US20130071360A1 - Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods - Google Patents

Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20130071360A1
US20130071360A1 US13/536,564 US201213536564A US2013071360A1 US 20130071360 A1 US20130071360 A1 US 20130071360A1 US 201213536564 A US201213536564 A US 201213536564A US 2013071360 A1 US2013071360 A1 US 2013071360A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
cells
stem cell
subject
brown
cell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/536,564
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Francisco Silva
Mark Weinreb
Amit N. Patel
David A. Bull
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Biorestorative Therapies Inc
Original Assignee
Biorestorative Therapies Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Biorestorative Therapies Inc filed Critical Biorestorative Therapies Inc
Priority to US13/536,564 priority Critical patent/US20130071360A1/en
Publication of US20130071360A1 publication Critical patent/US20130071360A1/en
Priority to US13/932,468 priority patent/US10597638B2/en
Priority to US13/932,544 priority patent/US20140038177A1/en
Priority to US13/932,562 priority patent/US20140017789A1/en
Priority to US15/910,625 priority patent/US11066646B2/en
Assigned to DESMARAIS, JOHN M., TUXIS TRUST reassignment DESMARAIS, JOHN M. SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BIORESTORATIVE THERAPIES, INC.
Priority to US17/348,218 priority patent/US11851682B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0652—Cells of skeletal and connective tissues; Mesenchyme
    • C12N5/0662—Stem cells
    • C12N5/0667—Adipose-derived stem cells [ADSC]; Adipose stromal stem cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/35—Fat tissue; Adipocytes; Stromal cells; Connective tissues
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0652—Cells of skeletal and connective tissues; Mesenchyme
    • C12N5/0653—Adipocytes; Adipose tissue
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/28—Bone marrow; Haematopoietic stem cells; Mesenchymal stem cells of any origin, e.g. adipose-derived stem cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/70—Undefined extracts
    • C12N2500/80—Undefined extracts from animals
    • C12N2500/84—Undefined extracts from animals from mammals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/98—Xeno-free medium and culture conditions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/01—Modulators of cAMP or cGMP, e.g. non-hydrolysable analogs, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cholera toxin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/02—Compounds of the arachidonic acid pathway, e.g. prostaglandins, leukotrienes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/30—Hormones
    • C12N2501/33—Insulin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/30—Hormones
    • C12N2501/38—Hormones with nuclear receptors
    • C12N2501/385—Hormones with nuclear receptors of the family of the retinoic acid recptor, e.g. RAR, RXR; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/30—Hormones
    • C12N2501/38—Hormones with nuclear receptors
    • C12N2501/39—Steroid hormones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/30—Hormones
    • C12N2501/38—Hormones with nuclear receptors
    • C12N2501/395—Thyroid hormones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
    • C12N2506/13—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from connective tissue cells, from mesenchymal cells
    • C12N2506/1346—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from connective tissue cells, from mesenchymal cells from mesenchymal stem cells
    • C12N2506/1384—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from connective tissue cells, from mesenchymal cells from mesenchymal stem cells from adipose-derived stem cells [ADSC], from adipose stromal stem cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of cell culture and more specifically to the culture and use of stem cells.
  • Brown fat is one of two types of adipose tissue found in the human body. During embryogenesis, brown fat is derived from the differentiation of the mesoderm. Brown fat is involved in development and homeostasis by providing metabolic tissue capable of providing heat. Brown fat helps regulate metabolism and nonshivering thermogenesis. In addition, brown fat plays a larger role than white adipose tissue in regulating metabolism. Brown fat makes up 5 percent of the body mass of a human neonate, and less than 1 percent of the body mass of an adult.
  • Metabolic activity of brown fat decreases with increased body mass index. Similarly, metabolic activity of brown fat decreases with increased body fat percent.
  • Stem cells have been identified and isolated in various tissues, and white adipose tissue stem cells have been isolated, expanded and shown to have functional therapeutic characteristics. To date, no stem cell population population has been identified in brown adipose tissue.
  • the cell lines can be used to treat a wide range of degenerative and metabolic disorders including, but not limited to, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiac deficiency.
  • methods of using such cell lines to screen for compounds that play a role in regulating a variety of processes such as, but not limited to, methylation, homeostasis, and genes involved in the regulation of metabolism, thermogenesis, activation, and/or maintenance of brown and white fat levels in the body.
  • the invention features a method of generating a stem cell.
  • the steps include obtaining brown fat tissue; isolating a stem cell from the brown fat tissue; and culturing the stem cell in a medium not comprising an animal product, thereby generating a stem cell.
  • the brown fat tissue is from a sample obtained from a subject.
  • the stem cell is positive for one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD63, CD90, HLA ABC, CD105, CD73, CD166, CD 9, CD44.
  • the stem cell is negative for one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD34, CD19, CD86, HLA DR, Lin, CD106, CD80, CD 117.
  • the stem cell is autogeneic.
  • the stem cell is allogeneic.
  • the medium includes Low Glucose DMEM without phenol red, 0.5-20% Human Platelet Lysate, 1 ⁇ NEAA, 1 ⁇ Glutamax, 1 ⁇ Gentamycin, and 1000 units of Heparin.
  • the invention features a method of generating a cellular extract of stem cells, progenitor cells or differentiated cells such as activated brown fat adipocytes (e.g., brown fat adipocytes expressing UCP-1 and/or PRDM16) and administrating this extract into fat deposits within the subject, thereby treating obesity.
  • activated brown fat adipocytes e.g., brown fat adipocytes expressing UCP-1 and/or PRDM16
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating obesity in a subject.
  • the method includes the steps of removing brown fat from a subject; and administering the brown fat to a fat deposit within the subject, thereby treating obesity in the subject.
  • the fat deposit is a white fat deposit.
  • the fat deposit is a brown fat deposit.
  • the invention features a method of identifying a compound involved in metabolism regulation, brown fat activation and/or maintenance, comprising contacting an autologous stem cell, progenitor cell or differentiated cell produced by a method described herein with a test compound; determining the level of metabolic activity, thermogenesis, and/or activation of certain genes such as PRDM-16 myf-5 UCP-1, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, CIDEA, Cox8b, Glut4, of the stem cell, progenitor cell, or differentiated cell in the presence of the test compound; and comparing the level of metabolic activity, thermogenesis and/or gene activity of the stem cell, progenitor cell or differentiated cell in the presence of the test compound to a level of metabolic activity, thermogenesis and/or gene activity of the stem cell, progenitor cell or differentiated cell in the absence of the test compound, wherein a level of metabolic activity,
  • the invention in yet another aspect relates to a method of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject.
  • the method includes the steps of removing a stem cell from a donor; differentiating the stem cell into a brown adipocyte in a medium not comprising an animal product; and administering the brown adipocyte to a fat deposit within the subject, thereby treating the metabolic disorder in the subject.
  • the metabolic disorder is selected from the group consisting of obesity, central obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiac deficiency, ischemic cardiac disease, high blood pressure, triglyceride dyslipidemia, HDL dyslipidemia, cholesterol dyslipidemia, elevated fasting plasma glucose, leptin dysregulation, and adipon dysregulation.
  • the brown adipocyte is administered by subcutaneous injection. In still yet another embodiment the brown adipocyte is administered by systemic injection. In another embodiment the medium contains a differentiation agent selected from the group consisting of insulin, dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine, and indomethacin.
  • Still yet another aspect of the invention is a method of identifying a compound involved in metabolism regulation.
  • the method includes the steps of isolating a stem cell from the brown fat tissue; culturing the stem cell in a medium not comprising an animal product; contacting the stem cell with a test compound; determining the level of metabolic activity of the stem cell in the presence of the test compound; and comparing the level of metabolic activity of the stem cell in the presence of the test compound to a level of metabolic activity of the stem cell in the absence of the test compound, wherein a level of metabolic activity in the presence of the test compound that is different from a level of metabolic activity in the absence of the test compound identifies the test compound as a compound involved in metabolism regulation.
  • the determining step includes measuring adipogenesis.
  • the method further comprises detecting the levels of one or more of PRDM16, BMP7, UCP1, UCP2, or MYF5.
  • the test compound is selected from the group consisting of protein, antibody, peptide, mutein, polynucleotide, nucleic acid aptamer, and small molecule.
  • An aspect of the invention relates to differentiating a stem cell into a brown fat cell.
  • the method includes contacting a stem cell with a medium not comprising an animal product, thereby generating a brown fat stem cell.
  • the medium includes an agent selected from the group consisting of: insulin, dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine, indomethacin, T3, rosiglitazone, FNDC5 and combinations thereof.
