US20100280777A1 - Method for Measuring SOC of a Battery in a Battery Management System and the Apparatus Thereof - Google Patents

Method for Measuring SOC of a Battery in a Battery Management System and the Apparatus Thereof Download PDF

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US20100280777A1
US20100280777A1 US12/812,184 US81218409A US2010280777A1 US 20100280777 A1 US20100280777 A1 US 20100280777A1 US 81218409 A US81218409 A US 81218409A US 2010280777 A1 US2010280777 A1 US 2010280777A1
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battery
current
data
soc
voltage
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Shanshan Jin
Jae Hwan Lim
Jeonkeun Oh
Chonghun Han
Sungwoo Cho
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SK Innovation Co Ltd
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SK Energy Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/545—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/40—Control modes
    • B60L2260/44—Control modes by parameter estimation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for measuring SOC (State Of Charge) of a battery in a battery management system and an apparatus thereof, and more particularly, to a method for setting up SOCi (State Of Charge based on current) or SOCv (State Of Charge based on voltage) to SOC of a battery in a battery management system according to a desired condition using a simple equivalent circuit, and an apparatus thereof.
  • SOCi State Of Charge based on current
  • SOCv State Of Charge based on voltage
  • An automobile with an internal combustion engine using gasoline or heavy oil generally has a serious influence on the generation of pollution like atmospheric pollution. Therefore, in order to reduce the generation of pollution, there have been many efforts to develop a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle.
  • the high power secondary battery may be provided in plural and connected in series in order to form a high capacity secondary battery.
  • the high capacity secondary battery (hereinafter, called “battery”) is typically comprised of the plurality of secondary batteries connected in series.
  • the battery particularly, an HEV battery
  • BMS Battery Management System
  • Korean Patent Application No. 2005-00611234 (filed on Jul. 7, 2005) entitled “Method for resetting SOC of secondary battery module”.
  • the above-mentioned prior art includes measuring a current value, a voltage value and a temperature vale of a battery module when turning on a switch, calculating initial SOC using the measured values, accumulating the current value, calculating actual SOC according to the accumulated current value, determining whether the battery module is in a no-load state, determining whether the actual SOC is within a setup range that can be measured by accumulating the current value if the battery module is in the no-load state, and calculating the SOC according to the voltage value by measuring the voltage value if the actual SOC is outside the setup range.
  • the prior art does not disclose a method that applies a simple equivalent circuit to an actual battery and an apparatus thereof.
  • SOCi does not have errors in the short term, but, as shown in FIG. 1 , there is a tendency that the errors are accumulated. Therefore, in case that the battery is operated for a long time, considerable error is occurred. Especially, the accumulative error is mostly generated when the charging or discharging of battery is completely achieved. This is caused by that the degree of precision is influenced by the errors occurred by reduction of SOC due to self-discharge, and omission of LBS digit of CPU for calculating the SOC. Further, since the precision degree of the SOC is largely dependent on a current measuring sensor, it is impossible to correct the errors when the sensor has a trouble.
  • SOCv measures the SOC through an open circuit voltage.
  • the precision degree of the SOCv is dependent on a charging and discharging pattern of a battery. Therefore, since the precision degree of the SOC is also dependent on the charging and discharging pattern, it is deteriorated.
  • the charging and discharging pattern that deteriorates the precision degree of the SOCv is within a range that a typical battery is used. Thus, although only the SOCv is used, there is also a problem that has to accept the considerable error.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method for measuring SOC (State Of Charge) of a battery in a battery management system and an apparatus thereof, which uses a simple equivalent circuit model and an adaptive digital filter and thereby easily and precisely measure the SOC of the battery.
  • SOC State Of Charge
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for measuring SOC (State Of Charge) of a battery in a battery management system and an apparatus thereof, which determines whether a low current state is maintained for a desired time period and then sets up SOCi (State Of Charge based on current) or SOCv (State Of Charge based on voltage) to SOC of the battery, thereby easily and precisely measuring the SOC of the battery.
  • SOCi State Of Charge based on current
  • SOCv State Of Charge based on voltage
  • the present invention provides a method for measuring SOC of a battery, comprising obtaining current data, voltage data and temperature data by measuring current, voltage and temperature of the battery; calculating SOCi (State Of Charge based on current) by accumulating the current data; calculating OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) using an equivalent circuit model in which the current data, the voltage data and the battery are simply expressed by an electric circuit; calculating SOCv (State Of Charge based on voltage) using the temperature data and the OCV; and judging a current state of the battery for a desired period of time, and setting up the SOC of the battery using at least one of the SOCv and the SOCi.
