US20100297726A1 - Stabilized transglutaminase and process for production thereof - Google Patents

Stabilized transglutaminase and process for production thereof Download PDF

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US20100297726A1
US20100297726A1 US12/864,025 US86402509A US2010297726A1 US 20100297726 A1 US20100297726 A1 US 20100297726A1 US 86402509 A US86402509 A US 86402509A US 2010297726 A1 US2010297726 A1 US 2010297726A1
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transglutaminase
tgase
stabilized
stability
pro
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Masamichi Okada
Yoshiaki Kurono
Hitoshi Amano
Shotaro Yamaguchi
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Amano Enzyme Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1025—Acyltransferases (2.3)
    • C12N9/104—Aminoacyltransferases (2.3.2)
    • C12N9/1044—Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase (2.3.2.13), i.e. transglutaminase or factor XIII
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/96—Stabilising an enzyme by forming an adduct or a composition; Forming enzyme conjugates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y203/00—Acyltransferases (2.3)
    • C12Y203/02—Aminoacyltransferases (2.3.2)
    • C12Y203/02013—Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase (2.3.2.13), i.e. transglutaminase or factor XIII

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a transglutaminase, and more particularly to a stabilized transglutaminase having excellent stability against oxidation, temperature stability, and the like.
  • Transglutaminases are enzymes that catalyze an acyl transfer reaction of ⁇ -carboxyl amide group of a glutamine residue in a peptide chain.
  • the reaction leads to the formation of ⁇ -( ⁇ -Gln)-Lys cross linking in the intramolecular or intermolecular portion of protein molecules when an E-amino group of a lysine residue in protein acts as an acyl receptor. Therefore, since the use of the action of a transglutaminase enables protein or peptide to be improved, a transglutaminase of a microbial enzyme derived from the genus Streptomyces is used in binding meat and in manufacturing sausage, bean curd, bread, and noodles (see Patent Document 1).
  • Transglutaminase is a thiol enzyme having cysteine as an active center residue, and is converted into a mature-form via a pro-form in a fermentation process. Therefore, a transglutaminase has poor stability and requires addition of a stabilizer in order to suppress inactivation during manufacture or storage of products.
  • Patent Document 1 As a method for improving stability of a transglutaminase during storage, addition of organic acid, inorganic acid, polyphenol, thiol, and sugar alcohol has been proposed (see Patent Document 1). Furthermore, a method for improving stability by adding protein (wheat protein, soybean protein, and the like), or a partial hydrolysate of protein has been developed (see Patent Document 2). Furthermore, a stabilization technique using trehalose has been developed (Patent Document 3).
  • Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 144-207194
  • Patent Document 2 U.S. Pat. No. 3,651,003
  • Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2004-305010
  • transglutaminases have been widely used in the fields of food. Therefore, in order to avoid unexpected circumstances, it is desirable that extra components are added as little as possible.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a transglutaminase having excellent stability, a process for producing thereof, and use thereof
  • the present inventors have keenly investigated. As a result, the present inventors have found that an intermediate-form of transglutaminase is present in a culture solution of a transglutaminase-producing strain and succeeded in recovering the intermediate-form. In the further study, it has been clarified that the recovered intermediate-form has a structure in which pro-sequence peptide is bound to mature transglutaminase (mature TGase). On the other hand, as a result of evaluation of stability of the intermediate-form, it has been found that the intermediate-form is more excellent than mature TGase in terms of pH stability, temperature stability, stability against oxidation, and storage stability.
  • the present invention was made based on the above-mentioned findings, and relates to the below-mention.
  • a stabilized transglutaminase including pro-sequence peptide of transglutaminase and a mature transglutaminase, wherein the pro-sequence peptide of transglutaminase is bound to the mature transglutaminase.
  • transglutaminase capable of producing transglutaminase under the conditions where transglutaminase can be produced; and separating and recovering a mature transglutaminase to which pro-sequence peptide is bound from a culture solution.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the comparison of pH stability between stabilized TGase (P-TGase) and mature TGase (M-TGase), in which the abscissa shows pH and the ordinate shows the remaining activity (%).
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the comparison of temperature stability between stabilized TGase (P-TGase) and mature TGase (M-TGase), in which the abscissa shows treatment time (minute) and the ordinate shows the remaining activity (%).
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the comparison of stability against oxidation between stabilized TGase (P-TGase) and mature TGase (M-TGase), in which the abscissa shows hydrogen peroxide concentration (%) and the ordinate shows the remaining activity (%).
