Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H3/00—Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
  • C07H3/06—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/02—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures
  • C07H15/12—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to a nitrogen atom of the saccharide radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H13/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids
  • C07H13/02—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids
  • C07H13/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07H13/06—Fatty acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/02—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures
  • C07H15/14—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to a sulfur, selenium or tellurium atom of a saccharide radical

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to processes for chemical synthesis of lipochitooligosaccharides, and the resulting chemically synthesized lipochitooligosaccharides.
• the processes disclosed herein allow the stepwise synthesis of low molecular weight N-acylglucosamine oligomers having a fatty acid condensed on the non-reducing end.
• the processes can be performed on a commercial scale.
• Lipochitooligosaccharides are naturally made in rhizobial bacteria and function as nodulation factors.
• the nodulation factors secreted from the bacteria elicit a response in the root cells of legumes that leads to symbiotic nodule formation in the roots. In these nodules nitrogen is fixed, and is provided as a nutrient to the plant. The extent of legume root nodulation is directly linked to plant growth and productivity.
• the nodulation factor lipochitooligosaccharides have a backbone of four or five 1,4-linked N-acylated glucosamine residues, a structure also found in chitin (poly-[1-4]- ⁇ -N-acetyl-D-glucosamine).
• This backbone is N-acylated and can carry diverse substitutions at both ends, depending on the rhizobial species in which it is made.
• the N-acylation of the terminal unit is with fatty acids of general lipid metabolism such as vaccenic acid (C18:1 ⁇ 11Z) and in other rhizobia the N-acylation is with polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C20:3 and C18:2.
• the nodulation factor lipochitooligosaccharides made in any one species of bacteria are a mixture of compounds having different substitutions that are not possible to completely separate. Some nodulation factor lipochitooligosaccharides have been chemically synthesized. There are various reported methods for making small samples of lipochitooligosaccharides, for example as described in Nicolaou et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114: 8701-8702 (1992); Ikeshita et al., Carbohydrate Research C1-C6 (1995); and Wang et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1: 621-628 (1994).
• One aspect of the present invention is a process for synthesizing a lipochithooligosaccharide compound having the structure: where individual groups R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H and C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, mono, di or polyalkenyl, mono, di or polyealkynyl, groups; R 4 is selected from a monosaccharide, sulfate and phosphate; and n is from 0 to about 20; comprising:
• Another aspect of the present invention is a process for synthesizing a lipochithooligosaccharide compound having the structure: where individual groups R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from: H, and C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, mono, di or polyalkenyl, mono, di or polyalkynyl, groups; R 4 is selected from monosaccharides, sulfates and phosphates; and n is from 0 to about 20; comprising:
• Another aspect of the present invention is a compound having the structure: where individual groups R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, groups; R 4 is selected from a monosaccharide, a sulfate and a phosphate; and n is from 0 to about 19.
• a further aspect of the present invention is a composition comprising a chemically synthesized lipochitooligosaccharide represented by the structure:
• the present invention provides processes for synthesizing multigram to kilogram quantities of low molecular weight N-acylglucosamine polymers (oligo N-acylglucosamines) having a fatty acid condensed on the non-reducing end, called lipochitooligosaccharides, that are scalable for commercial use.
• the processes allow the use of simple purification procedures and do not require cost prohibitive chromatographic separation procedures.
• the oligo N-acylglucosamine portion of a lipochitooligosaccharide is made by efficient coupling of monomers that are stable to storage. Stepwise addition of a specific type of monomer, described herein below, to a growing polymer chain results in the synthesis of a defined chain length polymer, to which a fatty acid is joined.
• the glucosamine monomer units are added to each other one at a time, giving the opportunity to select each glucosamine unit in an oligomer and allowing the incorporation of a desired acyl group, including that of a fatty acid, to a glucosamine unit of choice, thus enabling the synthesis of a large array of analogs for biological evaluation.
• intermediates having the structure: where individual groups R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups; R 4 is selected from a monosaccharide, a suitably protected sulfate and a phosphate group, each of which is in a suitably protected form; and n is from 0 to about 19. Since each glucosamine unit is added to the chain separately, as described herein below, the individual R 1 or R 2 group on each glucosamine unit may be different.
• the intermediates are useful in synthesizing the lipochitooligosaccharides.
• shelf stable means that the compound remains intact with storage at room temperature and when exposed to moisture and air of laboratory storage conditions.
