US20020121482A1 - Methods of synthesizing an oxidant and applications thereof - Google Patents

Methods of synthesizing an oxidant and applications thereof Download PDF

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US20020121482A1
US20020121482A1 US09/905,165 US90516501A US2002121482A1 US 20020121482 A1 US20020121482 A1 US 20020121482A1 US 90516501 A US90516501 A US 90516501A US 2002121482 A1 US2002121482 A1 US 2002121482A1
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Prior art keywords
ferrate
chamber
site
mixture
reaction chamber
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Lee Ciampi
Gregory Smith
Bernie Knoble
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Ab Initio LC
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Ab Initio LC
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Priority to US09/905,165 priority Critical patent/US20020121482A1/en
Application filed by Ab Initio LC filed Critical Ab Initio LC
Priority to US10/047,460 priority patent/US6790429B2/en
Assigned to AB INITIO LC reassignment AB INITIO LC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KNOBLE, BERNIE, SMITH, GREGORY F., CIAMPI, LEE EDWARD
Publication of US20020121482A1 publication Critical patent/US20020121482A1/en
Priority to US10/246,575 priority patent/US6974562B2/en
Priority to US10/997,333 priority patent/US7476324B2/en
Priority to US12/352,405 priority patent/US7820025B2/en
Priority to US12/911,652 priority patent/US20110036725A1/en
Priority to US13/419,363 priority patent/US20120175314A1/en
Priority to US13/615,391 priority patent/US20130175224A1/en
Priority to US14/052,590 priority patent/US20140042101A1/en
Priority to US14/866,426 priority patent/US20160031732A1/en
Priority to US15/617,970 priority patent/US20170334753A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G49/00—Compounds of iron
    • C01G49/0018—Mixed oxides or hydroxides
    • C01G49/0081—Mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron in unusual valence state [IV, V, VI]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G49/00—Compounds of iron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
    • C01P2002/84—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by UV- or VIS- data
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/04—Disinfection
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/20—Prevention of biofouling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates, generally, to the manufacture and the application of the ferrate ion. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and systems for treating, with the ferrate ion, solutions containing impurities.
  • the ferrate ion, FeO 4 2 ⁇ is a tetrahedral ion that is believed to be isostructural with chromate, CrO 4 2 ⁇ , and permanganate, MnO 4 ⁇ .
  • the ferrate ion has been suggested to exist in aqueous media as the tetrahedral species FeO 4 2 ⁇ .
  • Redox potentials for FeO 4 2 ⁇ ion have been estimated in both acidic and basic media (R. H. Wood, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 80, p. 2038-2041 (1957)):
  • Ferrate is a strong oxidant that can react with a variety of inorganic or organic reducing agents and substrates (R. L. Bartzatt, J. Carr, Trans. Met. Chem., Vol. 11 (11), pp. 414-416 (1986); T. J. Audette, J. Quail, and P. Smith, J. Tetr. Lett., Vol. 2, pp. 279-282 (1971); D. Darling, V. Kumari, and J. BeMiller, J. Tetr. Lett., Vol. 40, p. 4143 (1972); and R. K. Murmann and H. J. Goff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 93, p.
  • ferrate will react with water to form ferric ion and molecular oxygen according to the following equation (J. Gump, W. Wagner, and E. Hart, Anal. Chem., Vol. 24., p.1497-1498 (1952)).
  • This reaction is of particular interest to water treatment because it provides a suitable mechanism for self-removal of ferrate from solution.
  • the final iron product is the non-toxic ferric ion which forms hydroxide oligomers. Eventually flocculation and settling occur which remove suspended particulate matter.
  • ferrate may therefore provide a safe, convenient, versatile and cost effective alternative to current approaches for water, wastewater, and sludge treatment.
  • ferrate is an environmentally friendly oxidant that represents a viable substitute for other oxidants, particularly chromate and chlorine, which are of environmental concern.
  • Ferric oxide typically known as rust, is the iron product of oxidation by ferrate. Therefore, ferrate has the distinction of being an “environmentally safe” oxidant.
  • ferrate exhibits greater functional group selectivity with higher rate of reactivity in its oxidations and generally reacts to produce a cleaner reaction product.
  • ferrate production typically uses a synthetic scheme similar to the laboratory preparation, also involving a hypochlorite reaction. Most commonly, using alkaline oxidation of Fe(III), potassium ferrate (K 2 FeO 4 ) is prepared via gaseous chlorine oxidation in caustic soda of ferric hydroxide, involving a hypochlorite intermediate. Another method for ferrate production was described by Johnson in U.S. Pat. No. 5,746,994.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,385,045 and 4,551,326 to Thompson disclose a method for direct preparation of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal ferrates from inexpensive, readily available starting materials, where the iron in the product has a valence of +4 or +6.
  • the method involves reacting iron oxide with an alkali metal oxide or peroxide in an oxygen free atmosphere or by reacting elemental iron with an alkali metal peroxide in an oxygen free atmosphere.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,573 to Deininger et al. discloses a process for making potassium ferrate in large-scale quantities (designed to be a commercial process) by reacting potassium hydroxide, chlorine, and a ferric salt in the presence of a ferrate stabilizing compound.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,499 to Kaczur et al. discloses a method for obtaining highly purified alkali metal or alkaline earth metal ferrate salts from a crude ferrate reaction mixture, using both batch and continuous modes of operation.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,304,760 to Mein et al. discloses a method for selectively removing potassium hydroxide from crystallized potassium ferrate by washing it with an aqueous solution of a potassium salt (preferably a phosphate salt to promote the stability of the ferrate in the solid phase as well as in aqueous solution) and an inorganic acid at an alkaline pH.
  • a potassium salt preferably a phosphate salt to promote the stability of the ferrate in the solid phase as well as in aqueous solution
  • an inorganic acid at an alkaline pH.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 2,758,090 to Mills et al. discloses a method of making ferrate, involving a reaction with hypochlorite, as well as a method of stabilizing the ferrate product so that it can be used as an oxidizing agent.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 2,835,553 to Harrison et al. discloses a method, using a heating step, where novel alkali metal ferrates with a valence of +4 are prepared by reacting the ferrate (III) of an alkali metal with the oxide (or peroxide) of the same, or a different, alkali metal to yield the corresponding ferrate (IV).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,642 to Evrard et al. discloses the preparation of alkali or alkaline earth metal ferrates that are stable and industrially usable as oxidizers, and the use of these ferrates for water treatment by oxidation. Sulfate stabilization is also disclosed.
  • a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising mixing an aqueous solution comprising an iron salt and an oxidizing agent in a mixing chamber; delivering at least a portion of the aqueous solution to a reaction chamber; continuously generating ferrate in the reaction chamber; delivering at least a portion of the ferrate to a site of use that is proximal to the reaction chamber; and adding additional aqueous solution to the mixing chamber.
  • a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising a first holding chamber; a second holding chamber; a mixing chamber controllably connected to the first holding chamber and to the second holding chamber, into which a content of the first holding chamber and a content of a second holding chamber are added to form a mixture; a reaction chamber controllably connected to the mixing chamber, into which the mixture is kept for a period of time; and an output opening in the reaction chamber through which the mixture may be transported to a proximal site of use.
  • a system for continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising a first holding chamber containing an iron salt; a second holding chamber containing an oxidizing agent; a mixing chamber controllably connected to the first holding chamber and to the second holding chamber, into which the iron salt and the oxidizing agent are controllably added to form a mixture; a reaction chamber controllably connected to the mixing chamber, into which the mixture is kept for a period of time, and in which ferrate is synthesized, and an output opening in the reaction chamber through which the ferrate may be transported to a proximal site of use.
  • the “period of time” during which the mixture is kept in the reaction chamber may range from seconds to hours to days, but may be any time longer than zero seconds.
  • Also disclosed is a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising providing a mixture of an iron salt and an oxidizing agent; continuously delivering at least a portion of the mixture to a heating chamber; exposing the mixture to elevated temperatures in the heating chamber, thereby generating ferrate; removing at least a portion of the generated ferrate from the heating chamber; adding additional mixture to the heating chamber.
  • a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising a holding chamber; a mover controllably connected to the holding chamber such that at least a portion of a content of the holding chamber is transferred to the mover; a heating chamber, through which at least a portion of the mover moves; an output opening in the heating chamber through which the content on the mover may be transported to a proximal site of use.
  • a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising a mixing chamber comprising two electrodes, where the electrodes provide sufficient electric current to convert a solution of an iron salt to a solution of ferrate; a reaction chamber controllably connected to the mixing chamber, into which the mixture is kept for a period of time; and an output opening in the reaction chamber through which the mixture may be transported to a proximal site of use.
  • the mixture is kept in the reaction chamber for a period of time longer than zero seconds.
  • Also disclosed is a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising continuously providing an aqueous solution comprising an iron salt in a mixing chamber, where the mixing chamber comprises at least two electrodes; providing sufficient electric current to the at least two electrodes to convert at least a portion of the iron salt to ferrate; delivering at least a portion of the ferrate to a site of use that is proximal to the reaction chamber; and adding additional aqueous solution to the mixing chamber.
  • Also disclosed is a method of synthesizing ferrate comprising mixing an aqueous solution comprising an iron salt and an oxidizing agent in a mixing chamber; delivering at least a portion of the ferrate to a site of use that is proximal to the mixing chamber.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of the device for solution phase synthesis of ferrate ion.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of the device for solid phase synthesis of ferrate ion.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of the device for electrochemical synthesis of ferrate ion.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting some embodiments of the process of generating and purifying ferrate.
  • Such an oxidant produces a cleaner reaction product(s) and thereby may be used to replace existing environmental, laboratory, and industrial oxidants which may have deleterious side effects or costs.
  • known oxidants for water treatment for example, chlorine, hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, permanganate, and ozone
  • ferrate in its unpurified form decomposes rather rapidly, the ferrate produced by the provided methods need not be stored.
