGTTACGC	SEQ ID NO: 259
		CTCTCTATTATTTCTCTCTACATCACACTGTCTTATGTTTAAGCTCTACTTC
		TCAGCAATTCTCTCCACCCAATACATGCATACATACCATCATCGTATCGC
		TCTAATTTTTCTATCAATCTTGTATCCTTCCACAAATTATCTTATGTCTCCC
		ATTTTAAATCCTACATAGATCCACACATACGAATTATTCTTGTCTGAAGA
		TCCATCCATTTACGATTGCTTTAACTTTTACATGAGATCTAGGGCTTCTTT
		ATTTTTCTTCAAATCTTGCTGCATATATTTCAAGATCATGCTTTTCGGCTT
		GCTAGGGTTCTAGATCCATGGATGTATAGCGTACATACATACACGCACTA
		ATTCATACCTGTAGTTTGTACGGAGAACATCATAAAATATCACTGTTTGG
		AATTAATCGTGTAGGAAATATAGATAGGTAGGGAGCTTCCTTTAGTCCAT
		TCACAGATCATGATATGATCCAATTAGCTTCCGACTCATTCATCCAAATA
		CCGAGTCACGAAAATTTCAACTTAGACTCGTTAAATGAATGAATGATGC
		GGTAAACAAATTGGATCATTGATTCTCTCTGATTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTC
		CCTC

CpmiPEP319a	Carica papaya	CTATATCCCTGTCAAATAGTACTTGGTTTTGTTTTAGCCACAAATCTTCTG	SEQ ID NO: 260
		GTCTTGCAAAGTTCCTTCTGATCTCTCCCCCTTTCTCATTTTTTCCTCCTCT
		TATATATGGATCATCAATTTGCTGTACACACACACACATTTACTGTAGTG
		ATAATTAGCTAGCTAATTTGTTAGTATGTAAATTAGATCCCAAGTACCCT
		GTTATATTTTTTTAGGCTTATCCTATGCATACCTGATAGTACAAGAACTTA
		GTTTGTAATTAGGTACTTGGTAGTAGGGTTAGATTAATTACTGTCTTGAA
		AGAGAACTTATCCAACAAATAGAGCTATGAAGATTAAATTAGGTTTTAG
		TCTTATTAAGATTATTATATTACTAGACAAAAACAGTTAAATTTTTTTAAT
		TGGGTAATTAGGTACTTAGCAATAGGGTTAGATTAATTACTGTTTTGAAA
		GAGAACCTACCTACAAATAGAGTTGAAATGATTATGTTTTAGTCTTACTA
		AGATTGTCATATTTCTGGAAAAAAACAAATCTTGAAACAGATAATTCAG
		ATAGTCATGATCAATGGAAAAAACATCATGGGTGTGTGCTTAATTAAGCT
		AATATATATATATATGAAGATATAATGTTATGCACACTAGCTATGAATTT
		GTAAGAATAATGAAGGATAAAGATGATATATTTAGATGTTATAAGTGTA
		AGTAAGGTGGAATGGGTTGATGGGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGAGATGAT
		TGGTGGAGAGAGCTTCCTTCAGCCCACTCATGGATGGGTATGAAGGGGT
		AGAAGTAGCTGCCGACTCATTCATTCAGCCACTCAGTATGTAAACTCGTC
		CCACTGTTGACTGTATGAATGATGCGGGAGATATTTTTACATCCATCTTT
		CTCTGTGCTTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTCCTTCTT

CrmiPEP319a	Capsella rubella	TTGTATCCATAGTGTATTTCCTCGCATCTACCATCTACTATTTTCTACGCC	SEQ ID NO: 261
		TCTCTCTCTTTATCCCTCTATCTCTTTCTTCATCAAATCTTCTTTTGTTCAA
		AGTCTCTCTCATCATTTTTCTCTATACACATACATGCATCCACATACATAC
		ATACATATACCATCATCTTCTTTTCTCATCTCTAGTTTTTGTTTATAAATTT
		TGTTCCAAGGATCTGTATCTCTCCAATAAAGATACATACAAATTATTGTT
		GTCATAGATCTATTAGAATTGCTTTAACTTTTATATGAGATCTAGGATTTC
		TTCCTTTTCTTTCAAAATTTGCTGCATATTTTTCAAAATCATGATTTATCG
		CTTGCTAGGTTCTAGATCCATGCAAATTTAGAGTATTTTTACACACACAC
		ACGCTTGGACACAAGTACATACATGTAGTTTTCTTTTATGTGGTGAAAAG
		TACATAACATGTAGTTTATAGTTACTAGTCGCTATATAATTTAAAATTGA
		TGTTATAGGAATATATGTACGGAGAGAGCTTCCTTGAGTCCATTCACAGG
		TCGTGATATGATCCAATTAGCTTCCGACTCATTCATCCAAATACCGAGTC
		TCACCAAAATTGGAACAAGACTTGTTAAATGAATGAATGATGCGGTAGA
		CAAATTGGATCATTGATTCTCTTTGATTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTCC

EgmiPEP319a	Eucalyptus grandis	TCGTTTCCCATCCCCATTTCATAGAATAATGCCACCAAACAAAGAAGCAT	SEQ ID NO: 262
		TAGCTCAAAGACTAATTACCATCTGTTTTATTGATAGATACGTGCGAAAC
		GGTGATTGTTTTTTCCCAAATAAGAAACCAAAATGAAGCATATTCAAAG
		GTGGAGATATGGGGAGACTTCCGGAAGGCAAGGGGATTGGAAAAGGCT
		CGAGATCAAAGTGCATAGCAACCCTTCGCTAAAGGTGAAAAAGAATACG
		AATAACTTCAGTAGCTCACTTTAAATTCCGAAACATTAAACAAATCAAAT
		CTCCCTCGCCCTCCTTGCCTCCTCTCTTTACCTATATAAAGCCACCGCCCC
		TTCAATGAAATCCACGAGTGGAAGGTCACAGTATAGTAGGGTCCTGCAA
		AGGGAGAGCGAGAGCGGCTCCACTGTCTACCTATAAGCAGTTCCTTTCTT
		TTGTTTACATGTCTGTTGCACCTCACCGAGTTTTTCTATTCTCTTTCCTCTG
		GTTGGTTAGCAGATTTCTCAGGGGACTTCCCTCCTCCCTTGAGGATCCTTC
		TCTTGAAGCGATATGTCTCGAATGGGTAAGAGAGAGAGAGGAAGGGAGC
		TTTCTTCAGTCCACCCATGGGACGTGTTGGGTTTTAATTAGCTGCCGACTC
		ATTCATCCAAATACCGAGCGAGAGCAAGTAACAGAGCTCCGTAAATGAA
		TGGATGATGCGGGAGTCTTGTTGATTCCCAAGCTTTCCGTGATTGGACTG
		AAGGGAGCTCCCTCTATCT

GrmiPEP319a	Gossypium raimondii	GCGTATCCTTCCACTTACGGATTCACCATAGCTGCTATAGCCCGAGTTTG	SEQ ID NO: 263
		CTTGTCATAATAGAAATAAACTAAGGGAGAAAAAAGCTCTCCACTCTCG
		CCTTTTTCTTCTTCGAGTCTCTCTCTTTGACTGGCCTTTGTGCAAAGATCTT
		CCTTTTTTAAACAGTCGCTTTCTTTACTCTCCCTTTCCCTTCTTTCTCTTAA
		TTGCTAAAGCAGCTTCCACTTCCACTCACTTTAACCCATGATCCATTTCAA
		CCTGTCACAGTGGAGAGCAATTTGTATGGCTAATTTCCATCTCACCTATT
		CTTTTCTGTTTGGGGTTCTCTAGTCTAGGGTTGCATGACATGAGAGACAT
		GGCTCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCAGTTCACAGGTGTTTATATATGTTGTTGTGTT
		ATTTTGTCTTAAAGCTTTGTGATTGATGATCTGATAGGTAAGAGAGAGCT
		TTCTTCAGTCCACTCATGGGATGGGGATGGGGTTTAATTAGCTGCCGACT
		CATTCATCCAAATACTGTGTTACAAAACCCAGTAAATGAGTGAATGATGC
		GGGAGACAAATTGAATCCTAATCTTCCTGTGCTTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTC
		CCTCCC

MtmiPEP319a	Medicago truncalula	ATTTATCCAATCATGTTGCTCTCACTTCTTTTCAGCAGTTCTGTTGATATC	SEQ ID NO: 264
		ACCCTTTTAGTTGAAGCTTTGGATTCATGACTTTATGAGATGGTAAATCTT
		TAAATTAAGTTTAAGTATGCACTTGATTTGTTTATATAATTTGTTTATTTA
		GATTTTAAACCCTAAGTTGACTTTTTTAATTTGATTTAAATTATGATATGA
		TTGTTATTTGGCTTACCATGGTCATAATTTAGGGTTTAGAAGATGCATGT
		ATATCTTGAATTGTTTATGGTAATAAAGGGGTTAGGATTTCTCCTTTTGGT
		GAAGTGAGAAAATCTCATAATTTTGTTCTGAAGGTAGTTTTTAAGATTTA
		GGGTTATGGGTTCTTTGTTTGAATGCTTTTTCAAGTCTTTTTCAATGATAT
		TTGCCTAGATCTGTTTTAATTTTGAATTAAAATTCTGGGTTTGGATTAATA
		TTATTGAAGATTATTATTAATTAATTTATTAGAAATAGATGAAGAGAGCT
		TCCTTCAGTCCACTCATGGAAGGGTAAGGGGTTTGAATTTACCTGCTGAC
		TCATTGATTCAAACACAATAGACAATTATGGGGTTATGCTATTGTGAATT
		GTGTGAATGATGCAGGAGGTGAATTTCTTCCTTTTCTTCTTTGCTTGGACT
		GAAGGGAGTCTCCCTTT

OsmiPEP319a	Oryza sativa	TTATATCTGACGCGTTGTAATCCTGTTTAATTAGGGCTTTGCCCATTTCTT	SEQ ID NO: 265
		TTGACCCCTTCCGGACATTCGCTAGTTGGAACCTTGTTTTACTCCTAGCAG
		TGTACTGTGTAGTACTTATTACGAGCAAACGTAAAAATAAATAAATGGA
		AATGATACAAAGGCCGTGTTTAATTTTAAAATTTTTTTTCAAACTTTCAAC
		ACTTTACATCCCATAAAAAGCTTACTATACATACAAACTTCCAACCTTTT
		CGTCACATCGTATCTAATTTCAACTAAACTTTTAATTTTAGCGTGAACTA
		AACACAGCCGAAGCCCGGCCACATTCTCACTATTTTTATTCATTTTATCAT
		GCCTGTGATGTCACGCCTTGGCCCTATTTAATAGGCCTTCTCCATTTCTCT
		CCATATGATGTCTTCTCTTCTCTATCCCTCTTGCCATCTTCTATCTTCCCTC
		TTGCACCCATCTTTGTGATAACTTCTACTAGCTCCTCTCCTACTACCAGTC
		ATACCACTCTCACAAATCCTCCAAGATCCGCATGGGGAGAAGCTCCAAA
		AGTTTCGTGGTTAGTTTAATTTCATGCTTGTTTGCTGCCGTTTTTCATGTT
		GATCTGATCTTAATATATGTAGACTGCTGTTAACATATTCTTTTAATTTGA
		TGGAAGAAGCGATCGATGGATGGAAGAGAGCGATCCTTCAGTCCACTCA
		TGGGCGGTGCTAGGGTCGAATTAGCTGCCGACTCATTCACCCACAATGCC
		AAGCAAGAAACGCTTGAGATAGCGAAGCTTAGCAGATGAGTGAATGAA
		GCGGGAGAGTAACGTTCCGATCTCGCGCCGTCTTTGCTTGGACTGAAGGG
		TGCTCCCTCCT