• large scale refers to tens of grams to kilogram quantities of material.
• low molecular weight polymer refers to a chain of monomer units that is greater than one unit and up to about 50 units in length. Oligomers are polymers with two to about 22 units. Therefore an oligo-N-acylglucosamine, for example, is a type of low molecular weight polymer.
• linkage position means the position of the carbon that is a part of the glycosyl bond. In 1,4-linkages, the linkage position is 1on one glycoside and 4 on the linked glycoside.
• non-linkage position means the position of a carbon which is not a part of the glycosyl bond.
• 2, 3 and 6 positions are non-linkage positions.
• glycoside donor means the glycosyl molecule that participates at the C-1 position in the glycosyl bond.
• glycosyl acceptor means the glycosyl molecule that has a hydroxyl group at the position that will participate in the glycosyl bond, and that connects through its oxygen to the C-1 glycosyl residue from the donor. In a ⁇ 1,4-linkage the glycosyl acceptor has a hydroxyl group at the 4 position.
• the glycosyl acceptor may be a single unit or a multiple unit chain that is a low molecular weight polymer.
• suitable protected thioglycoside donor means a thioglycoside that has protecting groups at the positions that become non-linkage positions following formation of the glycosidic linkage. Protecting groups are used to prevent reaction at those sites.
• suitable protected glycoside acceptor means a glycoside that has protecting groups at the positions that become non-linkage positions following formation of the glycosidic linkage. Protecting groups are used to prevent reaction at those sites.
• One embodiment of the present invention includes processes for synthesizing compounds of Structure A: where individual groups R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H and C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, mono, di or polyalkenyl, mono, di or polyalkynyl, groups; R 4 is selected from a monosaccharide, sulfate and phosphate; and n is from 0 to about 20. Since each glucosamine unit is added to the chain separately, as described herein below, the individual R 1 , R 2 or R 3 group on each glucosamine unit may be different.
• the synthesis of compounds disclosed herein, including those of Structure A are synthesized in sufficiently high yields and with adequate efficiency that allows the processes to be carried out on a commercial scale.
• an oligo N-acylglucosamine precursor is synthesized, to which a fatty acid is added forming the R 3 group in Structure A.
• This synthesis is made possible by preparing a fully acylated oligo N-acylglucosamine of Structure B, then adding in ⁇ 1,4-linkage an N-phthaloyl protected glucosamine monomer through glycosylation with thioglycoside Compound C.
• the ester and N-phthaloyl groups are removed from the glycosylated product, followed by the addition of a fatty acid to the amino group of the terminal unit to obtain compound A.
• the oligo N-acylglucosamine of Structure B to which the terminal phthaloyl-protected glucosamine monomer is added may consist of from 2 to about 21 glucosamine units that are joined by ⁇ 1,4-linkage.
• individual groups R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups;
• R 4 is selected from a monosaccharide, a sulfate group and a phosphate group, each of which is in a suitably protected form; and n is from 0 to about 19. Since each glucosamine unit is added to the chain separately, as described herein below, the individual R 1 or R 2 group on each glucosamine unit may be different.
• N-phthaloyl protected glucosamine monomer that is to be joined to the oligo N-acylglucosamine is shown as Structure C. where the R 1 groups are independently selected from H, C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups.
• the oligoglucosamine that is needed for the synthesis of Structure B is prepared using the process for forming glycosidic linkages between hexoses that is described in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/154457 (attorney docket no. CL2695), which is herein incorporated by reference.
• the oligoglucosamine is synthesized as follows.
• a thioglycoside monomer, represented by Structure (I), is very efficiently coupled to a position 4 glycosyl acceptor represented by Structure (II) by using activating agents generated from N-haloimides and an approximately equimolar amount of a strong protic acid.
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from H and C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups;
• the position 4 glycosyl acceptor is represented by Structure (II): where R 1 is selected from an acyl group and protected glycosyl units;
• Monomers (I) and (II) can be made from D-glucosamine hydrochloride, which is commercially available.
• D-glucosamine hydrochloride is derivatized with a phthaloyl group using phthalic anhydride to protect the amine (product 2 in Example 1).
• the hydroxyl groups are then protected by acetylation (product 3 in Example 2), and the product is purified by crystallization.
• a benzenethiol group is added to the 1 position (product 4 in Example 2) and the product is purified by washing with protic solvents.