  • the medium includes insulin, dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine, and indomethacin.
  • the brown fat stem cell expresses PRDM-16, PGC-1, or a combination thereof.
  • the brown fat tissue is from a sample obtained from a subject.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting exemplary methods of injecting brown fat cells or brown fat precursor cells into a subject.
  • FIG. 2 is a micrograph of a cell culture ready for passaging.
  • FIG. 3 are images showing gene expression by RT-PCR in white adipose depots and brown adipose depots.
  • FIGS. 4A and B are fluorescent micrographs of cells stained with stem cell markers.
  • FIGS. 5A-F is a series of graphs showing detection by flow cytometry of various cell type markers.
  • FIG. 6 is a micrograph showing presence of fat droplets in cell culture.
  • FIGS. 7A and B are micrographs of cells stained with oil red O.
  • FIG. 7A shows large fat droplets (200 ⁇ m) and
  • FIG. 7B shows small fat droplets (50 ⁇ m).
  • FIGS. 8A and B are micrographs of cells stained with markers of differentiation.
  • FIG. 8A shows staining with alizarin red, a marker of osteogenesis.
  • FIG. 8B shows staining with osteocalcin antibody and alcian blue, to show chondrogenesis.
  • FIG. 9 is a scanning electron micrograph of exosomes isolated from brown fat cells.
  • FIG. 10 shows a timecourse of glucose levels and body weight in mice treated with brown fat progenitor cells.
  • FIG. 11 shows a timecourse of triglyceride levels and cholesterol levels in mice treated with brown fat progenitor cells.
  • FIG. 12 shows a timecourse of leptin levels and adipon levels in mice treated with brown fat progenitor cells.
  • the invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that cells, such as autologous or nonautologous brown fat cells or stem cells, can be isolated and used to modify metabolism and/or thermogenesis in a subject, and/or to treat a wide range of disorders in a subject, such as metabolic disorders.
  • cells such as autologous or nonautologous brown fat cells or stem cells
  • brown fat cells and brown fat stem cells can be used therapeutically to treat a number of metabolic disorders.
  • the metabolic disorder is selected from central obesity (waist circumference of 40 inches or greater in males or 36 inches or greater in females); triglyceride dyslipidemia (1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dl) or greater); HDL dyslipidemia (less than 40 mg/dl in males, less than 50 mg/dl in females); blood pressure (130/85 mmHg or greater); and elevated fasting plasma glucose (6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dl) or greater).
  • the cells isolated can be from, for example, an autologous source or an allogeneic source. However, other sources also can be used.
  • Cellular products can be made from these cultured stem cells derived from mediastinal fat depots, such as cellular extracts. These cellular extracts then can be used therapeutically.
  • Cells or stem cells described in this application isolated from brown fat depots also can be used to screen compounds (including naturally occurring compounds) that increase the levels of brown fat, metabolism, and or gene expression profiles that favor higher metabolic activity.
  • cells or stem cells described herein can be used to identify compounds (including naturally occurring compounds) that decrease the levels of brown fat, metabolism, and or gene expression profiles that disfavor higher metabolic activity.
  • the screening is small molecule screening.
  • treatment means any manner in which one or more of the symptoms of a disease or disorder are ameliorated or otherwise beneficially altered.
  • amelioration of the symptoms of a particular disorder refers to any lessening, whether permanent or temporary, lasting or transient, of the symptoms, which can be attributed to or associated with treatment by the compositions and methods of the present invention.
  • an effective amount and “effective to treat,” as used herein, refer to an amount or a concentration of one or more of the compositions described herein utilized for a period of time (including acute or chronic administration and periodic or continuous administration) that is effective within the context of its administration for causing an intended effect or physiological outcome.
  • the term “subject” means an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present disclosure is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated. The term includes, but is not limited to, mammals. Typical subjects include humans, farm animals, and domestic pets such as cats and dogs. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human subject, e.g., an obese human subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal, e.g., an experimental animal, a companion animal, or an animal that is raised for food.
  • an “isolated” or “purified” cell is a cell substantially free of contaminating components from a cell culture or tissue source from which the cell is derived. “Substantially free” means that a preparation of a selected cell has less than about 50%, (e.g., less than about 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10%) of non-selected components. Such a non-selected component is also referred to herein as “contaminating component.”
  • contaminating component When the isolated cells are recombinantly produced, they can be substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about 20%, (e.g., less than about 10% or 5%) of the volume of the cell preparation.
  • stem cells are cells capable of both self-renewal and differentiation into many different cell lineages (is pluripotent).
  • Progenitor cells refers to a subset of stem cells with phenotypes similar to that of a stem cell.
  • a progenitor cell is capable of self-renewal and is typically multipotent.
  • differentiated cells refers to a subset of cells with phenotypes of a mature cell type specific to a particular tissue or organ system.
  • cells useful in the methods described herein can be obtained from a subject, such as by isolating the cells from a subject, or clinical grade embryonic stem cells can be obtained from a commercial source.
  • the cells are part of a tissue sample, such as a brown fat sample, from a subject.
  • the tissue sample can be administered directly into a subject or the cells can be isolated from the tissue and processed as described herein.
  • the cells are stem cells, such as from a bone marrow biopsy, and can be processed as described herein.
  • Certain cells that can be used in the methods described herein are unipotent, multipotent, or pluripotent cells and can be of mesodermal origin.
  • the cells are brown adipose progenitor cells, mature brown fat cells or stem cells.
  • Brown adipose progenitor cells, mature brown fat cells or stem cells can be identified by determining the presence or absence of one or more cell surface expression markers.
  • Exemplary cell surface markers that can be used to identify a brown adipose progenitor cell, mature brown fat cell or stem cell include, but are not limited to, MYF5, UCP-1, PRDM-16, SSEA-4, Sca-1, CD45, Mac-1, CD29 (integrin ( ⁇ 1), CD105 (Endoglin), CD166 (ALCAM), desmin, vimentin, and c-kit.
  • the cells are brown adipose cells.
  • the cells can be autologous, syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic.
  • Cells suitable for use in the methods described herein can be found in a variety of tissues and organs including, but not limited to, for example, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, prostate, dermis, the cardiovascular system, mammary gland, liver, neonatal skin, calvaria, bone marrow, the intestine, adipose tissue (e.g., white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue), peripheral blood, mobilized peripheral blood, and umbilical cord. Cells can be isolated from such tissues and organs in a number of known ways, including, e.g., biopsy, apheresis, or liposuction.
  • tissue and organs including, but not limited to, for example, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, prostate, dermis, the cardiovascular system, mammary gland, liver, neonatal skin, calvaria, bone marrow, the intestine, adipose tissue (e.g., white adipose tissue,
  • cells are obtained from adipose tissue, e.g., white or brown adipose deposits.
  • brown adipose tissue can be harvested using known means (e.g., by biopsy) from specific anatomical regions of a subject, such as cervical-supraclavicular regions, superior mediastinal regions, and regions superficial or lateral to sternocleidomastoid muscles.
  • Brown adipose tissue can be identified in a number of ways, such as by imaging (e.g., by PET scan).
  • the brown adipose tissue can be subjected to minimal processing (such as by washing with buffer, e.g., DPBS, and mechanically separated into portions) and administered into a subject as described herein.
  • cells such as brown fat cells, mononuclear cells, progenitor cells, or stem cells
  • the tissue sample can be treated with an enzyme such as collagenase (e.g., Type I, II, or III), dispase, hyaluronidase, or elastase and cells can be isolated by filtration or centrifugation.
  • the tissue sample can be treated chemically, such as with EDTA, and cells can be isolated using, e.g., mechanical disruption (e.g., vortexing).
  • the isolated cells can be washed with a suitable buffer, such as DPBS.
  • cells are isolated from a bone marrow sample of a subject.
  • a bone marrow sample can be obtained using needle aspiration or other known technique.
  • cells can be isolated from a bone marrow sample using a Ficoll-Hypaq density gradient.
  • cells are isolated from skin of a subject.
  • a punch biopsy can be used to obtain a skin sample.
  • a punch biopsy is used to obtain a 0.5 cm piece of skin, which is washed three times with DPBS, and the dermis is removed from the biopsy. The skin is then cut into small (about 3 mm) sections and plated onto the wells of a 6-well tissue culture plate with a sterile cover slip over the tissue and the cells cultured.
  • cells obtained as described herein are maintained in a suitable culture medium, e.g., a culture medium not comprising an animal-based product (such as bovine serum or calf serum) in order to obtain a larger population of cells.
  • the culture methods can include allowing the cells to undergo sufficient rounds of doubling, e.g., to produce either a clonal cell strain or a heterogeneous cell strain of desired size, e.g., a sufficient number to provide a therapeutic effect to a subject, or a sufficient number to establish a stable cell line.
