US20060151740A1 - Chiller refrigerants - Google Patents

Chiller refrigerants Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060151740A1
US20060151740A1 US10/536,987 US53698705A US2006151740A1 US 20060151740 A1 US20060151740 A1 US 20060151740A1 US 53698705 A US53698705 A US 53698705A US 2006151740 A1 US2006151740 A1 US 2006151740A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
weight
composition
component
composition according
mixture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US10/536,987
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English (en)
Inventor
Neil Roberts
Owen Chambers
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EIDP Inc
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Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB0227891A external-priority patent/GB0227891D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0228306A external-priority patent/GB0228306D0/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY reassignment E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RHODIA ORGANIQUE FINE LIMITED
Assigned to RHODIA ORGANIQUE FINE LIMITED BRITISH BODY CORPORATE reassignment RHODIA ORGANIQUE FINE LIMITED BRITISH BODY CORPORATE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHAMBERS, OWEN ROSS, ROBERT, NEIL ANDRE
Publication of US20060151740A1 publication Critical patent/US20060151740A1/en
Priority to US11/831,308 priority Critical patent/US20080078978A1/en
Priority to US12/125,671 priority patent/US7641810B2/en
Priority to US12/171,749 priority patent/US7713434B2/en
Priority to US12/171,719 priority patent/US7771610B2/en
Priority to US12/823,607 priority patent/US8246851B2/en
Priority to US13/544,487 priority patent/US20120273712A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa

Definitions

  • This invention relates to refrigerant compositions, particularly compositions which can be used for chillers.
  • these are devices for producing chilled water or aqueous solutions at temperatures typically from 1 to 10° C.
  • Chillers require large amounts of cooling. Recently R22 (CHClF 2 ) has been used for this purpose. However, there is the need for an alternative refrigerant, since R22 is an ozone depleter that will be phased out over the next decade, in accordance with the Montreal protocol.
  • vapour pressure of the substitute should not differ by more than ⁇ 12% and preferably not more than ⁇ 6% at any given mean evaporating temperature between ⁇ 40° C. to +10° C.
  • similar capacity we mean a capacity that is no more than 20% lower than R22 and preferably not more than 10% lower than R22 at mean evaporating temperatures between ⁇ 35° C. to ⁇ 28° C.
  • similar efficiency we mean not more than 10% lower and preferably not more than 5% lower at mean evaporating temperatures between ⁇ 35′ to ⁇ 28° C.
  • a refrigerant composition which comprises:
  • the present invention also provides a process for producing refrigeration which comprises condensing a composition of the present invention and thereafter evaporating the composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
  • the invention also provides a refrigeration apparatus containing, as refrigerant, a composition of the present invention.
  • Component (a) is present in an amount from 60 to 70% by weight based on the weight of the composition. Preferably, the concentration is 62 to 67%, especially above 64% and up to 66%, by weight.
  • component (a) is R125 (pentafluorethane) or a mixture containing at least an half, especially at least three quarters (by mass) of R125. Most preferably component (a) is R125 (alone).
  • Component (b) is present in the composition in an amount from 26 to 36%, especially 28 to 32%, by weight based on the weight of the composition.
  • Component (b) is preferably a mixture containing at least an half, especially at least three quarters (by mass) of R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). Most preferably component (b) is R134a (alone).
  • the weight ratio of component (a): component (b) is desirably at least 1.5:1, preferably 1.5:1 to 3:1 and especially 1.8:1 to 2.2:1.
  • Component (c) is a saturated or ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon, optionally containing one or more oxygen atoms, in particular one oxygen atom, with a boiling point from ⁇ 12° C. to +10° C., especially ⁇ 12° C. to ⁇ 5° C. or a mixture thereof.
  • Preferred hydrocarbons which can be used possess three to five carbon atoms. They can be acyclic or cyclic.
  • Acyclic hydrocarbons which can be used include one or more of propane, n-butane, isobutane, and ethylmethyl ether.
  • Cyclic hydrocarbons which can be used include methyl cyclo propane.
  • Preferred hydrocarbons include n-butane and/or isobutane.
  • Component (c) can also be a mixture of such a hydrocarbon with one or more other hydrocarbons, said mixture having a bubble point from ⁇ 12° C. to +10° C., especially ⁇ 12° C. to ⁇ 5° C.
  • Other hydrocarbons which can be used in such mixtures include pentane and isopentane, propene, dimethyl ether, cyclobutane, cyclopropane and oxetan.
  • the composition will comprise the three essential components, a fourth component, at least, can also be present.
  • Typical further components include other fluorocarbons and, in particular, hydrofluorocarbons, such as those having a boiling point at atmospheric pressure of at most ⁇ 40° C., preferably at most ⁇ 49° C., especially those where the F/H ratio in the molecule is at least 1, preferably R23, trifluoromethane and, most preferably, R32, difluoromethane.
  • the maximum concentration of these other ingredients does not exceed 10% and especially not exceeding 5% and more especially not exceeding 2%, by weight, based on the sum of the weights of components (a), (b) and (c).
  • hydrofluorocarbons generally has a neutral effect on the desired properties of the formulation.
  • one or more butanes, especially n-butane or iso-butane represents at least 70%, preferably at least 80% and more preferably at least 90%, by weight of the total weight of hydrocarbons in the composition. It will be appreciated that it is preferable to avoid perhalocarbons so as to minimise any greenhouse effect and to avoid hydrohalogenocarbons with one or more halogens heavier than fluorine.
  • the total amount of such halocarbons should advantageously not exceed 2%, especially 1% and more preferably 0.5%, by weight.
  • the composition comprises, as component (a) 62 to 67% based on the weight of the composition of pentafluoroethane, as component (b) 3 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the composition of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and, as component (c), butane and/or isobutane or a said mixture of hydrocarbons comprising butane and/or isobutane.
  • component (c) is a mixture
  • the concentration of butane and/or isobutane in the mixture is preferably at least 50% by weight especially at least 70% by weight, more preferably at least 80% by weight and even more preferably at least 90% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
  • the other component of the mixture is preferably pentane.
  • compositions of the present invention are highly compatible with the mineral oil lubricants which have been conventionally used with CFC refrigerants. Accordingly the compositions of the present invention can be used not only with fully synthetic lubricants such as polyol esters (POE), polyalkyleneglycols (PAG) and polyoxypropylene glycols or with fluorinated oil as disclosed in EP-A-399817 but also with mineral oil and allkyl benzene lubricants including naphthenic oils, paraffin oils and silicone oils and mixtures of such oils and lubricants with fully synthetic lubricants and fluorinated oil.
  • POE polyol esters
  • PAG polyalkyleneglycols
  • fluorinated oil as disclosed in EP-A-399817 but also with mineral oil and allkyl benzene lubricants including naphthenic oils, paraffin oils and silicone oils and mixtures of such oils and lubricants with fully synthetic lubricants and fluorinated oil.
  • the usual additives can be used including “extreme pressure” and antiwear additives, oxidation and thermal stability improvers, corrosion inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, anti-foaming agents and viscosity adjusters.
  • suitable additives are included in Table D in U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,316.
  • Butane (3.5%) blend R125/134a/600 (65.0/31.5/3.5)
  • the samples, each approximately 600 g, used for the determination of the vapour pressures were prepared in aluminium disposable cans (Drukenbehalter—product 3469), which were then fully submerged in a thermostatically controlled water bath. For each determination the can was charged with about 600 g. A maximum of two samples could be processed at any one time. The bath temperature was measured using a calibrated platinum resistance thermometer (152777/1B) connected to a calibrated Isotech TTI1 indicator. Pressure readings were taken using the two calibrated Druck pressure transducers, DR1 and DR2.
  • the temperature of the bath was set to the lowest temperature required and it was then left until it had cooled. When the temperature and pressure had remained constant for at least a quarter of an hour they were then recorded. Further temperature and pressure readings were taken in increments of 5° C. to a maximum of 50° C., each time ensuring that they were steady for at least a quarter of an hour before recording them.
  • the data obtained does not give the dew point and as such does not give the glide.
  • An approximate evaluation of the glide can be obtained by using the REFPROP 6 program.
  • the relationship of the glide to the bubble point can be represented by a polynomial equation. This equation can now be used to give an approximate glide for the experimentally determined bubble points. This is effectively a normalisation of the calculated glide to the experimentally determined data.
  • the dew point pressures can then be approximated by subtracting the temperature glide from the temperature in the bubble point equation.
  • the performance of the refrigerants was determined on the low temperature (LT) calorimeter.
  • the LT calorimeter is fitted with a Bitzer semi-hermetic condensing unit containing Shell SD oil.
  • the hot vapour passes out of the compressor, through an oil separator and into the condenser.
  • the discharge pressure at the exit of the compressor is kept constant by the means of a packed gland shut-off valve. This inevitably has an effect on the condensing pressure/temperature—the system is actually condensing at a temperature below 40° C.
  • the refrigerant then travels along the liquid line to the evaporator.
  • the evaporator is constructed from 15 mm Cu tubing coiled around the edges of a well-insulated 32-litre SS bath.
  • the bath is filled with 50:50 glycol:water solution and heat is supplied to it by 3 ⁇ 1 kW heaters controlled by a PID controller.
  • a stirrer with a large paddle ensures that the heat is evenly distributed.
  • the evaporating pressure is controlled by an automatic expansion valve.
  • the refrigerant vapour returns to the compressor through a suction line heat exchanger.
  • the mean evaporator temperature for these refrigerants was calculated by taking the temperature equivalent to the evaporator pressure from the bubble point table and adding to that half the glide at that temperature.
  • the evaporating and condensing pressures are initially set to an approximate value along with the temperature of the bath.
  • the calorimeter is then allowed time for the conditions to stabilise. During this period coarse adjustments can be carried out and it must also be monitored in order to make sure that sufficient heat is being put into the bath to avoid any liquid getting back to the compressor.
  • coarse adjustments can be carried out and it must also be monitored in order to make sure that sufficient heat is being put into the bath to avoid any liquid getting back to the compressor.
  • the system is virtually steady fine adjustments of pressure and temperature are made until the calorimeter has stabilised at the required evaporating pressure with a condensing pressure equivalent to 40° C. and an evaporator superheat of 8° C. (Note—the superheat is measured from the third evaporator outlet)
  • the run is then commenced and run for a period of one hour, during which time no adjustments are made to the system, except for possibly minor changes to the condensing pressure to compensate for fluctuations in the ambient temperature.
  • R22 The calorimeter was charged with R22 (3.5 kg into the liquid receiver). Ten data points were obtained between the evaporating temperatures of ⁇ 38° C. and ⁇ 22° C.
  • Butane (3.5%) blend Approximately 3.55 kg were charged into the liquid receiver and five data points were obtained between the mean evaporating temperatures of ⁇ 38° C. and ⁇ 22° C.
  • Isobutane (3.5%) blend Approximately 3.48 kg of the blend were charged into the liquid receiver of the LT-calorimeter. Five data points between the mean evaporating temperatures of ⁇ 38° C. and ⁇ 22° C. were obtained
  • Graph 1 shows the saturated vapour pressures for the blends investigated along with that for R22.
  • the graph shows that the vapour pressures of the blends are only slightly higher than that for R22.
  • Graph 2 shows a comparison of the capacities with respect to R22 at a mean evaporating temperature of ⁇ 30° C.—a typical temperature at which these blends would be expected to operate. At this temperature the butane blend is only 4% down on capacity against R22, whereas the capacity of isobutane blend is slightly inferior, being 5.5% down on R22.
  • the capacity of the hydrocarbon blends relative to R22 is shown in Graph 5.
  • the lines for the two blends are parallel to one another and the capacities are similar with that of the isobutane blend being slightly inferior.
  • Graph 6 shows the COP of the RX blends relative to R22.
  • the COP of R22 and that of the two blends is shown to be similar.
  • the lines of the hydrocarbons blends cross over one another (and R22) at a mean evaporating temperature of ⁇ 32° C. showing the increase in the relative COP of R22 and the decrease in the relative COP of the isobutane blend. As before though the differences are only minimal.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
US10/536,987 2002-11-29 2003-12-01 Chiller refrigerants Abandoned US20060151740A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/831,308 US20080078978A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2007-07-31 Chiller Refrigerants
US12/125,671 US7641810B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-05-22 Refrigerant compositions
US12/171,749 US7713434B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-07-11 Refrigerant compositions
US12/171,719 US7771610B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-07-11 Refrigerant compositions
US12/823,607 US8246851B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2010-06-25 Chiller refrigerants
US13/544,487 US20120273712A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2012-07-09 Chiller refrigerants

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0227891A GB0227891D0 (en) 2002-11-29 2002-11-29 Chiller refrigerants
GB0227891.9 2002-11-29
GB0228306A GB0228306D0 (en) 2002-12-04 2002-12-04 Chiller refrigerants
GB0228306.7 2002-12-04
PCT/GB2003/005227 WO2004050787A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2003-12-01 Chiller refrigerants

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/831,308 Division US20080078978A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2007-07-31 Chiller Refrigerants

Publications (1)

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US20060151740A1 true US20060151740A1 (en) 2006-07-13

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Family Applications (7)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/536,987 Abandoned US20060151740A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2003-12-01 Chiller refrigerants
US11/831,308 Abandoned US20080078978A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2007-07-31 Chiller Refrigerants
US12/125,671 Expired - Fee Related US7641810B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-05-22 Refrigerant compositions
US12/171,719 Expired - Lifetime US7771610B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-07-11 Refrigerant compositions
US12/171,749 Expired - Fee Related US7713434B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-07-11 Refrigerant compositions
US12/823,607 Expired - Fee Related US8246851B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2010-06-25 Chiller refrigerants
US13/544,487 Abandoned US20120273712A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2012-07-09 Chiller refrigerants

Family Applications After (6)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/831,308 Abandoned US20080078978A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2007-07-31 Chiller Refrigerants
US12/125,671 Expired - Fee Related US7641810B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-05-22 Refrigerant compositions
US12/171,719 Expired - Lifetime US7771610B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-07-11 Refrigerant compositions
US12/171,749 Expired - Fee Related US7713434B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2008-07-11 Refrigerant compositions
US12/823,607 Expired - Fee Related US8246851B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2010-06-25 Chiller refrigerants
US13/544,487 Abandoned US20120273712A1 (en) 2002-11-29 2012-07-09 Chiller refrigerants

Country Status (17)

Country Link
US (7) US20060151740A1 (pl)
EP (2) EP1572829B1 (pl)
JP (1) JP4838513B2 (pl)
KR (1) KR101126495B1 (pl)
CN (1) CN101838519A (pl)
AT (1) ATE532841T1 (pl)
AU (2) AU2003285568B2 (pl)
BR (1) BR0316696B1 (pl)
CA (1) CA2507639C (pl)
ES (1) ES2374288T3 (pl)
HK (1) HK1087429A1 (pl)
MX (1) MXPA05005692A (pl)
NO (1) NO20053163L (pl)
PL (1) PL208354B1 (pl)
PT (1) PT1572829E (pl)
RU (1) RU2334776C2 (pl)
WO (1) WO2004050787A1 (pl)

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