  • SOCi State Of Charge based on current
  • OCV Open Circuit Voltage
  • the present invention provides an apparatus for measuring SOC of a battery, comprising a battery information obtaining part that measures current, voltage and temperature of the battery and obtains current data, voltage data and temperature data; a current accumulating part that calculates SOCi by accumulating the current data; a OCV calculating part that calculates OCV using an equivalent circuit model in which the current data, the voltage data and the battery are simply expressed by an electric circuit; a SOCv estimating part that estimates SOCv using the temperature data and the OCV; and a SOC setting part that judges a current state of the battery for a desired period of time, and sets up the SOC of the battery using at least one of the SOCv and the SOCi.
  • the present invention easily and precisely measures the SOC of the battery by using the simple equivalent circuit model and the adaptive digital filter.
  • the present invention determines whether the low current state is maintained for a desired time period and then sets up the SOC of the battery using at least one of the SOCi and the SOCv, thereby easily and precisely measuring the SOC of the battery.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing a case that SOC of a battery is set up by using conventional SOCi.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a case that the SOC of the battery is set up by using conventional SOCv.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an apparatus for measuring SOC of a battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for measuring the SOC of the battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph shown a result of simulation in a case that offset of 1A occurs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a view showing an equivalent circuit model in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing actual SOC and calculated BMS SOC in case of using a model providing an integration effect in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing a compensation point in case of using the model providing the integration effect in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a view showing an equivalent circuit model in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing a proposed time criteria in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing an error in case of performing a simulation with a time criteria of 20 seconds and the proposed time criteria in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an apparatus for measuring SOC of a battery in a battery management system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the apparatus for measuring SOC of a battery includes a battery information obtaining part (not shown), a current accumulating part 100 , a low pass filtering part 200 , an open circuit voltage calculating part 300 , a SOCv estimating part 400 and a SOC setting part 500 .
  • BMS SOC A process for calculating the SOC of a battery in the battery management system (hereinafter, called “BMS SOC”) includes six steps as follows:
  • Second step calculation of SOCi through current accumulation
  • the battery information obtaining part carries out the first step. That is, the battery information obtaining part collects current data, voltage data, temperature data and the like from the battery management system (BMS). The collected current data is transferred to the current accumulating part 100 . In the current accumulating part 100 , the current data is accumulated and then added to SOC (SOC(k ⁇ 1) in FIG. 3 ) calculated in the previous time interval, thereby calculating SOCi.
  • BMS battery management system
  • the current data and the voltage data collected by the battery information obtaining part are transferred to the low pass filtering part 200 .
  • the low pass filtering part 200 filters the current data and the voltage data and then transfers them to the open circuit voltage calculating part 300 .
  • the open circuit voltage calculating part 300 calculates parameters used in the equivalent circuit model through the equivalent circuit model and an adaptive digital filtering, and then calculates open circuit voltage (OCV) using the parameters.
  • the SOCv estimating part 400 estimates SOCv using the temperature data and the OCV, and then transfers the estimated SOCv to the SOC setting part 500 .
  • the SOC setting part 500 sets up the SOCi calculated in the current accumulating part 100 or the SOCv estimated in the SOCv estimating part 400 to the BMS SOC according to a predetermined criteria. The detailed process performed in each part of the SOC measuring apparatus will be described below with reference to FIGS. 5 to 10 .
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for measuring the SOC of the battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The SOC measuring method will be described using the SOC measuring apparatus in FIG. 3 .
  • the battery information obtaining part measures the current data, the voltage data, the temperature data and the like of a battery pack in real time from the BMS (S 401 ). And the current accumulating part 100 accumulates the current data and calculates the SOCi (S 402 ). Then, the low pass filtering part 200 filters the current data and the voltage data (S 403 ).
  • the filtered current data and voltage data are transferred to the OCV calculating part 300 , and the OCV calculating part 300 calculates the parameters used in the equivalent circuit model through the adaptive digital filtering (S 404 ) and calculates the OCV Vo using the parameters (S 405 ). And the SOCv estimating part 400 estimates the SOCv using the OCV (S 406 ).