  • cells can be cultured at 37° C. for a period of 3-6 weeks after an initial biopsy.
  • the culture media used in the methods described herein do not include animal-based products.
  • An exemplary culture medium suitable for the methods described herein can include human platelet lysate and an anticoagulant, such as heparin or acid-citrate-dextrose.
  • Another exemplary culture medium includes human pooled AB type serum and an anticoagulant.
  • Other examples of culture medium can include Modified Eagle Medium (MEM) (such as Dulbecco's MEM or alpha MEM) supplemented with glycine, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-proline, L-serine, L-glutamine, and an antibiotic.
  • MEM Modified Eagle Medium
  • One exemplary culture medium includes: DMEM (low glucose, without phenol red); 0.5-20% human platelet lysate; 1 ⁇ non-essential amino acids (NEAA); 1 ⁇ Glutamax; 1 ⁇ gentamycin, and 1000 units of heparin.
  • the cells can be maintained in the culture medium under standard conditions, such as described in, e.g., Freshney (1994) Culture of Animal Cells, a Manual of Basic Technique, third edition, Wiley-Liss, New York.
  • the cells are cultured in human platelet lysate or human pooled AB type serum derived from subjects who have been exposed to cold temperatures, e.g., a temperature suitable to generate a sympathetic nervous system response in the subject.
  • the cells can be maintained in a hypoxic environment (e.g., 0 to about 5% O2 at 37° C.).
  • a hypoxic environment e.g., 0 to about 5% O2 at 37° C.
  • cultured cells can express MYF-5, BMP7, and/or PRDM16, SSEA4.
  • cells cultured from muscle tissue can express SCAT and not express c-Kit or CD45.
  • cells obtained as described herein are maintained in a suitable differentiation medium, e.g., a medium not comprising an animal-based product.
  • stem cells can be maintained in a differentiation medium for a time sufficient to result in the differentiation of the stem cells into brown adipocyte progenitor cells or brown adipocytes.
  • cells are maintained in a differentiation medium for a time sufficient to result in the differentiation of the stem cells into MYF5 expressing cells.
  • cells are maintained in the differentiation medium for, e.g., 1-5 days, 5-10 days, 10-14 days, 14-21 days, 21-28 days, or longer.
  • the differentiation medium includes one or more chemical or hormone differentiation inducers and/or thiazolidinediones (as described in, e.g., Klien et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:34795-34802 (1999); Hauner et al., J. Clin. Invest. 84:1663-1670 (1989)).
  • the differentiation medium includes insulin, dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine, and indomethacin and rosiglitazone.
  • One exemplary differentiation medium includes DMEM (low glucose without phenol red); 0.5%-20% Human Platelet Lysate; 1 ⁇ NEAA; 1 ⁇ Glutamax; 1 ⁇ gentamycin; 1000 units of heparin; 10 ug/mL of insulin; 1 uM dexamethasone; 200 uM indomethacin; and 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine.
  • the differentiation medium includes BMP7.
  • the differentiation medium includes DMEM (low glucose without phenol red); 0.5%-20% Human Platelet Lysate; 1 ⁇ NEAA; 1 ⁇ Glutamax; 1 ⁇ gentamycin; 1000 units of heparin;0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine, 125 nM indomethacin, 5 uM dexamethosaone, 850 nM insulin, 1 nM T3, and 1 uM rosiglitazone.
  • DMEM low glucose without phenol red
  • Human Platelet Lysate 1 ⁇ NEAA
  • 1 ⁇ Glutamax 1 ⁇ gentamycin
  • 1000 units of heparin 1000 units of heparin
  • 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine 125 nM indomethacin
  • 5 uM dexamethosaone 850 nM insulin, 1 nM T3, and 1 uM rosiglitazone.
  • the differentiation medium includes DMEM (low glucose without phenol red); 0.5%-20% Human Platelet Lysate; 1 ⁇ NEAA; 1 ⁇ Glutamax; 1 ⁇ gentamycin; 1000 units of heparin;0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine, 125 nM indomethacin, 5 uM dexamethosaone, 850 nM insulin, 1 nM T3, and 1 uM rosiglitazone and 20 nM FNDC5.
  • DMEM low glucose without phenol red
  • Human Platelet Lysate 1 ⁇ NEAA
  • 1 ⁇ Glutamax 1 ⁇ gentamycin
  • 1000 units of heparin 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine, 125 nM indomethacin, 5 uM dexamethosaone, 850 nM insulin, 1 nM T3, and 1 uM rosiglitazone and 20 nM FNDC5.
  • the cells are maintained in differentiation medium until one or more markers of brown adipocyte differentiation are detected.
  • markers of differentiation include the expression of cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4.
  • CIDEA cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector A
  • PGC-1 beta PPAR gamma coactivator-1 alpha
  • PGC-1 beta uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3,
  • the methods include exposing the cells to cold shock by culturing or differentiating the cells during daily cycles of 4 ° C.-25C for one hour followed by culture at standard conditions (37 ° C., 5% CO 2 or hypoxic conditions).
  • the methods include evaluating the level of adipogenesis following maintenance in a differentiation medium.
  • Adipogenesis can be evaluated by measuring, e.g., lipid accumulation (e.g., using oil red-o (ORO) staining), cell morphology (e.g., using visual, e.g., microscopic, inspection of the cells), or cell thermodynamics (e.g., cytochrome oxidase activity, Na+ ⁇ K+ ⁇ ATPase enzyme units, or other enzymes involved in brown adipocyte thermogenesis).
  • functional brown fat adipogenesis following differentiation can be determined by fatty acid uptake assays or oxygen consumption rate.
  • cells obtained as described herein can be subjected to additional processing before administration into a subject.
  • a cell obtained as described herein can be recombinantly modified to express one or more genes, e.g., a gene involved in brown adipogenesis.
  • a cell can be transfected with one or more nucleic acids encoding DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYCl, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4 or combinations of the genes, prior to administration into a subject.
  • CIDEA DFF45-like effector A
  • PGC-1 beta PGC-1 beta
  • uncoupling protein e.g., UCP1
  • PRDM16 or CIG30
  • PRDM-16 CYCl
  • NDUFA11 NDUFA13
  • CMT1A ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b
  • the cells can be pluripotent stem cells artificially derived (e.g., differentiated or partially differentiated) from a non-pluripotent cell.
  • skin cells such as dermal fibroblasts, can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by transfection with OCT4, Nanog, or SSEA4.
  • OCT4, Nanog, or SSEA4 Such cells are known in the art as induced pluripotent stem cells.
  • the cells can be further manipulated after becoming pluripotent by transfection with with one or more nucleic acids encoding DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4 or combinations of the genes, (ie. PPARG2, CEBPB, PRDM16)
  • CIDEA DFF45-like effector A
  • PGC-1 beta PGC-1 beta
  • uncoupling protein e.g., UCP1
  • PRDM16 or CIG30
  • PRDM-16 CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX
  • a cell can be mitotically inactivated prior to administration into a subject.
  • cells obtained and/or treated as described herein express certain factors that may have a paracrine effect on surrounding cells and tissues. Accordingly, mitotic inactivation prevents further cell division while allowing the inactivated cells to maintain the paracrine effect.
  • cells can be treated with chemical or gamma irradiation sufficient to mitotically inactivate the cells.
  • a cell extract or lysate can be prepared from a cell described herein and administered to a subject.
  • cells can be obtained and cultured, and about 10 6 to about 10 10 cells can be collected and used to prepare a cell-free extract using known methods.
  • an extract is prepared by subjecting the collected cells to freeze-thaw cycles (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more freeze-thaw cycles) using an ethanol/dry ice bath. The extract is then centrifuged (e.g., at about 14,000 rpm) to remove insoluble material. The extract can then be administered to a subject.
  • freeze-thaw cycles e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more freeze-thaw cycles
  • the extract is then centrifuged (e.g., at about 14,000 rpm) to remove insoluble material.
  • the extract can then be administered to a subject.
  • a cell described herein can be recombinantly modified to express one or more genes.
  • nucleic acids can be incorporated into an expression vector.
  • Expression vectors comprising a nucleic acid sequence described herein can be administered in any effective carrier, e.g., any formulation or composition capable of effectively delivering the component gene to cells in vivo.
  • Approaches include insertion of the gene in viral vectors, including recombinant retroviruses, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, poxvirus, alphavirus, and herpes simplex virus-1, or recombinant bacterial or eukaryotic plasmids.
  • Viral vectors transfect cells directly; plasmid DNA can be delivered naked or with the help of, for example, cationic liposomes (lipofectamine) or derivatized (e.g., antibody conjugated), polylysine conjugates, gramicidin S, artificial viral envelopes or other such intracellular carriers, as well as direct injection of the gene construct or CaPO 4 precipitation carried out in vivo.
  • lipofectamine lipofectamine
  • derivatized e.g., antibody conjugated
  • polylysine conjugates e.g., gramicidin S
  • artificial viral envelopes e.g., viral envelopes or other such intracellular carriers
  • the expression vector is a viral vector containing one or more nucleic acid sequences (e.g., cDNA).
  • Retrovirus vectors can be used as a recombinant gene delivery system for the transfer of exogenous genes in vivo, particularly into humans as is known to one skilled in the art.
  • Protocols for producing recombinant retroviruses and for infecting cells in vitro or in vivo with such viruses can be found in Ausubel, et al., eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology , Greene Publishing Associates (1989), Sections 9.10-9.14, and other standard laboratory manuals.
  • Another viral gene delivery system useful in the present methods utilizes adenovirus-derived.
  • Yet another viral vector system useful for delivery of nucleic acids is the adeno-associated virus (AAV) as is known to one skilled in the art.
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • non-viral methods can also be employed to express a nucleic acid into a cell described herein.
  • non-viral methods of gene transfer rely on the normal mechanisms used by mammalian cells for the uptake and intracellular transport of macromolecules.