  • Ferrate may, and preferably is, used immediately, or substantially soon after its generation. Therefore, certain embodiments of the present invention provide a device that is designed to be located in close proximity to the site of use, such that when ferrate is produced, it may be rapidly and efficiently delivered to the site of use, without substantial further purification, packaging, shipping, transfer, or preparation.
  • the terms “site of generation” or “generation site” refer to the site where the device for the generation of ferrate is located.
  • the generation site includes a reaction chamber for generation of ferrate.
  • site of use refers to the site where the ferrate is contacted with the object it is to oxidize, synthesize, disinfect, clean, plate, encapsulate, or coagulate.
  • close proximity and “proximal” are used interchangeably herein. These terms are used to refer to the relative locations of the generation site and the use site when the two sites are within a distance that allows for the ferrate to travel the distance within a half-life of its decomposition.
  • “Half-life” of a decomposition is understood to be the amount of time it takes for one half of the material present to undergo decomposition. The half-life for any given ferrate composition will depend on the conditions under which the ferrate is generated and/or stored. Thus, for example, the temperature, concentration of base, concentration of oxidizing agent and presence of impurities will all tend to affect the half-life of the ferrate composition.
  • a generation site is “proximal” to a use site when the concentration of ferrate at the use site at the time of delivery is equal to or greater than one-half of the concentration of ferrate at the generation site.
  • the distance between the generation site and the use site is defined in terms of the half-life and a length of time required for delivery, rather than simply in terms of physical displacement.
  • the physical displacement between a generation site and use site that are in close proximity may vary depending on the half-life of the ferrate composition being delivered between the two sites and the rate at which the composition is delivered.
  • Factors affecting the rate of ferrate transfer include, but are not limited to, the pressure generated by a pump used in the transfer and the size of the plumbing used in the transfer.
  • the on-site generation methods provide a number of advantages over known processes. Initially, because the produced ferrate can be used without further substantial purification or stabilization, there is no need for storage or shipping. In addition, eliminating the need for a highly purified ferrate ultimately saves costs by increasing the yield of the reaction because less starting materials are needed to afford the same amount of usable ferrate.
  • the current practice for making and purifying ferrate involves the production of sodium ferrate using sodium hydroxide, followed by the precipitation of potassium ferrate using potassium hydroxide.
  • the current methods use base in two distinct steps.
  • the methods of the present invention require substantially less base to produce usable ferrate since the methods do not require the addition of potassium hydroxide to sodium ferrate.
  • the ferrate produced by the methods of the present invention can be used or purified in a solution-to-solution phase manner, i.e., ferrate is generated in the solution phase and is used in the solution phase, without the intervening crystallization, or conversion to the solid phase (i.e., solution-to-solid phase). If partial purification or separation is required, then such purification or separation can be achieved in the solution phase as well. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the produced ferrate is not converted to any phase other than the solution phase.
  • the solution-to-solution phase concept discussed above provides advantages over the solution-to-solid phase method. For example, as discussed above, conversion to solid or crystallization is limited by the nature of the counter-ion. Crystallization of potassium ferrate is less difficult than crystallization of sodium ferrate. Ferrate with certain counter-ions can never be crystallized or can be crystallized under very difficult conditions. Using the solution-to-solution phase concept, virtually any counter-ion can be used. In addition, once ferrate crystallized, it would have to be re-dissolved in aqueous media for use. The re-dissolution of ferrate adds both cost (loss of ferrate, addition of water, and dissolution tanks, to name a few) and time (dissolution time) to the process.
  • ferrate is already in aqueous solution and can be used as such. Furthermore, if pH is to be adjusted, it is more efficient to adjust the pH of the ferrate stream once it is produced than to adjust the pH of a ferrate solution prepared from adding solid ferrate to water. Yet another advantage of the solution-to-solution phase concept is the ease of production of custom blends.
  • ferrate allows the end user to control the amount of ferrate to be produced. This may alleviate or reduce the need for inventory control of ferrate, in addition to alleviating or reducing the need to store ferrate.
  • the invention relates to a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate, comprising mixing an aqueous solution comprising an iron salt and an oxidizing agent in a mixing chamber; delivering at least a portion of the aqueous solution to a reaction chamber; continuously generating ferrate in the reaction chamber; delivering at least a portion of the ferrate to a site of use that is proximal to the reaction chamber; and adding additional aqueous solution to the mixing chamber.
  • iron can accommodate an oxidation state in the range of 0 to +8, including the +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, and +7 oxidation states.
  • Iron in the 0 oxidation state is elemental iron. Most compounds and salts of iron found in nature have an oxidation state of either +2 (Fe(II)) or +3 (Fe(III)).
  • “ferrate” refers to an ion comprising iron in its +4, +5, +6, +7, and +8 oxidation states, i.e., comprising Fe(IV), Fe(V), Fe(VI), Fe(VII), or Fe(VIII). The ferrate ion also contains oxygen atoms.
  • ferrate may also refer to a mixture of ions comprising iron in various oxidation states, as long as at least a portion of the ions comprise iron exhibiting an oxidation state of +4 or higher.
  • ferrate refers to a FeO 4 2 ⁇ , where the iron is Fe(VI) and the other atoms in the ion are oxygen atoms.
  • a solution comprising FeO 4 2 ⁇ ions may also contain ions exhibiting iron in its +5 oxidation state, or any other oxidation state, including the elemental form of iron, and it would still be called ferrate.
  • a ferrate solution may contain no Fe(VI) containing ions.
  • a ferrate solution may also comprise Fe(V) or Fe(IV) containing ions. Therefore, any ion comprising Fe(IV), or higher oxidation state iron atoms, and at least one oxygen atom is considered to be “ferrate.” Ferrate ions may be either cations or anions.
  • any ion requires a counterion of equal, though opposite, charge.
  • the counterion may be any ion that renders neutral the overall charge of the mixture comprising the ferrate ion.
  • the counterion may be any cation.
  • the most common form of ferrate to-date is K 2 FeO 4 , where the iron is in its +6 oxidation state, the ferrate is an anion and the counterion is potassium. Any other counter-cation, such as, and without limitation, sodium, calcium, magnesium, silver, etc., may also be present.
  • continuous generating or “continuously synthesizing” it is meant that once ferrate begins to be delivered to the reaction chamber, there continues to be an amount of ferrate in the reaction chamber for the duration of time that the method is being practiced.
  • material is intermittantly transferred from the mixing chamber to the reaction chamber while maintaining at least some ferrate in the reaction chamber.
  • the additional aqueous solution of the above method is added in an amount to substantially replace the portion of the aqueous solution delivered to the reaction chamber.
  • the second amount may be less than, equal to, or greater than the first amount.
  • the method of producing ferrate further comprises adding a base to the aqueous solution.
  • the base may comprise a nitrogen base or an ion selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, oxide, sulfonate, sulfate, sulfite, hydrosulfide, phosphate, acetate, bicarbonate, and carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • Nonrogen bases are selected from acyclic and cyclic amines.
  • nitrogen bases include, but are not limited to, ammonia, amide, methylamine, methylamide, trimethylamine, trimethylamide, triethylamine, triethylamide, aniline, pyrrolidine, piperidine, and pyridine, or salts thereof.
  • an iron salt To produce ferrate by the methods of the present invention, an iron salt must be provided.
  • Iron salt or “salt of iron” refers to a compound that comprises an iron atom in an oxidation state other than zero.
  • the iron salt used by the methods of the present invention may be produced in situ, i.e., by oxidizing elemental iron either chemically or electrochemically prior to its introduction into the mixing chamber or by performing the oxidation inside the mixing chamber.
  • the iron atom in the iron salt will have an oxidation state greater than zero, preferably +2 or +3, though this oxidation state may be reached transiently as the iron atom is converted from its starting oxidation state to the final oxidation state of +4 or above.
  • the iron salt may be selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxides, ferrous oxides, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, and ferrous carbonate, or a combination thereof. All different forms of ferric and ferrous oxide are contemplated to be used with the methods of the present invention.
  • ferrate is produced by chemical oxidation of the iron salt.
  • the chemical oxidation is performed by mixing an oxidizing agent, or a solution containing the oxidizing agent, with the iron salt, or with the solution containing the iron salt.
  • the oxidizing agent, or a solution containing the oxidizing agent is added to the iron salt, or to the solution containing the iron salt, whereas in other embodiments, the iron salt, or the solution containing the iron salt, is added to the oxidizing agent, or to a solution containing the oxidizing agent.
  • An “oxidizing agent” is a chemical compound that oxidizes another compound, and itself is reduced.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises at least one of the following: a hypohalite ion, a halite ion, a halate ion, a perhalate ion, ozone, oxone, halogen, a peroxide, a superoxide, a peracid, a salt of a peracid, and Caro's acid, or a combination thereof.
  • Embodiments of the invention include those in which the oxidizing agent comprises a hypohalite ion selected from the group consisting of the hypochlorite ion, the hypobromite ion, and the hypoiodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halite ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorite ion, the bromite ion, and the iodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halate ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorate ion, the bromate ion, and the iodate ion.
  • Certain other embodiments of the invention include those in which the oxidizing agent comprises a perhalate ion selected from the group consisting of the perchlorate ion, the perbromate ion, and the periodate ion.
  • an aqueous solution of an iron salt and an oxidizing agent is mixed in a mixing chamber.
  • a base, or a combination of bases, may also be added to the mixing chamber at this time.
  • the solution is mixed in the mixing chamber for a certain period of time, which may range from seconds to hours depending on the conditions of the mixing, e.g., the temperature or the concentration of the ingredients. Those skilled in the art recognize that at this stage ferrate production begins.
  • the aqueous solution is delivered to a reaction chamber.
  • the aqueous solution is held in the reaction chamber for a certain period of time until the concentration of ferrate in the solution reaches a predetermined level.
  • the concentration of ferrate for use is determined based on the need for the ferrate and the conditions for the synthesis or use. Certain applications may require higher yields of ferrate than others. Therefore, the time that aqueous solution remains in the reaction chamber may range from seconds to hours.