  • the SOC setting part 500 determines whether a low current state is maintained. If the low current state is maintained (S 407 ), the SOCv is set up to the BMS SOC (S 408 ), and if the low current state is not maintained (S 407 ), the SOCi is set up to the BMS SOC (S 409 ).
  • the SOC of a battery in the battery management system is calculated through the above mentioned process (S 410 ).
  • each step in the BMS SOC measuring method will be described in detail.
  • This step collects the current data, voltage data and the like from the BMS.
  • the current data may be not measured precisely due to trouble of a current sensor.
  • the current sensor does not measure precisely the current intensity, but measures only a rough value thereof, considerable error may occur in the current estimating process.
  • the error of SOCi is compensated with the SOCv. It was checked through an actual simulation whether the SOC measuring method of the invention exactly calculated the BMS SOC. As a result, since the error was gradually accumulated in the SOCi, but compensated with the SOCv, there was no problem in calculating the final BMS SOC.
  • the current value may be offset owing to the trouble of the current sensor or trouble of CAN (controller Area Network), and then transferred.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph shown a result of simulation in a case that offset of 1A occurs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the error is accumulated in the SOCi. It is understood that the degree of accumulation is very large. The accumulation is caused by that 1A is offset and calculated. However, it is also understood that the SOCv compensation occurs appropriately and thus the error does not occur considerably.
  • the current data collected in the first step is accumulated and then added to the SOC calculated in the previous time interval, thereby calculating the SOCi.
  • the calculation is carried out by integrating the current over time. A calculated result is divided by a whole capacity, and then the rest capacity is expressed in percentage. This may be expressed by an equation 1 as followed:
  • the equation 1 since the current is detected every second, the equation 1 may be expressed by an equation 2
  • the calculation of SOCi in a step k is performed by accumulating the increased SOC to the SOC in a step k ⁇ 1.
  • the increased SOC is the current flowed in step k, multiplied by interval time t, and divided by the whole capacity Qmax.
  • the current data and the voltage data collected in the first step are passed through a low pass filter.
  • the present invention employs a third order low pass filter, and a filter constant f is 0.6.
  • the present invention is not limited to the conditions, and may use other kind of filters and other filter constants.
  • the filter used in the present invention may be expressed in the form of an equation 3 as follows:
  • gi ( n ) f 2 i+ 3(1 ⁇ f ) gi ( n ⁇ 1)+3(1 ⁇ f ) 2 gi ( n ⁇ 2)+(1 ⁇ f ) 3 gi ( n ⁇ 3) Equation 3
  • the SOC measuring method of the present invention there are total six kinds of current data and voltage data that are needed in an equivalent circuit model.
  • the current data is used as it is, and the voltage data uses a difference value from an initial value.
  • a current value, a differential value of the current and a second differential value of the current form one set of the current data.
  • a difference value between an initial voltage value and a present voltage value, a first differential value thereof and a second differential value thereof form one set of the voltage data.
  • the equivalent circuit model may be embodied into two models according to the embodiments of the present invention.
  • the equivalent circuit model may be embodied into a first equivalent circuit model and a second equivalent circuit model according to each embodiment of the present invention.
  • the first equivalent circuit model will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 to 8
  • the second equivalent circuit model will be described with reference to FIG. 9 .
  • the current data and the voltage data collected in the third step are applied to a battery model so as to obtain the OCV (open circuit voltage). This is caused by that it is possible to obtain the SOCv through the OCV.
  • the battery model there is a first-principle model that considers thermal behavior and electrochemical phenomenon in a battery.
  • the battery model in the present invention is embodied by an equivalent circuit model which is simply expressed by an electric circuit.
  • a modeling object is a lithium polymer battery (LiPB), and a circuit model is comprised of a first model.
  • FIG. 6 is a view showing an equivalent circuit model in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the SOC measuring method of the present invention uses the equivalent circuit model that is expressed by a simple electric circuit.
  • Each element such as a resistor and a capacitor included in the equivalent circuit model has a meaning shown in Table 1 as follows:
  • R 2 is resistance in electrodes
  • R 1 and C are resistance and a capacitor that express an electric double layer generated at an interface between one electrode and the other electrode or a separator.
  • a numerical value of each parameter is obtained through the first-principle model or an experiment.
  • the equivalent circuit model of FIG. 6 may be expressed by an equation 4 as follows:
  • ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V 0 + ( R 1 + R 2 + CR 1 ⁇ R 2 ⁇ s 1 + CR 1 ⁇ s ) ⁇ I Equation ⁇ ⁇ 4
  • the OCV is obtained by obtaining the parameters corresponding to each element forming the equivalent circuit model.