  • non-viral gene delivery systems can rely on endocytic pathways for the uptake of the subject gene by the targeted cell.
  • Exemplary gene delivery systems of this type include liposomal derived systems, poly-cationic conjugates such as polyamine and polylysine, and artificial viral envelopes.
  • Other embodiments include plasmid injection systems as known to one skilled in the art.
  • non-viral vectors include a scaffold/matrix attached region (S/MAR)-based vector.
  • a cell described herein is transfected with an S/MAR-PRDM16 construct, an S/MAR-BMP-7/PRDM16 construct, or an S/MAR-BMP-7 construct.
  • the cell is transfected with an S/MAR construct containing one or more nucleic acids encoding DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4 or combinations of the genes or a combination of them (i.e. PPARG2, CEBPB, PRDM16).
  • CIDEA DFF45-like effector A
  • PGC-1 beta PPAR gamma coactivator-1 alpha
  • PGC-1 beta uncoupling protein
  • UCP1 uncoupling protein
  • PRDM16 or CIG30
  • PRDM-16 CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, C
  • a nucleic acid can be expressed using naked DNA constructs and/or DNA vector based constructs as is known to one skilled in the art.
  • DNA vectors can be introduced into target cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques.
  • transformation and “transfection” are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into a target cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, electroporation, gene gun, sonoporation, or magnetofection.
  • Methods described herein can include implanting tissue or cells, e.g., cells obtained or isolated as described herein, into a subject to be treated.
  • the cells can be differentiated brown adipocytes (e.g., isolated brown adipocytes or differentiated adipocytes produced as described herein), or can be stem cells or undifferentiated cells, which cells, or their progeny (i.e., daughter cells), will differentiate into brown adipocytes after implantation.
  • These methods are useful, e.g., for modifying metabolism in a subject as described herein.
  • the cells Prior to administration into a subject, the cells can be washed (e.g., in isotonic PBS) to remove any contaminants, including contaminating components of tissue sample, culture media or differentiation media, before implantation.
  • the number of required cells is variable and depends on a variety of factors, including but not limited to, the cell type used, the site of implantation of the cells (for example, the number of cells that can be used can be limited by the anatomical site of implantation), and the age, surface area, and clinical condition of the subject. In some embodiments, at least about 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , or about 10 10 cells are implanted into the subject.
  • a delivery system configured to allow the introduction of cells into a subject.
  • the delivery system can include a reservoir containing cells and a needle in fluid communication with the reservoir.
  • Such delivery systems are also within the scope of the invention.
  • delivery systems are maintained in a sterile manner.
  • Various routes of administration and various sites e.g., renal sub capsular, subcutaneous, central nervous system (including intrathecal), intravascular, intrahepatic, intrasplanchnic, intraperitoneal (including intraomental), intramuscularly implantation
  • various sites e.g., renal sub capsular, subcutaneous, central nervous system (including intrathecal), intravascular, intrahepatic, intrasplanchnic, intraperitoneal (including intraomental), intramuscularly implantation
  • the cells can be in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, with or without a scaffold, matrix, or other implantable device to which the cells can attach (examples include carriers made of, e.g., collagen, fibronectin, elastin, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polysaccharide, fibrin, gelatin, and combinations thereof).
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier with or without a scaffold, matrix, or other implantable device to which the cells can attach
  • examples include carriers made of, e.g., collagen, fibronectin, elastin, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polysaccharide, fibrin, gelatin, and combinations thereof.
  • DMEM low glucose without phenol red
  • DMEM low glucose without phenol red
  • the cells are implanted into white fat or brown fat in the subject, and/or into or near an anatomical region containing white fat or brown fat.
  • an immunosuppressive compound e.g., a drug or antibody
  • an immunosuppressive compound can be administered to the subject at a dosage sufficient to achieve inhibition of rejection of the cells.
  • Dosage ranges for immunosuppressive drugs are known in the art. Dosage values may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual.
  • the methods and compositions described herein are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
  • the methods include administering an effective amount of cells described herein to a subject in need thereof, including a subject that has been diagnosed to be in need of such treatment.
  • Subjects can include mammals
  • the methods include identifying a subject in need of treatment (e.g., a subject having or at risk of developing a metabolic disorder), and administering to the subject an effective amount of tissue or cells described herein.
  • the subject is diagnosed as being an overweight or obese subject, e.g., with a body mass index (BMI) of 25-29 or 30 or above or a subject with a weight related disorder.
  • BMI body mass index
  • a subject in need of treatment with the methods described herein can be selected based on the subject's body weight or body mass index.
  • the methods include evaluating the subject for one or more of: weight, adipose tissue stores, adipose tissue morphology, insulin levels, insulin metabolism, glucose levels, thermogenic capacity, and cold sensitivity.
  • subject selection can include assessing the amount or activity of brown adipose tissue in the subject and recording these observations.
  • the evaluation can be performed before, during, and/or after the administration of the cells described herein.
  • the evaluation can be performed at least 1 day, 2 days, 4, 7, 14, 21, 30 or more days before and/or after the administration of cells described herein.
  • Metabolism is a cascade of chemical reactions that regulate the mechanisms by which living organisms regulate, maintain and respond to intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect their ability to maintain, grow, and reproduce.
  • An imbalance of this metabolic activity can lead to downstream cellular events that can give rise to a number of degenerative disorders.
  • Such disorders can bring about not only symptoms of a wide range of diseases, but can interfere with proper methylation of the imprinting pattern of male and female germ cells, thus establishing a genetic predisposition in the new generation to degenerative disorders.
  • the tissue or cells described herein are administered to a subject to modify, e.g., increase, metabolic activity in the subject.
  • the subject has a disorder such as, but not limited to, obesity, osteoarthritis, hypertension, diabetes, an auto-immune disorder, stroke, kidney failure, neoplasia, or a cardiac deficiency such as ischemic heart disease.
  • the administration of cells described herein treat the disorder.
  • subjects can be screened for levels of adipogenesis markers, such as DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4, and/or BMP7, and the information used as a diagnostic tool for obesity, hypertension, diabetes or ischemic cardiac disease.
  • adipogenesis markers such as DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC
  • an adipose tissue sample or a blood sample can be obtained from a subject and the level of DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4, and/or BMP7 can be measured in the sample.
  • CIDEA DFF45-like effector A
  • PGC-1 beta PPAR gamma coactivator-1 alpha
  • PGC-1 beta uncoupling protein
  • UCP1 uncoupling protein
  • PRDM16 or CIG30
  • PRDM-16 CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LH
  • a level of DFF45-like effector A indicates the subject has, or is at risk of developing, a metabolic disorder, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes or ischemic cardiac disease.
  • the predetermined level can be the level of a marker in a corresponding sample from a subject not having the metabolic disorder.
  • the levels of brown fat and white fat in a subject can be measured, e.g., using PET scan, and a ratio of brown fat to white fat can be determined.
  • a ratio of brown fat to white fat less than a predetermined level can indicate the subject has, or is at risk of developing, a metabolic disorder, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes or ischemic cardiac disease.
  • Cells isolated or cultured as described herein can be used to screen for compounds that modify, e.g., increase or reduce, metabolic activity.
  • a cell e.g., a brown adipocyte progenitor cell, differentiated cell or stem cell
  • a test compound can be contacted with a test compound and the level of a marker for adipogenesis, e.g., a marker described herein (e.g., PRDM16, BMP7, UCP1 or MYF5) can be measured.
  • a marker for adipogenesis e.g., a marker described herein (e.g., PRDM16, BMP7, UCP1 or MYF5) can be measured.
  • a test compound that increases the level of a marker for adipogenesis relative to a cell not contacted with the test compound is identified as a compound that increases metabolic activity, whereas a test compound that reduces a marker for adipogenesis is identified as a compound that decreases metabolic activity.
  • the cell is a white adipocyte and it is transfected with a construct expressing a reporter gene (i.e.
  • GFP luciferase
  • DFF45-like effector A CIDEA
  • Type II deiodinaie PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha
  • PGC-1 beta uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4 or a combination of them.
  • UCP1 uncoupling protein
  • PRDM16 or CIG30
  • PRDM-16 CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4 or a combination of them.
  • a test compound that increases the level of a marker for adipogenesis relative to a cell not contacted with the test compound is identified as a compound that increases metabolic activity, whereas a test compound that reduces a marker for adipogenesis is identified as a compound that decreases metabolic activity