PpmiPEP319a	Physcomitrella patens	TGGGATCCACACGAGTAATTATTCCCTCTCTCATGCATCACAACTTGGAC	SEQ ID NO: 266
		TTGCCCAGCTTTTACCTCTCTCCATGTTCCACCGTCGGAGATCCTCGGTGC
		TGCTACCCCCGTTCGGCCAAACCCAACCCAACCCTAGGTGTCTGCCGGAC
		CTCCGCTTCCCCTCCTGCTTCACCCCCTGCACCGCTTAAATTTGCACCTCG
		TAGTATTTATCTATGCCCCATTTCAGATGACTTGCATGACACCCATCTGG
		ATTCGTCTCCAGGCGCCTTGTCGTATCTATTCGCTATCAGTCTTTCTTTCA
		GTCTGTCTTTCTGCCAAGCACACCGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGCTATCAGTCGA
		AGCAGTCGCCGAAGGGTCCTTGTATCCAGCCCTCACCGGAGACAGTTCG
		CTTCGGGGTGGGGAGAACTGTTGAGACCGTCGATGTTGCATGCAGCAGC
		ACTGGCGAAGGTGCTTCTGATACTGGGTATTCCAGCCTCGCCGCTCGGTG
		CACTGCAGGTACGTGGTTACATGACACTACTGTGTGGGTAGTCTGGGCAC
		AAGTAGATCGACATGCCAGATTTGGCCCGTATGCGTGTATGTGCGGTTAT
		GTTCCCGTTTCGATTGCGGATACCTTGATTGTGGAGCTCCGTTTCGGTCCA
		ATAGTGGCTGCGACGGAAGGTGGTCCCGCTGCCGAATCACACGTCCGGG
		TTGCTTATCGGGGCAGGGCCCCGATACGGTATCCGAACGTTTGTCCCGGG
		AACTGGTCGACCTTCCGCCCGGCGTCTCTTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTCCACT

ThmiPEP319a1	Thellungiella	TTTTATACAAATAATGTTCGATAACACTAAACCCTAGCCATCCAACTAAT	SEQ ID NO: 267
ThmiPEP319a2	halophila	AGACAAAACCCTACTTGTAATTTACAACCGCAAATTCCCAGAGAACAGA
		GTAACTACGAGAGAGAGATGGAGATTCAAATTAAAAAGAAAAACTTATA
		TATAATGAATACACAAAAGCTACCTAATCTGTATATATATATATATAAAT
		ATGTCTTCATTAAATTAATGGTCGTGGAATAGAAAAAGGAAAACCTAAT
		TTGATCGCTAGGGCTTATCAGAGTAAAGATGGTTAACCTTCAAAAGATG
		ACTAATTAACCGGGGAGATAATTAAAAGATTAAATACGCCAACAGAGAG
		TTAAGAGATACCAGATTTAAATTCCACAATTTGGTCATGTTCTTCTTCAC
		GTATTCATGACGATGTCTGAATTATAGAGAAACCCAAAATATAAAATGTT
		AATTTTACCAGACATTTACATACCAATAACTCTATGACGATATGTAAAGT
		AAGCAAGGCATGTTTTTATGCAGGGAAGATTGAAAATTCAAGATTAATC
		AAGAAAATTGGAATACCAAAAAGAGAGGGAGCTCCCTTCAGTCCAATCA
		GAGAGAATCAATGACCCAATTTGTCTACCGCATCATTCATTCATTTAACA
		AGTCTAGCTCGAATTCTTGGTGACTCGGTATTTGGATGAATGAGTCGGAA
		GCTAATTGGATCATATCACGACCTATGAATGGACTCAAGGAAGCTCTCTA
		CAAATGTATTCCTACCACATCAACCCAAATATAGTGATTACAGATGCTGT
		TCTCACTGTAGACTACATTTACGTTT

AtmiPEP319b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	AGACATCTCTTCTTCTCTCATCTCTCTTTTCTTCTCTCTTTTCCTCACATAA	SEQ ID NO: 268
		ACTCTCTTTTTTTACTATTAAATCCATATGGTACCTCAAATTAATCTATGG
		TCATCTAGGGTTATCTTGAAGATTAGAATTGATTCTAGCACGCACAGAGA
		GGAAGATCATTGCATCCAGAATCACAAACATGGCCTATCTTTTATCTTTT
		CTTTTTGATCTAAGTCACTGTTTTATGCTATATATAGTATAATCAAATTCT
		TTACATGTGCTIGTATGTATGCGTATATATAGTAACGGAATTGTTAATAT
		GCTTATAGATGTTGAGTTGGTGGAGGAAGAGAGCTTTCTTCGGTCCACTC
		ATGGAGTAATATGTGAGATTTAATTGACTCTCGACTCATTCATCCAAATA
		CCAAATGAAAGAATTTGTTCTCATATGGTAAATGAATGAATGATGCGAG
		AGACAAATTGAGTCTTCACTTCTCTATGCTTGGACTGAAGGGAGCTCCCT

AtmiPEP394a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TCTTATTCCATCACAATCATCTAGGGTTTTAAGCCAAGCTTATATAGCCC	SEQ ID NO: 269
		GTCATAAAGAGAACTCATCTGCCTCTCTCTCAATACCAATAAATATCACC
		ACCGTCCTTCTCTCCTATCACTATTCAATCTATCGCAAACTCCTTTATGTC
		TCTCCAATTTTATGAGAGGGTTTCCTTCAAGAACACAGTAAAATAGATTG
		GATCTTTAAACTTTTGTTCCTTTTCATGAGGGTTTGACAAAGATTTTCTTA
		CAGTCATCTTTGGCATTCTGTCCACCTCCTTCTATACATATATGCATGTGT
		ATATATATATGCGTTTCGTGTGAAAGAAGGAGGTGGGTATACTGCCAAT
		AGAGATCTGTTAG

AtmiPEP395c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TTGTATCATGACAGAGCAAGAAGAAGAAAGTCAAATGTCCACATGAGTT	SEQ ID NO: 270
		CCCTTTAACGCTTCATTGTTGAATACTCAAAGCCACATTGGTTTGTATATA
		ACACTGAAGTGTTTGGGGGGACTCTTGGTGTCAT

AtmiPEP395e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TTTCAAACCCTAACACTCTTATAAACCGATTCGCCAAAATGTATCTACAA	SEQ ID NO: 271
		TATATTGATAATGTAATATCTATATATTCAAACAATCGTCGTGTTGGTCG
		GATGTTTTCTAGAGTTCCTCTGAGCACTTCATTGGAGATACAATTTTTTAT
		AAAATAGTTTTCTACTGAAGTGTTTGGGGGAACTCCCGGGCTGATTCGGT
		ATTTTAAATTCAGTAGACTAGCTAGCTG

AtmiPEP397b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	TGGTAATAGAAATGAGCAAGGAGATATTTTTTTCCCCTGGGTTTGAATGA	SEQ ID NO: 272
		ACATCATTGAGTGCATCGTTGATGTAATTTTACTTATTTTATTCCATTGTT
		GAATTAATTAAAGAAGTATATATCAGCGTTGCATTCAATTATGTTTTTCT
		AATTTTCAGGAAATACAAAAAAAATGAAAAAAAAAAATCACTTAAAAG
		ACCTTGAGAGTTCTTTTGACT

AtmiPEP398c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	GGATATCGAAACTCAAACTGTAACAGTCCTTTTATTACTGGTTTAGAAGA	SEQ ID NO: 273
		TAGATAAATATTGTTAAGGTAGTGGATCTCGACAGGGTTGATATGAGAA
		CACACGAGCAATCAACGGCTATAACGACGCTACGTCATTGTTACAGCTCT
		CGTTTCATGTGTTCTCAGGTCACCCCTGCTGAGCTCTTTCTCTACCGTCCA
		TGTTTTATCAACGCCGTGGCCCGTG

AtmiPEP399b	Arabidopsis thaliana	TCTTATAGAGATGAAGAGAAACATGTAAACTCACTAGTTTTAGGGCGCCT	SEQ ID NO: 274
		CTCCATTGGCAGGTCCTTTACTTCCAAATATACACATACATATATGAATA
		TCGAAAATTTCCGATGATCGATTTATAAATGACCTGCCAAAGGAGAGTTG
		CCCTGAAACTGGTTC

AtmiPEP399d1	Arabidopsis thaliana	CAATAACTCAAAATGCAATGTGAAATATGAAGAATATATTAAATAGTAG	SEQ ID NO: 275
		TGAAGATGCATGTTTATGAAGACAGAGAGATAATGTATGGTTGGATTAC
		TGGGCGAATACTCCTATGGCAGATCGCATTGGCTAGATATGCAAGTAAA
		ATGCTTCTCTGCCAAAGGAGATTTGCCCCGCAATTCATCC

AtmiPEP403	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATTTAGGTCTCTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTTTTCTTCTTGAGCGCCGGCGAAAA	SEQ ID NO: 276
		AAGTCTCTGTGAGAAAAAGATACGACGATTGTCATTAGAAGAGTCGTAT
		TACATGTTTTGTGCTTGAATCTAATTCAACAGGCTTTATGTAAGAGATTCT
		TTAACAATTCCTATAATCTTTGTTGTTGGATTAGATTCACGCACAAACTC
		GTAATCTGTCTTTTCGATTTTTACCAGATCTGTC

AtmiPEP447a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	AATTATATCCATGGTCATGGCTCATCATTAGTCGCACTGCTCTCCTTTTCT	SEQ ID NO: 277
AtmiPEP447a2		CAAAGTTTAAATTCGACATTTGGTAAAATGATGAAACCTCGATGGAACT
		GCTCTCTTTATGGAATCACGGAATGGACAAATAATCAAAATCAGAAATC
		GAAGCGAAAAGGGAGGAGAAAAACGCAGATTTGGAGGATTGGGGACAG
		ATTAGATACTGTTGAATGCATCACTCTAATGCTATCAGCCTATTAATAGC
		GTCCTATATTTTCGAAGACTTTTAATGTTTAGGGTTATGGATTTTTCGAGC
		GAAGCATGGAGAGATGTTGAATTGGATACTATAGGATTTGGTACAACAC
		ATACATATGTTCTGCTTCTGCAAAACTAACATATCAAGTTCAGAGAAACC
		AGTAAGTCGTTGAATATTTTATTATCCATTCAACGCTTTCTTCTTTTGGAT
		CATGTCTTGTTTGCTTGACCACTTCTTCTTGCTTAAGAGGATGGACAATAT
		ATAAAAACTGGAGCCTTCTTTTTCTATGAATGCTTATCATCGCGGAGTTG
		ATCTGTTCAATTCACCTGCCATTGGATGCTTTTTTTATATATACTTCACTG
		TTCAATTTCAGATGCTTTAGAAGGTTTGCGGAGTAGCTAGAGAATCTGGT
		ATCTTCAGTTCTTCAATTTCAGCTACTTGGTATCAGCTTCGTCATTGTATA
		TCAACACATTCTTAATATATAATACTACTTTTTCATCCATTAAACCCCTTA
		CAATGTCGAGTAAACGAAGCATCTGTCCCCTGGTATTGTCTTCGAGCTTG
		GTGTTTTTTTCTAGCCAACTCCAAGTTCTCGAGTTGATCATTGTTTGTATT
		CTTGAGACATTATTTGGGGACGAGATGTTTTGTTGACTCGATATAAGAAG
		GGGCTTTATGGAAGAAATTGTAGTATTATATATCGAGAGTG

AtmiPEP447b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	CTATAAATGCTGCTTATCATCGTGGAGTTGGTTCTGTAAACATTTGAAAA	SEQ ID NO: 278
AtmiPEP447b2		TTCTGAACAGTTTCACCTGCCATTGGATGCTTTGTTTCAATTTCAGGTGCG
		TTAGAAGGTTTGCAGAGTAGCTAGAGAATCTCGTATCTTCACTTTCTGCT
		ACTTGGTATCAGCTTCGTCACTTTATATCAACACATTCTTAATATACAATA
		CTACTTTTTCATCCATTAATCCCCTTACAATGTCGAGTAAACGAAGCATC
		TGTCCCCTGGTATTGTCTTCGAGCTTGGTGTGTTTTTCTAGCCAGCCCCAA
		GTTCTCGAGTTGATCATTGTTTGTATTCTGACACATTATTTGGGGACGAG
		ATGTTTTGTTGACTCGATATAAGAAGGGGCTTTATGGAAGAAATTGTAGT
		ATTATATATTGAGAATG

AtmiPEP447c	Arabidopsis thaliana	TAGTATAACCGCTGATGTACACCTACCAGCTTGATAACTCTTTTTCGTGG	SEQ ID NO: 279
		TTTCTGTGTACTCGTTTCTGTTTGTACAGATACTTCTTGTTCAATTTCAGA
		TGCTTTAGAAGGTTTTCGGAGTGGCTAGAGATCTGTTATCTGTATGAACA
		GCTACTTGGTATCAGCTTCGTCATTTTATCAACACATTCTTAATATACAAT
		ACTTCTTTTTCATGCATTAAGCCCCTTACAATGTCGAGTAAACAAAGCAT
		GTGTCCGCTAATATTGTCTTCGAGCTTGGTATTTTTGTATTCTGATACGGT
		ATTTGGGGACGACATCTTTTGTTGACTCGATATAAGAAGGGGGTTTGTGG
		AAGAAATTGTAGTATTATATATCAAGAATG