  • the reaction chamber may also be used as a “holding tank,” i.e., a place to keep the generated ferrate, at a certain temperature, to be used at a later time.
  • the holding tank may be at room temperature, or at a temperature that is either higher or lower than room temperature.
  • the solution containing the ferrate is then removed from the reaction chamber and is delivered to the site of use.
  • the site of use is “proximal” to the reaction chamber.
  • additional aqueous solution comprising the iron salt and the oxidizing agent is added to the mixing chamber.
  • additional aqueous solution comprising the iron salt and the oxidizing agent is added to the mixing chamber after all of the mixture within the mixing chamber has been transferred to the reaction chamber. It is contemplated in some of the embodiments of the present invention that the flow of the aqueous solution from the mixing chamber to the reaction chamber is continuous. Therefore, while ferrate is needed, new batches of the aqueous solution is to be added to the mixing chamber.
  • a metal oxide is added to the mixture.
  • the metal oxide may be added at any point during the production of ferrate, either as an original ingredient, or in the mixing chamber, or in the reaction chamber, or anywhere along the path.
  • the metal oxide may also be added to a mixture comprising ferrate subsequent to the production of ferrate, when ferrate is being contacted, or after ferrate has been contacted, with the object to be synthesized, cleaned, disinfected, oxidized, or coagulated.
  • the metal atom of the metal oxide may be a main group metal, a transition metal, or an f-block metal.
  • a “transition metal” is a metal within columns 3-12 of the periodic table, i.e., metals in the scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc triads.
  • An “f-block metal” is a metal in the lanthanide or actinide series, i.e., metals with atomic numbers 57-71 and 89-103. Thus, lanthanum and actinium are both transition metals and f-block metals.
  • the metal oxide may be scandium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, molybdenum oxide, ruthenium oxide, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, silver oxide, cadmium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, rhenium oxide, osmium oxide, iridium oxide, platinum oxide, or any salt containing the oxides of these metals.
  • the solution comprising ferrate is irradiated with light before or during use. In other embodiments, the solution comprising ferrate is kept in the dark before use.
  • the light may be a light of any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., anywhere between radio waves and x-rays and gamma radiation, including ultraviolet light, visible light, or infrared light.
  • Certain other embodiments of the present invention are directed to a “batch process,” during which ferrate is generated once.
  • these embodiments of the present invention are directed to a method of synthesizing ferrate, comprising adding an aqueous solution comprising an iron salt and an oxidizing agent in a mixing chamber; mixing the aqueous solution; delivering at least a portion of the aqueous solution to a reaction chamber; and delivering at least a portion of the ferrate to a site of use that is proximal to the reaction chamber.
  • the ferrate generated by the above method in the mixing chamber is delivered to the site of use without being delivered to a separate reaction chamber.
  • the mixing chamber and the reaction chamber are one and the same.
  • the ferrate solution is delivered to a holding tank where it is kept until its use is needed. In any event, the ferrate solution is held for a period of time that is less than or equal to the half-life of the ferrate in the solution under the conditions (i.e., temperature, concentration, pH, etc.) it is held.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate, comprising providing a mixture of an iron salt and an oxidizing agent; continuously delivering at least a portion of the mixture to a heating chamber; exposing the mixture to elevated temperatures in the heating chamber, thereby generating ferrate; removing at least a portion of the generated ferrate from the heating chamber; adding additional mixture to the heating chamber.
  • the exposure of the mixture to elevated temperatures and the removal of ferrate from the exposure is continuous.
  • the additional mixture added to the heating chamber is in an amount to substantially replace the portion of the ferrate removed from the heating chamber.
  • continuously delivering it is meant that once the mixture of iron salt and oxidizing agent begins to be delivered to the heating chamber, it continues to be delivered to the heating chamber for the duration of time that the method is being practiced.
  • a base as described herein, is also added to the mixture.
  • the mixture of the iron salt and the oxidizing agent is carried through the heating chamber on a belt.
  • the belt is made of materials that can withstand temperatures higher than room temperature. These materials may include, but not be limited to, rubber, steel, aluminum, glass, porcelain, etc.
  • the mixture is poured directly onto the belt, whereas in other embodiments, the mixture is poured into containers and the containers are placed on the belt. In any of these embodiments, the surface that comes to contact with the mixture is not reactive towards ferrate or other oxidants.
  • the heating chamber is heated to temperatures higher than room temperature.
  • Room temperature is about 20° C.
  • the heating chamber is heated to a temperature of between about 20° C. and about 1000° C., or between about 50° C. to about 500° C., or between about 100° C. to about 400° C.
  • about a certain temperature it is meant that the temperature range is within 40° C. of the listed temperature, or within 30° C. of the listed temperature, or within 20° C. of the listed temperature, or within 10° C. of the listed temperature, or within 5° C. of the listed temperature, or within 2° C. of the listed temperature. Therefore, by way of example only, by “about 400° C.” it is meant that the temperature range is 400 ⁇ 40° C.
  • the temperature remains relatively constant throughout the process whereas in other embodiments the temperature varies during the process. In the embodiments where the temperature varies, the temperature may be ramped up, i.e., the final temperature is higher than the initial temperature, or ramped down, i.e., the final temperature is lower than the initial temperature.
  • a mixture of an iron salt and an oxidizing agent is put on a belt.
  • the iron salt and the oxidizing agent may be pre-mixed prior to addition to the belt, or they may be mixed subsequent to addition to the belt.
  • the mixture may be added directly onto the belt or may be added to containers that are placed on the belt.
  • the mixture may be added to the containers before the containers are put on the belt or the mixture may be added to the containers while the containers are on the belt.
  • base is also added to the mixture at some point.
  • the belt then moves through a heating chamber, thereby heating the mixture.
  • the heat must be sufficient to produce ferrate in the mixture.
  • the speed of the belt through the heating chamber, the length of time the mixture is heated, and the temperature to which the mixture is heated are all adjustable. Thus, the mixture may be heated for seconds or for hours.
  • the heated mixture now comprising ferrate
  • the belt then returns to the original location for the addition of more of the mixture. It is contemplated that the movement of the belt through the heating chamber is continuous.
  • the mixture exposed to elevated temperature in the above method is a solid.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate, comprising providing an aqueous solution comprising an iron salt in a mixing chamber, where the mixing chamber comprises at least two electrodes; providing sufficient electric current to the at least two electrodes to convert at least a portion of the iron salt to ferrate; continuously delivering at least a portion of the ferrate to a site of use that is proximal to the reaction chamber; and adding additional aqueous solution to the mixing chamber to substantially replace the portion of the aqueous solution delivered to the reaction chamber.
  • continuously delivering it is meant that once ferrate begins to be delivered to the site of use, it continues to be delivered to the site of use for the duration of time that the method is being practiced.
  • base is added to the aqueous solution, while in other embodiments, acid is added.
  • the mixing chamber comprises two electrodes.
  • the electrodes are designed to conduct electricity through the aqueous solution, thereby converting the iron of the iron salt to ferrate in an electrochemical reaction.
  • the iron of the iron salt may have been added to the solution as an iron salt, or may be the dissolved iron electrode, which became dissolved upon the introduction of electricity. It is contemplated that as solution containing ferrate is removed from the mixing chamber, additional aqueous solution is added to the mixing chamber for additional reactions. In certain embodiments, the flow of materials from the mixing chamber to the reaction chamber is continuous.
  • ferric sulfate particles may be added to a static mixer and mixed in an aqueous medium.
  • the static mixer includes a mixing mechanism that is capable of microparticulating particles.
  • Static mixers may be continuous radial mixing devices, characterized by plug flow or any other conventional mixer. Static mixers are preferred in that they have short residence times and little back mixing. Thus, proper dosing of feed components with no fluctuation in time is a prerequisite for good performance.
  • static mixers have no moving parts for mixing.
  • the absence of moving parts and reliance on surface area and conformation for reactant/product movement reduces the need for coolant to cool the reaction.
  • static mixers are comparatively low maintenance pieces of equipment.
  • the static mixers used in the processes of the present invention may be incorporated into pump-around loop reactors or in cascade type reactors, such as those manufactured by Koch, i.e., The Koch-SMVP packing/Rog 92/.
  • Other static mixers include Koch type SMF, SMXL-R, SMXL, SMX and SMV type.
  • a micro reactor is used for mixing reactants.
  • Micro-reactors and static mixers are usable to make ferrate in a continuous process or a semi-continuous process.
  • the mixing mechanism may be a tortuous path, a mixing device or an aspirator.
  • Oxone or Caro's Acid or other strong oxidant in container is added to the static mixer.
  • the term “oxone” as used herein refers to potassium peroxymonopersulfate or potassium monopersulfate.
  • Reaction begins instantaneously and generates heat. The temperature of the reaction is adjusted through the use of a cooling coil or cooling jacket to a temperature of about ⁇ 10° C. Temperature is controlled through a feed forward feed back control mechanism. Water is employed as a transport medium for transporting the ferric sulfate, oxidant and reaction products. The volume of the water is minimized to a volume that maximizes ferrate production yield.
  • An amount of dry KOH may be added that is effective to maximize ferrate production.
  • the KOH is added to another micro mixer or static mixer KOH is added to a main reactor.
  • the KOH is cooled to about ⁇ 10° C. prior to introduction to the main reactor.
  • the main reactor is also a static mixer.
  • Caro's acid aids in stabilizing ferrate because sulfate from the Caro's acid “buffers” the ferrate. It is understood, however, that if the static mixer is positioned proximal to water or wastewater to be treated, sulfate stabilization is optional and Fe(O) oxidation can occur with another oxidant, such as chlorine or peroxide.
  • the temperature in the reactor is preferably maintained at about 40° C. in the reactor, but may be as low as 20° C. or as high as 60° C. As products are removed from the reactor, the temperature in the product stream is gradually increased to room temperature.