• the resulting product is deacetylated (product 5 in Example 2), benzoyl protecting groups are added at the 3 and 6 hydroxyl positions (product 6 in Example 2) and the product is purified by crystallization.
• tBDMS t-butyldimethylsilyl
• the amine can be protected with monofunctional acyl, bifunctional acyl, trichloroacetyl or tetrachlorophthaloyl groups and the hydroxyl groups can be protected with C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups as a part of an ester group.
• the silyl group can be any tri-substituted silicon, substituted with, for example, C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups.
• the resulting monomer (II) provides the initial unit onto which molecules prepared as for monomer (I) are added for the synthesis of a low molecular weight glucosamine.
• the compound shown in Reaction 1 below represents one example of a monomer (II) type compound, which is a suitably protected glycosyl acceptor containing a hydroxyl group at the 4-position.
• the amine may be protected with monofunctional acyl, bifunctional acyl, trichloroacetyl or tetrachlorophthaloyl groups and the hydroxyl groups may be protected with with C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups as a part of an ester group.
• glycosyl units can be added to the desired length.
• Coupling of monomers (I) and (II), as well as coupling of an oligoglucosamine chain+monomer (I), is carried out using thioglycoside activating agents under saturating substrate concentration in the reaction.
• the thioglycoside activating agents are generated from N-haloimides and strong protic acids.
• N-halosuccinimides such as N-iodosuccinimide and N-bromosuccinimide can be used as activating agents in combination with strong protic acids such as triflic acid (trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) and other perfluroalkylsulfonic acids.
• triflic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
• methyltriflate methyltrifluoromethanesulfonate
• the combination of triflic acid/methyltriflate provides optimal efficiency for reaction and purification conditions.
• N-halosuccinimide at 1 to 1.8 molar equivalent to monomer (I) and approximately a molar equivalent (to monomer (II)) amount of any perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, of which triflic acid is an example, together with a molar equivalent (to monomer (II)) of methyltriflate provides efficient glycosylation.
• Use of triflic acid in amounts of about 0.25 to about 1.0 molar equivalent amount can be employed for effective glycosylation.
• the coupling efficiency is directly related to the ease of purification of the desired product from starting material.
• Such high concentrations of triflic acid do not cleave the sugar molecule, especially when the reaction is carried out at low temperatures.
• the coupling reaction can be driven to quantitation, forming the glycosidic linkage, as shown in Reaction 1.
• the coupling of monomer (I) to the glycosyl acceptor (in this case monomer (II)) is step A.
• the activating agents are added to the glycosides and the coupling reaction is carried out at a low temperature. Temperatures from about 0° C. to about ⁇ 78° C. are suitable for the reaction. It is preferred that the temperature for the reaction be between about ⁇ 20° C. and about ⁇ 70° C. More preferred is that the temperature be between about ⁇ 50° C. and about ⁇ 60° C.
• the reaction time is from about 15 minutes to about 8 hours.
• the reaction is desirably allowed to run for a time sufficient for all potential glycosidic linkages to be formed. Preferred is a reaction time between about 4 and about 6 hours.
• a general description of a process for coupling of monomer (I), a suitably protected thioglycoside donor, and monomer (II), a position 4 glycosyl acceptor, is as follows.
• Monomer (II) (about 1.0 eq.) and monomer (I) (at least 1 and up to about 3 eq., with about 1-2 eq. being preferred) are dissolved in a minimum of an aprotic solvent, such as methylenechloride, diethylether, acetonitrile, and benzotrifluoride.
• the most preferred solvent is methylenechloride.
• the solution is cooled to about ⁇ 55° C. to ⁇ 60° C. under nitrogen atmosphere with agitation.
• Agitation may be by any method which thoroughly mixes the components of the solution, such as shaking or stirring. Typically, vigorous stirring is used. Powdered N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) is added to the cold solution. After about 15 min, a solution of a perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, such as triflic acid (about 1.0 eq.) and methyltrifluromethanesulfonate (about 1.0 eq.), dissolved in minimum of aprotic solvent, e.g., methylenechloride, is added in drops, while maintaining the reaction temperature under about ⁇ 60° C.
• NPS Powdered N-iodosuccinimide
• reaction mixture is maintained at the same temperature with stirring, for about 6 hours and then poured directly over a 1:1 mixture of saturated sodium thiosulfate and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution.