  • a cell described herein is transfected with an expression vector that includes a nucleic acid encoding DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYCl, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4, BMP7, MYF5 or a combination of them, under the control of an inducible promoter.
  • promoters include chemically-regulated promoters (i.e tetracycline, steroids and metals), or temperature specific promoters that will activate and promote expression at a permissive temperature, such as below normal body temperature of a subject.
  • a temperature specific promoter is placed in a viral or non viral vector upstream of a nucleic acid encoding DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4 or a combination of them, MYF5 and/or BMP7.
  • CIDEA nucleic acid encoding DFF45-like effector A
  • PGC-1 beta PGC-1 beta
  • uncoupling protein e.g., UCP1
  • PRDM16 or CIG30
  • PRDM-16 CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2,
  • a cell isolated from adipose tissue (white or brown), bone marrow, skin, muscle, or umbilical cord is transfected with the vector.
  • the cell is then cultured under the permissive temperature (which allows gene expression from the promoter) in the presence or absence of a test compound, and the effect of the test compound on adipogenesis is determined.
  • Test compounds include, e.g., proteins (including antibodies), muteins, polynucleotides, nucleic acid aptamers, hormones (i.e Irisin) and peptide and nonpeptide small organic molecules.
  • Test compounds can be isolated from natural sources, prepared synthetically or recombinantly, or any combination of the same.
  • Particular, nonlimiting examples of test compounds include 2,4-dinitrophenol, Ephedrine, Sibutramine, FGF21, Bile acids, and Beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonists.
  • a patient first underwent a 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) PET-CT scan to identify brown fat deposits.
  • 18 F-FDG 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose
  • the patient Prior to undergoing the PET-CT scan, the patient was exposed to temperatures ranging from 1° C.-25° C. (to increase the uptake of 18 F-FDG) for 1-2 hours per day for a period of one month.
  • Deposits identified within the cervical-supraclavicular and mediastinal area were biopsied using a needle. Brown fat biopsies were washed three times in DPBS (-) and either treated with 0.075%-0.2% Collagenase Type IA with vigorous shaking at 37° C.
  • tissue/cells were washed three times with DPBS (-), and 1 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells were injected into white fat deposits in the patient.
  • the tissue/cells were exposed to cold temperature (0° C.-4° C.) for 1-48 hours prior to injection.
  • cells were cultured prior to injection into a patient.
  • the cells obtained from Example 1 were plated into hyper flasks at a concentration of 1000 cells/cm 2 in a culture medium comprising in this embodiment:
  • the cells were cultured for 3-6 weeks. The cells were then characterized by flow-cytometry and analyzed for the expression of one or more of the following markers: SCA-1, CD34, SSEA1, SSEA4, OCT4, CD31, Wnt5a, Telomerase activity, alpha-SMA, STRO-1, MYF5, PRDM16, or UCP1. The cells were then expanded to concentrations of 1 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 10 for implantation into white fat deposits of the patient.
  • cells (such as stem cells or precursor brown adipocytes) obtained from a brown fat deposit of a patient were differentiated and subsequently injected into a patient.
  • the cells obtained from Example 1 were plated out at 1000 cells/cm 2 in hyper flasks containing a differentiation medium comprising, in this embodiment:
  • DMEM low glucose without phenol red
  • DMEM low glucose without phenol red
  • DFF45-like effector A CIDEA
  • Type II deiodinaie PPAR gamma coactivator-1 alpha
  • PGC-1 beta uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1)
  • PRDM16 or CIG30
  • PRDM-16 CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4.
  • 1 ⁇ 10 6 1 ⁇ 10 10 of the cells are then prepared for injection into the patient.
  • clinical grade embryonic stem cells were first grown and expanded. The cells were then differentiated into brown fat pre-adipocytes or fully differentiated brown fat adipocytes by exposing the cells, in one embodiment, to the following media:
  • the cells were grown for 2-6 days in a medium comprising:
  • DMEM low glucose without phenol red
  • DMEM low glucose without phenol red
  • the cells were transfected, prior to differentiation or after differentiation, with a non-viral vector (scaffold/matrix attached region (S/MAR)) with a PRDM-16 gene by itself or in tandem with BMP-7 or MYF-5 or DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA), Type II deiodinaie, PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, PGC-1 beta, uncoupling protein (e.g., UCP1), PRDM16, or CIG30, PRDM-16, CYC1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, CMT1A, ELOVL3, DIO2, LHX8, COX8A, CYFIP2, Cox8b, Glut4 or a combination of them driven by a strong promoter such as CAGGS or PGK.
  • the cells were then inactivated with a chemical based method such as mitomycin C or gamma irradiation and implanted into a patient at concentrations of 1 ⁇ 10 6
  • a patient underwent 18 F-PET-CT scan to identify tissue that has metabolic activity.
  • An area with high metabolic activity was identified within the human mediastinum region of the patient.
  • this patient was to undergo routine cardiothoracic surgery. At the time of surgery the region was exposed, and within this region 5 ⁇ 5 cm brown fat depot was dissected out and placed into sterile saline.
  • a brown fat depot was discovered in the mediastinum that contains a population of stem cells that express unique markers different than those found in other stem cells, including stem cells isolated from white adipose depots. These newly identified stem cells were separated from the mediastinum brown fat depot and cultured for greater than 20 passages and still retained a normal karyotype. These cells also are capable of undergoing adipogenesis (white and brown), osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis.
  • the brown fat human depot isolated in Example 5 was washed 5-10 times in sterile saline. The biopsy was cut using scissors until pieces are approximately 0.1-0.5 cm in size. The material was washed 3 times by centrifuging at 1200 RPM for 5 minutes. The material was then digested using either collagenase or dispase for no longer than an hour in a shaking water bath set at 37C. After digestion was complete the enzymatic reaction was terminated by adding equal volume of complete media. The material was then filtered using a 100 uM filter and the single cell suspension was washed 3 times with complete medium.
  • the single cell suspension described in Example 6 was plated onto cell culture flasks at a concentration of 5,000 - 10,000 cells/cm2. After approximately 3-6 days the cells were ready for passaging (FIG. 2). The cells after undergoing more than 10 passages showed a normal karyotype. RT-PCR analysis of the cultured brown fat cells demonstrated that they were positive for CEBPB, UCP-1, UCP-2, PPARG, PGC-1, PRDM-16. It is important to note that cells isolated from white adipose depots were negative for PRDM-16, and PGC-1. (FIG. 3). Accordingly, PRDM-16 and/or PGC-1 expression can be used to differentiate between white adipose cells and brown adipose cells. Moreover, CEBPB, UCP-1, UCP-2, PPARG, PGC-1, PRDM-16 can be used as markers to identify brown adipose cells.
  • FIGS. 4A and B Staining of the cells showed that they are positive for the stem cell markers HCAM and CD90 ( FIGS. 4A and B).
  • the expanded cells also expressed exosomes ( FIG. 9 ).
  • Flow cytometry of the cell population demonstrated that the cells were negative for the following cell surface markers: CD34, CD19, CD86, HLA DR, Lin, CD106, CD80, CD 117.
  • the cell population was also low for SSEA4, and Stro-1.
  • the cells were positive for CD63, CD90, HLA ABC, CD105, CD73, CD166, CD 9, CD44 ( FIGS. 5A-F ) which are markers for undifferentiated brown adipose stem cells.
  • Expanded cells were plated onto cell culture plates and supplemented with adipogenic differentiation medium (Life Technologies). The media was changed every 3 days and differentiation was allowed to continue for 14 days. After 7 days in induction media, fat droplets were visible within the culture ( FIG. 6 ), indicating that the cells had begun differentiating into adipose cells.
  • adipogenic differentiation medium Life Technologies
  • stem cells were plated in 6-well dishes at a density of 50,000 cells/well.
  • White or brown adipogenesis differentiation medium was added.
  • brown adipogenesis FNDC5 was added 6 days post induction as previously described.
  • Oil Red O (Sigma Aldrich) was used for staining to detect intracellular lipid accumulation.
  • Expanded cells were plated onto cell culture plates and supplemented with osteogenic and chondrogenic medium (Life Technologies). The media was changed every 3 days and differentiation was allowed to continue for 21 days. Confirmation of differentiation into chondroblasts and osteoblasts was observed by staining of the cells with alizarian red or osteocalcin antibody and alcian blue ( FIGS. 8A and B). These data indicate that progenitor cells isolated from brown fat depots maintain the ability to differentiate in to a variety of cell types other than white adipose or brown adipose.
  • NOD-SCID mice are severely immune deficient and are used as a model system to test human cell-based therapies. Mice were raised on high fat/high carbohydrate chow throughout the test period. Mice were split into two groups: 10 untreated mice served as controls and 10 mice received a single subcutaneous injection underneath the dorsal skin of about 1 million human brown fat progenitor cells cultured as described in examples 5-9. The following analytes were measured for four months following injection: plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, leptin, and adipon. Body weight also was monitored. Baseline is 23+/ ⁇ 5 g in the control group and 25+/ ⁇ 7 g in the treated group. The control group received a sham injection of carrier solution (DPBS) with no cells.
  • DPBS carrier solution
  • the experimental cohort which received a dose of 1,000,000 cells demonstrated a decrease in plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and weight gain over a four month monitoring period.
  • Adiponectin and leptin levels also correlated to improved levels due to the having received the cell dose. This is in sharp contrast compared to the untreated control mice that received the sham carrier solution ( FIGS. 10-12 ).