  • a use of a static mixer permits a method of water treatment that includes shocking an iron moiety with an oxidant, quenching the reaction with KOH and injecting the ferrate into a water or wastewater or sludge stream.
  • the use of a static mixer renders a complex chemical reaction performable by operators of water and waster treatment plants. Because of the microparticulation of iron species and very rapid mixing, conventional concerns about temperature control are substantially eliminated.
  • ferrate is produced in a continuous process by hypochlorite oxidation of iron (III) in a strongly alkaline solution and is precipitated by the addition of saturated KOH.
  • Hypochlorite used in ferrate synthesis is formed by disproportionation of chlorine in a cold caustic soda solution:
  • Ferrate ion may be produced by adding a material such as ferric nitrate to the hypochlorite solution described:
  • Synthesis of ferrate begins by addition of KOH solutions to a cold-water jacketed reactor set between 20° C. and 40° C. Gaseous or liquid chlorine is bubbled through the liquid reaction mixture, and the solid iron salt or oxide is added. Atmospheric pressure is maintained in the reactor.
  • the ranges of mole ratios of reactants, Cl 2 , KOH, Fe(III), are 1.5-30:10-60:1. The smaller ratios decrease product yields, while the larger ratios require larger recycle streams back to the reactor, leave KOH unused, or accelerate ferrate decomposition.
  • the average residence time of the ferrate in the reactor is 180 minutes. Residence times greater than 30 minutes lead to significant ferrate decomposition.
  • the product mixture leaving the reactor is typically 2-6% potassium ferrate by weight.
  • the reaction mixture includes solid K 2 FeO 4 , KCl, and Fe(OH) 3 and aqueous KOH, KOCl, KCl, and a small amount of K 2 FeO 4 .
  • the KOH concentration in this mixture is increased to 35-45% by weight to further precipitate the ferrate from solution.
  • the temperature is lowered during this process to 5-20° C. to maximize the yield of solid potassium ferrate.
  • the crude solid product is separated by centrifugation within 5 minutes of finishing the KOH addition and the liquids are recycled back to the reactor.
  • the crude product is contaminated with KCl and Fe(OH) 3 .
  • the KCl and Fe(OH) 3 are insoluble in this media and are removed by centrifugation.
  • the solids may be separated and reprocessed for use as starting materials in ferrate production.
  • the ferrate ion may be reprecipitated by addition of concentration KOH solutions, 40-55% by weight, or solid KOH.
  • concentration KOH solutions 40-55% by weight, or solid KOH.
  • crystals of K 2 FeO 4 precipitate when the solution is cooled to between ⁇ 20 and 0° C.
  • the solid is collected by centrifugation.
  • the separated KOH solutions may be recycled to the ferrate reactor.
  • the potassium ferrate produced may be washed in a tank with anhydrous DMSO to remove any entrapped KOH or water.
  • the DMSO is recovered by flash evaporation.
  • the solid is transferred to a methanol wash tank for further purification.
  • the solid is finally collected by centrifugation.
  • the methanol is recovered by distillation.
  • reactants described above are added to a reactor cooled to a temperature of 20° C. After about 180 minutes, reaction products are treated with KOH, to solubilize any precipitated ferrate and the entire mixture is transferred to water or wastewater or sludge for treatment.
  • effluent from the reactor includes unreacted ferric sulfate, unreacted oxone, potassium sulfate, KOH and about 20% dissolved ferrate. The presence of KOH and ferric ions retard the decomposition rate with water as the product stream is being mixed with untreated water.
  • the mixture containing the ferrate may be polished, if required.
  • hypochlorite is substituted for chlorine gas.
  • NaCl By introducing NaCl to the reaction mixture, Na 2 FeO 4 is precipitated without any need for a KOH leaching step or extra equipment.
  • ferrate is generated as a solid in a fluidized bed reaction.
  • the fluidized bed comprises one or more of FeCl 2 , Fe(SO 4 ) 2 , Fe(NO 3 ) 3 and beta-ferric oxide monohydrate, oxygen gas and chlorine gas.
  • the reaction occurs at a reduced temperature, such as 20° C. Crystals of ferrate are produced.
  • ferrate is produced as a result of a direct reaction of alkali peroxides, such as sodium peroxide or potassium peroxide or potassium superoxide with hematite to produce potassium or sodium ferrate.
  • alkali peroxides such as sodium peroxide or potassium peroxide or potassium superoxide
  • the reaction is believed to proceed by these chemical reactions: Mole ratio Fe 2 O 3 + 6 KO 2 ⁇ 2 K 2 FeO 4 + K 2 O + 3 O 2 (g) 1 Fe 2 O 3 :6 K 2 O Fe 2 O 3 + 3 K 2 FeO 4 + K 2 O 1 Fe 2 O 3 :3 K 2 O 2 1 Fe:3 K, for both
  • the temperature of reaction for this synthetic approach is about 400 to 600° C. for a time of about 12 hours. It is believed that chemical reaction occurs though a solid-solid contact, a liquid-solid contact or a vapor/solid contact.
  • the liquid is a molten salt.
  • the vapor is a material such as K 2 O 2 vapor.
  • Reactants should be dry, of fine particle size and well mixed. Mixing should avoid contact with air, as moisture and CO 2 will react with peroxide. Reactants should be held at 120 to 150° C. in a TGA in dry nitrogen to thoroughly remove any adsorbed water prior to heating to the TGA reaction temperature.
  • One other option is a two-step process.
  • An inexpensive source of peroxide/superoxide is processed in a first reactor to produce a gas stream containing peroxide/super oxide species.
  • the gas stream is ducted into a second reactor containing hematite, where a direct reaction is carried out to produce ferrate.
  • the temperatures of reactors A and B are separately set to optimize respective processes. With this process, the first reactor temperature is about 1000° C. and the second reactor temperature is 400-500° C.
  • the peroxide reaction may be performed in a static mixer as described for a reaction of iron and Caro's acid.
  • oxidants of oxone, Caro's acid, peroxide/superoxide, chlorine and hypochlorite are described herein, it is understood that other oxidants may be suitable for use. Some of these oxidants are described in an article on ferrate oxidants in Grazzino Italiano by Losanna. It is believed that enzymes may also be usable in ferrate process embodiments of the present invention to reduce reaction temperature.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate for delivery to a site of use, comprising a first holding chamber; a second holding chamber; a mixing chamber controllably connected to the first holding chamber and to the second holding chamber, into which a content of the first holding chamber and a content of a second holding chamber are added to form a first mixture; a reaction chamber controllably connected to the mixing chamber, the reaction chamber adapted to receive the first mixture and maintain the first mixture for a period of time; a ferrate mixture in the reaction chamber; and an output opening in the reaction chamber through which the ferrate mixture is adapted to be transported to the site of use, where the site of use is proximal to the reaction chamber.
  • the mixing chamber further comprises a mechanical agitator.
  • the mixing chamber comprises a tube configured to mix the mixture as it passes through the tube.
  • Certain embodiments of the invention relate to a device in which the mixing chamber further comprises a temperature control device.
  • the temperature control device may include a jacket around the mixing chamber whereby a cooled or heated fluid is passed through the jacket in order to maintain the temperature of the intraluminal space at a certain predetermined level.
  • inventions further comprise a pump downstream from the first and the second holding chambers and upstream from the mixing chamber.
  • the pump controls the flow of materials into the mixing chamber.
  • Some other embodiments of the invention further comprise a pump downstream from the mixing chamber and upstream from the reaction chamber. This pump controls the flow of material out of the mixing chamber and into the reaction chamber.
  • the reaction chamber comprises a tube located between the mixing chamber and the output opening.
  • the invention in another aspect relates to a system for continuously synthesizing ferrate, comprising a first holding chamber containing an iron salt; a second holding chamber containing an oxidizing agent; a mixing chamber controllably connected to the first holding chamber and to the second holding chamber, into which the iron salt and the oxidizing agent are controllably added to form a mixture; a reaction chamber controllably connected to the mixing chamber, into which the mixture is kept for a period of time, and in which ferrate is synthesized, and an output opening in the reaction chamber through which the ferrate may be transported to a proximal site of use.
  • a base as described herein, is added to the mixture.
  • the iron salt, the oxidizing agent, the mixing chamber, and the reaction chamber are as described herein.
  • the device of the invention further comprises a pump downstream from the first and the second holding chambers and upstream from the mixing chamber. In other embodiments, the device further comprises a pump downstream from the mixing chamber and upstream from the reaction chamber.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the solution state production device.
  • the figure depicts two holding chambers 101 .
  • Other embodiments of the invention may exhibit additional holding chambers, depending on the number of ingredients added initially.
  • Some embodiments of the invention may exhibit only one holding chamber 101 .
  • the holding chambers are connected to the mixing chamber 103 .
  • the flow of material between the holding chambers 101 and the mixing chamber 103 may be controlled. The flow is controlled either by the presence of a pump or a valve ( 107 ) after each holding chamber 101 , or by the presence of a pump or a valve ( 109 ) before the mixing chamber 103 , or by a combination thereof.
  • no pump or valve exists between the holding chamber 101 and the mixing chamber 103 .
  • the mixing chamber 103 is connected to the reaction chamber 105 .
  • the flow of material between the mixing chamber 103 and the reaction chamber 105 may be controlled.
  • the flow may be controlled by the presence of a pump or a valve ( 111 ) after the mixing chamber 103 .
  • no pump or valve exists between the mixing chamber 103 and the reaction chamber 105 .
  • the reaction chamber 105 is connected with an output opening 115 , through which the product of the reaction is transferred to the site of use.
  • the flow from the reaction chamber 105 to the output opening 115 may be controlled.
  • the control may be through the use of a pump or a valve ( 113 ). In certain embodiments, no pump or valve exists between the reaction chamber 105 and the output opening 115 .
  • the holding chambers 101 connect to the mixing chamber 103 via a single pipe, i.e., there is a T-junction before the mixing chamber 103 .
  • each holding chamber 101 is separately connected to the mixing chamber 103 .