DmmiPEP1a	Drosophila	TTTGTGGAACACATTCGACCCACTGAAAAATTGATATAATTTAATGAAAG	SEQ ID NO: 280
DmmiPEP1b	melanogaster	TGCATAAAAATGGTGGACAGTGCATTAAACTGAGCATTGAACACAAAGG
		CCGCTCAGCAAATTGCTAATTAAAATTCACGATTGCCATTTCACCTGACA
		CGTTGACGATTTTCATTACAATTCGATTATGTTTCGTTGCAGGGAATTTTA
		AATGTTAATTGCCAAGAATGTTTCAACAAATTCATTTCTCATTAATGTGT
		CTTTTCATTTAATTTTATGTTGTATGAGCTGCACGAGAAATGAGTTGTACT
		TTTAGTTCGACGGCAGAGTCATGAATGTTCGGCAAAGAATGTAATAATA
		ACTATCCTCTTTAGACAAATATAGATACAAATCTATCAGATTCTAAAAGT
		AGAATAATCAATTAATCAGAAAGCTAAAAATAAATAGGCATATTTATAT
		TTTAATGCGGATTTTTGAAGTTCAACGGGAGAAATGAATCCTTTTTACCA
		GCCACAGGCGCAATTTGCAACAGAAAGTGTAGCAGAAGTACTCCTCGAA
		TATTTCCCTGCTCCAGGAGTCATCCATGTGGTTTCGAGGCACACATTTGA
		CAAACTCATGCCCCGCTATTTGTTGTAAAAACACAATCGCACACATGGCC
		GCATTTCGGCGACTTCCAGAGAGCGGTACACTTAAGGCGGCCTGGGAAA
		CGCCTGCAATCTGCTGGTCGCGAACTGCAGATTGCATCCATGTGCCAGGC
		GACCATGCGACCATGTGACCATGTGCCCGCCCGACGCCTCGCAGCCCAC
		ATCCTGCCCATCGAGGGCACAACTCAGCGTGGGTATTGCCGCTCCGGCTG
		CTTCAAGTAGGTAAAAACCGAGAAGATTGAGGATGAATGTATGAGTATG
		AGAAAATACTCGGCGGAACATATGCTGCCGGGCTTGACCTGACCCTGCC
		TCATGTGTGGGTCTCCGATTTAATTTTAGGCACCTATATAAACGCGTGTTT
		ACACTGCAGCCAGAACACAGTCGCCGTCTTCAGTTCGCGCCGTCAACTCC
		TCGATCGATCGATCGCATCGTCTCGGATCGAATAGAGCTGGGCTTCTGCT
		CCGGAGCTACATCGCCGTACTTGTCGGACGAGTGTGGTGATGAAAAGTC
		GCTTAGTCCGGGATTCCTGCCAGATCTCTAAGGGATGAGCTGGCATCCCA
		GGCTGGCCATGTGGCGCGAAGTATGCGCACAAAAAAGTCAAACAAAAA
		GGCGCAATTTTATTACGGGCAACCAACGACGAAACAAAACAAAAGCCAA
		CCGAAAAGCAGAAACAAAGCAGCAAAAAGTTTATGAATTTTTTGTGCAG
		GCGCGTGAAAGATGCAAAACGAGAAAAAAACATGAAAAAAAAACATTA
		AAAAAAACAAAAAAAATCCAAAACAGATACCGAGCTGTATCCGAAAAC
		GAGTGGGGAAAGGGGTTTCCCAGTCACATATAAACACACTTCAGTGCGC
		TTAAAAATTGCTTTATTGCAGTTGGACTATAAAAACGCACGGCAGCGAA
		CACCGCACAACAAAAAGGACGAGCAGAAGTGGGCAAATAAAACGAAAG
		CTCTTAAACGAAAAACAGGAAAATTTGCATGCCACAAAAATAAGCATAA
		GGATTTGCCGCGCACAAAGTAGAAGCAAAAAGGAATTGCCCAAATGCAG
		CCACAAAAGACTGTGGCAAATGTTTTGCAGCTTGCCCCTTTTTCCCTGCA
		ATTACCGTCAGTCGTTGTCATTATTCAGCAGATTATATGGTTTTGCTTATT
		CCGGACCACCATCATCATCATCATTATCATCATCTTCGGTAAGTTAGACA
		ATCCCATAAAAAACTGTCCAAGTGAGTAGTGCCACCAAAAGTTAGCCGC
		GTTGTGGAAAATCCAAAACAAAGACCATCCCATATTCAGCCTTTGAGAG
		TTCCATGCTTCCTTGCATTCAATAGTTATATTCAAGCATATGGAATGTAA
		AGAAGTATGGAGCGAAATCTGGCGAGACATCGGAGTTGAAACTAAAACT
		GAAATTTGATTGAAACAGAAGTAGAACCGTAATGAAATGAATGAAATAT
		TAACCCGTTTCTACAATCCCTGAATAAAATTATTAATTAATTATAGAGCG
		GGCTAATTTTACAATATATATTGATTTTTTTTTGAAG

DmmiPEP8	Drosophila	ATTCTTTTTTGGTGCTCGATCGTGACGGTTTGCTCGCGCTCTCCGCTGCGC	SEQ ID NO: 281
	melanogaster	CGCTCTTTCCGTTGCATATGTGTGCGGGCGTTATTGTGCATGTTTCCGGTG
		GCCGAAAAAAAATAGTAAAATAAAATATAGAAAACAGAAACCAAGAAT
		AATAACAGCCATACGATAAACAGTGTGCCAATGTGTGTGTCTGTGTGTGT
		GTGCATCTCGCGTAACAACAATAATTGCATTTATCGGATGGCGCCAGCTT
		CAATTTAATTATAAATAACATGTTCAACTTTTTATACTATTTTCCCTGCGT
		CAAAGTGGGCGTTGCAACTGCCCCCGGAAAATCACGCGCCCCGGTTCAA
		AGTTAAAGTTTGCTGGGTAACGCACACACACACACACACAATCACTCAC
		ACGCGGTCACACGCACATTTCAATAAACTAATCGAGCCTGGCTTTGTTTT
		TGTTTTATTTCCAACCCACTTGAGCACACAGCACACACAGAGAGAAAAA
		TCAATACTCGTTATGGGATTAAATTTACAAAGCGCAAAGCAAAGCGACA
		AACAAAATTCAAAAGAAAGAAAAAAAAACACTCAAATAAACTCACAAA
		GAATTCCTTATCGCCAAGGGGGCCAATGTTCTAAGGTTCTTTCGCCTTGA¹
		GAACTTTGAGCTTCCTCTGGCAAAGGAGATTATAATGTACAAATAATGTT
		GCAATAACCAGTTGAAACCAATGGAATACCGAATCTTGCTAATTAGCAA
		GGACATCTGTTCACATCTTACCGGGCAGCATTAGATCCTTTTTATAACTCT
		AATACTGTCAGGTAAAGATGTCGTCCGTGTCCTTAACCTTCAGTACCACC
		AACAGCAGCAGCAGCACCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATGCGTAAAAAT
		CCAAACAAATCATAAAAGTCGAAGGA

HsmiPEP155	Homo sapiens	GCCGAGCCCGGGCCCAGCGCCGCCTGCAGCCTCGGGAAGGGAGCGGATA	SEQ ID NO: 357
		GCGGAGCCCCGAGCCGCCCGCAGAGCAAGCGCGGGGAACCAAGGAGAC
		GCTCCTGGCACTGCAGATAACTTGTCTGCATTTCAAGAACAACCTACCAG
		AGACCTTACCTGTCACCTTGGCTCTCCCACCCAATGGAGATGGCTCTAAT
		GGTGGCACAAACCAGGAAGGGGAAATCTGTGGTTTAAATTCTTTATGCCT
		CATCCTCTGAGTGCTGAAGGCTTGCTGTAGGCTGTATGCTGTTAATGCTA
		ATCGTGATAGGGGTTTTTGCCTCCAACTGACTCCTACATATTAGCATTAA
		CAGTGTATGATGCCTGTTACTAGCATTCACATGGAACAAATTGCTGCCGT
		GGGAGGATGACAAAGAAGCATGAGTCACCCTGCTGGATAAACTTAGACT
		TCAGGCTTTATCATTTTTCAATCTGTTAATCATAATCTGGTCACTGGGATG
		TTCAACCTTAAACTAAGTTTTGAAAGTAAGGTTATTTAAAAGATTTATCA
		GTAGTATCCTAAATGCAAACATTTTCATTTAAATGTCAAGCCCATGTTTG
		TTTTTATCATTAACAGAAAATATATTCATGTCATTCTTAATTGCAGGTTTT
		GGCTTGTTCATTATAATGTTCATAAACACCTTTGATTCAACTGTTAGAAA
		TGTGGGCTAAACACAAATTTCTATAATATTTTTGTAGTTAAAAATTAGAA
		GGACTACTAACCTCCAGTTATATCATGGATTGTCTGGCAACGTTTTTTAA
		AAGATTTAGAAACTGGTACTTTCCCCCAGGTAACGATTTTCTGTTCAGGC
		AACTTCAGTTTAAAATTAATACTTTTATTTGACTCTTAAAGGGAAACTGA
		AAGGCTATGAAGCTGAATTTTTTTAATGAAATATTTTTAACAGTTAGCAG
		GGTAAATAACATCTGACAGCTAATGAGATATTTTTTCCATACAAGATAAA
		AAGATTTAATCAAAAAATTTCATATTTGAAATGAAGTCCCAAATCTAGGT
		TCAAGTTCAATAGCTTAGCCACATAATACGGTTGTGCGAGCAGAGAATCT
		ACCTTTCCACTTCTAAGCCTGTTTCTTCCTCCATATGGGGATAATACTTTA
		CAAGGTTGTTGTGAGGCTTAGATGAGATAGAGAATTATTCCATAAGATA
		ATCAAGTGCTACATTAATGTTATAGTTAGATTAATCCAAGAACTAGTCAC
		CCTACTTTATTAGAGAAGAGAAAAGCTAATGATTTGATTTGCAGAATATT
		TAAGGTTTGGATTTCTATGCAGTTTTTCTAAATAACCATCACTTACAAAT
		ATGTAACCAAACGTAATTGTTAGTATATTTAATGTAAACTTGTTTTAACA
		ACTCTTCTCAACATTTTGTCCAGGTTATTCACTGTAACCAAATAAATCTCA
		TGAGTCTTTAGTTGATTTAAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
		AA

AtmiPEP157c	Arabidopsis thaliana	CTTTGTCACTTCATACACTCCCTATTGTCTATATATATATATATACTTACA	SEQ ID NO: 400
		CATATTCAAACATTATAATACTTAATTACACATACATACTTTATGATGTT
		GCATATCACACATAGGTTTGAGAGTGATGTTGGTTGTTGACAGAAGATA
		GAGAGCACTAAGGATGACATGCAAGTACATACATATATATCATCACACC
		GCATGTGGATGATAAAATATGTATAACAAATTCAAAGAAAGAGAGGGAG
		AGAAAGAGAGAGAACCTGCATCTCTACTCTTTTGTGCTCTCTATACTTCT
		GTCACCACCTTTATCTCTTCTTCTCTCTAACCT

AtmiPEP157d	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATTTACTCTTCACCGCCCTCTCTCTATATATAGTCTCTATCCTCACATATT	SEQ ID NO: 401
		ATATATCAAACCGCAAGAATGCTGTATGTATAGTGGAGGGTGATAGTGT
		GGTTGCTGACAGAAGATAGAGAGCACTAAGGATGCTATGCAAAACAGAC
		ACAGATATGTGTTTCTAATTGTATTTCATACTTTAACCTCAAAGTTGATAT
		AAAAAAAGAAAGAAAGATAGAAGAGCTAGAAGACTATCTGCATCTCTAT
		TCCTATGTGCTCTCTATGCTTCTGTCATCACCTTTCTTTCTCTATTTCTCTC
		TAC