  • an object of the battery modeling according to the present invention is to obtain the OCV by obtaining each parameter and substituting the obtained parameter in the equation 4.
  • the equation 4 may be derived through a process as follows.
  • the current may be expressed in the form of an equation 5 by virtue of Kirchhoff's law.
  • equation 8 If the equation 8 is differentiated over time and then arranged, it may be expressed by an equation 9.
  • ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V 0 + ( R 1 + R 2 + CR 1 ⁇ R 2 ⁇ s 1 + CR 1 ⁇ s ) ⁇ I Equation ⁇ ⁇ 10
  • each factor may be defined by an equation 12.
  • V 2 ⁇ CR 1 V 3 +CR 1 R 2 I 3 +( R 1 +R 2 +CR 1 h ) I 2 +hI 1 Equation 13
  • equation 13 is expressed in the form of a matrix, it may be expressed by an equation 14
  • V 2 [ V 3 I 3 I 2 I 1 ] ⁇ [ - CR 1 CR 1 ⁇ R 2 R 1 + R 2 + CR 1 ⁇ h h ] Equation ⁇ ⁇ 14
  • factors relevant to the current and voltage may be obtained through the current data and voltage data that are collected from the BMS and filtered in the third step.
  • Each parameter R 1 , R 2 , C, h is obtained by substituting the obtained factors and using the adaptive digital filter. A method of using the adaptive digital filter will be described later. If the parameters related to each situation are obtained through the filter, they are substituted in an equation 15 that is a basic equation for calculating the OCV.
  • the OCV obtained by using the equation 15 is used for calculating the SOCv in a next step.
  • the SOC measuring method of the present invention uses the above-mentioned equivalent circuit model. However, if an equation derived from the model is further integrated by one step, an equation 16 may be obtained.
  • ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V CR 1 ⁇ R 2 ⁇ s + ( R 1 + R 2 ) + h / s + CR 1 ⁇ h CR 1 ⁇ s + 1 ⁇ I Equation ⁇ ⁇ 16
  • FIG. 7 shows actual SOC and calculated BMS SOC in case of using a model providing the integration effect
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing a compensation point in case of using the model providing the integration effect.
  • the compensation occurs properly as a whole. If the model providing the integration effect is used, the compensation occurs further frequently. Also if the model providing the integration effect is used, noise is further generated, particularly, at a potion that the compensation occurs. This means that the data becomes unstable as a whole, when carrying out the integration. However, since the degree of unstable data is not high, it is possible to use the model providing the integration effect. Basically, it is the most preferable to use the equivalent circuit model of the present invention, but if necessary, the model providing the integration effect may be used.
  • the equivalent circuit model may be expressed in the form of a matrix.
  • equation 14 may be expressed by an equation 17.
  • V 2 w ⁇ 1 ⁇ Equation 17
  • w obtains through the third step in which the current data and the voltage data are passed through the low pass filter, and V 2 also obtains through the same result.
  • An object of the adaptive digital filter is to obtain the matrix ⁇ through the two values and estimate the parameter values in real time through each element. Assuming that V 2 passing through the low pass filter is gV 2 , the equation 17 may be expressed by an equation 18.
  • an initial value of the matrix ⁇ is obtained by obtaining the parameter values in an initial state in which the current is not flowed and the voltage has an OCV value and then substituting the parameter values in the equation 18.
  • a matrix at this time is indicated by ⁇ o .
  • a square of the matrix is expressed by an equation 19.
  • a matrix K required to continuously renew the matrix ⁇ may be defined as an equation 20.
  • R is a value that is decided so as to prevent a denominator from being diverged to 0 by an initial value of gV 2 , and the value is very small.
  • the matrix may be arranged to an equation 21.
  • the equation 22 may be arranged into an equation 23.
  • a value of ⁇ in the equation 25 may be calculated through the current data, the voltage data and the previous matrix ⁇ . Therefore, it is possible to continuously estimate each parameter. After the initial stage, the matrix ⁇ and the matrix P are renewed with new calculated values. Then, the OCV is calculated through the obtained parameters.
  • the second equivalent circuit model and the adaptive digital filtering method in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention provides a discrete equivalent circuit modeling method by using characteristic that the BMS discretely receives a voltage value, a current value and a temperature value of a battery.