  • the device of the present invention also features a temperature control unit.
  • the temperature control unit controls the temperature of the holding chambers 101 , the mixing chamber 103 , the reaction chamber 105 , or a combination thereof, or the temperature of the entire device. These components may be held at room temperature, at a temperature above room temperature, or at a temperature below room temperature, depending on the reaction conditions and the needs of the particular use contemplated. In some embodiments, different parts of the device is held at different temperatures, thus, requiring more than one temperature control unit for the device.
  • the mixing chamber 103 may just be a pipe or a hose connecting the holding chambers 101 to the reaction chamber 105 .
  • the reaction chamber 105 may just be a pipe or a hose connecting the mixing chamber 103 to the output opening 115 . Therefore, in one embodiment of the invention, the entire device will comprise of a pipe or a hose connecting the holding chambers 101 to the output opening 115 .
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate, comprising a holding chamber; a mover controllably connected to the holding chamber such that at least a portion of a content of the holding chamber is transferred to the mover; a heating chamber, through which at least a portion of the mover moves; an output opening in the heating chamber through which the content on the mover is adapted to be transported to a site of use, where the site of use is proximal to the heating chamber.
  • the mover comprises a conveyor belt.
  • the belt is made of materials that can withstand temperatures higher than room temperature. These materials may include, but not be limited to, rubber, steel, aluminum, glass, porcelain, etc.
  • Some of the embodiments of the invention relate to a device that further comprises a mixer between the holding chamber and the mover.
  • the heating chamber further comprises a temperature control device.
  • inventions relate to a device that further comprises a storage chamber after the output opening in the heating chamber. Therefore, the conveyor belt may deposit the heated mixture into this storage chamber following the heating event.
  • FIG. 2 One embodiment of the device of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 2.
  • Starting materials are added to holding chambers 201 . Some embodiments of the invention exhibit only one holding chamber 201 , while others exhibit two or more holding chambers 201 .
  • the starting materials are then combined and added to a belt 203 that carries the starting materials through a heating chamber 205 .
  • the starting materials may be combined prior to their placement on the belt 203 , or may be mixed on the belt 203 after they have been placed there separately.
  • each holding chamber may separately empty its contents onto the belt 203 .
  • the flow of material between the holding chambers 201 and the belt 203 may be controlled.
  • the flow is controlled either by the presence of a pump or a valve ( 207 ) after each holding chamber 201 , or by the presence of a pump or a valve ( 209 ) before the opening 211 , or by a combination thereof.
  • no pump or valve exists between the holding chamber 201 and the opening 211 .
  • the starting materials are added directly onto the belt 203 .
  • the starting materials are added into containers that are placed on the belt. Starting materials may be added into the containers before positioning the containers on the belt, or the containers may be positioned on the belt before the starting materials are added.
  • the heating chamber 205 comprises a heating unit that can heat the temperature within to above room temperature.
  • Various heating units are known in the art.
  • the heating chamber 205 is depicted as a cylinder, though those of skill in the art realize that the heating chamber may have any shape, such as a cube or a sphere or the like.
  • the heating unit 205 may also exhibit a temperature control unit.
  • the device of the present invention may exhibit a quality control device at the exit end of the heating unit ( 213 ) that can determine the yield of ferrate in the mixture.
  • the quality control device may be a chemical sensor, a photochemical sensor, a spectrophotometer, or the like.
  • the quality control device may be connected to a computer that can control the speed of the belt through the heating unit and/or the temperature of the heating unit. Therefore, if the yield of ferrate is too low, the device may automatically decrease the speed of the belt and/or increase the temperature of the heating unit.
  • the device may automatically increase the speed of the belt and/or decrease the temperature of the heating unit.
  • the quality control device issues a signal to the operator of the device, where the operator may manually adjust the speed of the belt and/or the temperature of the heating unit.
  • ferrate is removed from the belt 203 and is delivered to the site of use.
  • ferrate just falls off the belt 203 and into a receiving chamber 217 , where it can be delivered to the site of use through the opening 215 .
  • the container is removed from the belt and the contents thereof are emptied into the receiving chamber, either manually or automatically.
  • the belt 203 After removing the ferrate from the belt 203 , the belt 203 then loops around to receive more ferrate and repeat the process.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate, comprising a mixing chamber comprising at least two electrodes and a solution of an iron salt, where the electrodes provide sufficient electric current to convert the solution of an iron salt to a solution of ferrate; a reaction chamber controllably connected to the mixing chamber, into which the solution of ferrate is kept for a period of time; and an output opening in the reaction chamber through which the mixture is adapted to be transported to a site of use, where the site of use is proximal to the reaction chamber.
  • the mixing chamber further comprises a mechanical agitator.
  • the mixing chamber comprises a tube configured to mix the mixture as it passes through the tube.
  • the mixing chamber further comprises a temperature control device.
  • Some other embodiments of the invention further comprise a pump downstream from the mixing chamber and upstream from the reaction chamber. This pump controls the flow of material out of the mixing chamber and into the reaction chamber.
  • the reaction chamber comprises a tube located between the mixing chamber and the output opening.
  • FIG. 3 One embodiment of the device of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 3.
  • the figure depicts a holding chamber 301 .
  • Other embodiments of the invention may exhibit additional holding chambers, depending on the number of ingredients added initially.
  • Some embodiments of the invention may exhibit two or more holding chambers 301 .
  • the holding chamber is connected to the reaction chamber 303 .
  • the flow of material between the holding chamber 301 and the reaction chamber 303 may be controlled by the presence of a pump or a valve ( 307 ) after the holding chamber 301 .
  • the flow may be controlled either by the presence of a pump or a valve ( 307 ) after each holding chamber 301 , or by the presence of a pump or a valve before the reaction chamber 303 , or by a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, no pump or valve exists between the holding chamber 301 and the reaction chamber 303 .
  • the reaction chamber 303 comprises at least two electrodes 321 .
  • the electrodes are connected via wires 319 to a power source 317 .
  • the power source 317 may be an AC or a DC power source.
  • the electrodes 321 and the power generated by the power source 317 are such that they are able to electrochemically oxidize iron, in any oxidation state below +4, to ferrate.
  • one of the electrodes is an iron electrode, which serves as both an electrode and as the source of iron for the production of ferrate. If the electrode is an iron electrode, there may or may not be a need for having a holding chamber 301 in the device.
  • An “iron electrode” includes any electrically conducting material comprising iron.
  • the reaction chamber 303 is connected with an output opening 315 , through which the product of the reaction is transferred to the site of use.
  • the flow from the reaction chamber 303 to the output opening 315 may be controlled.
  • the control may be through the use of a pump or a valve ( 313 ). In certain embodiments, no pump or valve exists between the reaction chamber 303 and the output opening 315 .
  • the second holding chamber 305 there is a second holding chamber 305 between the reaction chamber 303 and the output opening 315 .
  • the second holding chamber may serve as a storage place for the generated ferrate between the time of its generation and the time of its use.
  • the flow between the reaction chamber 303 and the second holding chamber 305 may be controlled through the use of a pump or a valve ( 311 ).
  • the device of the present invention also features a temperature control unit.
  • the temperature control unit controls the temperature of the holding chambers 301 , the reaction chamber 303 , the second holding chamber 305 , or a combination thereof, or the temperature of the entire device. These components may be held at room temperature, at a temperature above room temperature, or at a temperature below room temperature, depending on the reaction conditions and the needs of the particular use contemplated.
  • the ferrate produced by the methods of the present invention may be used without substantial purification.
  • substantially purification it is meant a purification step that brings the purity of the ferrate in the solution to greater than 99%, that is, a substantially pure ferrate solution is a solution in which more than 99% of the solutes comprise ferrate and its counter-ion.
  • the ferrate solution generated by the methods of the present invention may be somewhat purified or undergo a separation step.
  • the ferrate solution may be filtered to remove undissolved solids.
  • the filtration may be physical filtration, in which particles that are too big to pass through the filter pores are removed, or surface filtration, where the particles are captured on the surface of filter grains, or a combination of one or more filtration processes.
  • Ferrate may also be purified using ion exchange purification.
  • ferrate ions are reversibly bound to a solid state material, the column is purged of unwanted impurities, and then the ferrate is released from the column.
  • the solid state material of the ion exchange column may be any of the solid state materials currently used, or designed later, for this purpose, and include without limitation, clays, zeolites, phosphonates, titanates, heteropolyacid salts, layered double hydroxides, inorganic resins, organic resins, and gel-type exchangers (e.g., as small beads in several mesh sizes), and carbon-based inorganic exchangers. Additionally, inorganics can be incorporated into organic resins to make composite exchangers for purifying ferrate.
  • Membranes used for purification of ferrate may be made of materials such as organic polymeric materials.
  • the membrane materials can be cellulose or polyamide (for example, fully aromatic polyamide TFC membranes).
  • Other membranes include, but are not limited to, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and inorganic nanofiltration membranes. These membranes are generally made from glass, ceramics, or carbon.
  • Ferrate may also be purified in a direct electric field technique, during which a direct current electric field is applied across a pair of electrodes.
  • the ferrate ions in the liquid phase are moved under the action of the field to a desired location where they are pumped out for use.
  • the ferrate transport under the action of an electric field can be electromigration, electroosmosis, or electrophoresis.
  • the ferrate solution produced by the methods of the present invention may also be stored in a sedimentation tank for a period of time and the supernatant then decanted or pumped out.
  • the ferrate solution may also pass through a centrifuge where the solution is spun such that the heavier particles in the solution sink to the bottom and the supernatant, comprising purified ferrate, is removed for further use.
  • the ferrate produced by the methods of the present invention is encapsulated in a membrane for future use.
  • the membrane may be molecular sieves, clay, porcelain, or other porous material that are not susceptible to oxidation by ferrate. Then, to use the ferrate, at least a portion of the membrane is contacted with the aqueous or gaseous mixture to be treated.
  • the membrane may also be slightly water soluble so that as portions of it are dissolved away, more ferrate is exposed to the aqueous mixture to be treated.