AtmiPEP160c	Arabidopsis thaliana	AACCAAAACTCTTCAACATTTCTCTCTGACTACTTCATTTCCTCTTCCCAA	SEQ ID NO: 402
		CAGTTAAAAAAAGTTCTGATTCGATTCAAGCCAAGATCCACGTATAAAG
		ATATGTTCATGCGTAGAGGTTTGGTATACAACAATATATACATATAATAG
		TTTGTCGTTATGCCTGGCTCCCTGTATGCCACGAGTGGATACCGATTTTG
		GTTTTAAAATCGGCTGCCGGTGGCGTACAAGGAGTCAAGCATGAC

AtmiPEP164b	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATACATTCTCTCTTTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCATCCCGGCCCAGTTATGT	SEQ ID NO: 403
		GGTCGGAGAGAATGATGAAGGTGTGTGATGAGCAAGATGGAGAAGCAG
		GGCACGTGCATTACTAGCTCATATATACACTCTCACCACAAATGCGTGTA
		TATATGCGGAATTTTGTGATATAGATGTGTGTGTGTGTTGAGTGTGATGA
		TATGGATGAGTTAGTTCTTCATGTGCCCATCTTCACCATC

AtmiPEP166c	Arabidopsis thaliana	TCACACATACCTTTCTTTCTCTTCTTCTTCTTACGAAAAGTTTCATCACAT	SEQ ID NO: 404
		TCACATTATCTTTAACTTTGGTCTCTTTTCTTTTTTGTCTTTTTTCTCTTCTT
		GATAACGTGGTTCTAGTCTTGATTAATTCATTGTTGTGCGATTTAGTGTTG
		AGAGGATTGTTGTCTGGCTCGAGGTCATGAAGAAGAGAATCACTCGAAT
		TAATTTGGAAGAACAAATTAAGAAAACCCTAGATGATTCTCGGACCAGG
		CTTCATTCCCCCTAACCTACTTATCGC

AtmiPEP166d	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATTTAGCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTGTCTACTTACATAAAGTTATCCTt	SEQ ID NO: 405
		GCTTTGGTTTAGGGTTGAGAGGAATATTGTCTGGCTCGAGGTCATGAAGA
		AGATCGGTAGtATTGATTCATTTTAAAGAGTGAAATCCCTAAATGATTCTC
		GGACCAGGCTTCATTCCCCCCAACC

AnniPEP169a	Arabidopsis thaliana	TAGTATTCATAAGCACCAAAACAAATATGTAGAGATCTCCTCTTCCATTC	SEQ ID NO: 406
		TCTATTGTTACTTTCGAGAAGAAACATACAAAACACATACATTTTTCTTTT
		GTTTGTGGTTTTCATATATACAAGTGGGTATAGCTAGTGAAACGCGAATG
		TGACGAAAGTAGIGTGCAGCCAAGGATGACTTGCCGATTTAAATGATCTT
		TCTTTATACTCTATTAAGACAATTTAGTTTCAAACTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
		TTTGAAGGATTCAGGAAGAAATTAGGATATATTATTCCGTATAAAATACA
		AGATATATAAAACCAAAAAGAAAAAGTAACATGATCGGCAAGTTGTCCT
		TGGCTACACGTTACTTTGTGTCGC

AtmiPEP169h1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ACTCATCAACAACCTCTTCATAAATACATAAATCATATAAGAGAAAATG	SEQ ID NO: 407
AnniPEP169h2		GTGACATGAAGAATGAGAACTIGTGTGG

AtmiPEP169n	Arabidopsis thaliana	AGGCAAAAACATATAGAGAGTAATGAAGTGTATGATGAAGAAGAGAGG	SEQ ID NO: 408
		TCTAACATGGCGGAAAGCGTCATGTTTAGTAGCCAAGGATGACTTGCCTG
		ATCTTTTTCGCCTCCACGATTCAATTTCAAATTCATGCATTTTGGATTATT
		ATACCTTTTAAAGTATAATAGGTCAAATATCATGTTGAATCTTGCGGGTT
		AGGTTTCAGGCAGTCTCTTTGGCTATCTTGACATGCTTTTTCCATCCAT

AtmiPEP170	Arabidopsis thaliana	ATTCACTCCCTTCTTCTTCTTAATCTCCTTACAGTTACAGACATTCTCTCA	SEQ ID NO: 409
		CTTGCGTTCTTGTTTCTTTTACAAAACAGATACACTATGTTTCCGAGAGA
		GTCCCTCTGATATTGGCCTGGTTCACTCAGATTCTCTTTTACTAACTCATC
		TGATTGAGCCGTGTCAATATCTCAGTCCTCTCTCG

AtmiPEP396a	Arabidopsis thaliana	TCTCACAACTTCAACTTCCCTCTTTCTCTATATTACGCTTTTGCCCCTCACT	SEQ ID NO: 410
		CCCTCTTTCCACAATTAGGGTTTCGTCTGCTCTACATGACCCTCTCTGTAT
		TCTTCCACAGCTTTCTTGAACTGCAAAACTTCTTCAGATTTTTTTTTTTTTC
		TTTTGATATCTCTTACGCATAAAATAGTGATTTTCTTCATATCTCTGCTCG
		ATTGATTTGCGGTTCAATAAAGCTGTGGGAAGATACAGAC

AtmiPEP399c	Arabidopsis thaliana	GAATAACCAACCAGCCTTCTCTCAAAGCAAACCAAAAAGAAAAACCAAC	SEQ ID NO: 411
		ATTGAAAGAGGAAGTTACGATAAGCGGAGCAGTAATAGGGCATCTTTCT
		ATTGGCAGGCGACTTGGCTATTTGTATCTTTTGTGTTCTTGACTATTGGCT
		ATGTCACTTGCCAAAGGAGAGTTGCCCTGTCACTGCTTCCGCTTAAACAC
		AGTCTATAACCGGTTCTGCTAATATCAATCCTTCTTTTGGACATGTCCAA
		AGCCGAGATTGATTGATAGAGAATTGGTCTCTCTGGCTACAAAACTAGTG
		CGGTTCTCTCGATTTAAGTTTTAATAGCATTCACTTTGCACATTGCATCTT
		TCACATCAAATTTCCATTTCATCAACCATCTAAACCTCTTTGTTAGCTTTG
		ATATAAGCAACGATCTAAAGTCTAAAAACCATTAATCCTCTGAAAAAAA
		AGACAATTTCGATGGTTCTATTATGTTTCTCCAATGCAGAAATTGTATCG
		TCTGAATTATAGTAGATTTTTTCTAGACTAAAGTGTAAACCAAGACGAAT
		CTGCACTAACAAGACACACCAATAGACTTTACAGAGAAAGGTTACGAGT
		TTTGAAAATATTAACGGACCATAGTCATCGCG

MtmiPEP169d	Medicago truncatula	TGGATAAGTTAATTTATGGTCAAAGAGTCTTTCATGGAGAGGTTGAAAGT	SEQ ID NO: 426
		GAGATGAAGCCAAGGATGACTTGCCGGTATAATAGTAATTTGCCACAAA
		TCTAGATAGCTATTAGCTATGTTTGGATGGGCGGTGAGATTAACAAAATT
		ACAGCAGCATTGTGATTTTGTTGATGCTTTAAAGTGTAGTTTTTATCAAA
		ATTACAGTGGTTCACTGTAATTATGAGAATCTCACCGTCAATCTAAATAT
		GCATTTAGTTTCATTTCCGGCAGGTCATCCTTCGGCTATATT

TABLE 4

List of the microRNAs (miRNAs)

miPEP	Organism	Sequence of the miRNA	SEQ ID

AtmiPEP156a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugacagaagagagugagcac	SEQ ID NO: 282
AtmiPEP156a2
AtmiPEP156a3

AtmiPEP156c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugacagaagagagugagcac	SEQ ID NO: 283
AtmiPEP156c2

AtmiPEP156e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugacagaagagagugagcac	SEQ ID NO: 284

AtmiPEP156f1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugacagaagagagugagcac	SEQ ID NO: 285

AlmiPEP159a	Arabidopsis lyrata	uuuggauugaagggagcucua	SEQ ID NO: 286

AtmiPEP159a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuuggauugaagggagcucua	SEQ ID NO: 287

CrmiPEP159a	Capsella rubella	uuuggauugaagggagcucua	SEQ ID NO: 288

AtmiPEP159b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuuggauugaagggagcucuu	SEQ ID NO: 289
AtmiPEP159b2

AtmiPEP160a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugccuggcucccuguaugcca	SEQ ID NO: 290

AtmiPEP160b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugccuggcucccuguaugcca	SEQ ID NO: 291
AtmiPEP160b2

AtmiPEP161	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucaaugcauugaaagugacua	SEQ ID NO: 292

AtmiPEP162a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucgauaaaccucugcauccag	SEQ ID NO: 293

AtmiPEP162b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucgauaaaccucugcauccag	SEQ ID NO: 294

AtmiPEP163-1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uugaagaggacuuggaacuucgau	SEQ ID NO: 295
AtmiPEP163-2

AlmiPEP164a1	Arabidopsis lyrata	uggagaagcagggcacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 296
AlmiPEP164a2
AlmiPEP164a3

AtmiPEP164a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uggagaagcagggcacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 297
AtmiPEP164a2
AtmiPEP164a3

BrmiPEP164a1	Brassica rapa	uggagaagcagggcacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 298
BrmiPEP164a2
BrmiPEP164a3

CpmiPEP164a1	Carica papaya	uggagaagcagggcacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 299
CpmiPEP164a2

CrmiPEP164a1	Capsella rubella	uggagaagcagggcacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 300
CrmiPEP164a2
CrmiPEP164a3

GrmiPEP164a1	Gossypium raimondii	uggagaagcagggcacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 301
GrmiPEP164a2
GrmiPEP164a3

MtmiPEP164a1	Medicago truncatula	uggagaagcagggcacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 302
MtmiPEP164a2

OsmiPEP164a1	Oryza saliva	uggagaagcaggguacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 303
OsmiPEP164a2

AlmiPEP165a	Arabidopsis lyrata	ucggaccaggcuucauccccc	SEQ ID NO: 304

AtmiPEP165a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucggaccaggcuucauccccc	SEQ ID NO: 305

BcmiPEP165a	Brassica carinata	ucggaccaggcuucauccccc	SEQ ID NO: 306

BjmiPEP165a	Brassica juncea	ucggaccaggcuucauccccc	SEQ ID NO: 307

BnmiPEP165a	Brassica napus	ucggaccaggcuucauccccc	SEQ ID NO: 308

BomiPEP165a	Brassica oleracea	ucggaccaggcuucauccccc	SEQ ID NO: 309

BrmiPEP165a	Brassica rapa	ucggaccaggcuucauccccc	SEQ ID NO: 310

AtmiPEP166a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucggaccaggcuucauucccc	SEQ ID NO: 311

AtmiPEP166b	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucggaccaggcuucauucccc	SEQ ID NO: 312

AtmiPEP167a	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugaagcugccagcaugaucua	SEQ ID NO: 313

AtmiPEP167b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugaagcugccagcaugaucua	SEQ ID NO: 314
AtmiPEP167b2

AtmiPEP169c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	cagccaaggaugacuugccgg	SEQ ID NO: 315
AtmiPEP169c2

AtmiPEP16911	Arabidopsis thaliana	uagccaaggaugacuugccug	SEQ ID NO: 316

AtmiPEP171a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugauugagccgcgccaauauc	SEQ ID NO: 317

AtmiPEP171b	Arabidopsis thaliana	uugagccgugccaauaucacg	SEQ ID NO: 318

MtmiPEP171b1	Medicago truncatula	ugauugagccgcgucaauauc	SEQ ID NO: 319
MtmiPEP171b2

ZmmiPEP171b	Zea mays	ggauugagccgcgucaauauc	SEQ ID NO: 320

AtmiPEP171c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uugagccgugccaauaucacg	SEQ ID NO: 321

MtmiPEP171e	Medicago truncatula	agauugagccgcgccaauauc	SEQ ID NO: 322

MtmiPEP171h	Medicago truncatula	cgagccgaaucaauaucacuc	SEQ ID NO: 323

AtmiPEP172a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	agaaucuugaugaugcugcau	SEQ ID NO: 324
AtmiPEP172a3

AtmiPEP172b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	gcagcaccauuaagauucac	SEQ ID NO: 325

AtmiPEP172c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	agaaucuugaugaugcugcag	SEQ ID NO: 326