  • the second equivalent circuit model according to the second embodiment of the present invention which is a kind of a reduced model, simply expresses electrochemical characteristic in the battery. Therefore, since it is possible to easily design a model and also to minimize a time period required for a modeling operation, it is adaptively applied to the BMS.
  • FIG. 9 is a view showing an equivalent circuit model in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the second equivalent circuit model according to the second embodiment of the present invention is provided as a primary model.
  • Each element such as resistance, capacitor and the like of the model has its own meaning shown in Table 1 as follows:
  • R 0 is resistance in electrodes
  • R and C are resistance and a capacitor that express an electric double layer generated at an interface between one electrode and the other electrode or a separator
  • V0 is the OCV of the battery.
  • a core idea applied in the second equivalent circuit model is that the current data and the voltage data are discretely input to the BMS at regular time intervals. Due to such core idea, it is possible to embody the model that expresses the behavior of the battery through the second equivalent circuit model. The parameters used in the model are calculated by the adaptive digital filter.
  • Equations 26 to 29 are provided through FIG. 9 and Table 2.
  • I + I 2 + I 3 0 Equation ⁇ ⁇ 26
  • V V 0 + IR 0 - I 3 ⁇ R Equation ⁇ ⁇ 27
  • V V 0 + IR 0 - Q C Equation ⁇ ⁇ 28
  • I 2 ⁇ Q ⁇ t Equation ⁇ ⁇ 29
  • An equation 30 is provided by integrating the equation 28 over time and then arranging it.
  • An equation 31 is provided by differentiating the equation 30 over time using an integrating factor.
  • the equation 31 may be expressed by an equation 32.
  • equation 32 may be expressed by an equation 33
  • equation 32 may be expressed into an equation 34 through partial integration.
  • V - V 0 - IR 0 ⁇ t t 1 ⁇ ⁇ - t 1 / RC C ⁇ ( I ⁇ ( t 1 ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇ ⁇ t 1 / RC ) Equation ⁇ ⁇ 34
  • the equation 32 may be expressed into an equation 35 through partial integration.
  • V - V 0 - IR 0 ⁇ t t 2 ⁇ ⁇ - t 2 / RC C ⁇ [ ( I ⁇ ( t 2 ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇ ⁇ t 2 / RC ) + ( I ⁇ ( t 1 ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇ ⁇ t 1 / RC ) ] Equation ⁇ ⁇ 35
  • the equations 34 and 35 may be combined into an equation 36.
  • the equation 32 may be expressed into an equation 37 with respect to a time period t.
  • V V 0 + IR 0 + 1 C ⁇ I ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t + ⁇ - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t / RC [ V - V 0 - IR 0 ⁇ t - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ] Equation ⁇ ⁇ 38
  • ⁇ t is a data input time interval
  • t ⁇ t is a parameter value in the previous time interval.
  • V V 0 +IR 0 + ⁇ I ⁇ t +exp( ⁇ t )[ V ⁇ V 0 ⁇ IR 0
  • ⁇ is a time constant
  • ⁇ is a reciprocal number and indicates a time when the battery arrives at a normal state.
  • the factors of current and voltage are collected from the BMS and then calculated through the filtered current and voltage data.
  • the VOC is calculated by substituting each parameter.
  • R0 that indicates ohmic resistance of the battery itself decides a fixed value according to property of a material in the battery. Generally, the value is easily obtained through impedence.
  • Variables ⁇ and ⁇ which are combined with the parameters R and C related to polarization are optimized through the adaptive digital filter.
  • the equation 39 that mathematically indicates the equivalent circuit model of FIG. 9 may be expressed by an equation 40 as a determinant.
  • V [ V 0 IR 0 I V - V 0 - IR 0 ⁇ n - 1 ] ⁇ [ 1 1 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t exp ⁇ ( - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ) ] Equation ⁇ ⁇ 40
  • the equation 40 may be expressed into an equation 41.
  • w is calculated through the current data and the voltage data
  • v is also calculated through the current data and the voltage data.
  • the adaptive digital filter calculates ⁇ through the two values w and V, and the parameter value is estimated through each component of ⁇ in real time.
  • Equation 41 may be expressed into an equation 42.
  • a matrix at this time is ⁇ 0 .
  • a matrix k that is needed to continuously renew ⁇ may be defined as an equation 44.