  • the use ferrate may be in a time-release manner, the time of the release being defined by the solubility of the layers of the membrane.
  • the devices disclosed herein may also feature a purification component that purifies ferrate consistent with the purification methods described herein.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a method of treating, at a site of use, an aqueous mixture having one or more impurity, comprising continuously generating ferrate in a reaction chamber located proximal to the site of use; contacting the ferrate with the aqueous mixture at the site of use, whereby at least a portion of the impurity is oxidized.
  • the impurity is selected from the group consisting of a biological impurity, an organic impurity, an inorganic impurity, a sulfur-containing impurity, a nitrogen-containing impurity, a metallic impurity, and a radioactive impurity, or a combination thereof.
  • Other impurities are as described herein.
  • An “impurity” is defined to be any component of a solution or a system, whose presence within that solution or system is repugnant to the contemplated use of that solution or system.
  • Biological impurities are those that have a biological origin. Thus, any cells, bacteria, viruses, tissues, etc., or components thereof, whether from plants or animals, are considered to be biological impurities.
  • Organic impurities are chemical compounds that contain at least one carbon atom.
  • Inorganic impurities are chemical compounds that contain no carbon atoms.
  • a sulfur-containing impurity is one which contains at least one sulfur atom.
  • a nitrogen-containing impurity is one which contains at least one nitrogen atom.
  • a metallic impurity is one which contains at least one metal atom, whether main group metal, transition metal, or f-block metal.
  • a radioactive impurity is one which undergoes radioactive decay, whether by emitting ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ particles. Those of skill in the art recognize that a particular impurity may fall within more than one category listed above.
  • calcium EDTA impurity in water is an organic impurity, a nitrogen-containing impurity, and a metal-containing impurity.
  • the ferrate for use in the treatment method is produced by one of the methods set forth herein, i.e., the chemical production, the solid state production, or the electrochemical production.
  • the ferrate produced by the above methods is contacted with the aqueous mixture to be treated.
  • the contacting step comprises adding the ferrate to a stream of the aqueous mixture.
  • the contacting step comprises contacting the ferrate to a pool of the aqueous mixture.
  • the contacting step comprises contacting a stream of the aqueous mixture with a stationary container containing the ferrate.
  • the ferrate produced by the process of this invention can be used in connection with any known process and for any known purpose.
  • the ferrate produced by the process of this invention is especially useful as an oxidant, flocculent and/or coagulant.
  • potential uses of ferrate produced by the process of this invention include the following: removal of color from industrial electrolytic baths; manufacture of catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch process to produce reduced hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen; purification of hemicellulose; selective oxidation of alkenes, alkyl side chains, organic sulfur compounds, thiols, sulfinic acids, organic nitrogen compounds, carboxylic acids, halides, alcohols and aldehydes and in oxidative coupling; as a general oxidant for water, waste water and sewage treatment; disinfection as a biocide or virocide; phosphorylase inactivator; anti-corrosion paint additive; denitration of flue gas; electrodes for batteries; detoxification of cyanide and thi
  • Hypochlorite is generally supplied as a solid or in aqueous solution; however, it is generated using chlorine gas and can rapidly decompose back into chlorine upon heating or chemical mishandling. Also, although hypochlorite, OCl ⁇ , is used as a chlorine source for water treatment at smaller operations, it is expensive.
  • chlorine and chlorine-containing oxidants pose potential danger to workers due to its high toxicity.
  • a major disadvantage of chlorine and chlorine-containing oxidants is that excess chlorine can produce chlorinated oxidation products (e.g., chloramines, chlorinated aromatics, chlorinated amines or hydrocarbons), many of which are potential mutagens or carcinogens, and may be more toxic than the parent contaminants and/or more difficult to remove. Because these compounds potentially constitute a health hazard for the public, a move away from chlorine use is needed.
  • the ferrate produced by the methods of the present invention may be used in treating waste water, sewage, or sludge. It is well known in the art that ferrate reacts with organic or inorganic compounds and biological entities, such as cells, bacteria, viruses, etc. In this reaction, the substrates are oxidized to biologically inactive products. The ferrate molecule itself is reduced to Fe(III), which precipitates out of the solution as Fe(OH) 3 or other Fe(III) salts. The iron containing salts can be easily filtered out, leaving iron-free water containing innocuous by-products.
  • Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella are all members of the Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria and certain others known to those of skill in the art have similar physiological characteristics, including being rod shaped gram-negative facultatively anaerobic organisms. E. coli has long been used as an indicator of fecal pollution in water systems and there is a large volume of disinfection literature available for this particular organism. Ferrate is an effective biocidal agent against suspended bacterial cultures in clean systems. Ferrate has the capacity to rapidly inactivate several known pathogens at fairly low concentrations.
  • Ferrate is also an effective disinfectant against viruses, such as the F2 virus. Ferrate has also been studied for its antiviral activities and has been found to be effective in inactivating viruses (Kazama, Wat. Sci. Tech. 31 (5-6), 165-168 (1995).) Ferrate also coagulates turbidity in water system and inactivates most enteric pathogens at ferrate concentrations which are reasonable for use in a water and wastewater treatment facility.
  • ferrate has been used for disinfection in river water treatment, as well as in municipal sewage treatment processes; with its use, removal of coliform bacteria depends on the pH. It has been shown to be effective against E. coli and sphaerotilus (F. Kazama, J. Ferment. Bioeng., Vol. 67, p. 369 (1989)). Ferrate has also been used to remove coliform bacteria from treated sewage and river water (F. Kazama and K. Kato, Hamanashi Daigaku Kogakubu Kenkyu Hokoku, Vol. 35, p. 117 (1984)).
  • ferrate can be used to oxidize ammonia in the secondary effluent from water treatment plants.
  • the major oxidation product is nitrogen, while some nitrites are also present in the products. Both of these oxidation products are environmentally friendly.
  • a ferrate producing device can be installed in close proximity of the water treatment facility. Waste from the municipal sewer lines or the industrial effluent lines is mixed with freshly produced ferrate on site. The ferrate producing device can produce as much or as little ferrate as is necessary to react with all the waste present in the effluent.
  • ferrate is an efficient disinfectant, it has potential for use in lieu of extensive chlorination of drinking water.
  • a water purifying agent that can be safely used by the individual on “small” quantities of drinking water as well as at the municipal/industrial wastewater level.
  • Such purification agents should ideally be able to disinfect and remove suspended particulate materials, heavy metals (including radioisotopes) and some organics through flocculation, in order to at least partially destroy dissolved organic contaminants through oxidation, and as a final step, to remove itself from solution.
  • a one-step purification reagent which meets these criteria is FeO 4 2 ⁇ , ferrate. This ion is able to successfully compete with the current two-step, chlorination/ferric sulfate, flocculation technique, thereby circumventing the production of toxic or carcinogenic halogenated organics.
  • ferrate Since ferrate has multipurpose oxidant-coagulant properties, it is very attractive for the treatment of waste produced by chemical and pharmaceutical companies. These companies spend billions of dollars a year in clean up costs for contaminated water used, or produced, in their processes. Almost all of the waste produced by these companies can be oxidized to relatively harmless by-products by ferrate, leaving water that can be released to the municipal sewage systems and be treated without any special care. Thus, any company that produces waste water laced with organic, inorganic, or biological impurities can install a ferrate producing device at the end of its effluent line.
  • H 2 S control in municipal sanitary sewer systems and treatment plants, and industrial waste treatment facilities.
  • One of the ongoing major problems in waste water treatment is severe corrosion of facility structures from contact with hydrogen sulfide gas, H 2 S, or its oxidation products after contact with air. Equally important are the health risks from exposure to H 2 S gas for even short periods of time; such exposure is reported to be the leading cause of death among sanitary sewer workers.
  • Another major problem with the evolution of H 2 S gas is its foul smell that causes discomfort to those exposed to it.
  • Ferrate is known to be useful in a variety of waste water treatment applications. Ferrate oxidations, and their application to waste water treatment, have been studied with a view toward using ferrates in several industrial applications, in particular with a number of organic and inorganic substrates. (J. D. Carr, P. B. Kelter, A. Tabatabai, D. Spichal, J. Erickson, and C. W. McLaughlin, Proceedings of the Conference on Water Chlorination and Chemical Environmental Impact Health Effects, pp. 1285-88 (1985)). The applicability of ferrate in waste treatment involves not only its oxidative abilities, but also other multipurpose properties, such as its floc formation, disinfective properties, and generally remediative faculties.
  • Ferrate can be employed for the treatment of mill effluent and sewage sludge from municipal sources. Treatment at 125-1000 mg of K 2 FeO 4 /L dose levels was found to significantly decrease the COD MN , due to partial oxidation of the high molecular weight organics. Decreases in the UV spectrum after treatment with ferrate have been interpreted as removal of fulvic and humic acids within the iron(III) coagulate produced when the ferrate was reduced (F. Kazama and K. Kato, Kogabkubu Kenkyu Kokou, Vol. 34, pp. 100-4 (1984)).
  • Polyaminocarboxylates such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA), and nitriloacetate (NTA) are synthetic ligands that form stable complexes with most of the metals and are used in a variety of industrial applications such as photographic developing, paper production, and textile dyeing.
  • Ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) forms hexadentate chelates with transition metals and is used in consumer products, e.g., washing powder.
  • EDTA is a constituent of formulations for chemical decontamination of primary heat transport system of nuclear power reactors.
  • polyaminocarboxylates have been reported at many US Department of Energy (DOE) sites. These polyaminocarboxylates are either poorly biodegradable (e.g., EDTA), associated with other safety regulatory issues (e.g., NTA) or little effective (e.g., citrate). Ferrate can be applied to degrade polyaminocarboxylates and metal-polyaminocarboxylates to simple products.
  • DOE Department of Energy
  • CCL EPA Contaminant Candidate List
  • MTBE gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether
  • the U.S. geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program has identified it in 27% of urban wells tested. A more recent survey indicated that between 5 and 10% of all community drinking wells in the United States have detectable MTBE contamination. It persists in petroleum-contaminated aquifers. MTBE in groundwater can be oxidized to relatively non-hazardous compounds using ferrate.
  • TCE Trichloroethene
  • DCE dichloroethene
  • CE chloroethene
  • ethene ethene
  • PCP pentachlorophenol
  • Ferrate can also be applied to effluent streams from agrochemical industry.
  • the herbicide trifluaraline is a pre-emergent, cellular and nuclear division inhibitor. It is highly toxic for humans.
  • Ferrate can be applied to effluent streams of agrochemical industry containing compounds such as trifluraline.
  • Dyes present in wastewater originated from the textile industry are of particular environmental concern since they give undesirable color to the waters. They are also generally harmful compounds and can originate toxic byproducts through hydrolysis, oxidation, or other chemical reactions taking place in the waste phase.
  • the decolorization and degradation of different classes of textile dyes from the textile industry can be achieved using ferrate.
  • Thiourea and its derivatives are known corrosion inhibitors and are used as chemical complexing agents to clean scales developed in industrial equipment, like boilers and nuclear reactors. Because of the toxicity of thiourea to aquatic organisms, the treatment of boiler chemical cleaning wastes (BCCWs) is required before their disposal. Ferrate can easily remove thiourea and its derivatives from BCCWs.
  • BCCWs boiler chemical cleaning wastes
  • Manganese(II) causes aesthetic problems such as colored water, turbidity, staining, and foul taste. Manganese(II) can also accelerate biological growth which further exacerbates odor problems. Mn(II) is removed by oxidation of soluble Mn(II) with a ferrate to sparingly soluble oxide and hydroxide solid phases, MnOOH(s) and MnO 2 (s), respectively.
  • Ferrate can oxidize chemical warfare agents such as VX [O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylamino)ethylmethylphosphono-thioate], GD (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate), GB (2-propylmethylphosphonofluridate), mustard gas (2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide), and HD [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide].
  • VX O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylamino)ethylmethylphosphono-thioate
  • GD pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate
  • GB 2,2-propylmethylphosphonofluridate
  • mustard gas (2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide
  • HD bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide
  • Ferrate solution can be used to develop a method for protecting iron and steel castings from corrosion. This procedure is based on the formation of ferric oxide from the decay of the thin film of ferrate on the metal. In this procedure, a mixture of alkaline metal ferrate and alkaline solution containing a reducing agent is brought into contact with metal surfaces.
  • metal salts such as alum, ferric chloride, and ferrous sulfate in removing solids from a solution.
  • binding of water to the metal ions creates a gelatinous sludge with a high water content that increases dewatering costs.
  • Thirdly, the formation of metal-phosphate complexes causes phosphate levels in the solution to decrease and, as a result, phosphate becomes less available to bacteria. This upsets the biological function of the system. Synthetic organic polymers are used as common coagulants and flocculents to replace metal salts.
  • Synthetic polymers release toxic materials into water due to solubility of polymers.
  • solubility is also greatly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and pH.
  • Polymers are very sensitive to the quality of water and also have little effect on BOD.
  • a combination of polymers and ferrate can be advantageous. This combination can require less amount of coagulant and thus be cost-effective.
  • Polymer-ferrate complexes can be formed to eliminate the toxicity from the solubility of polymers. Polymer-ferrate complexes can also have multi-purpose properties and can be less sensitive towards quality of water.
  • a ferrate producing device located at a waste water facility will be useful in overcoming all of the above-described problems faced by these facilities.
  • the device of the present invention can produce inexpensive ferrate rapidly. Ferrate can be injected into the flow of waste water and mixed therewith, thereby oxidizing and removing the unwanted waste. Ferrate oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds results in environmentally safe by-products.
  • the iron containing salt by-products can easily be filtered off and removed from the waste water. This eliminates the need to repeatedly pass waste water through filters, activated charcoal, or geological reactors, or incubating the waste water in pools of anaerobic bacteria for digestion of the organic waste.
  • ferrate The on-site generation of ferrate removes two of the problems associated with its use today: cost and instability. Because ferrate is produced on site and can be applied immediately after its production, little or no attention must be paid to the fact that it is unstable. The ferrate is simply introduced into the waste water before it has had a chance to decompose. In addition, the application of ferrate requires no need for purification, crystallization, or storage, the cost of its use is very low. Furthermore, the ferrate produced by the device of the invention requires lesser amounts of expensive feed stock.
  • the ferrate generated by the methods of the present invention can be used in pool and spa applications. It is well known that pools, Jacuzzis, and spas become polluted with organic waste. The waste enters the water from the body of the swimmers or by wind or insects. If left untreated, the water becomes turbid and foul. Usual methods of treatment include the addition of oxidants such as bleach and anti-bacterial or anti-fungal agents. These treatments create unwanted side-effects. The oxidants that are left in the water have an adverse effect on the skin of the swimmers using the water. In addition, the oxidants create environmentally harmful by-products, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons.
  • the device of the present invention can be fitted to any swimming pool or Jacuzzi such that the ferrate produced by the device is mixed with the water in a mixing chamber, whereby all the organic waste is oxidized to innocuous products, the iron salts are filtered away, and the clean water is re-introduced into the pool.
  • aqueous streams comprising biosolids such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and oils which must be treated to remove the potentially valuable biosolids products before the stream can be discharged from the plant.
  • biosolids such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and oils which must be treated to remove the potentially valuable biosolids products before the stream can be discharged from the plant.
  • aqueous streams are often derived from food processing plants and have solids contents of about 0.01% to 5% on a weight basis.
  • This invention provides a process for clarification of such streams, whereby the solids are flocculated, and optional separation therefrom of the biosolids, which can be subsequently used for example, in animal feeds.
  • to flocculate means to separate suspended biosolids, from a stream comprising biosolids where the biosolids become aggregated and separate to the top or bottom of the stream in which the biosolids had previously been suspended.
  • Flocculation produces a flocculated material, which, if desired, can be physically separated from the stream.
  • the process of this invention involves treating an aqueous stream comprising biosolids by contacting the stream with ferrate.
  • the aqueous stream can be derived from any number of processes, which generate such streams, such as from animal and vegetable processing, including processing for non-food uses.
  • the aqueous stream to be treated can be from any processing plant that produces an aqueous stream comprising biosolids, such as food processing plants.
  • animal slaughterhouses and animal processing plants and other food processing plants may produce aqueous streams comprising protein, fats and oil.
  • Animal slaughterhouses and processing plants include those for cattle, hogs, poultry and seafood.
  • Other food processing plants include plants for vegetable, grain and dairy food processing plants for processing soybeans, rice, barley, cheese, and whey; plants for wet-milling of starches and grains; as well as breweries, distilleries and wineries.
  • Biosolids present in aqueous streams from these processes may include sugars, starches and other carbohydrates in addition to protein, fats, and oils.
  • proteins are extracted into an aqueous stream from which they are subsequently recovered.
  • the present invention is especially useful for treating streams from animal processing, and more particularly, from poultry processing.
  • this invention is useful in conventional food processing operations, which produce aqueous suspensions of biosolids
  • this invention is also useful in treatment of aqueous suspensions of biosolids derived from processing of food (animal or vegetable) materials, which may have non-food end uses.
  • proteins are useful in certain cosmetics and other skin care formulations; starch has numerous non-food uses, including uses in paper manufacture.
  • this invention is useful to treat in general, any aqueous stream comprising biosolids, which may result from non-food processing operations.
  • biosolids as disclosed above, are generally suspended in a substantially aqueous stream
  • concentration of biosolids dissolved in the stream depends on the properties of the stream or the biosolids such as, for example, pH, salinity, or other parameters.
  • the process of this invention involves treatment of an aqueous stream containing biosolids, for example, proteins, to reduce suspended solids (as measured by turbidity) and optionally to separate the biosolids.
  • biosolids for example, proteins
  • the biosolids can be recovered for subsequent use. It should be recognized that this process can capture both suspended biosolids as well as soluble materials, such as those present in blood and sugars.
  • the flocculated biosolids can optionally be separated from the treated stream by conventional separation processes such as sedimentation, flotation, filtering, centrifugation, decantation, or combinations of such processes.
  • the separated biosolids can subsequently be recovered and used in numerous applications. It has also been surprisingly found that the recovered biosolids from this process have reduced odor when dry relative to those recovered from a process using ferric chloride as part of a flocculating system.
  • the flocculated biosolids can be separated and recovered by known techniques, such as those mentioned above.
  • the process of the present invention is based on the precipitation of radioactive materials, particularly uranium, dissolved in aqueous solutions.
  • the dissolved radioactive materials may be from a naturally flowing stream, or a uranium mining operation water treatment plant.
  • the water from the stream is destined to be treated by a conventional city water treatment facility for drinking and home use.
  • Ferrate has been proposed as a treatment agent for the removal of radionuclides (transuranics) from waste water. To date, the focus has been on the nuclear industry, where ferrate is used to remove uranium and transuranic elements from contaminated water. In addition, there is currently an interest in using ferrate in the removal of plutonium and americium from waste water effluent.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,306 to Deininger discloses a method for transuranic element polishing from radioactive wastewater using FeO 4 2 ⁇ that involves adjusting the pH of a transuranic element—containing water source to a range of 6.5-14.0. Supposedly, removal occurs by co-precipitation of the transuranics within the ferric hydroxide matrix similar to other heavy metals. Also, small amounts of a chemical are used compared to common technology. Based on chemical dosages, radioactive sludge generation using this method is reduced by 3-20%, depending on the suspended solids content in the wastewater feed (Deininger, et al., Waste Manage. '90, vol. 1, pp. 789-795 (1990)).
  • Dilute solutions of ferrate can be used for oxidizing pretreatment of chromium (III) oxide containing films, resulting from corrosion of base metal surfaces of piping systems and the like, to render the corrosion films more amenable to conventional chemical cleaning treatments.