AtmiPEP172e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ggaaucuugaugaugcugcau	SEQ ID NO: 327
AtmiPEP172e2
AtmiPEP172e3

AcmiPEP319a1	Arabidopsis cebennensis	uuggacugaagggagcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 328
AcmiPEP319a2

AhmiPEP319a	Arabidopsis halleri	uuggacugaagggagcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 329

AlmiPEP319a	Arabidopsis lyrata	uuggacugaagggagcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 330

AtmiPEP319a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuggacugaagggagcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 331
AtmiPEP319a2

BrmiPEP319a	Brassica rapa	uuggacugaagggagcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 332

CpmiPEP319a	Carica papaya	uuggacugaagggagcuccuu	SEQ ID NO: 333

CrmiPEP319a	Capsella rubella	uuggacugaagggagcucc	SEQ ID NO: 334

EgmiPEP319a	Eucalyptus grandis	uuggacugaagggagcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 335

GrmiPEP319a	Gossypium raimondii	uuggacugaagggagcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 336

MtmiPEP319a	Medicago truncatula	uuggacugaagggagucucccu	SEQ ID NO: 337

OsmiPEP319a	Oryza sativa	uuggacugaagggugcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 338

PpmiPEP319a	Physcomitrella patens	cuuggacugaagggagcucc	SEQ ID NO: 339

ThmiPEP319a1	Thellungiella halophila	uggacucaaggaagcucucu	SEQ ID NO: 340
ThmiPEP319a2

AtmiPEP319b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuggacugaagggagcucccu	SEQ ID NO: 341

AtmiPEP394a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuggcauucuguccaccucc	SEQ ID NO: 342

AtmiPEP395c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	cugaaguguauggggggacuc	SEQ ID NO: 343

AtmiPEP395e1	Arabidopsis thaliana	cugaaguguaugggggaacuc	SEQ ID NO: 344

AtmiPEP397b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucauugagugcaucguugaug	SEQ ID NO: 345

AtmiPEP398c1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uguguucucaggucaccccug	SEQ ID NO: 346

AtmiPEP399b	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugccaaaggagaguugcccug	SEQ ID NO: 347

AtmiPEP399d1	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugccaaaggagauuugccccg	SEQ ID NO: 348

AtmiPEP403	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuagauucacgcacaaacucg	SEQ ID NO: 349

AtmiPEP447a1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuggggacgagauguuuuguug	SEQ ID NO: 350

AtmiPEP447a2	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuggggacgagauguuuuguug

AtmiPEP447b1	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuggggacgagauguuuuguug	SEQ ID NO: 351

AtmiPEP447b2	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuggggacgagauguuuuguug

AtnaPEP447c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ccccuuacaaugucgaguaaa	SEQ ID NO: 352

DmmiPEP1a	Drosophila melanogaster	uggaauguaaagaaguauggag	SEQ ID NO: 353
DmmiPEP1b

DmmiPEP8	Drosophila melanogaster	uaauacugucagguaaagauguc	SEQ ID NO: 354

HsmiPEP155	Homo sapiens	uuaaugcuaaucgugauaggggu	SEQ ID NO: 358

AtmiPEP157c	Arabidopsis thaliana	uugacagaagauagagagcac	SEQ ID NO: 412

AtmiPEP157d	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugacagaagauagagagcac	SEQ ID NO: 413

AtmiPEP160c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugccuggcucccuguaugcca	SEQ ID NO: 414

AtmiPEP164b	Arabidopsis thaliana	uggagaagcagggcacgugca	SEQ ID NO: 415

AtmiPEP166c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucggaccaggcuucauucccc	SEQ ID NO: 416

AtmiPEP166d	Arabidopsis thaliana	ucggaccaggcuucauucccc	SEQ ID NO: 417

AtmiPEP169a	Arabidopsis thaliana	cagccaaggaugacuugccga	SEQ ID NO: 418

AtmiPEP169h	Arabidopsis thaliana	uagccaaggaugacuugccug	SEQ ID NO: 419

AtmiPEP169n	Arabidopsis thaliana	uagccaaggaugacuugccug	SEQ ID NO: 420

AtmiPEP170	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugauugagccgugucaauauc	SEQ ID NO: 421

AtmiPEP396a	Arabidopsis thaliana	uuccacagcuuucuugaacug	SEQ ID NO: 422

AtmiPEP399c	Arabidopsis thaliana	ugccaaaggagaguugcccug	SEQ ID NO: 423

AtmiPEP169d	Medicago truncatula	aagccaaggaugacuugccgg	SEQ ID NO: 427

TABLE 5

List of the control Pre-miRNAs

Pre-miRNA	Organism	Sequence of the Pre-miRNA	SEQ ID

Pre-miR169	Medicago	TTAGGGTTTTCAGCTCATGGTAATAAAAATGTCATCTAATGTCTTGCATGT	SEQ ID NO: 359
	truncatula	GGGAATGAGGTCATATATGCAGCCAAGGATGACTTGCCGGCGAGCCTCTT
		TCGATACTTTTATGACATAATTAATCATGTGGATAGCCAAGGTACTAAACT
		CACTTTGCACTAAAACAAATATTTTTGCTTTAGTGCAAACTTAGTTTAGGC
		GCTTCGCAACGGCTAGTCAAATGTCCTAGTTCCAATGTGATTGGTTGTCCG
		GCAAGTCGTCTCTGGCTACGTAAAGGCCTCCTTTTTTCATGCTAGATTTTTG
		ATGATTTGATATAGCCACACATATTTTGGAA

Pre-miR169a	Medicago	AAGAGGCAGAGAGAGTAATGCAGCCAAGGATGACTTGCCGACAACATTG	SEQ ID NO: 360
	truncatula	GCGAATGTTCATGTGATTTCTGCCTCATTGTGCCGGCAAGTTGTCCTTGGCT
		ATGTTAGTCTCTCATCTTCT

Pre-miR171a	Medicago	TGAATTCCCCTCCGCTTTTTGATGTTGGCTTGTCTCAATCAAATCAAAGTTC	SEQ ID NO: 361
MI0001753	truncatula	TTGAAATTTGAGTTCTTTAGTCTGATTGAGTCGTGCCAATATCATATTAAG
		CGATAAAAGTC

Pre-miR171h	Medicago	CCACAAAACTATAACTAGCTAGAAGCTTTAATCGCCTTATTTATTATAATA	SEQ ID NO: 362
	truncatula	ATAATAATAAATATGGCTTCAGCTGCAAAAGTATACATGGCGTGATATTG
		ATCCGGCTCATCTATATCTTCAAGTTCAATCATCCATATTCATATCAATTTC
		AGACGAGCCGAATCAATATCACTCTTGTTTGCTTCATTGCATATTAATTAT
		ATACTTCATTTATAAGTTATAGTTTGCCATATATATATTAGATTGATTCTGC
		AGAAGTAGACAGGAGTGGTGTTGTTTCTGCTCATCTTATTAAATAATGAAT
		GAATGAATGACATTTGCTTACTTATAAGACGAGCCGAATCAATATCACTCC
		AGTACACCT

Pre-miR393a	Medicago	AACTGCAACTTGAGGAGGCATCCAAAGGGATCGCATTGATCCTATAATAT	SEQ ID NO: 363
	truncatula	TTCAACTTTAGTCACTTTAATTTTTCTCATATAATACTTAATTGGGATCAT
		GCCATCCCTTTGGATTTCTCCTTTAGTAGCTAC

Pre-miR393b	Medicago	AGGCATCCAAAGGGATCGCATTGATCCCAAATCTAATTAAGTCCCTAGCTA	SEQ ID NO: 364
	truncatula	CTTAATTAACAACTTAATTTCCTTAATATCTCATAATATTTGGGATCATGCT
		ATCCCTTTGGATTCAT

Pre-miR396a	Medicago	TGCTTTTCCACAGCTTTCTTGAACTTCTTTCGTATCTTAAATCTGTTTTCAA	SEQ ID NO: 365
	truncatula	GATTAAAAGTCCTAGAAGCTCAAGAAAGCTGTGGGAGAATA

Pre-miR396b	Medicago	TATTCTTCCACAGCTTTCTTGAACTGCATCCAAATTGAGTTCCTTTGCATTG	SEQ ID NO: 366
	truncatula	CCATGGCCATTGTTTTGCGGTTCAATAAAGCTGTGGGAAGATA

TABLE 6

List of the control miRNAs

miRNA	Organism	Sequence of the miRNA	SEQ ID

miR169	Medicago truncatula	CAGCCAAGGAUGACUUGCCGG	SEQ ID NO: 367

miR169a	Medicago truncatula	CAGCCAAGGAUGACUUGCCGA	SEQ ID NO: 368

miR171a	Medicago truncatula	UGAUUGAGUCGUGCCAAUAUC	SEQ ID NO: 369

miR171h	Medicago truncatula	GAGCCGAAUCAAUAUCACUC	SEQ ID NO: 370

miR393a	Medicago truncatula	UCCAAAGGGAUCGCAUUGAUC	SEQ ID NO: 371

miR393b	Medicago truncatula	UCCAAAGGGAUCGCAUUGAUC	SEQ ID NO: 372

miR396a	Medicago truncatula	UUCCACAGCUUUCUUGAACUU	SEQ ID NO: 373

miR396b	Medicago truncatula	UUCCACAGCUUUCUUGAACUG	SEQ ID NO: 374

TABLE 7

Polymorphism of the DNA sequence
of the different regions of pri-miR171b

	Size	# SNPs	# mutations	% SNP	# haplotypes

pri-mir171b	1127	91	100	8.07	161
5' pri-miR171b	129	4	4	3.1	5
miPEP171b	62	2	2	3.22	3
Pre-miR171b	118	1	1	0.85	2
miR171b +	42	0	0	0	1
miR171b*
3' pri-miR171b	259	39	42	15.06	89

The following examples will illustrate the invention better, but without limiting its scope.

EXAMPLES

A: Analysis of the miPEPS in Plants

Example 1—Characterization in the Model Plant Medicago truncatula

a) Identification and characterization of MtmiPEP171b1 (miPEP171b1 identified in Medicago truncatula)
The microRNA MtmiR171b is expressed in the meristematic region of the roots. The overexpression of this microRNA in particular leads to a reduction in the expression of the genes HAM1 (Accession No. MtGI9-TC114268) and HAM2 (Accession No. MtGI9-TC120850) (FIG. 1A), as well as to a reduction in the number of lateral roots (FIG. 1B). The overexpression of the pri-miR171b also induces a decrease in the number of lateral roots (FIG. 37).
The sequence of the primary transcript of MtmiR171b was determined using the RACE-PCR technique. Analysis of the sequence of the primary transcript made it possible to identify the presence of several completely unexpected small open reading frames (sORFs). These sORFs were called miORFs for “microRNA ORFs”. These miORFs potentially encode short peptides, from about 4 to 100 amino acids. No significant homology relating to these miORFS was found in the databases.
The overexpression of the first miORF, called MtmiORF171b, leads to an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b and a reduction in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (see FIG. 2A), as well as to a reduction in the number of lateral roots (FIG. 2B), as was already observed in the overexpression of MtmiR171b.
In order to determine whether MtmiORF171b leads to the real production of a peptide and whether the regulatory function observed above is indeed carried by said peptide, a synthetic peptide, the sequence of which is identical to that potentially encoded by MtmiORF171b, was applied on the roots of Medicago truncatula. Application of this peptide leads to the phenotype already observed above in the overexpression of MtmiORF171b, i.e. it leads to an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b and a reduction in the expression of the HAM1 and HAM2 genes (see FIG. 3A), as well as a reduction in the number of lateral roots (FIG. 3B).
The results of these experiments demonstrate that MtmiORF171b encodes a peptide capable of modulating the accumulation of MtmiR171b, and the expression of the target genes of MtmiR171b: HAM1 and HAM2. Said peptide has been called MtmiPEP171b1 (“miPEP” corresponding to microRNA encoded PEPtide).
Moreover, MtPEP171b1 leads to an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b (FIG. 4A) and of pre-MtmiR171b (FIG. 4B).
b) Specificity of miPEP171b1
The expression of different microRNA precursors of Medicago truncatula (MtmiR171b SEQ ID NO: 319, MtmiR169 SEQ ID NO: 367, MtmiR169a SEQ ID NO: 368, MtmiR171a SEQ ID NO: 369, MtmiR171h SEQ ID NO: 370, MtmiR393a SEQ ID NO: 371, MtmiR393b SEQ ID NO: 372, MtmiR396a SEQ ID NO: 373 and MtmiR396b SEQ ID NO: 374) was determined and compared between control plants and plants in which MtmiORF171b encoding MtmiPEP171b1 was overexpressed (FIG. 5A), or between control plants and plants grown on culture medium containing MtmiPEP171b1 (FIG. 5B).
The results obtained indicate that MtmiPEP171b1 only leads to an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b and not of the other miRNAs, which indicates that a miPEP only has an effect on the microRNA from which it is derived.
c) Localization of miPEP171 b1
Moreover, the immunolocalization of miPEP171b1 in the roots of M. truncatula reveals the presence of miPEP171b1 in the lateral root initiation sites, showing a co-localization between the microRNA and the corresponding miPEP (FIGS. 28 and 34).