  • r is a constant that is defined to prevent a denominator from being diverged by V, and typically has a small value.
  • the equation 44 may be changed into an equation 45 by arranging a matrix thereof.
  • Equation 45 gV(n ⁇ 1) is a just previous value of gV. Assuming that the continuous renewal of ⁇ is occurred by proportional relationship of the equation 46, the equation 46 may be arranged into an equation 47.
  • Equation 47 since r is a very small value, it may be substituted by K. That is, the equations 45 and 47 may be combined into an equation 48.
  • ⁇ and P may be renewed into new values.
  • the parameter values suitable to the equivalent circuit model may be continuously renewed. Also, it is possible to calculate the OCV using the parameters obtained in the same way.
  • a value of the OCV is calculated through the equivalent circuit model according to the present invention.
  • SOCv is influenced by the OCV and the temperature and thus expressed by a function between them. In a room temperature, relation between OCV and SOCv is equal to an equation 50.
  • the sixth step it is decided which one is selected from SOCi and SOCv obtained in the previous step.
  • SOCv has an exact value. Therefore, SOCv is used in the low current state. And the calculation is performed by accumulating the current value to the just previous SOC in other states.
  • the low current state if the current having a desired absolute value or less is continuously flowed for a desired period of time, it is determined as the low current state.
  • the absolute value of current and the current flowing time are important criteria.
  • the absolute value and the time are 2A and 20 ⁇ 60s, respectively.
  • FIG. 10 shows the time criteria. Referring to FIG. 10 , if the low current is flowed for 20 seconds or less, SOC is calculated by the current accumulation. However, if the low current is flowed for 20 seconds or more, the SOCv compensation occurs. The SOCv compensation is carried out at a point of time when the low current section having an intensity of 2A or less is finished. However, if the low current is flowed for 60 seconds or more, the SOCv compensation is carried out at a point of time of 60 seconds. And at a moment that the compensation occurs, the continuous period of time when the low current is flowed is calculated again.
  • the criteria are decided by selecting the optimal time criteria from various simulations.
  • the time criteria of minimum 20 seconds is decided based on a fact that the compensation is occurred even if the current sensor has a trouble. Actually, in case that the time criteria is changed into 10 seconds, an error of 8.3% occurs. Further, in case that the continuous period of time is set up to 60, the compensation does not occur properly at an up/down pattern, and the error is accumulated.
  • the main cause of allowing the time criteria to be movable is to prevent increase of the error due to improper compensation after the battery charging for a long time period.
  • the present invention is not limited to the time criteria, and may include various time criteria.
  • FIG. 11( a ) shows an error in case of performing a simulation with a time criteria of 20 seconds
  • FIG. 11( b ) shows an error in case of performing the simulation with a proposed time criteria.
  • the proposed time criteria is more effective in a low temperature state. In case of the low temperature state, it is generally effective, of cause, at the point of time when the charging is finished. In case of using the proposed time criteria, a maximum value of the error is reduced from 7,287% to 3.542%, and a minimum value thereof is reduced from ⁇ 4.191% to ⁇ 3.870%. This means that the proposed time criteria is more effective in a low temperature state.
  • SOCv is set up to SOC. Otherwise, BMS SOC is precisely calculated by using the SOC measuring method of the present invention.
  • the SOC measuring method of the present invention may be embodied in the form of a program that is executed through various computing means, and then recorded on a computer-readable medium.
  • the computer-readable medium may include a program order, a data file, a data structure and the like, or any combination thereof.
  • the program order recorded on the medium may be specially designed or constructed to be used in the present invention, or used in a state that is provided to those skilled in the field of computer software.
  • the computer-readable medium may include a magnetic media such as a hard disk, a floppy disk and a magnetic tape, an optical media like DVD, a magnetro-optical media like a floptical disk, and a hardware device for storing and executing a program order, such as ROM, RAM and a flash memory.
  • the medium may be a transmission media of a wave guide, a metal wire or light including a carrier wave for transmitting a signal indicating a program order, a data structure and the like.
  • the program order includes a machine language code formed by a compiler as well as a high level language code that is formed using an interpreter so as to be executed by a computer.
  • the hardware device may be constructed to be operated by one or more software modules, and the reverse thereof is the same.
US12/812,184 2008-01-11 2009-01-12 Method for Measuring SOC of a Battery in a Battery Management System and the Apparatus Thereof Abandoned US20100280777A1 (en)

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