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Rheumatology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Child & Adolescent Psychology (AREA)
US13/536,564 2011-06-29 2012-06-28 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods Abandoned US20130071360A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/536,564 US20130071360A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2012-06-28 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US13/932,468 US10597638B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown fat cell compositions and methods
US13/932,544 US20140038177A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US13/932,562 US20140017789A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US15/910,625 US11066646B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2018-03-02 Brown fat cell compositions and methods
US17/348,218 US11851682B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2021-06-15 Brown fat cell compositions and methods

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201161502508P 2011-06-29 2011-06-29
US201261632122P 2012-01-18 2012-01-18
US201261632516P 2012-01-25 2012-01-25
US13/536,564 US20130071360A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2012-06-28 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods

Related Child Applications (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/932,562 Division US20140017789A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US13/932,544 Division US20140038177A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US13/932,468 Continuation US10597638B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown fat cell compositions and methods
US13/932,468 Division US10597638B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown fat cell compositions and methods

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20130071360A1 true US20130071360A1 (en) 2013-03-21

Family

ID=46634512

Family Applications (7)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/129,635 Active US9133438B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2012-06-28 Brown fat cell compositions and methods
US13/536,564 Abandoned US20130071360A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2012-06-28 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US13/932,562 Abandoned US20140017789A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US13/932,468 Active US10597638B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown fat cell compositions and methods
US13/932,544 Abandoned US20140038177A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US15/910,625 Active 2032-10-03 US11066646B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2018-03-02 Brown fat cell compositions and methods
US17/348,218 Active 2033-02-23 US11851682B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2021-06-15 Brown fat cell compositions and methods

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/129,635 Active US9133438B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2012-06-28 Brown fat cell compositions and methods

Family Applications After (5)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/932,562 Abandoned US20140017789A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US13/932,468 Active US10597638B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown fat cell compositions and methods
US13/932,544 Abandoned US20140038177A1 (en) 2011-06-29 2013-07-01 Brown Fat Cell Compositions and Methods
US15/910,625 Active 2032-10-03 US11066646B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2018-03-02 Brown fat cell compositions and methods
US17/348,218 Active 2033-02-23 US11851682B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2021-06-15 Brown fat cell compositions and methods

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (7) US9133438B2 (he)
EP (1) EP2726603B1 (he)
JP (1) JP6243839B2 (he)
CN (1) CN103930542A (he)
AU (1) AU2012275335B2 (he)
ES (1) ES2803499T3 (he)
IL (1) IL230237B (he)
PL (1) PL2726603T3 (he)
WO (1) WO2013003595A1 (he)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2016518125A (ja) * 2013-04-19 2016-06-23 バイオリストーラティブ セラピーズ， インコーポレイテッド ヒト褐色脂肪由来幹細胞およびその使用
US20170065803A1 (en) * 2014-03-04 2017-03-09 James Birchall Microneedle based cell delivery

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2803499T3 (es) 2011-06-29 2021-01-27 Biorestorative Therapies Inc Composiciones y métodos de células grasas marrones
PL399176A1 (pl) * 2012-05-14 2013-11-25 Zbigniew Kowalczyk Sposób leczenia otylosci i nadwagi oraz choroby refluksowej zoladkowo-przelykowej
KR101724169B1 (ko) * 2012-09-05 2017-04-06 가톨릭대학교 산학협력단 Ｇｒｉｍ19를 유효성분으로 함유하는 비만 또는 지질 관련 대사성 질환의 예방 또는 치료용 조성물
WO2014197421A1 (en) 2013-06-05 2014-12-11 Biotime, Inc. Compositions and methods for induced tissue regeneration in mammalian species
EP3019598A1 (en) * 2013-07-11 2016-05-18 INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Method for obtaining a population of isolated brite adipocytes
US11078462B2 (en) 2014-02-18 2021-08-03 ReCyte Therapeutics, Inc. Perivascular stromal cells from primate pluripotent stem cells
US10240127B2 (en) 2014-07-03 2019-03-26 ReCyte Therapeutics, Inc. Exosomes from clonal progenitor cells
CN104606230B (zh) * 2015-01-23 2019-05-10 北京吉源生物科技有限公司 脂肪间充质干细胞在降脂方面的应用
CN104673745A (zh) * 2015-02-05 2015-06-03 广州赛莱拉干细胞科技股份有限公司 一种猪脂肪干细胞的分离培养方法
US20180355319A1 (en) * 2015-08-07 2018-12-13 Kyoto Prefectural Public University Corporation Method for preparing brown adipocyte
NL2015957B1 (en) 2015-12-14 2017-06-29 Scala Pharma B V Compositions and methods for inducing beige or brown fat tissue.
US20190127699A1 (en) * 2016-05-20 2019-05-02 National Dong Hwa University Applications of butylidenephthalide
JP6923111B2 (ja) * 2017-02-27 2021-08-18 ポーラ化成工業株式会社 皮膚老化改善剤のスクリーニング方法
CN109957540A (zh) * 2017-12-14 2019-07-02 深圳先进技术研究院 一种3d打印脂肪组织
WO2020036184A1 (ja) * 2018-08-14 2020-02-20 国立研究開発法人国立国際医療研究センター 褐色脂肪細胞上清、その調製法、及び、使用
JP7519700B2 (ja) * 2019-04-29 2024-07-22 バイオリストーラティブ セラピーズ， インコーポレイテッド 天然に存在しない三次元（３ｄ）褐色脂肪由来幹細胞凝集物、およびこれを生成し、使用する方法
CN110484566B (zh) * 2019-08-29 2021-06-29 中国人民解放军第四军医大学 一种类棕色脂肪外泌体及其工程化生产方法和应用
CN113980893B (zh) * 2021-11-29 2023-03-24 广东普罗凯融生物医药科技有限公司 一种诱导牙髓干细胞分化为成脂细胞的培养基、含有其的试剂盒及其应用

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080248003A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2008-10-09 University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Methods and Compositions for Growing Adipose Stem Cells
US20090304643A1 (en) * 2006-01-30 2009-12-10 University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Methods of Preparing and Characterizing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates and Uses Thereof