Example 1B—MtmiPEP169d

Regarding MtmiPEP169d, it has been demonstrated in vivo in M. truncatula that the overexpression of this miPEP induces an accumulation of MtmiR169d (FIG. 32).

Example 1C—MtmiPEP171e

Regarding MtmiPEP171e, it has been demonstrated in vivo in M. truncatula that the overexpression of this miPEP induces an accumulation of MtmiR171e (FIG. 33).

Example 2—Characterization in the Model Plant of Tobacco

a) Conservation of the Mechanism in Tobacco

In order to determine whether the mechanism of regulation of the microRNAs is conserved in other plant species, the regulation of MtmiR171b by MtmiPEP171b1 was tested in a different cellular model. For this, MtmiR171b and MtmiPEP171b1 were introduced into tobacco leaves.
The accumulation of MtmiR171b was measured in tobacco leaves transformed in order to express MtmiR171b of Medicago truncatula starting from wild-type pri-miRNA capable of producing MtmiPEP171b1, or starting from a mutated version of pri-miRNA incapable of producing MtmiPEP171b1 (in which the start codon ATG of MtmiORF171b has been replaced with ATT) (FIG. 6 and FIG. 20). Absence of translation of MtmiPEP171b1 leads to a marked decrease in the accumulation of MtmiR171b.
The accumulation of pre-MtmiR171b was measured in tobacco leaves transformed in order to express MtmiR171b of Medicago truncatula alone (control), or additionally expressing the wild-type MtmiORF171b of Medicago truncatula (35SmiPEP171b1 ATG), or a mutated version of MtmiORF171b in which the start codon ATG has been replaced with ATT (35SmiPEP171b1 ATT) (FIG. 7 and FIG. 21). The expression of MtmiORF171b leads to an increase in the accumulation of pre-miR171b, and this accumulation of pre-miR171b depends on the translation of MtmiORF171b to micropeptide.
Moreover, in the tobacco leaves transformed in order to express MtmiR171b of Medicago truncatula, untreated or treated by spraying with MtmiPEP171b1 (0.1 μM) for the first time 12 h before sampling and then a second time 30 minutes before sampling, it was observed that MtmiPEP171b1 may be used directly in peptide form by foliar sprayings (FIG. 8).
Moreover, it was observed in tobacco (as in Medicago truncatula) that the MtmiPEP171b1 leads to an increase in the accumulation of MtmiR171b (FIG. 9A) and of pre-MtmiR171b (FIG. 9B), but reduces the accumulation of pri-MtmiR171b (FIG. 9C). Taken together, these results indicate that the mechanism of regulation of the microRNAs and of their target genes under the control of miPEPs is conserved between the species.

b) Intracellular Localization of MtmiPEP171 b1

Tobacco leaves were transformed in order to overexpress MtmiPEP171b1 of Medicago truncatula fused with a fluorescent protein (GFP) (FIG. 10). The results obtained indicate that the miPEP is localized in small nuclear bodies.
c) Identification of miPEPS from Databases
Genomic databases of plants were searched for the presence of open reading frames within primary transcripts of 70 miRNAs, and 101 miORFs capable of encoding a miPEP were identified.
At present, AtmiPEP165a and AtmiPEP319a2, identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, have already been characterized. The experiments conducted in the model plant of tobacco made it possible to demonstrate that the overexpression of AtmiORF165a or of AtmiORF319a leads to an increase in the accumulation of AtmiR165a or of AtmiR319a respectively (FIG. 11).
miR165a regulates transcription factors such as Revoluta, Phavoluta and Phabulosa. miR319 regulates genes of the TCP family.

Example 3—Characterization in the Arabidopsis thaliana Model Plant

Example 3A—AtmiPEP165a

Regarding AtmiPEP165a, it has been demonstrated in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana that treatment with AtmiPEP165a leads to a phenotype with greatly accelerated root growth (FIG. 12).
Moreover, treatment of plants with higher and higher concentrations of miPEP165a shows a dose-dependent effect on the accumulation of miR165a and the negative regulation of its target genes (PHAVOLUTA: PHV, PHABOLUSA: PHB and REVOLUTA: REV) as a function of the amount of miPEP165A (see FIG. 22).

Example 3B—AtmiPEP164a

Regarding AtmiPEP164a, this was synthesized and was used for investigating an increase in the accumulation of miR164a in roots of A. thaliana treated with the synthetic peptide. Northern blot analyses indicate that treatment of the plant with the peptide miPEP164a leads to an increase in the accumulation of miR164a (FIG. 23).
The same type of results has been obtained by qRT-PCR (FIG. 30).
It has also been demonstrated in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana that treatment of the plant with AtmiPEP164a increases plant growth significantly (FIG. 24).

Example 3C—AtmiPEP165a

Regarding AtmiPEP165a, this was synthesized and was used for investigating an increase in the accumulation of miR165a in roots of A. thaliana treated with the synthetic peptide.
Northern blot analyses indicate that treatment of the plant with the peptide miPEP165a leads to an increase in the accumulation of miR165a (FIG. 25).
Moreover, to determinate the mode of action of miPEPs regarding the accumulation of their own miRs, the expression of pri-miR165a has been analysed in wildtype plants and in plants that have been transformed to overexpress miPEP165a (FIG. 35).
The overexpression of pri-miR165a is enhanced in the plants that overexpress miPEP165a (FIG. 36A).
In the presence of cordycepin, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, the amount of pri-miR165a is identical in wildtype plants and in transformed plants (FIG. 36B), it indicates that miPEP165a does not operate as a RNA stabilizer, but rather as a transcription activator of pri-miR165a.
Moreover, the expression of pri-miR165a has been analysed in wildtype plants (Col-0 plants) and in mutated plants having a low allele of the second large subunit of RNA polymerase II (nrpb2-3 plants). The results obtained indicate that mutated plants do not show an increase in the accumulation of pri-miR165 in response to miPEP165a, unlike wildtype plants. It appears that the miPEP operates as a transcription regulator.

Example 3D—AtmiPEP319a1

Regarding AtmiPEP319a1, this was also synthesized and was used for investigating an increase in the accumulation of miR319a in roots of A. thaliana treated with the synthetic peptide.
Analyses by qRT-PCR show that the overexpression of AtmiPEP319a1 leads to an increase in the accumulation of miR319a (FIGS. 26 and 31).
It was also demonstrated in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana that treatment of the plant with AtmiPEP319a1 increases plant growth significantly (FIG. 27).

Example 3E—AtmiPEP160b1

Regarding AtmiPEP160b1, it has been demonstrated in vivo in A. thaliana that the overexpression of this miPEP induces an accumulation of AtmiR160b (FIG. 29).

Material and Methods

Biological Material

The surface of seeds of M. truncatula was sterilized and they were left to germinate on agar plates for 5 days at 4° C. in the dark. The young shoots were then grown on 12-cm square plates filled with Fahraeus medium without nitrogen and containing 7.5 μM phosphate (Lauressergues et al., Plant J, 72(3): 512-22, 2012). The lateral roots were counted every day. In pots, the plants were watered every other day with modified Long Ashton medium with low phosphorus content (Balzergue et al., Journal of Experimental Botany, (62)1049-1060, 2011).
The peptides were synthesized by Eurogentec or Smartox-Biotech. MtmiPEP171b1 was resuspended in a solution of 40% water/50% acetonitrile/10% acetic acid (v/v/v), and the other peptides were resuspended in water.
The leaves were watered by spraying with the peptides using peptide solutions at different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 μM), firstly 12 h before sampling and then a second time min before sampling.
Reverse Transcription of the microRNAs
The RNA was extracted using the reagent Tri-Reagent (MRC) according to the manufacturer's instructions, except for precipitation of the RNA, which was carried out with 3 volumes of ethanol. The everse transcription of the RNA was carried out using the specific stem-loop primer RTprimer171b in combination with hexamers for performing the reverse transcription of RNA of high molecular weight.
In brief, 1 μg of RNA was added to the stem-loop primer MIR171b (0.2 μM), the hexamer (500 ng), the buffer RT (1×), the enzyme SuperScript Reverse transcriptase (SSIII) (one unit), the dNTPs (0.2 mM each), DTT (0.8 mM) in a final reaction mixture of 25 μl. In order to carry out the reverse transcription, a reaction of pulsed reverse transcription was performed (40 repetitions of the following cycle: 16° C. for 2 minutes, 42° C. for one minute and 50° C. for one second, followed by a final inactivation of the reverse transcription at 85° C. for 5 minutes).
Analyses by Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)
The total RNA was extracted from roots of M. truncatula or from tobacco leaves using the extraction kit RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). The reverse transcription was performed using the reverse transcriptase SuperScript II (Invitrogen) starting from 500 ng of total RNA. Three repetitions (n=3) were carried out, each with two technical repetitions. Each experiment was repeated from two to three times. The amplifications by qPCR were carried out using a LightCycler 480 System thermocycler (Roche Diagnostics) by the method described in Lauressergues et al. (Plant J., 72(3): 512-22, 2012).

Statistical Analyses

The mean values of the relative expression of the genes or of the production of lateral roots were analysed using the Student test or the Kruskal-Wallis test. The error bars represent the SEM (Standard Error of the Mean). The asterisks indicate a significant difference (p<0.05).

Plasmid Constructs

The DNA fragments of interest were amplified with Pfu polymerase (Promega). The DNA fragments were cloned using the XhoI and NotI enzymes into a pPEX-DsRED plasmid for an overexpression under the control of the constitutive strong promoter 35S, and using the KpnI-NcoI enzymes into a pPEX GUS plasmid for the reporter genes, by the method described in Combier et al. (Genes & Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008).
For the miPEPs 165a and 319a, the corresponding miORFs were cloned into pBIN19 by the method described in Combier et al. (Genes & Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008).

Transformation of the Plants

The composite plants having roots transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes were obtained by the method described in Boisson-Demier et al. (Mol Plant-Microbe Interact, 18: 1269-1276, 2005). The transformed roots were verified and selected by observations of DsRED with a binocular fluorescence magnifier. The control roots correspond to roots transformed with A. rhizogenes not containing the pPEX-DsRED vector. Transformation of the tobacco leaves was carried out by the method described in Combier et al. (Genes & Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008).

Northern Blot

Northern blot analysis was carried out according to the protocol described in Lauressergues et al. Plant J, 72(3): 512-22, 2012.
The biological samples were homogenized in a buffer containing 0.1 M of NaCl, 2% of SDS, 50 mM of Tris-HCl (pH 9), 10 mM of EDTA (pH 8) and 20 mM of mercaptoethanol, and the RNA was extracted twice with a phenol/chloroform mixture and was precipitated with ethanol.
The RNA was loaded on PAGE 15% gel and transferred to a nylon membrane (HybondNX, Amersham). RNA was hybridized with a radioactive oligonucleotide probe labelled at its end, in order to detect the RNA U6 or for miR164a.
The hybridizations were carried out at 55° C. The hybridization signals were quantified using a phosphorimager (Fuji) and normalized with the signal of the specific probe of RNA U6.

RNA Stability

For each condition, two week old plants that have been cultivated vertically on solid MS medium have been transferred in 6-well plates containing 1 ml of liquid MS medium. After a 16 hour incubation with 1 mM of miPEP, the plants have been treated with 100 μg/ml of cordycepin or with water (as control), and harvested a different times to extract and quantify RNA. Each individual experiment has been made 3 times.

Histochemical Labelling

Labelling with GUS was carried out by the method described in Combier et al., (Genes & Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008). The samples were observed with a microscope (axiozoom).