• Additional solvent such as methylenechloride is employed to dilute the reaction mixture and provide washing of the reaction flask.
• the solution is thoroughly mixed and the organic layer separated.
• the organic layer is then washed sequentially with 1% to 6% bleach solution, preferably 0.6% to 3% bleach solution, then water, and finally with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution.
• the product is recovered by concentration of the solution at reduced pressure.
• the impurities are removed by dissolving the material in diethylether or ethylacetate, followed by precipitation with n-hexane.
• the efficiency of the described coupling reaction reduces the level of undesired by-products and starting materials in the reaction mixture following coupling, thereby facilitating the removal of the existing minor impurities through selective solvent extraction methods.
• Selective washing with organic solvents provides a simplified purification method that is useful for large-scale production.
• Solvents useful for the washing during purification include diethylether and hexane-ethylacetate mixture. Any combination of solvents in which the product is insoluble, but the impurities and the by-products are soluble, may be used. This selective extraction of impurities derived from excess monomer (I), using solvents in which the desired product is insoluble, is a highly preferred method for isolation of the product.
• the silicon blocking group Prior to extension of the disaccharide product, the silicon blocking group is removed from the polyglucosamine linkage position as shown in Reaction 2 below, step B.
• the silicon group can be removed, for example, by dissolving in minimum anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF), then reacting with acetic acid (2-3 eq.) and n-tetrabutylammonium fluoride solution in THF (1 M, 2-3 eq.). The reaction progress may be monitored either by TLC or NMR of the reaction mixture. Additional methods for removing silicon protecting groups are well known to one skilled in the art.
• reaction mixture Upon completion, the reaction mixture is concentrated to dryness, the residue dissolved in solvent such as methylenechloride and washed with water, 1M aqueous HCl solution, 0.6%-3% bleach solution (to remove the dark brown color), and aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The remaining organic layer is dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated to dryness. Purification of the product is typically accomplished by precipitation with, for example, diethylether or an n-hexane-ethyl acetate mixture, which ensures the removal of residual monomer from the previous step as well as the silicon impurity. Any combination of solvents in which the product is insoluble, but the impurities and the by-products are soluble may be used for precipitation.
• Additional monomer (I), a suitably protected thioglycoside donor, is then added through a glycosyl bond to the unblocked disaccharide using activating agents as described above.
• the disaccharide is used in place of monomer (II), as shown in Reaction 2, according to the general coupling procedure described above. Shown is an example reaction of a glucosamine dimer with removal of the silicon blocking group in step B and addition of a glucosamine-monomer (I) forming a trimer low molecular weight polyglucosamine.
• the coupling of monomer (I) to the glycosyl acceptor in the example reaction, the glucosamine dimer is step A.
• the steps are repeated until a polyglucosamine chain is made that is of unit length appropriate to form the precursor oligoglucosamine used in synthesis of a lipochitooligosaccharide.
• the polyglucosamine chain length may be between 2 and about 21 units. Chain lengths of between about three and about seven units are particularly suitable for use in the present process.
• the benzoyl and phthalimido protecting groups on the precursor oligoglucosamine are then converted to their acetates.
• the protecting groups are removed by methods well known by one skilled in the art. For a polymer containing 2-5 residues, this is carried out in a two step procedure.
• de-O-benzoylation can be accomplished by Zemplens' method, which is well known to those skilled in the art, using sodium methoxide in methanol.
• the phthaloyl group can be removed by using an ethylenediamine-derivatized Merrifield resin (P. Stangier, O. Hindsgaul, Synlett. 1996, 2: 179-181), as well known to one skilled in the art.
• removal of the benzoyl and the phthalimido groups can be accomplished in a single step by treating the protected product at refluxing temperature with hydrazine or hydrazine in n-butanol, followed by selective extraction of the product polyhexosamine with water.
• the single step method is preferred for polymers of length greater than 4, due to their incomplete de-benzoylation under Zemplens' condition and their lack of solubility in methanol and n-butanol.
• the silyl protecting group remains on the terminal 4-hydroxyl group at the chain extension end.
• hydroxyl and the amino groups of the resulting compound are then acylated using procedures well known to those skilled in the art.
• simple acyl groups such as an acetyl group
• acylation can be carried out by addition of pyridine and acetic anhydride, with addition of a small amount of 4-N,N-dimethylamino pyridine, as is well known to one skilled in the art.
• Anhydrides of simple acyl groups, such as acetyl or propionyl groups are commercially available and are readily used.
• the corresponding acid chlorides are used.
• acyl groups at the amino groups stay permanently, as seen in the lipochitoligosaccharide molecule, whereas the acyl groups at the hydroxyl function are removed. Also there may be differential introduction of acyl groups at the amino and hydroxyl functions if desired, by acylating the highly reactive amino groups first, followed by acylation of the hydroxyl groups by methods well known to one skilled in the art.
• the silicon blocking group is then removed from the resulting compound as described previously in the polyglucosamine chain extension reaction.
• the resulting N- and O-acyl oligoglucosamine compound is shown as Structure B above.
• the compound of Structure B is then reacted with the compound of Structure C (which has a protecting phthaloyl group; structure shown above).
• the compound of Structure C is an intermediate in the synthesis of Monomer (I), and its preparation is as for Product 4 in Example 2, which is the same compound as shown in Structure C.
• the reaction of a compound of Structure B and a compound of Structure C is carried out as described above for coupling of Monomers (I) and (II), as well as coupling of an oligoglucosamine chain+Monomer (1).
• the resulting coupled Structures B+C product is isolated as described above for the coupled Monomers (I)+(II) product.
• the protecting N-phthalimido group and the ester groups of the coupled Structures B+C product are removed in a two-step reaction, using conditions well known by one skilled in the art.
• the ester groups are first removed by transesterification with metal alkoxides in alcohol, specifically by treating the ester with sodium methoxide in methanol.
• the N-phthaloyl group is then removed by reacting with amines or diamines under refluxing conditions, specifically by treating the de-esterified product with hydrazine in alcoholic solvents such as methanol and ethanol, or by treating the de-esterified product with ethylenediamine derivatized Merrifield resin.
• the de-esterified product with phthalimido group removed is isolated by extracting with water, and removing the impurities by washing the aqueous layer with solvents capable of extracting the impurities, such as methylene chloride.
• the resulting compound has a free amino group on the terminal sugar unit, while all other nitrogens are acylated.
• Another process for making a compound having a free amino group on the terminal sugar unit, while all other nitrogens are acylated may be carried out starting with a compound of structure D: wherein R 1 is selected from H and C 1 to C 20 alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups.
• the compound represented by structure D can be synthesized according to the process described in the Examples herein for synthesizing Product 13.
• the ester groups are removed under transesterification conditions using metal alkoxides in alcohols under refluxing conditions.
• the internal N-phthalimido groups are removed by reacting with ethylenediamine resins.
• Acylation of internal amino groups are carried out by methods well known to one skilled in the art, followed by removing the silyl group and the ester and the N-phthalimido group on the terminal sugar unit by reacting with tetra-N-alkyl ammonium fluoride, followed by reacting with amines or diamines under refluxing conditions to produce a de-silylated and de-N-phthalimidated product containing a free amino group on the terminal sugar unit.
• the acid halide is a chloride reagent, but bromides and iodides may also be used.
• reaction of the free amino group on the terminal sugar of the coupled Structures B+C product, with the protecting N-phthalimido group and the ester groups removed, and R 1 COX may be performed by methods well known by one skilled in the art (some of which are described in WO2005063784A1).
• reactants may be dissolved in a DMF-water mixture, or water and methanol or ethanol mixture.
• base catalysts such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, bicarbonate, triethylamine, or hydroxides of alkali or alkaline earth metals are used.
• the glucosamine monomer units are added to each other one at a time, giving the opportunity to select each glucosamine unit in an oligomer and allowing the incorporation of a desired acyl group, including that of a fatty acid, to a glucosamine unit of choice.
• a fatty acid may be incorporated with a glucosamine unit at an internal position, in addition to adding a fatty acid to the terminal glucosamine unit.
• Lipochitooligosaccharides include natural nod factors that are signaling factors involved in nodulation of legume roots by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Through increasing nodulation, thereby increasing the nitrogen supply to the plant, lipochitooligosaccharide nod factors enhance plant growth and yield. Lipochitooligosaccharides may be used to treat the roots, leaves, or seeds of plants. The compounds may be applied in the soil, to plant foliage, or as a seed coating. Both legume and non-legume plants may benefit from these treatments.
• D-Glucosamine hydrochloride (compound 1, 1.0 Kg) was suspended in methanol (5.0 L) and vigorously stirred. NaOH (184.8 g) was dissolved in minimum deionized water and added to the D-Glucosamine/Methanol suspension. The suspension was stirred for 15 min and the insoluble material (sodium chloride) was filtered off by vacuum filtration. The theoretical amount of NaCl formed should be about 270 g.
• phthalic anhydride (342 g) was added and the solution was stirred until most of the solid dissolved (about 30 min). This was then followed by the addition of triethylamine (468 g) and stirred for 10 to 15 min. To the resulting clear solution, another portion of phthalic anhydride (342 g) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. Product usually began to precipitate out after two hours.
• the product 2 from above (1.01 Kg, made from two batches) was placed in a 10 liter 3 neck round bottom flask set up with an overhead electric stirrer, an N 2 inlet and an addition funnel.
• Acetic anhydride (3 L) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (1.0 g) were added to the flask and stirred vigorously.
• Pyridine (2.8 L) was added slowly and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 days at room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was quenched with ice-water (4 L) and the product was extracted with methylenechloride.
• the organic layer was repeatedly washed with aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, and then with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution.
• Product 3 (464 g) was dissolved in toluene and the solvent was evaporated. This was repeated and the remaining solid was placed on a high vacuum line overnight.
• reaction mixture was milky white, but began to clear when all benzoyl chloride was added.
• the reaction was allowed to stir for 18 h at room temperature.
• the reaction was diluted with methylenechloride and was washed with water (2 ⁇ ), 1 M aqueous HCl (2 ⁇ ), then saturated NaHCO 3 and dried with MgSO 4 .
• Product 8 (crude; 105.3), after being evaporated with toluene-DMF, was suspended in CH 2 Cl 2 (500 ml). Pyridine (61.8 g; 782 mmol; 2.5 eq.) was added first, followed by the drop-wise addition of benzoyl chloride (88 g; 626 mmol; 2.0 eq.) to the mixture. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 24 h. It was then diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 and washed sequentially with H 2 O, 1 M HCl (2 ⁇ ), then aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated.
• the weight of the purified product was 116.1 g.
• the product was about 90% pure as determined by NMR.
• a portion (21.1 g) of this product was crystallized from diethylether-hexane to obtain pure crystalline material (13.8 g) of monomer (II).
• N-lodosuccinimide N-lodosuccinimide (NIS; 44.3 g; 196.7 mmol; 2.2 eq.) was added as a dry powder, followed by the drop-wise addition of a solution of triflic acid (TfOH; 13.7 g, 91.1 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and methyltriflate (14.9 g, 54.8 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in methylenechloride. The reaction mixture was left at ⁇ 55° C. for an additional 4 hr. An additional 100 ml of the triflic acid/methyltriflate solution was added to the reaction mixture dropwise to reduce of the viscosity.
• TfOH triflic acid
• methyltriflate 14.9 g, 54.8 mmol, 1.0 eq.
• the reaction mixture was filtered cold over a celite pad into a filter flask containing 1:1 saturated sodium thiosulfate-sodium bicarbonate solution that was stirred thoroughly during the filtration.
• the flask and the residue on the filter were rinsed with methylenechloride and the combined filtrate was worked up as follows.
• the filtrate was poured into a separatory funnel.
• the contents were thoroughly mixed, the aqueous solution separated, and the organic layer washed one more time with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, followed by water, and aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution.
• the solution was then dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. Weight of the crude product was 111.1 g.
• Fraction B product had about 5% silicon impurity (peak around 0 ppm) along with the major desired disaccharide.
• Fraction A was contaminated about 10% with tBDMS impurities and a tetrabutylammonium derivative. Therefore, Fraction A was resuspended in 600 ml of ether, mixed for about 10 minutes, filtered and the process was repeated once more (weight of the solid recovered was 77.3 g). This solid was purified once more by dissolving the product in ethyl acetate and precipitating the product with the aid of hexane (weight of the product recovered was 71.7 g).
• the crude product was suspended in diethylether (600 ml), the solid thoroughly mixed and the supernatant filtered. This process was repeated three times and the residue finally dissolved in methylenechloride, then concentrated to dryness giving 93.5 g of product 11. To the filtrate, about 40% volume of hexane was added and the precipitated material filtered, redissolved in methylenechloride and concentrated to dryness under vacuum to obtain an additional amount of compound 11 (26.0 g).
• Product 11 was dissolved in minimum THF (500 ml). To this solution, 1 M solution of acetic acid (150 ml) and a 1 M solution of n-tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF (150 ml) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, the residue redissolved in methylenechloride, washed sequentially with deionized water, 1M HCl, 1% aqueous bleach solution (to remove the dark brown color), and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, then concentrated to dryness.
• the solid was dissolved in minimum ethyl acetate. Hexane was added in drops (the final solvent ratio EtOAc-Hexane was 17:14). This resulted in a gluey material. The liquid was filtered and the gluey material redissolved in EtOAc (200 ml) and precipitated with hexane (100 ml) as described above. Finally, diethylether was added to solidify the gluey material and the solid was filtered. The solid was redissolved in methylenechloride and concentrated to dryness giving 81.4 g of product 12.
• the crude product was suspended in diethylether (600 ml), the solid thoroughly mixed and the supernatant filtered. This process was repeated three times, and the residue finally dissolved in methylenechloride and concentrated to dryness (13 A, 54.2 g).
• Product 13 is dissolved in hydrazine and heated to 105° C. After 20 h, the reaction mixture is concentrated to dryness. The residue is then extensively washed with methylenechloride to remove the by-products and 10 to give product 14.
• Product 14 is dissolved in minimum amount of anhydrous pyridine containing equal volume of acetic anhydride. A small amount of 4-N,N-dimethylamino pyridine is added and the reaction is stirred at room temperature for 24 h. It is then poured over ice-water and is extracted with methylenechloride. The methylenechloride layer is washed with ice-cold 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. It is then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain product 15.
• Tetrasaccharide 15 is dissolved in minimum THF followed by the addition of 1 M solution of acetic acid in THF and 1 M solution of tetrabutylammoniumfluoride in THF and stirred at room temperature. Reaction progress is checked after 18 h by NMR for completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness, redissolved in methylenechloride, washed sequentially with saturated sodium thiosulfate solution, 1M HCl, and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, then concentrated to dryness.
• the solid is dissolved in ethyl acetate (400 ml). Hexane (400 ml) is added in drops with stirring of the precipitated material. The precipitate is filtered and the process is repeated once more, followed by a final washing of the solid with 1:1 EtOAc-Hexane and then is dried to get product 16.
• reaction mixture is poured over saturated sodium bicarbonate and saturated sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution (1:1, 500 ml) contained in an Erlenmeyer flask and is thoroughly stirred. Additional methylenechloride is added and the contents are thoroughly mixed for 10 min, the aqueous solution is separated, and the organic layer is washed sequentially with 1% aqueous bleach solution, 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, and aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The solution is then dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The residual solid is dissolved in minimum EtOAc, and is followed by dropwise addition of hexane.
• Product 18 is dissolved in minimum water containing the 2E,9Z-hexadecadienoic acid for amidation of the amine group of the terminal glucosamine unit.
• Ethyl-(N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (1 equivalent) and N-hydroxybenztriazole (1 equivalent) are added and stirred at room temperature overnight.
• the reaction mixture is passed through a column of acidic resin and the filtrate is concentrated to dryness to get product 19.
• Product 20 (11.2 g) was refluxed in methanol (1 L) containing ethylenediamine Merrifield resin (152 g) for 5 days. The warm reaction mixture was then filtered and washed with methanol. Unreacted starting material remained as solid, whereas the methanolic filtrate contained product. This was concentrated to dryness and the solid was suspended in methanol (175 ml) containing acetic anhydride (6 ml) and triethylamine (6 ml), and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. A white precipitate formed in the flask, which was filtered. The filtrate was treated with H+resin (10 g), filtered, and concentrated to dryness to get product 21 (6.7 g). This was identified as product 21 by proton NMR.
• Product 21 was suspended in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml), and 1M solutions of acetic acid and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (5 ml each) were added. After 24 h of stirring at room temperature the mixture remained cloudy. N,N-dimethylformamide (10 ml) was added to assist in dissolving the product, and the reaction was stirred at 65° C. for 3 days and then concentrated to dryness. The resulting product was then suspended in methanol (100 ml) and ethylenediamine Merrifield resin (25 g) was added. The reaction was heated to 75° C. and stirred for 44 h. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate which contained product 22 was concentrated to dryness (2.2 g). This was identified as product 22 by proton NMR.

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• 2007
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