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the comparison of storage stability between stabilized TGase (P-TGase) and mature TGase (M-TGase), in which the abscissa shows storage time (month) and the ordinate shows the remaining activity (%).
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the comparison of temperature stability between stabilized TGase (P-TGase) and mature TGase (M-TGase), in which the abscissa shows treatment time (min) and the ordinate shows the remaining activity (%).
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the comparison of stability against oxidation between stabilized TGase (P-TGase) and mature TGase (M-TGase), in which the abscissa shows hydrogen peroxide concentration (%) and the ordinate shows the remaining activity (%).
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing the comparison of temperature stability between stabilized TGase (P-TGase) and mature TGase (M-TGase), in which the abscissa shows treatment time (min) and the ordinate shows the remaining activity (%).
  • a stabilized transglutaminase (stabilized TGase) of the present invention has a structure in which pro-sequence peptide of transglutaminase is bound to mature TGase. That is to say, the stabilized transglutaminase is characterized in that pro-sequence peptide of transglutaminase and mature TGase are included as essential elements, and these elements are bound to each other. With the characteristics, the stabilized TGase of the present invention exhibits higher stability than that of the mature TGase.
  • the term “stability” used herein is intended to include pH stability, temperature stability, stability against oxidation, and storage stability.
  • the stabilized TGase of the present invention is more excellent than the mature TGase in terms of at least one stability selected from the group consisting of pH stability, temperature stability, stability against oxidation and storage stability.
  • the stabilized TGase in a preferable embodiment is more excellent than the mature TGase in all of pH stability, temperature stability, stability against oxidation, and storage stability.
  • transglutaminase as secretory protein is translated as a pre-pro-transglutaminase in which a signal sequence (pre-sequence) and a pro-sequence are bound; then the signal sequence is cleaved to be converted into pro-transglutaminase; and subsequently, the pro-sequence peptide is cleaved to be formed into a mature transglutaminase (mature TGase).
  • the present inventors have found the presence of an intermediate-form having a structure in which the cleaved pro-sequence peptide is bound to the mature transglutaminase in the series of process, and also have clarified that the intermediate-form has excellent stability.
  • the stabilized TGase of the present invention is typically obtained as an intermediate-form generated in the above-mentioned process.
  • a production process (an obtaining method) is not particularly limited as long as an intermediate-form has a structure in which pro-sequence peptide is bound to mature TGase and has more improved stability than that of the mature TGase. Therefore, stabilized TGase produced by preparing pro-sequence peptide and mature TGase separately and linking both to each other is included in the stabilized TGase of the present invention as long as improvement of stability is observed.
  • pro-sequence peptide in this specification denotes a part or all of peptide constituting a pro-sequence (that is to say, a sequence provided between a pre-sequence and a mature protein sequence). Three types of peptide are shown as examples of the pro-sequence peptide.
  • Pro-sequence peptide example 1 Peptide consisting of the sequence of
  • Pro-sequence peptide example 2 Peptide consisting of the sequence of
  • Pro-sequence peptide example 3 Peptide consisting of the sequence of
  • the derivation (origin) of the pro-sequence peptide is not particularly limited.
  • the pro-sequence peptide is derived from microorganisms.
  • the “pro-sequence peptide derived from microorganisms” include pro-sequence peptide of transglutaminase produced by a microorganism of, for example, the genus Streptomyces (see, for example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No.
  • amino acid sequences of the full-length pro-sequence of transglutaminase produced by microorganisms are shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 ( Streptomyces mobaraensis ) and SEQ ID NO: 5 ( Streptomyces cinnamoneus ).
  • the derivation (origin) of the mature TGase as one of the elements of the stabilized TGase of the present invention is not particularly limited.
  • mature TGase produced by a microorganism of, for example, the genus Streptomyces see, for example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. S64-27471
  • mature TGase produced by mammalian see, for example, Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. H1-50382
  • recombinant (recombination type) mature TGase obtained by the use of recombinant DNA technology see, for example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication Nos.
  • the mature TGase is derived from microorganisms.
  • the “mature TGase derived from microorganisms” include natural mature TGase produced by microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces and the like (see, for example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. S64-27471), recombinant mature TGase obtained by culturing a transformant into which a transglutaminase gene produced by microorganisms is introduced.