Immunolocalization

Roots or plantlets of tissues of Medicago were fixed for 2 hours in 4% formol (v/v) with 50 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), and then embedded in agarose LMP 5% in water (with a low melting point). Thin sections (100 μm) were obtained and were placed in Pbi (phosphate buffer for immunology) on Teflon-coated slides, blocked in Pbi, 2% Tween and 1% of bovine serum albumin for 2 hours (PbiT-BSA), then labelled overnight (12 h) at 4° C. with the primary antibody diluted in BSA-PbiT. The sections were washed with PBiT and incubated at ambient temperature for 2 h with a secondary antibody diluted in PbiT-BSA. The slides were then washed in Pbi for 30 min and mounted in Citifluor (mounting medium). The primary antibodies and the dilutions were as follows: 1716a (1:500, v/v). The secondary antibody was a goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody coupled to the Alexa Fluor 633 fluorescent probe (Molecular Probes), and was used at a dilution of 1:1000 (v/v).

Western Blotting

A total extract of proteins has been prepared using the method described in Combier et al., (Genes & Dev, 22: 1549-1559, 2008) and separated by SDS-PAGE. The transfer has been made using a phosphate buffer overnight at 4° C., at 15V, then the membrane has been incubated for 45 min at room temperature in a solution of glutaraldehyde 0.2% (v/v). Primary antibodies have been used at a 1:1000 (v/v) dilution and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Ig antibodies have used as secondary antibodies at a 1:40 000 (v/v) dilution.

TABLE 8

List of primers

AtmiR160bq5 (SEQ ID NO: 429)	TCCCCAAATTCTTGACCAAA

AtmiR160bq3 (SEQ ID NO: 430)	TTGAGGGGAAAACATGAACC

AtmiR164aq5 (SEQ ID NO: 431)	ACGAAATCCGTCTCATTTGC

AtmiR164aq3 (SEQ ID NO: 432)	GGGTGAAGAGCTCATGTTGG

AtmiR165q5 (SEQ ID NO: 433)	TGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTGG

AtmiR165q3 (SEQ ID NO: 434)	GAAGCCTGGTCCGAGGATA

AtmiR319q5 (SEQ ID NO: 435)	CGAGTCGCCAAAATTCAAAC

AtmiR319q3 (SEQ ID NO: 436)	GCTCCCTTCAGTCCAATCAA

AtPHVq5 (SEQ ID NO: 437)	GCAACTGCAGTGGAATAGCA

AtPHVq3 (SEQ ID NO: 438)	GCGACCTTCATGGGTTCTAA

AtPHBq5 (SEQ ID NO: 439)	CTCAGCATCAGCAACGTGAT

AtPHBq3 (SEQ ID NO: 440)	AACTCTGCTAGGGCCTCCTC

AtREVq5 (SEQ ID NO: 441)	TCACAACTCCTCAGCATTCG

AtREVq3 (SEQ ID NO: 442)	ACCCAATCAACAGCAGTTCC

Atactine2F (SEQ ID NO: 443)	GGTAACATTGTGCTCAGTGG

Atactine2R (SEQ ID NO: 444)	CTCGGCCTTGGAGATCCACA

miORF319ac1a5 (SEQ ID NO: 445)	tcatcgATGAATATACATACATACCATCAT

miORF319abam3 (SEQ ID NO: 446)	tccggatccTCTAAAAGCTAAAGTGATTCTA
	AA

AtmiR319c1a5 (SEQ ID NO: 447)	tcatcgAGAGAGAGCTTCCTTGAGTC

AtmiR319bam3 (SEQ ID NO: 448)	tccggatccAGAGGGAGCTCCCTTCAGT

AtmiR165c1a5 (SEQ ID NO: 449)	tcatcgGTTGAGGGGAATGTTGTCTG

AtmiR165bam3 (SEQ ID NO: 450)	tccggatccGTTGGGGGGGATGAAGCC

AtmiR165muorf5cla (SEQ ID NO:	tcatcgATGAGGGTTAAGCTATTTCAGT
451)
AtmiR165muorf3bam (SEQ ID NO:	tccggatccTAATATCCTCGATCCAGACAAC
452)

miR171bq5 (SEQ ID NO: 453)	CGCCTCAATTTGAATACATGG

miR171bq3 (SEQ ID NO: 454)	ACGCGGCTCAATCAAACTAC

pri-miR171bq5 (SEQ ID NO: 455)	GCACTAGCTGGTTTCATTATTCC

pri-miR171bq3 (SEQ ID NO: 456)	TTGCAAAATTTGGAGAGCCTA

miR171eq5 (SEQ ID NO: 457)	AAGCGATGTTGGTGAGGTTC

miR171eq3 (SEQ ID NO: 458)	CGGCTCAATCTGAGATCGTAT

miR169dq5 (SEQ ID NO: 459)	GGGCGGTGAGATTAACAAAA

miR169dq3 (SEQ ID NO: 460)	CCTGCCGGAAATGAAACTAA

miORF171e2Cla5 (SEQ ID NO: 461)	tcatcgATGATGGTGTTTGGGAAGCC

miORF171e2bam3 (SEQ ID NO:	tccggatccTACATGTAAATCCGTCTTCGG
462)
miORF171b5′AGG (SEQ ID NO:	AGGCTTCTTCATAGGCTCTCC
463)

miR171e5′Xho (SEQ ID NO: 464)	TCAGTCCGCTCGAGGAATAAGTGAATAT
	TATCGATATTT

miR171e3′Not (SEQ ID NO: 465)	AAGGAAAAAAGCGGCCGCAAAGTGATA
	TTGGCGCGGCT

171b scramble F bis (SEQ ID NO:	TAGCATGTTATTACACCGCTTAAGTAAG
466)	TTCTGTAAGATAGAGCGCGATATTGTTT
	ACATTAGCTAG

171b scramble R bis (SEQ ID NO:	CGTACTAGCTAATGTAAACAATATCGCG
467)	CTCTATCTTACAGAACTTACTTAAGCGG
	TGTAATAACAT

PromiORF171b1 ATG BsaIR (SEQ	aaaaGGTCTCgCCATAAGCATAGTGGAAT
ID NO: 468)	AATGAAACC

PromiORF171b2 ATG BsaIR (SEQ	aaaaGGTCTCgCCATTTCCATACCTGAATT
ID NO: 469)	TCTCCTT

PromiORF171b6 ATG BsaI R (SEQ	aaaaGGTCTCgCCATCTTCATCCTCAATAT
ID NO: 470)	CCTAATTC

171b fusion GFP sans ATG BsaI	aGGTCTCgACACAGATATATATACTATGT
R (SEQ ID NO: 471)	CTCTTTCAATTTTGC

Pro171b fusionTranscript GUSpPEX	aaaGGTCTCgCCATGACCATTTTCCCACG
BsaI R (SEQ ID NO: 472)	AATATG

Pro171b fusionATG1	aaGGTCTCgACACAAGCATAGTGGAATA
GUSpPEXsansATG BsaI R (SEQ ID	ATGAAACC
NO: 473)

Pro171b fusionTraduc GUSpPEX	aaGGTCTCgACACAGATATATATACTATG
BsaI R (SEQ ID NO: 474)	TCTCTTTCA

171b NcoI F (SEQ ID NO: 475)	Gaattcctgcccatggttttcg

171b NcoI R (SEQ ID NO: 476)	Cgaaaaccatgggcaggaattc

171b AflII F (SEQ ID NO: 477)	cagtcccgacttaagctcaatac

171b AflII R (SEQ ID NO: 478)	gtattgagcttaagtcgggactg

171b genomiq BsaI F (SEQ ID NO:	aaaGGTCTC C TAGC
479)	TTGGTCAAACATACATACAGTAGCACTA
	G

171b genomiq BsaI R (SEQ ID NO:	aaaGGTCTCgCGTAAAATTGTACTGATTG
480)	AATGTAAATTGGTACAC

AthmiORF160b F (SEQ ID NO:	TAGCATGTTTTCCCCTCAATGA
481)

AthmiORF160b R (SEQ ID NO:	cgtaTCATTGAGGGGAAAACAT
482)

AthMIR160b BsaI F (SEQ ID NO:	aaaGGTCTCcTAGCACTCATAACTCTCCCC
483)	AAATTC

AthMIR160b BsaI R (SEQ ID NO:	aaaGGTCTCgCGTAGAAAGAATGTTCGAA
484)	AAACAATG

pro 165a BsaI F (SEQ ID NO: 485)	aGGTCTCCAAATcatgaagcaggcagtaataacct

165a muORF tagHA BsaI R (SEQ ID	aGGTCTCgCGTActaAGCGTAATCTGGAAC
NO: 486)	ATCGTATGGGTAtaatatcctcgatccagacaac

165a fusion transcript BsaI R (SEQ ID	aGGTCTCgccatagtggcggagacgaagatg
NO: 487)

165a fusion traduc BsaI R (SEQ ID	aGGTCTCgccattaatatcctcgatccagacaac
NO: 488)

pro 165a BsaI F (SEQ ID NO: 489)	aGGTCTCCAAATtaaactgtcagtgcatggatgt

165a fusion GTG BsaI R (SEQ ID	aGGTCTCgACACattcacaaatttttgttgtagagag
NO: 490)

165a fusion GTGmutGTT BsaI	aGGTCTCgACACattaacaaatttttgttgtagagag
R (SEQ ID NO: 491)

165a fusion CTG BsaI R (SEQ ID	aGGTCTCgACACtagcagattcacaaatttttgttg
NO: 492)

165a fusion ATG BsaI R (SEQ ID	aGGTCTCgACACcacatgataatcgatcttagca
NO: 493)

B: Analysis of the miPEPs in Animals

Example 4—Identification of Candidate miPEPs in Drosophila

a) Identification of miPEP Candidates
A first study carried out by RACE-PCR in the model animal Drosophila melanogaster shows the existence of miRNAs that are expressed during embryogenesis, miR1 and miR8.
As in the plants, miORFs were identified in each of the two miRNAs studied. For example, miR8, known for its role in the regulation of growth in insects, has a miORF potentially encoding miPEP8.
Regarding DmmiR1 (identified in Drosophila melanogaster), it has two DmmiORFs potentially encoding DmmiPEP1a and DmmiPEP1b.
A phylogenetic analysis shows evolutionary conservation of the presence of the miORFs among the dozen Drosophila species analysed, i.e. since their divergence more than 60 million years ago (FIG. 13).
Moreover, the miPEPs identified in Drosophila have several similarities with the plant miPEPs. If their primary sequence and therefore their size evolve rapidly between species, a reduced size (from 32 to 104 AA) is found, as well as strong conservation for a basic overall charge (pHi from 9.5 to 12) (FIG. 14).
Taken together, these results therefore indicate the existence of regulatory miPEPs, encoded by the primary transcript of the microRNAs, over a broad spectrum of eukaryotic species. These discovered peptides represent an as yet unexplored reservoir of natural molecules that may regulate a variety of fundamental biological functions, both in plants and in animals.
b) Expression of the miPEPs
Drosophila melanogaster cells have been transfected to overexpress the DmmiPEP8 (from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 494) or the DmmiPEP mt of which start codons have been mutated (from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 495). As a transfection control, one moesin-RFP-producing plasmid has been co-transfected with the plasmids encoding DmmiPEP8 and DmmiPEP8 mt. It is observed that start codons in the DmmiPEP8 sequence are functional because they allow the synthesis of a miPEP::GFP fusion protein shown by the GFP whereas the constructions with mutated ATGs do not produce hardly any GFP.
These results suggest that the ORF of the miPEP is functional (FIG. 38).

Material and Methods

Cells of Drosophila melanogaster
S2 cells are cultured in a T75 flask in 12 mL of Schneider's medium (GIBCO), containing 1% of penicillin 100 U/mL and streptavidin 100 mg/mL (Sigma) and 10% of decomplemented foetal calf serum (30 min at 56° C.).
The transient transfections are carried out using the FuGENE® HD transfection kit (Roche), according to the recommendations. Conventionally, 1.5 million S2 cells, previously seeded in 6-well plates (3 ml of medium per well), are transfected with 250 ng of total plasmid DNA. The DNA is brought into contact with the Fugene (3 μl) in 100 μl of OPTIMEM (GIBCO). After 20 minutes, the transfection reagent formed is brought into contact with the cells in the culture medium. The RNA of the cells is extracted 66 h after transfection.