Family Cites Families (115)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5145676A (en) 1981-09-08 1992-09-08 The Rockefeller University Method and agents for promoting wound healing
US5165938A (en) 1984-11-29 1992-11-24 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Wound healing agents derived from platelets
US4832044A (en) 1987-09-16 1989-05-23 Garg Rakesh K Cannula including a valve structure and associated instrument elements
SE8801537D0 (sv) 1988-04-26 1988-04-26 Ellco Food Ab Cellodlingsmedium samt forfarande for dess framstellning
US5221253A (en) 1989-01-25 1993-06-22 Coll Milton E Urological stent-catheter system having varing diameter stent
US5292330A (en) 1990-05-31 1994-03-08 Linvatec Corporation Retractable surgical instrument with curved operative element
US5486359A (en) 1990-11-16 1996-01-23 Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. Human mesenchymal stem cells
US5226914A (en) 1990-11-16 1993-07-13 Caplan Arnold I Method for treating connective tissue disorders
US7229959B1 (en) 1990-11-27 2007-06-12 The American National Red Cross Supplemented fibrin matrix delivery systems
WO1996003087A1 (en) 1994-07-22 1996-02-08 University Of Washington Methods for stereotactic implantation
US5769899A (en) 1994-08-12 1998-06-23 Matrix Biotechnologies, Inc. Cartilage repair unit
US5736396A (en) 1995-01-24 1998-04-07 Case Western Reserve University Lineage-directed induction of human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
US5749874A (en) 1995-02-07 1998-05-12 Matrix Biotechnologies, Inc. Cartilage repair unit and method of assembling same
US5693341A (en) 1995-03-16 1997-12-02 Collagen Corporation Affinity bound collagen matrices for the delivery of biologically active agents
FR2733513B1 (fr) 1995-04-25 1997-07-18 Centre Nat Rech Scient Lignees immortalisees de cellules issues du tissu adipeux humain, leur procede de preparation et leurs applications
US6283960B1 (en) 1995-10-24 2001-09-04 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Apparatus for delivery of energy to a surgical site
US6007570A (en) 1996-08-13 1999-12-28 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Apparatus with functional element for performing function upon intervertebral discs
US6095149A (en) 1996-08-13 2000-08-01 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Method for treating intervertebral disc degeneration
US6200606B1 (en) 1996-01-16 2001-03-13 Depuy Orthopaedics, Inc. Isolation of precursor cells from hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues and their use in vivo bone and cartilage regeneration
US5842477A (en) 1996-02-21 1998-12-01 Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc. Method for repairing cartilage
US5834418A (en) 1996-03-20 1998-11-10 Theratechnologies, Inc. Process for the preparation of platelet growth factors extract
US6726685B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2004-04-27 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Intervertebral disc device employing looped probe
US6126682A (en) 1996-08-13 2000-10-03 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Method for treating annular fissures in intervertebral discs
US6832997B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2004-12-21 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Electromagnetic energy delivery intervertebral disc treatment devices
US6733496B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2004-05-11 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Intervertebral disc device employing flexible probe
US7069087B2 (en) 2000-02-25 2006-06-27 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Apparatus and method for accessing and performing a function within an intervertebral disc
US5770215A (en) 1997-01-06 1998-06-23 Moshyedi; Emil Payman Multivitamin/vascular occlusion inhibiting composition
WO1998051317A1 (en) 1997-05-13 1998-11-19 Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. Osteoarthritis cartilage regeneration using human mesenchymal stem cells
NL1007018C2 (nl) 1997-09-11 1999-03-12 Hollandse Signaalapparaten Bv Vezel-kunststof composiet lichaam voor electromagnetische afscherming, voorzien van een elektrische contactstrip.
EP1032367B1 (en) 1997-11-17 2009-08-12 Haemacure Corporation Fibrin sealants or adhesives comprising a hyaluronic acid derivative material
US6217527B1 (en) 1998-09-30 2001-04-17 Lumend, Inc. Methods and apparatus for crossing vascular occlusions
AU3104999A (en) 1998-03-19 1999-10-11 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Catheter for delivery of energy to a surgical site
US6835377B2 (en) 1998-05-13 2004-12-28 Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. Osteoarthritis cartilage regeneration
US6530956B1 (en) 1998-09-10 2003-03-11 Kevin A. Mansmann Resorbable scaffolds to promote cartilage regeneration
US6245054B1 (en) 1998-11-09 2001-06-12 Kristine B. Fuimaono Guiding sheath exchange system
US6592559B1 (en) 1998-12-09 2003-07-15 Cook Incorporated Hollow, curved, superlastic medical needle
IT1302534B1 (it) 1998-12-21 2000-09-05 Fidia Advanced Biopolymers Srl Composizioni iniettabili, biocompatibili e biodegradabili comprendentialmeno un derivato dell'acido ialuronico, cellule condrogeniche, per
US7449019B2 (en) 1999-01-25 2008-11-11 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Intervertebral decompression
US6153432A (en) 1999-01-29 2000-11-28 Zen-Bio, Inc Methods for the differentiation of human preadipocytes into adipocytes
US6595959B1 (en) 1999-04-23 2003-07-22 Alexander A. Stratienko Cardiovascular sheath/catheter
US6448075B1 (en) 1999-05-28 2002-09-10 Stemcell Technologies Inc. Method for separating cells using immunorosettes
US6821276B2 (en) 1999-08-18 2004-11-23 Intrinsic Therapeutics, Inc. Intervertebral diagnostic and manipulation device
US6409727B1 (en) 1999-10-15 2002-06-25 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Multifilar flexible rotary shaft and medical instruments incorporating the same
WO2001045579A1 (en) 1999-12-21 2001-06-28 Sherwood Services Ag Apparatus for thermal treatment of an intervertebral disc
PT1276486E (pt) 2000-04-25 2011-02-07 Osiris Therapeutics Inc Reparação de articulação utilizando células estaminais do mesênquima
ES2289619T3 (es) 2000-09-07 2008-02-01 Covidien Ag Aparato para el tratamiento de discos intervertebrales.
US20070122904A1 (en) 2000-09-29 2007-05-31 Unisearch Limited Method and apparatus for culturing cells
US7357794B2 (en) 2002-01-17 2008-04-15 Medtronic Vascular, Inc. Devices, systems and methods for acute or chronic delivery of substances or apparatus to extravascular treatment sites
US20030050709A1 (en) 2001-02-23 2003-03-13 Ulrich Noth Trabecular bone-derived human mesenchymal stem cells
US20040083002A1 (en) 2001-04-06 2004-04-29 Belef William Martin Methods for treating spinal discs
US6562033B2 (en) 2001-04-09 2003-05-13 Baylis Medical Co. Intradiscal lesioning apparatus
US6638276B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2003-10-28 Oratec Interventions, Inc. Intervertebral disc device employing prebent sheath
US6623733B1 (en) 2001-06-27 2003-09-23 Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. Methods for treatment of vascular disease and device for preparation of an autologous composition for treating vascular disease
KR20030024028A (ko) 2001-09-15 2003-03-26 하철원 혈관신생조절 유전자가 삽입된 줄기세포를 이용한무혈성골괴사의 치료
US7819826B2 (en) 2002-01-23 2010-10-26 The Regents Of The University Of California Implantable thermal treatment method and apparatus
US6811777B2 (en) 2002-04-13 2004-11-02 Allan Mishra Compositions and minimally invasive methods for treating incomplete connective tissue repair
AU2003257684A1 (en) 2002-08-23 2004-03-11 Asahi Medical Co., Ltd. Fibrin-containing composition
US20040087994A1 (en) 2002-08-29 2004-05-06 Loubert Suddaby Mechanical bone tamping device for repair of osteoporotic bone fractures
US20040136968A1 (en) 2002-09-27 2004-07-15 Verigen Ag Autologous cells on a support matrix for tissue repair
US7824701B2 (en) 2002-10-18 2010-11-02 Ethicon, Inc. Biocompatible scaffold for ligament or tendon repair
AU2004208038B2 (en) 2003-01-30 2007-09-06 Prochon Biotech Ltd. Freeze-dried fibrin matrices and methods for preparation thereof
WO2004075954A2 (en) 2003-02-21 2004-09-10 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Spinal fluid introduction
US20030224411A1 (en) 2003-03-13 2003-12-04 Stanton Lawrence W. Genes that are up- or down-regulated during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells
US7291450B2 (en) 2003-03-28 2007-11-06 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Preparation of a cell concentrate from a physiological solution
US20040229878A1 (en) 2003-05-13 2004-11-18 Depuy Spine, Inc. Transdiscal administration of specific inhibitors of P38 kinase
US8273347B2 (en) 2003-05-13 2012-09-25 Depuy Spine, Inc. Autologous treatment of degenerated disc with cells
US7485460B2 (en) 2003-05-21 2009-02-03 Tulane University Health Sciences Center Enhanced growth of adult stem cells with Dkk-1
PL1641913T3 (pl) 2003-06-27 2016-06-30 Depuy Synthes Products Inc Komórki poporodowe pochodzące z tkanek pępowinowych i sposoby ich wytwarzania i zastosowania
US20050124038A1 (en) 2003-07-14 2005-06-09 Pharmacia Corporation Transfection of cartilage and matrices thereof in vitro
US10583220B2 (en) 2003-08-11 2020-03-10 DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. Method and apparatus for resurfacing an articular surface
WO2005042048A2 (en) 2003-10-22 2005-05-12 Encelle, Inc. Bioactive hydrogel compositions for regenerating connective tissue
GB0325120D0 (en) 2003-10-28 2003-12-03 Smith & Nephew Apparatus with actives
ES2403357T3 (es) 2003-12-11 2013-05-17 Isto Technologies Inc. Sistema de cartílago particulado
KR100531922B1 (ko) 2003-12-23 2005-11-29 주식회사 셀론텍 연골치료제 조성물 및 그 사용방법
ATE553186T1 (de) 2004-02-20 2012-04-15 Isto Technologies Inc Bandscheibenreparatur und verfahren dafür
US20060275273A1 (en) 2004-02-20 2006-12-07 Seyedin Mitchell S Intervertebral Disc Repair, Methods and Devices Therefor
GB0404656D0 (en) 2004-03-02 2004-04-07 Univ Manchester Treatment of spinal conditions
MXPA06010698A (es) 2004-03-26 2006-12-15 Celgene Corp Sistemas y metodos para disponer de un banco de celulas madre.
CN1964757B (zh) 2004-04-23 2013-08-21 伦纳德·爱德华·福里斯特 用于治疗或排出椎间盘的装置
US8512730B2 (en) 2004-07-12 2013-08-20 Isto Technologies, Inc. Methods of tissue repair and compositions therefor
WO2006033698A2 (en) 2004-07-12 2006-03-30 Isto Technologies, Inc. Tissue matrix system
ES2313805B1 (es) 2004-10-04 2009-12-23 Cellerix, S.L. Identificacion y aislamiento de celulas multipotentes de tejido mesenquimal no osteocondral.
US8017394B2 (en) 2004-10-01 2011-09-13 Isto Technologies, Inc. Method for chondrocyte expansion with phenotype retention
US7273756B2 (en) 2004-10-01 2007-09-25 Isto Technologies, Inc. Method for chondrocyte expansion with phenotype retention
US7618662B2 (en) 2004-12-22 2009-11-17 Avon Products, Inc Use of natural plant extracts in cosmetic compositions
US20060251631A1 (en) 2005-05-05 2006-11-09 Isto Technologies, Inc. Treatment of joint disease, methods and apparatuses therefor
WO2006130690A2 (en) 2005-06-01 2006-12-07 Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc. Methods and compositions for inducing brown adipogenesis
JP5292533B2 (ja) 2005-08-26 2013-09-18 ジンマー・インコーポレイテッド インプラントおよび関節疾患の治療、置換および治療方法
US20070128722A1 (en) 2005-12-05 2007-06-07 Industrial Technology Research Institute Human mesenchymal stem cells and culturing methods thereof
ES2528272T3 (es) 2005-12-07 2015-02-06 Isto Technologies Inc. Métodos de reparación de cartílago
EP1978977A4 (en) 2006-01-24 2010-03-17 Christopher J Centeno METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ISOLATION AND TRANSPLANTATION OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS FOR USE IN CLINICAL MEDIA
US7892831B2 (en) 2006-03-31 2011-02-22 Sreenivasachar Murali Krishnapuram Method for in vitro mass culture of Aloe vera
US20090274665A1 (en) 2006-04-27 2009-11-05 Cell Therapy Technologies, Inc. Stem Cells For Treating Lung Diseases
EP2101724B1 (en) 2006-05-11 2020-12-02 Regenics AS Administration of cellular extracts for rejuvenation
RU2009105890A (ru) 2006-07-20 2010-08-27 Ричард БЕРТ (US) Способ применения митотически инактивированных стволовых клеток для репарации поврежденной ткани
EP2069479A1 (en) 2006-09-18 2009-06-17 Medizinische Universität Graz Plasma-free platelet lysate for use as a supplement in cell cultures and for the preparation of cell therapeutics
EP1967197A1 (en) 2007-03-09 2008-09-10 Cognis IP Management GmbH Use of preparations, purifications and extracts of aloe
WO2008128075A1 (en) 2007-04-12 2008-10-23 Isto Technologies, Inc. Compositions and methods for tissue repair
FR2915897B1 (fr) 2007-05-11 2009-08-21 Lvmh Rech Composition cosmetique comprenant un extrait d'adenium obesum, son utilisation et une methode de soin cosmetique en comportant l'application.
US9095562B2 (en) 2007-07-05 2015-08-04 Regenerative Sciences, Inc. Methods and compositions for optimized expansion and implantation of mesenchymal stem cells
CN101945994A (zh) 2007-12-19 2011-01-12 再生科学有限责任公司 促进干细胞移植和植入的组合物和方法
EP2257176B1 (en) 2008-03-14 2013-09-18 Regenerative Sciences, LLC Compositions and methods for cartilage repair
WO2009137613A2 (en) 2008-05-06 2009-11-12 Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc. Methods and compositions for inducing brown adipogenesis
FR2932818B1 (fr) 2008-06-23 2015-12-04 Centre Nat Rech Scient Lignee d'adipocytes bruns humains et procede de differenciation a partir d'une lignee de cellules hmads.
KR20120006481A (ko) 2008-12-05 2012-01-18 리제너러티브 사이언시즈, 엘엘씨 무혈관 조직의 복구를 촉진하기 위한 방법 및 조성물
JP5393119B2 (ja) 2008-12-05 2014-01-22 日本メナード化粧品株式会社 幹細胞の褐色脂肪細胞への分化誘導方法
US20100168022A1 (en) 2008-12-11 2010-07-01 Centeno Christopher J Use of In-Vitro Culture to Design or Test Personalized Treatment Regimens
US8661889B2 (en) * 2009-07-16 2014-03-04 Duane C. Blake AURA devices and methods for increasing rare coin value
US20110054929A1 (en) 2009-09-01 2011-03-03 Cell Solutions Colorado Llc Stem Cell Marketplace
US9113950B2 (en) 2009-11-04 2015-08-25 Regenerative Sciences, Llc Therapeutic delivery device
ES2803499T3 (es) 2011-06-29 2021-01-27 Biorestorative Therapies Inc Composiciones y métodos de células grasas marrones
US10093705B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2018-10-09 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for brown fat induction and activity using FNDC5
WO2014010746A1 (ja) 2012-07-12 2014-01-16 京都府公立大学法人 褐色脂肪細胞及びその調製方法
US20140212875A1 (en) 2013-01-25 2014-07-31 Biorestorative Therapies, Inc. Human Metabolically Active Brown Adipose Derived Stem Cells
US20160002597A1 (en) * 2013-02-12 2016-01-07 Reneuron Limited Method of producing microparticles