  • Examples of the amino acid sequences of mature TGase derived from microorganisms are shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 ( Streptomyces mobaraensis ) and SEQ ID NO: 7 ( Streptomyces cinnamoneus ).
  • microorganisms as origins of the pro-sequence peptide and/or mature TGase are microorganisms belonging to the genus Streptomyces .
  • microorganisms belonging to the genus Streptomyces include Streptomyces mobaraensis (old name: Streptoverticillium mobaraense ) strain No. 140226 (see Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2005-73628), Streptomyces lavendulae strain No. 466 (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,849,773, Patent Document 1), Streptomyces sp., No. 83 (see U.S. Pat. No.
  • Patent Document 1 2,849,773, Patent Document 1
  • mutant strains such as a strain whose productivity is improved by using common methods such as ultraviolet irradiation and NTG (N-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine), a strain in which generation of contaminated protein such as protease and amylase is reduced, and a strain in which physiologically active substances such as antibiotics are suppressed or deleted.
  • genetically recombinant strains can be used.
  • the origin of pro-sequence peptide and the origin of the mature TGase are the same as each other.
  • Stabilized TGase in such a form is obtained as an intermediate-form typically by culturing a transglutaminase-producing strain (a strain originally having a producing ability or a recombinant strain into which a transglutaminase gene is introduced).
  • a transglutaminase-producing strain a strain originally having a producing ability or a recombinant strain into which a transglutaminase gene is introduced.
  • a microorganism of the genus Streptomyces having a transglutaminase-producing ability (for example, Streptomyces mobaraensis strain No. 140226) is prepared, and cultured under the conditions where a transglutaminase can be produced.
  • the culture conditions are not particularly limited as long as a transglutaminase can be produced. Specific examples of the culture condition are described in the below-mentioned Examples. A person skilled in art can appropriately change culture conditions.
  • Examples of a medium include commonly used medium materials including a carbon source such as starch, sucrose, lactose, glycerol, and glucose; a nitrogen source such as peptone, meat extracts, yeast extracts, corn steep liquor, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium sulfate; and small amount of metal salts of, for example, monobasic potassium phosphate, dibasic potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, and calcium carbonate. Furthermore, in order to suppress foaming, defoaming agents can be added if necessary.
  • the culture temperature is generally in the range of 25° C. to 35° C. Furthermore, the culture can be carried out by using various fermentation containers.
  • aeration stirring is carried out in two to six days.
  • culture is not necessarily carried out under these conditions.
  • the culturing time may be further increased.
  • pH of the medium is controlled if necessary.
  • a cell body and the like is removed from a fermentation mixture by filtration or centrifugation.
  • filtration pressurize filtration with diatom earth added is preferred.
  • the filtration is carried out at not higher than room temperature.
  • the obtained filtrate that is, a crude enzyme solution of transglutaminase is cooled if necessary.
  • transglutaminase is known to be produced as a precursor. Therefore, in order to convert the transglutaminase into stabilized TGase, a fermentation mixture may be treated by adding an enzyme such as protease and peptidase for a certain period of time.
  • transglutaminases are known to be present as an oxidation enzyme without having an enzymatic activity. Therefore, it is also desirable that such transglutaminases are converted into an active enzyme by adding an enzyme such as cysteine and glutathione or substances containing thereof. Such activation operations are not necessarily carried out only in purification process, but preferably it is carried out in the early stage of purification.
  • the crude enzyme solution is concentrated if necessary.
  • the concentration method is not particularly limited, but ultrafiltration capable of carrying out concentration and purification simultaneously is preferred.
  • the crude enzyme solution can be concentrated to about 10 times to 100 times.
  • the degree of concentration is not particularly limited as long as the solution is concentrated to such a concentration that the following process can be carried out.
  • an ultrafiltration membrane by considering the molecular weight of TGase (about 38,000), an ultrafiltration membrane having an average pore size with a molecular weight cut-off of 13,000 is preferred.
  • ACP-13000 Asahi Kasei Corporation) is preferably used. However, even if a membrane having an average pore size with a molecular weight cut-off of 50,000 is used, an enzyme hardly leaks out.
  • the purification degree can be increased.
  • precipitates may be generated during desalitation and concentration, such precipitates can be dissolved by adding appropriate buffer solution or salt solution.
  • a temperature at the time of concentration is not particularly limited, but the temperature is preferably in the range of 10° C. to 30° C. As the temperature is higher, the concentration can be carried out more efficiently. On the contrary, inactivation may occur.