Cloning of DmmiPEP8- and Mutated DmmiPEP8-Fragments

The DNA fragments, corresponding to the sequences of DmmiPEP8 (SEQ ID NO: 494) and of DmmiPEP8 mutated in the start codons (SEQ ID NO: 495), have been amplified by PCRin order to be cloned in accordance with the GFP in a pUAS plasmid. The SE insect cells have been co-transfected with a mix of plasmids (1/1/1 ratio, a total of 300 ng) encoding DmmiPEP8::GFP or its mutated form DmmiPEP8 mt::GFP, a pACT-GAL4 allowing their overexpression by means of a GAL4 transcription factor produced under the control of the actin promotor and a expression vector encoding the moesin-RFP protein used as a transfection control, also under the control of the actin promotor. 48 h after transfection, the cells are fixed by the addition of formaldehyde in the final medium culture 4% (W/V) for 10 min. Then, the cells are washed 2× with PBS1× and coated on slides in order to be observed under a microscope (Leica SPE).

TABLE 9

Cloned sequences.

CGCACACACACACACACACAATCACTCACACGCGGTCACAC	SEQ ID
GCACATTTCAATAAACTAATGGAGCCTGGCTTTGTTTTTGT	NO: 494
TTTATTTCCAACCCACTTGAGCACACAGCACACACAGAGAG
AAAAATCAATACTCGTTATGGGATTAAATTTACAAAGCGCA
AAGCAAAGCGACAAACAAAATTCAAAAGAAAGAAAAAAAAA
CACTCAAATAAACTCACAAAGAATTCCTTATCGCCAAGGGG
GCCAATGTTCTAAGGTTCTTTCGCCT

CGCACACACACACACACACAATCACTCACACGCGGTCACAC	SEQ ID
GCACATTTCAATAAACTA AGT GAGCCTGGCTTTGTTTTTGT	NO: 495
TTTATTTCCAACCCAC TTA AGCACACAGCACACACAGAGAG
AAAAATCAATACTCGTT AGT GGATTAAATTTACAAAGCGCA
AAGCAAAGCGACAAACAAAATTCAAAAGAAAGAAAAAAAAA
CACTCAAATAAACTCACAAAGAATTCCTTATCGCCAAGGGG
GCCAATGTTCTAAGGTTCTTTCGCCT

C: Characterization of miPEPs in Humans

Example 5—Characterization of HsmiPEP155

The DNA fragments of interest (HsmiPEP155 and the mutated miPEP) were synthesized or amplified by PCR using specific primers, and then cloned using the enzymes XhoI and NotI into a pUAS plasmid permitting their overexpression by means of the GAL4 transcription factor, the expression of which is controlled by a constitutive strong promoter.
The different constructs were produced either by PCR amplification on genomic DNA of HeLa cells, or by RT-PCR on total RNAs of L428 human cells. The amplified PCR fragments are digested with the HindIII/EcoRI restriction enzymes and then cloned into the vector pcDNA3.1. The DH5α strain of Escherichia coli is electroporated and then cultured on a solid medium (2YT+agar+ampicillin). The plasmid DNA from different clones is then prepared and sequenced for verification. The constructs are then prepared using the QIAfilter Plasmid Midi kit (QIAGEN) and stored at −20° C.
The HeLa cells (established tumour line, ATCC CCL-2.2) are cultured in a 6-well plate in complete medium [(DMEM (1×)+Glutamax+4.5 g/L glucose without pyruvate+1× penicillin/streptomycin+1 mM Na-pyruvate+10% calf serum] and placed in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂.
The cells are transfected when they are at 50% confluence. At the start of the experiment, the complete medium containing the antibiotics is replaced with complete medium without antibiotics.
For each well, a mix A [250 μl of Optimem (+Glutamax) (Gibco)+2 μg of DNA] and a mix B [250 μl of Optimem+4 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen)] is prepared, and left for 5 min at ambient temperature. Then mix B is mixed dropwise into mix A, and left to incubate for 25 min at ambient temperature. The mixture is then deposited dropwise into the well. 4-5 hours later, the medium is changed and replaced with complete medium with antibiotics. 48 hours after transfection, the cells are stopped. The medium is aspirated and discarded; the cells are rinsed with PBS 1×. It is then possible to store the cells at −20° C. or extract the total RNAs directly.
For each well, the RNAs are extracted by depositing 1 ml of Tri-Reagent (Euromedex) on the cells. The Tri-reagent is aspirated and returned several times so that the cells are lysed correctly, and then it is transferred into a 1.5-ml tube. 0.2 ml of water-saturated chloroform is added. It is mixed by vortexing, then left for 2 to 3 minutes at ambient temperature. It is centrifuged for 5 minutes at 15300 rpm and at 4° C. The aqueous phase is precipitated from 0.5 ml of isopropanol after incubation for 10 minutes at ambient temperature and centrifugation for 15 minutes at 15300 rpm and at 4° C. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet is rinsed with 1 ml of 70% ethanol, with centrifugation for 5 minutes at 15300 rpm at 4° C. The supernatant is again discarded and the pellet is dried for a few minutes in the air. For best-possible removal of the genomic DNA potentially remaining, the RNAs are treated with DNase. For this, the pellet is resuspended in 170 μl of ultra-pure water, 20 μl of DNase buffer 10× and 10 μl of RQ1 RNase-free DNase and held at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Then 20 μl of SDS10% and 5 μl of proteinase K (20 mg/ml) are added over 20 minutes at 37° C.
A last phenol extraction is carried out with 225 μl of a phenol/H₂O/chloroform mixture, and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 15300 rpm at 4° C.
The aqueous phase is then precipitated from 20 μl of 3M sodium acetate and 600 μl of 100% ethanol for 20 minutes at −80° C. Then it is centrifuged for 15 min at 4° C. at 15300 rpm. The supernatant is discarded. The pellet is rinsed in 1 ml of 70% ethanol, centrifuged for 5 min at 15300 rpm at 4° C., the supernatant is discarded again and the pellet is left to dry for some minutes in the air.
The pellet is then taken up in 15-20 μl of ultra-pure water and the RNAs are assayed. 10-15 μg of total RNAs is then analysed by Northern blot on 15% acrylamide gel [solution of acrylamide/40% bis-acrylamide, ratio 19:1], 7M urea in TBE 1×. Migration is carried out at 400V, in TBE1× as migration buffer, after preheating the gel. The RNAs are then electro-transferred onto a Biodyne Plus 0.45 μm nylon membrane, for 2 hours, at 1V and 4° C. in a transfer tank. At the end of transfer, the membrane is irradiated with UV at 0.124 J/cm². The membrane is then pre-hybridized in a buffer 5×SSPE, 1×Denhardt's, 1% SDS and 150 g/ml of yeast tRNA, for 1 hour at 50° C. in a hybridization oven. Then the nucleotide probe is added, labelled at 5′ with γ-³²P-ATP (0.5 to 1.10⁶cpm/ml of hybridization buffer) and is hybridized overnight at 50° C. The membrane is then washed twice in 0.1×SSPE/0.1% SDS at ambient temperature and exposed in an autoradiography cassette containing a BioMax HE screen (Kodak) and a BioMax MS film (Kodak), in order to detect a microRNA, for 24-48 hours, at −80° C.

Claims

1. A process for identifying and synthesizing (i) a micropeptide (miPEP) encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a microRNA (miRNA), or (ii) a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP that does not comprise the mature miRNA, comprising:

a) identifying an open reading frame (ORF) from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA;

b) comparing between:

a phenotype in a first eukaryotic cell expressing the miRNA in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is identical or degenerate relative to that of the ORF, the peptide being present in the first eukaryotic cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of the miRNA, and

the phenotype in a second eukaryotic cell of the same type as the first eukaryotic cell expressing the miRNA in the absence of the peptide,

wherein a change of the phenotype in the presence of the peptide relative to the phenotype in the absence of the peptide indicates the existence of a miPEP encoded by the ORF; and

c) synthesizing the miPEP or the nucleic acid sequence.

2. A process for synthesizing (i) a miPEP encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a miRNA, or (ii) a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP that does not comprise the mature miRNA, comprising synthesizing the miPEP or the nucleic acid sequence, wherein:

a) an ORF from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA was identified;

b) a comparison was made between:

a phenotype in a first eukaryotic cell expressing the miRNA in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that was identical or degenerate relative to that of the ORF, the peptide being present in the first eukaryotic cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of the miRNA, and

wherein a change of the phenotype in the presence of the peptide relative to the phenotype in the absence of the peptide indicated the existence of the miPEP encoded by the ORF.

3. A process for synthesizing (i) a miPEP, or (ii) a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP that does not comprise the mature miRNA, comprising synthesizing the miPEP or the nucleic acid sequence, wherein the miPEP is encoded by an ORF that is from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length and that is contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA of a eukaryotic cell.

4. The process of claim 1, further comprising introducing the nucleic acid sequence into a cell.

5. A process for identifying and expressing in a cell a miPEP encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a miRNA, comprising:

a) identifying an ORF from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA;

b) comparing between:

c) introducing into the cell a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA.

6. A process for expressing in a cell a miPEP encoded by a nucleotide sequence contained in the sequence of the primary transcript of a miRNA, comprising introducing into the cell a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA and wherein:

b) a comparison was made between:

7. A process for expressing a miPEP in a cell comprising introducing into the cell a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the miPEP is encoded by an ORF that is from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length and that is contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA of a eukaryotic cell and the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA.

8. The process of claim 4, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a heterologous promoter.

9. The process of claim 8, further comprising the step of expressing the miPEP in the cell.

10. The process of claim 9, further comprising the step of isolating the miPEP from the cell.

11. The process of claim 1, further comprising introducing the miPEP or the nucleic acid sequence into a third second eukaryotic cell of the same type of organism as the first eukaryotic cell.

12. A process for introducing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a miPEP into a eukaryotic cell, comprising contacting the eukaryotic cell with the nucleic acid, wherein the miPEP is encoded by an ORF that is from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length and that is contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of an miRNA in the eukaryotic cell and the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA.

13. A eukaryotic cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a miPEP into a eukaryotic cell, wherein the miPEP is encoded by an ORF that is from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length and that is contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA and wherein the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA.

14. The process of claim 11, wherein the miPEP or a miPEP expressed from the nucleic acid sequence increases the amount of the miRNA in the third eukaryotic cell.

15. A process for identifying a miPEP and increasing the amount of an miRNA in a third eukaryotic cell, comprising:

b) comparing between:

c) introducing into the third eukaryotic cell an miPEP or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the third eukaryotic cell is of the same type of organism as the first eukaryotic cell and the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA.

16. A process for increasing the amount of an miRNA in a third eukaryotic cell, comprising introducing into the third eukaryotic cell an miPEP or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the third eukaryotic cell is of the same type of organism as a first eukaryotic cell, the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA, and:

b) a comparison was made between:

a phenotype in the first eukaryotic cell expressing the miRNA in the presence of a peptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence that was identical or degenerate relative to that of the ORF, the peptide being present in the first eukaryotic cell independently of transcription of the primary transcript of the miRNA, and

17. A process for increasing the amount of an miRNA in a eukaryotic cell comprising introducing into the eukaryotic cell an miPEP or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the miPEP is encoded by an ORF from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA of the eukaryotic cell and the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA.

18. An isolated miPEP or an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the miPEP is encoded by an ORF from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA of the eukaryotic cell and the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA.

19. An isolated miPEP or an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the miPEP is encoded by an ORF from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA of the eukaryotic cell and the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA and wherein the miPEP sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:

SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 59, SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO: 61, SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 71; SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 75, SEQ ID NO: 76, SEQ ID NO: 77, SEQ ID NO: 78, SEQ ID NO: 79, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO:81, SEQ ID NO: 82, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 85, SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 87, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 90, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 94, SEQ ID NO: 95, SEQ ID NO: 96, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 98, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 355, SEQ ID NO: 375, SEQ ID NO: 376, SEQ ID NO: 377, SEQ ID NO: 378, SEQ ID NO: 379, SEQ ID NO: 380, SEQ ID NO: 381, SEQ ID NO: 382, SEQ ID NO: 383, SEQ ID NO: 384, SEQ ID NO: 385, SEQ ID NO: 386, and SEQ ID NO: 424.

20. A process for increasing the amount of an miRNA in a eukaryotic cell comprising introducing into the eukaryotic cell an miPEP or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the miPEP, wherein the miPEP is encoded by an ORF from 12 to 303 nucleotides in length contained in the 5′ or 3′ portion of the primary transcript sequence of the miRNA of the eukaryotic cell and the nucleic acid sequence does not comprise the mature miRNA and wherein the miPEP sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: