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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/06—Peri-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
  • C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/14—Radicals substituted by singly bound hetero atoms other than halogen
  • C07D333/16—Radicals substituted by singly bound hetero atoms other than halogen by oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
  • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/30—Hetero atoms other than halogen
  • C07D333/32—Oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
  • C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
  • C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/22—Electrodes
  • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
  • H01G11/48—Conductive polymers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
  • H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
  • H05K3/40—Forming printed elements for providing electric connections to or between printed circuits
  • H05K3/42—Plated through-holes or plated via connections
  • H05K3/423—Plated through-holes or plated via connections characterised by electroplating method
  • H05K3/424—Plated through-holes or plated via connections characterised by electroplating method by direct electroplating
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for the purification of thiophenes which are liquid at room temperature, the thiophenes purified by this process and their use.
• Thiophenes are used, for example, for the preparation of conductive polymers.
• Poly(3,4-alkylenedioxythiophenes) such as are described, for example, in EP-A 339 340, are of particular interest in this context. These compounds are distinguished by particular properties, such as high conductivity, high transparency and outstanding long-term stability. They have therefore found increasing use in industry as organic conductive polymers. Thus e.g. through-plating of printed circuit boards, antistatic treatment of photographic films and use as an electrode or solid electrolyte in solid electrolyte capacitors are described as important fields of use.
• the properties of the resulting polymers may also be adversely influenced in that the impurities, for example, adversely change the intrinsic colour of the resulting polymer and as a result the transparency, which is essential for the use of the polymers e.g. as transparent conductive or antistatic coatings, is impaired.
• Impurities which are also capable of polymerization can be co-incorporated into the polymer and thereby significantly lower the conductivity thereof. Further adverse effects of impurities can be that the order of the conductive layers may be lowered by impurities, whereby poorer conductivities result, that impurities become concentrated on the surface of the polymer after the polymerization and undesirable transition resistances thereby result, so that the function of the conductive layer is restricted, or that the long-term stability of the conductive polymers is adversely influenced in that the impurities, for example, initiate reaction of the conductive polymer with oxygen and thus significantly impair the properties of the polymer.
• Thiophenes which are liquid at room temperature and are suitable for the preparation of electrically conductive polymers are of particular importance because of their easy processability in the liquid form.
• the expert has available the purification methods which can be used on liquid substances, preferably distillation, which is also carried out on a large industrial scale, extraction and chromatography.
• Distillative purification of thiophenes as monomers for use for the preparation of electrically conductive polymers is known, for example, from EP-A 1 142 888.
• the doctrine of EP-A 1 142 888 is that the number and amount of by-products can be reduced by optimized reaction conditions and e.g. 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene is obtainable in a purity of up to 97.7%.
• the doctrine of EP-A 1 142 888 furthermore is that for further purification an additional extraction is necessary in order to remove water-soluble by-products and to achieve a purity of more than 99%.
• 3,4-Dimethoxythiophene predominantly occurs as a secondary component, i.e. impurity, in this synthesis of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene.
• 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophenes in particular of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, which are contaminated with 3,4-dimethoxythiophene represents a particular difficulty.
• 3,4-dimethoxythiophene produced during the synthesis of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene can be separated off only with a high expenditure because of the molecular weight differing by only two units and the very similar structure, which makes purification via distillation no longer economical beyond a certain degree of purity.
• 3,4-Dimethoxythiophene as an impurity has the disadvantage, however, that it is co-incorporated into the polymer during polymerization and can thus adversely influence properties of the polymer, such as, for example, the conductivity.
• WO-A 02/79295 describes the preparation of liquid and solid chiral alkylenedioxythiophenes and mentions in examples the purification by chromatography on silicon dioxide.
• the compounds prepared according to WO-A 02/79295 have purities of up to 99.7% after purification.
• chromatographic separation also has disadvantages. Thus, large amount of solvents are needed to carry it out, since the compounds to be separated must be in a very dilute form in order to achieve the desired separation effect.
• the chromatographic separation cannot be operated continuously with the aid of simple apparatuses, so that in each case only small amounts of the desired purified thiophene are obtained. A continuous separation of large amounts would therefore be associated with an extremely high expenditure on apparatus, so that such a purification of thiophenes can no longer be carried out economically.
• a particular form of crystallization can also be used for the crystallization of liquid thiophenes.
• This specific form of crystallization, melt crystallization is described, for example, in N. Wynn, Chem. Engineering (1986), 93(8), 26-27 and in J. Ulrich and H, C. Bülau, Editor(s): Myerson, Allan S. “Handbook of Industrial Crystallization (2nd Edition)” (2002), 161-179.
• Melt crystallization is substantially based on cooling a liquid substance until a melt is formed, from which only the substance to be purified crystallizes out. After crystallization, the mother liquid, which in the ideal case contains all the impurities, is separated off.
• the crystallized substance is heated gently so that impurities adhering to the product can be removed together with some of the substance which is then melting.
• this process is limited to substances or substance mixtures which contain relatively large amounts of impurities which can be separated off in liquid form. Small amounts of impurities can be removed only uneconomically via this process, since large amounts of the desired compound have to be separated off at the same time in order to wash out the small amount of impurity.
• melt crystallization is critical in respect of the temperature programme and therefore expensive on apparatus.
• the present invention was therefore based on the object of discovering a less expensive process for the purification of thiophenes with which highly pure 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophenes, preferably with a purity of more than 99.9%, can be prepared.
• thiophenes which are liquid at room temperature are to be understood as those thiophenes which have their melting point below +40° C., preferably below +30° C.
• room temperature can be a temperature of 10 to 40° C., preferably 15 to 30° C., particularly preferably 18 to 25° C.
• Thiophenes of the general formula (I) which are preferably purified with the process according to the invention are compounds of the general formula (II) wherein
• the general formula (II) is to be understood such that the substituent R can be bonded to the alkylene or arylene radical A x times.
• Preferred compounds of the general formula (II) are those of the general formula (IIa) wherein
• C 1 -C 5 -alkylene radicals A are methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, n-butylene or n-pentylene.
• C 1 -C 12 -arylene radicals can be, for example, phenylene, naphthylene, benzylidene or anthracenylidene.
• C 1 -C 18 - represents linear or branched C 1 -C 18 -alkyl radicals, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, n- or isopropyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl or n-octadecyl
• C 1 -C 20 -alkyl groups moreover include, for example, n-nonadecyl and n-eicosyl.
• C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl represents C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl radicals, such as, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or cyclodecyl
• C 5 -C 14 -aryl represents C 5 -C 14 -aryl radicals, such as, for example, phenyl or naphthyl
• C 7 -C 8 -aralkyl represents C 7 -C 18 -aralkyl radicals, such as, for example, benzyl, o-, m- or p-tolyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-xylyl or mesityl
• C 1 -C 20 -oxyalkyl represents C 1 -C 20 -oxyalkyl radicals, such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or iso-propoxy, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, 1-methylbutyloxy, 2-methylbutyloxy, 3-methylbutyloxy, 1-ethylpropyloxy, 1,1-dimethylpropyloxy, 1,2-dimethylpropyloxy, 2,2-dimethylpropyloxy, n-hexyloxy, n-heptyloxy, n-octyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, n-nonyloxy, n-decyloxy, n-undecyloxy, n-dodecyloxy, n-tridecyloxy, n-tetradecyloxy, n-hexade
• alkylene or arylene radicals A which are optionally possible are numerous organic groups, for example alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, halogen, ether, thioether, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate, amino, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid, carbonate, carboxylate, cyano, alkylsilane and alkoxysilane groups, as well as carboxylamide groups.
• organic groups for example alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, halogen, ether, thioether, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate, amino, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid, carbonate, carboxylate, cyano, alkylsilane and alkoxysilane groups, as well as carboxylamide groups.
• the thiophene to be purified has one or more stereocentres
• the thiophene can be a racemate, an enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure compound or an enantiomerically enriched or diastereomerically enriched compound.
• An enantiomerically enriched compound is to be understood as meaning a compound having an enantiomer excess (ee) of more than 50%.
• a diastereomerically enriched compound is to be understood as meaning a compound having a diastereomer excess (de) of more than 30%. According to the invention, however, the compound can also be any desired mixture of diastereomers.
• the thiophene to be purified preferably has a purity of greater than 70%, particularly preferably a purity of greater than 90%.
• the thiophenes of the general formulae (I), (II) or (IIa) to be purified can be prepared by processes known to the expert. Such a preparation process is described, for example, in EP-A 1 142 888.
• Solvents which are employed are those in which the thiophene to be purified dissolves and which have a sufficiently low melting point, preferably below ⁇ 40° C.
• suitable solvents which may be mentioned are isobutyl methyl ketone, chloroform, methylene chloride, toluene, methanol, propanol, ethanol, acetone, iso-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, dimethylformamide, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, hexane or pentane.
• Preferred solvents are polar solvents, and alcohols are particularly preferred in this context. Methanol or ethanol are very particularly preferred.
• the solvent can also be a mixture of two or more solvents.
• Mixtures of one or more alcohol(s) optionally with one or more further solvent(s) are preferred in this context.
• each individual solvent it is not absolutely necessary for each individual solvent to dissolve the thiophene and to have a correspondingly low melting point, merely the mixture must have these properties.
• a mixture of two alcohols is particularly preferred, and a mixture of methanol and ethanol is very particularly preferred.
• the solvent is mixed with the thiophene in a ratio of 0.01:1 to 10:1, preferably in a ratio of 0.3:1 to 3:1 and very particularly preferably in a ratio of 1:1.
• the new process is carried out e.g. by a procedure in which the thiophenes to be purified and at least one solvent are brought together in any desired sequence, the solvent or solvents, before being brought together with the thiophene, or the solution obtained during or after bringing them together, is or are cooled down to a temperature at which a mixture of a solid and a liquid forms, the mixture of a solid and a liquid is optionally subsequently stirred and the solid is then separated off.
• the solvent or solvents before being brought together with the thiophenes, or the solution obtained during or after bringing them together is or are cooled down to a temperature which is at least 10° C., preferably at least 20° C. below the melting temperature of the pure thiophene to be purified. Cooling particularly preferably takes place to 0° C. or lower, very particularly preferably to ⁇ 15° C. or lower.
• the new process can be carried out, for example, by dissolving the thiophenes in the solvent(s) and then cooling this solution down at least to the extent that the purified thiophene precipitates out or crystallizes out.
• the thiophene can be dissolved in the solvent(s) at a temperature above the melting point of the thiophene.
• a temperature of between 0° C. and +40° C. is preferred.
• a temperature of between +15° C. and +25° C. is particularly preferred.
• the solution obtained from the solvent and the thiophene is then cooled.
• the solution is cooled here until the thiophene separates out or crystallizes out of the solution in the form of a solid.
• the solution is cooled to a temperature of at least 20° C. below the melting temperature of the pure thiophene. Cooling to ⁇ 15° C. or to a temperature of lower than ⁇ 15° C. is particularly preferred.
• the solution is preferably cooled down at a rate such that the thiophene crystallizes out within a period of a few minutes to several hours. Cooling down to the desired temperature over a period of approx. one hour is preferred here.
• the cooling down can be effected by external cooling or by introduction of an inert cooling medium.
• the cooling down is preferably achieved by external cooling.
• the thiophene separates out of the solution as a solid, for example in the form of crystals.
• the solid obtained can contain the thiophene as the pure substance or can consist of a mixture of the solvent(s) and the thiophene.
• the new process can be carried out by a procedure in which the liquid thiophene is metered into the already cooled solvent. Solvent mixture or cooled thiophene solution.
• the solvent is cooled to a temperature of at least 20° C. below the melting temperature of the pure thiophene. Cooling to ⁇ 15° C. or a temperature of lower than ⁇ 15° C. is particularly preferred.
• the liquid thiophene is then metered into the cooled solvent—preferably over a period of a few minutes to several hours.
• the metering rate is to be chosen here such that the thiophene does not precipitate out or crystallize out too rapidly and impurities are thereby also included in the solid.
• a metering time of at least 1 hour is preferred. However, metering times of less than one hour may also be sufficient, depending on the amount of thiophene which must be metered in.
• the solid obtained can also contain the thiophene as the pure substance or consist of a mixture of the solvent(s) and the thiophene.
• the suspension obtained is then subsequently stirred for a period of 1 minute up to 5 hours.
• a subsequent stirring time of approx. three hours is particularly preferred here.
• the subsequent stirring is carried out at a temperature of at least 20° C. below the melting temperature of the pure thiophene.
• a temperature of ⁇ 15° C. or a temperature of lower than ⁇ 15° C. is preferred here.
• the product which has precipitated out or crystallized out is then separated off by known methods.
• This separating off is preferably carried out by a filtration.
• the filtration can be carried out under normal pressure or under pressure.
• the filtration is preferably carried out with the aid of a filter unit which can be temperature-controlled, and is preferably carried out such that the product to be filtered is present as a solid during the filtration.
• the filtration is preferably carried out at a temperature of between 0° C. and ⁇ 20° C. Preferably, the filtration is carried out at ⁇ 15° C. or a temperature of lower than ⁇ 15° C.
• the solid obtained can be washed with one or more solvent(s) in order to remove residues of impurities from the filter cake.
• Polar solvents are preferably used for this purpose.
• Alcohols optionally in a mixture with one another and/or with further solvents, are particularly preferably used.
• the solid is particularly preferably washed with ethanol or methanol or a mixture of these.
• the washing agent i.e. the solvent used for the washing
• the washing agent has a temperature below 0° C. during the washing.
• the washing agent is cooled down to ⁇ 15° C. or lower for the washing.
• the solid then obtained is warmed to a temperature above the melting point of the thiophene over a period of between 5 minutes and 5 hours. Preferably, the solid is allowed to melt over a period of 1 hour.
• the molten solid may still contain residues of the solvent added before the crystallization or residues of the washing agent. These residues can be removed by methods known to the expert, e.g. by simple distillation.
• the solvent is distilled over during the distillation.
• the distillation can be carried out under normal pressure or under reduced pressure. Preferably, it is carried out under reduced pressure at temperatures of between 30° C. and 150° C., preferably between 50° C. and 100° C.
• the thiophene obtained in this way which remains as the bottom product, preferably has a purity of at least 99.50%, preferably at least 99.9%, after the solvent has been distilled off completely.
• thiophenes which have been synthesized using 3,4-dimethoxythiophene or during the synthesis of which 3,4-dimethoxythiophene is produced as a by-product contain less than 0.05 wt. % of 3,4-dimethoxythiophene after purification with the process according to the invention.
• Such a low content of 3,4-dimethoxythiophene cannot be achieved or can be achieved only with a very high loss in the yield of the desired thiophene with conventional purification processes, such as e.g. simple distillation.
• Particular preferred is a 3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene with such purity.
• the thiophene remaining as the bottom product after the distillation can also be distilled over to separate off traces of colouring substances. As a rule, a thiophene which is colourless to the eye is obtained by this means.
• the distillation of the thiophene is also preferably carried out under reduced pressure.
• up to 70%, preferably up to 90%, particularly preferably up to 95% and very particularly preferably virtually 100% of the thiophene employed is obtained in the purified form, depending on the amount of solvent used in relation to the amount of thiophene employed and depending on the temperature during the precipitation and, where appropriate, during the washing. Any remaining portion of the thiophene employed remains dissolved in the mother liquor, i.e. e.g. in the filtrate separated off during the filtration, or, where appropriate, in the washing agent.
• the purification process can also be carried out by a procedure in which the mother liquor of a preceding precipitation or crystallization and/or the washing agent is or are employed again as solvent or together with the solvent in the process for the purification of further thiophene.
• the process according to the invention renders possible the purification of thiophenes in a simple procedure.
• the products are moreover obtained in good yields.
• the thiophenes purified by the process according to the invention are outstandingly suitable for the preparation of conductive polymers or for the preparation of organic semiconductors which are suitable e.g. in the production of capacitors, printed circuit boards, antistatic layers, transparent conductive layers, displays, electrochromic glazing and integrated semiconductor circuits. These uses are further subject matter of the invention.
• 1,800 g 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene having a purity of 98.4% and a content of 3,4-dimethoxythiophene of 0.3% and a slightly yellowish colour were stirred with 2,400 ml ethanol in a sulfonating beaker.
• the solution was cooled down to a temperature of ⁇ 15° C. by external cooling and stirred at ⁇ 15° C. for 3 h.
• the solid formed was separated off with the aid of a suction filter and washed with ethanol precooled to ⁇ 15° C.
• the filter cake was warmed to a temperature of +20° C.
• a distillation apparatus comprising a reservoir flask, a distillation bridge and a condensation flask
• the solvent was first distilled off under a pressure of 16 hPa at a temperature of 50° C. and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene was then distilled at a temperature of 90° C. under a pressure of 16 hPa.
• 1,374 g 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (76% of theory) were obtained in a purity of 100%.
• the colourless product no longer contained 3,4-dimethoxythiophene.
• 1,800 g 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene having a purity of 70% and a content of 3,4-dimethoxythiophene of 0.3% and a dark brown colour were stirred with 1,800 ml ethanol in a sulfonating beaker.
• the solution was cooled down to a temperature of ⁇ 23° C. by external cooling and stirred at ⁇ 23° C. for 3 h.
• the solid formed was separated off with the aid of a suction filter and washed with ethanol precooled to ⁇ 15° C.
• the filter cake separated off was warmed to a temperature of +20° C.
• a distillation apparatus comprising a reservoir flask, a distillation bridge and a condensation flask
• the solvent was first distilled off under a pressure of 12 hPa at a temperature of 50° C. and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene was then distilled at a temperature of 90° C. under a pressure of 12 hPa. 718 g 3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene (55% of theory) were obtained in a purity of 99.2%. The product no longer contained 3,4-dimethoxythiophene.

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