  • the concentrated solution includes target stabilized TGase (mature TGase to which pro-sequence peptide is bound) and mature TGase. Then, the target stabilized TGase is recovered from the concentrated solution.
  • target stabilized TGase mature TGase to which pro-sequence peptide is bound
  • mature TGase mature TGase precipitates.
  • stabilized TGase in the supernatant is separated and purified by using salting out, column chromatography, centrifugation, and the like. If necessary, desalitation, concentration, or the like, is carried out.
  • An enzyme preparation can be produced by using stabilized TGase.
  • the form of the enzyme preparation of the present invention is not particularly limited. Examples of the form include powder, granule, liquid, capsule, and the like.
  • the enzyme preparation of the present invention contains stabilized TGase as an essential active component. The other components are added arbitrarily. Examples of components that can be contained in the enzyme preparation of the present invention include food excipient, various proteins, various degradation products of protein, various extracts, various salts, various antioxidants, cysteine, glutathione, sodium glutamate, sodium inosinate, sodium guanylate, calcinated shell calcium, and silicon dioxide.
  • examples of the food excipient include dextrin, branched dextrin, cyclodextrin, glucose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, polysaccharide, starch (potato starch, corn starch, and the like), indigestible dextrin, gums, emulsifying agents (sucrose fatty acid ester, lecithin, and the like), pectin, and fats and oils.
  • examples of the protein include soybean protein, wheat protein, corn protein, milk protein, animal-derived protein, and the like.
  • examples of the extracts include meat extracts, plant extracts, yeast extracts, and the like.
  • the salts include chloride salt, phosphate, polyphosphate, pyrophosphate, citrate, lactate, carbonate, and the like.
  • examples of the antioxidant include L-ascorbate, sodium hydrogen sulfite, and the like.
  • a medium including 2% soluble starch, 5% sucrose, 2% polypeptone, 0.2% yeast extracts, 0.1% magnesium sulfate, 0.2% dibasic potassium phosphate, and 0.05% Adecanol was used.
  • Streptomyces mobaraensis strain No. 140226 as a transglutaminase-producing strain was cultured by shaking at 30° C. for two days to obtain 4000 mL of crude enzyme solution.
  • % denotes % by weight (the same is true to each Example mentioned below).
  • Mcllvaine buffer solution pH 6.0
  • Mcllvaine buffer solution pH 6.0
  • Recovered precipitates were dissolved in Mcllvaine buffer solution at 1/10 concentration (pH 6.0) containing 0.1 M sodium chloride, and then the solution was subjected to dialysis. Then, sodium chloride was added to the dialysate until the concentration of saturated solution was achieved, allowed to stand still at a low temperature for three days, and then supernatant was recovered.
  • the precipitates were crystals of mature TGase (M-TGase).
  • M-TGase purified enzyme was obtained.
  • the specific activity of the M-TGase purified enzyme was 19.1. Note here that the amino acid sequence of M-TGase is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the transglutaminase activity was measured according to the method described in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. S64-27471. That is to say, the reaction is carried out by using benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutaminyl-glycine and hydroxyl amine as a substrate in the absence of Ca 2+ , generated hydroxamic acid is formed into an iron complex under coexistence of trichloroacetic acid. Subsequently, absorbance at 525 nm is measured, a hydroxamic acid amount is obtained from a calibration curve, and the transglutaminase activity is calculated.
  • the following reagents A and B are prepared.
  • Reagent A 0.2 M Tris-HC1 acid buffer solution (pH 6.0), 0.1 M hydroxyl amine, 0.01 M reduced glutathione, 0.03 M benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutaminyl-glycine
  • Reagent B 1:1:1 mixture solution of 3N hydrochloric acid, 12% trichloroacetic acid, 5% FeCl 3 -6H 2 O (dissolved in 0.1N-HCl)
  • the reagent A (0.5 mL) is added to 0.05 mL of enzyme solution, and mixed.
  • the mixture is reacted at 37° C. for 10 minutes.
  • the reagent B is added to the reaction so as to stop the reaction, and to form a Fe complex. Therefore, the absorbance at 525 nm is measured.
  • a control is prepared by the same reaction by using a heat-inactivated enzyme solution, and the absorbance of the control is measured. The difference of absorbance between the enzyme solution and the control is calculated. Additionally, instead of the enzyme solution, L-glutamic acid- ⁇ -monohydroxamic acid is used so as to form a calibration curve, and the amount of the generated hydroxamic acid from the difference of absorbance.
  • the enzymatic activity for generating 1 ⁇ mol of hydroxamic acid for one minute is defined as one unit. Unless otherwise noted, the transglutaminase activity is measured by the same measurement method in the following tests.
  • the recovered solution was concentrated by centrifugation by using Amicon Ultra (Ultracel-5K) at 4° C.
  • the obtained concentrated solution (sample) was subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis and mass spectrometry. From the result of the N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, it was clear that the N terminal of peptide was DNGAGEETKS. On the other hand, as a result of the mass spectrometry, five peaks, m/z (1) 3623.938, (2) 3640.903, (3) 3710.780, (4) 3727.845, and (5) 3813.735 were observed. The (1) and (3) were thought to be deamidation products of (2) and (4). From the results of the N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis and the mass spectrometry, the amino acid sequences of the other three peaks were identified to be:
  • sequences correspond to a part of the full length of pro-sequence peptide (SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • the stability in a powder form was evaluated.
  • P-TGase and M-TGase were lyophilized to powder.
  • dextrin was mixed, so that the transglutaminase activity per weight was made to be the same as that of the P-TGase powder.
  • the storage temperature was 44° C.
  • the remaining activity after two months was 79% for M-TGase, and on the other hand, 85% for P-TGase ( FIG. 4 ).
  • P-TGase showed high stability.
  • a medium including 2% soluble starch, 5% sucrose, 2% polypeptone, 0.2% yeast extracts, 0.1% magnesium sulfate, 0.2% dibasic potassium phosphate, and 0.05% Adecanol was used.
  • Streptomyces lavendulae strain No. 466 as a transglutaminase-producing strain was cultured by shaking at 30° C. for three days to obtain 1500 mL of crude enzyme solution.
  • the crude enzyme solution was concentrated by using an ultrafiltration membrane (ACP1010, Asahi Kasei Corporation) and 300 mL of concentrated solution was obtained.
  • the concentrated solution was salted out with 80% of saturated solution of ammonium sulfate, precipitates were recovered.
  • the recovered precipitates were dissolved in 20 mM phosphate buffer solution (KPB; pH 7.2), and were further dialyzed against the same buffer solution.
  • the insoluble matters were removed from the dialyzed sample, and the supernatant was similarly subjected to Blue-Sepharose 6 Fast Flow equilibrated with 20 mM phosphate buffer solution (KPB; pH 7.2).
  • the washed fraction in the buffer solution was recovered and dialyzed against 20 mM phosphate buffer solution (KPB; pH6.8) containing 1.7M ammonium sulfate.
  • the dialyzed samples were similarly subjected to Phenyl-Sepharose 6 Fast Flow equilibrated with 20 mM phosphate buffer solution (KPB; pH 6.8) containing 1.7 M ammonium sulfate.
  • the sample was washed with the same buffer solution, and eluted using linear concentration gradient of 1.7-0 M ammonium sulfate.
  • P-TGase was eluted at ammonium sulfate concentration around 1.0 M.
  • M-TGase was eluted at ammonium sulfate concentration around 0.8 M.
  • a medium including 2% soluble starch, 5% sucrose, 2% polypeptone, 0.2% yeast extracts, 0.1% magnesium sulfate, 0.2% dibasic potassium phosphate, and 0.05% Adecanol was used.
  • Streptomyces mobaraensis strain No. 140226 as a transglutaminase-producing strain was cultured by shaking at 30° C. for two days to obtain 1500 mL of crude enzyme solution.
  • the crude enzyme solution was concentrated by using an ultrafiltration membrane (ACP1010, Asahi Kasei Corporation) to obtain 150 mL of concentrated solution.
  • the concentrated solution was purified according to the method based on document information (Eur. J. Biochem. 257, 570-576 (1998)), and thus pro-transglutaminase was obtained.
  • Dispase II (Roche) was added to the dialysis sample so that the final concentration of the treated solution was 0.08 u/mL, and treated at 30° C. for 60 minutes. Thus, P-TGase was prepared.
  • a stabilized transglutaminase of the present invention has more excellent pH stability, temperature stability, and the like, as compared with a mature transglutaminase.
  • the stabilized transglutaminase of the present invention may be used in binding meat, and in manufacturing sausage, bean curd, bread, and noodles.

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