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080248003A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2008-10-09 University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Methods and Compositions for Growing Adipose Stem Cells
US20090304643A1 (en) * 2006-01-30 2009-12-10 University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Methods of Preparing and Characterizing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates and Uses Thereof

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Kim et al. "Role of CD9 in proliferation and proangiogenic action of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells", Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology 455: 283-96, 2007 *
Niemeyer et al. "Comparison of immunological properties of bone marrow stromal cells and adipose tissue-derived stem cells before and after osteogenic differentiation in vitro", Tissue Engineering 13(1): 111-121, 2007 *
Tapp et al. "Adipose-derived stem cells: characterization and current application in orthopaedic tissue repair", Experimental Biology and Medicine 234: 1-9, 2009 *

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2016518125A (ja) * 2013-04-19 2016-06-23 バイオリストーラティブ セラピーズ， インコーポレイテッド ヒト褐色脂肪由来幹細胞およびその使用
JP2021176323A (ja) * 2013-04-19 2021-11-11 バイオリストーラティブ セラピーズ， インコーポレイテッド ヒト褐色脂肪由来幹細胞およびその使用
JP7025077B2 (ja) 2013-04-19 2022-02-24 バイオリストーラティブ セラピーズ， インコーポレイテッド ヒト褐色脂肪由来幹細胞およびその使用
JP2022048342A (ja) * 2013-04-19 2022-03-25 バイオリストーラティブ セラピーズ， インコーポレイテッド ヒト褐色脂肪由来幹細胞およびその使用
US11667892B2 (en) 2013-04-19 2023-06-06 Biorestorative Therapies, Inc. Human brown adipose derived stem cells and uses
JP7296154B2 (ja) 2013-04-19 2023-06-22 バイオリストーラティブ セラピーズ， インコーポレイテッド ヒト褐色脂肪由来幹細胞およびその使用
US20170065803A1 (en) * 2014-03-04 2017-03-09 James Birchall Microneedle based cell delivery
US10232159B2 (en) * 2014-03-04 2019-03-19 University College Cardiff Consultants Limited Microneedle based cell delivery

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US9133438B2 (en) 2015-09-15
US11851682B2 (en) 2023-12-26
US11066646B2 (en) 2021-07-20
US20210309972A1 (en) 2021-10-07
PL2726603T3 (pl) 2020-10-05
US20140038177A1 (en) 2014-02-06
CN103930542A (zh) 2014-07-16
IL230237B (he) 2019-05-30
AU2012275335A1 (en) 2014-02-06
EP2726603B1 (en) 2020-04-01
US20140370591A1 (en) 2014-12-18
AU2012275335B2 (en) 2017-04-20
EP2726603A1 (en) 2014-05-07
WO2013003595A1 (en) 2013-01-03
US10597638B2 (en) 2020-03-24
US20190040361A1 (en) 2019-02-07
ES2803499T3 (es) 2021-01-27
JP2014520531A (ja) 2014-08-25
US20140023622A1 (en) 2014-01-23
JP6243839B2 (ja) 2017-12-06
US20140017789A1 (en) 2014-01-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US11851682B2 (en) Brown fat cell compositions and methods
Han et al. Optimization of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell isolation and culture methods
Rodeheffer et al. Identification of white adipocyte progenitor cells in vivo
US20040092011A1 (en) Adipocytic differentiated adipose derived adult stem cells and uses thereof
US20110171726A1 (en) Multipotent stem cells derived from human adipose tissue and cellular therapeutic agents comprising the same
US20180216070A1 (en) Method for obtaining human brown/beige adipocytes
Han et al. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a better cell source for nervous system regeneration
AU2009244308A1 (en) Methods and compositions for inducing brown adipogenesis
WO2008013863A2 (en) Generation of adipose tissue and adipocytes
BR112014020119A2 (pt) cultura de células-tronco mesenquimais
Sreejit et al. Generation of mesenchymal stem cell lines from murine bone marrow
Huang et al. Combination of retinal pigment epithelium cell‐conditioned medium and photoreceptor outer segments stimulate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward a functional retinal pigment epithelium cell phenotype
Xiao et al. Co-transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells and cord blood cells in treatment of diabetes
Clause et al. A Three-Dimensional Gel Bioreactor for Assessment of Cardiomyocyte Induction in Skeletal Muscle–Derived Stem Cells
Li et al. Transplantation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia
Robledo et al. Spheroids derived from the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue self-organize in complex adipose organoids and secrete leptin
WO2020036184A1 (ja) 褐色脂肪細胞上清、その調製法、及び、使用
TW201920658A (zh) 幼豬由來幹細胞及其製備方法
JPWO2005093083A1 (ja) 疾病予測方法、及びその利用方法
Hong et al. Myogenesis of Porcine Muscle Satellite Cells by Extracellular Matrix From Fibrotic Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
JPWO2003038075A1 (ja) 中胚葉幹細胞もしくはｅｓ細胞、または不死化した中胚葉幹細胞から神経系細胞への分化誘導方法
Yang et al. Application of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in spinal cord injury
CN114540273A (zh) 一种诱导间充质干细胞向胰岛β细胞分化的方法
JP2011139691A (ja) 羊膜由来多能性幹細胞の製造方法
Khoo In Vitro and In Vivo neuronal differentiation capacity of human adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION

AS Assignment

Owner name: TUXIS TRUST, NEW YORK

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BIORESTORATIVE THERAPIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:051347/0379

Effective date: 20170713

Owner name: DESMARAIS, JOHN M., NEW YORK

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BIORESTORATIVE THERAPIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:051347/0379

Effective date: 20170713