  • chromium (III) oxide containing films resulting from corrosion of base metal surfaces of piping systems and the like, to render the corrosion films more amenable to conventional chemical cleaning treatments.
  • metallic surfaces such as those used in medical devices or in the semi-conductor industry, need to be cleaned or disinfected.
  • Current methods for cleaning metal surfaces require their exposure to disinfectants, such as bleach, that are highly corrosive. Consequently, the metal parts corrode and routinely fail due to fatigue and need to be replaced. Aside from the high cost of replacing the corroded metal pieces, the failure of the instruments create discomfort and annoyance for the users and liabilities for the manufacturers.
  • Ferrate produced by the methods of the present invention can be used to clean the surfaces of these metal parts.
  • Ferrate is not corrosive and does not damage the integrity of the metal piece.
  • the biocidal activity of ferrate is comparable to that of bleach. Therefore, ferrate provides an efficient, effective, and economical means by which these metal surfaces can be cleaned.
  • the ferrate generating device of the present invention can be used in a hospital setting for such a use.
  • the ferrate generated by the methods of the present invention may be used to treat a wound, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,347, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising:
  • step (e) is added in an amount to substantially replace the portion of the aqueous solution delivered to the reaction chamber.
  • the base comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen base, the hydroxide ion, the oxide ion, and the carbonate ion, or a combination thereof.
  • iron salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, and ferrous carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises at least one of the following: a hypohalite ion, a halite ion, a halate ion, a perhalate ion, ozone, oxone, halogen, a peroxide, a peracid, a salt of a peracid, and Caro's acid, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a hypohalite ion selected from the group consisting of the hypochlorite ion, the hypobromite ion, and the hypoiodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halite ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorite ion, the bromite ion, and the iodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halate ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorate ion, the bromate ion, and the iodate ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a perhalate ion selected from the group consisting of the perchlorate ion, the perbromate ion, and the periodate ion.
  • a method of treating, at a site of use, an aqueous mixture having at least one impurity comprising
  • the impurity is selected from the group consisting of a biological impurity, an organic impurity, an inorganic impurity, a sulfur-containing impurity, a metallic impurity, and a radioactive impurity, or a combination thereof.
  • step (e) The above method, where the additional aqueous solution added in step (e) is in an amount to substantially replace the portion of the aqueous solution delivered to the reaction chamber.
  • the base comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of the hydroxide ion, the oxide ion, and the carbonate ion, or a combination thereof.
  • iron salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, and ferrous carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a hypohalite ion, a halite ion, a halate ion, a perhalate ion, ozone, oxone, halogen, a peroxide, a peracid, a salt of a peracid, and Caro's acid, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a hypohalite ion selected from the group consisting of the hypochlorite ion, the hypobromite ion, and the hypoiodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halite ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorite ion, the bromite ion, and the iodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halate ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorate ion, the bromate ion, and the iodate ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a perhalate ion selected from the group consisting of the perchlorate ion, the perbromate ion, and the periodate ion.
  • the contacting step comprises contacting the ferrate to a pool of the aqueous mixture.
  • the contacting step comprises contacting a stream of the aqueous mixture with a stationary container containing the ferrate.
  • a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate for delivery to a site of use comprising:
  • reaction chamber controllably connected to the mixing chamber, the reaction chamber adapted to receive the first mixture and maintain the first mixture for a period of time;
  • the mixing chamber comprises a tube configured to mix the mixture as it passes through the tube.
  • the mixing chamber further comprises a temperature control device.
  • the above device further comprising a pump downstream from the first and the second holding chambers and upstream from the mixing chamber.
  • the above device further comprising a pump downstream from the mixing chamber and upstream from the reaction chamber.
  • reaction chamber comprises a tube located between the mixing chamber and the output opening.
  • a system for continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising:
  • the base comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of the hydroxide ion, the oxide ion, and the carbonate ion, or a combination thereof.
  • iron salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, and ferrous carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a hypohalite ion, a halite ion, a halate ion, a perhalate ion, ozone, oxone, halogen, a peroxide, a peracid, a salt of a peracid, and Caro's acid, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a hypohalite ion selected from the group consisting of the hypochlorite ion, the hypobromite ion, and the hypoiodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halite ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorite ion, the bromite ion, and the iodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halate ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorate ion, the bromate ion, and the iodate ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a perhalate ion selected from the group consisting of the perchlorate ion, the perbromate ion, and the periodate ion.
  • the mixing chamber comprises a tube configured to mix the mixture as it passes through the tube.
  • reaction chamber comprises a tube located between the mixing chamber and the output opening.
  • a method of purifying drinking water comprising contacting ferrate generated by the method of claim 1 with the drinking water, where the contacting is at a site proximal to the generation site.
  • a method of purifying waste water comprising contacting ferrate generated by the above methods with the waste water, where the contacting is at a site proximal to the generation site.
  • a method of purifying sewage comprising contacting ferrate generated by the above methods with the sewage, where the contacting is at a site proximal to the generation site.
  • a method of cleaning surgical instruments comprising contacting ferrate generated by the above methods with the surgical instruments, where the contacting is at a site proximal to the generation site.
  • a method of removing radioactive materials from an aqueous solution comprising contacting ferrate generated by the above methods with the aqueous solution, where the contacting is at a site proximal to the generation site.
  • a method of cleaning a metallic or a polymer surface comprising contacting ferrate generated by the above methods with the metallic or a polymer surface, where the contacting is at a site proximal to the generation site.
  • a method of coating a metallic or a polymer surface comprising contacting ferrate generated by the above methods with the metallic or a polymer surface, where the contacting is at a site proximal to the generation site.
  • a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising:
  • the base comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen base, the hydroxide ion, the oxide ion, and the carbonate ion, or a combination thereof.
  • iron salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, and ferrous carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a hypohalite ion, a halite ion, a halate ion, a perhalate ion, halogen, a peroxide, a peracid, a salt of a peracid, and Caro's acid, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a hypohalite ion selected from the group consisting of the hypochlorite ion, the hypobromite ion, and the hypoiodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halite ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorite ion, the bromite ion, and the iodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halate ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorate ion, the bromate ion, and the iodate ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a perhalate ion selected from the group consisting of the perchlorate ion, the perbromate ion, and the periodate ion.
  • a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising:
  • heating chamber further comprises a temperature control device.
  • the above device further comprising a storage chamber after the output opening in the heating chamber.
  • a device for continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising:
  • a mixing chamber comprising two electrodes and a solution of an iron salt, where the electrodes provide sufficient electric current to convert the solution of an iron salt to a solution of ferrate;
  • the mixing chamber comprises a tube configured to mix the mixture as it passes through the tube.
  • the mixing chamber further comprises a temperature control device.
  • the above device further comprising a pump downstream from the first and the second holding chambers and upstream from the mixing chamber.
  • the above device further comprising a pump downstream from the mixing chamber and upstream from the reaction chamber.
  • reaction chamber comprises a tube located between the mixing chamber and the output opening.
  • a method of continuously synthesizing ferrate comprising:
  • step (d) is in an amount sufficient to substantially replace the portion of the aqueous solution delivered to the reaction chamber.
  • iron salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, and ferrous carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • a method of synthesizing ferrate comprising:
  • the base comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen base, the hydroxide ion, the oxide ion, and the carbonate ion, or a combination thereof.
  • iron salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric nitrate, ferrous nitrate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric bromide, ferrous bromide, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric phosphate, ferrous phosphate, ferric hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric hydrogen carbonate, ferrous hydrogen carbonate, ferric carbonate, and ferrous carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a hypohalite ion, a halite ion, a halate ion, a perhalate ion, ozone, oxone, halogen, a peroxide, a peracid, a salt of a peracid, and Caro's acid, or a combination thereof.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a hypohalite ion selected from the group consisting of the hypochlorite ion, the hypobromite ion, and the hypoiodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halite ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorite ion, the bromite ion, and the iodite ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a halate ion selected from the group consisting of the chlorate ion, the bromate ion, and the iodate ion.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises a perhalate ion selected from the group consisting of the perchlorate ion, the perbromate ion, and the periodate ion.
  • a method of treating, at a site of use, an aqueous mixture having at least one impurity comprising
  • Ferrate is synthesized using the procedure of Example 1, except 16.35 g of chlorine was used instead of 6.5 g. 40 g of coarse glass frit-filtered solution of hypochlorite is added to a 50 mL jacketed reaction vessel with a TEFLON® stirring bar. Controlled temperature water is circulated through the jacket to control and establish the reaction temperature. 5 g of ferric nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO 3 ) 3 •9H 2 O) is added over a period of a few minutes to begin the experiment. An amount of NaOH may be added to the solution before the start of the experiment. “Expected Absorbance” refers to the theoretical absorbance of the solution if all of the iron in the solution had been converted to Fe(VI).
  • Second batch (25 g) of NaOH is added in the hypochlorite production. Temperature is set at 30° C. Time, Actual Expected Observed Fraction of Iron Actual Reaction min Wt*, (g) Absorbance ⁇ Absorbance in (VI) State Temperature, ° C. Notes 0 22.4 Begin iron addition 2 27 Complete iron addition 2.5 30 3.5 33.9 Beginning of reaction noted 5 0.33 1.04 0.25 0.24 31.1 10 0.32 1.01 0.40 0.40 30.7 17 0.31 0.98 0.48 0.49 30.4 25 0.33 1.04 0.59 0.57 30.4 35 0.32 1.01 0.60 0.59 30.3 45 0.34 1.08 0.695 0.64 30.5
  • Second batch (25 g) of NaOH is added in the hypochlorite production. Temperature is set at 35° C. Time, Actual Expected Observed Fraction of Iron Actual Reaction min Wt, gm Absorbance Absorbance in (VI) State Temperature, ° C. Notes 0 24 Begin iron addition 2 28.6 Complete iron addition 2.5 32 3.5 37 Beginning of reaction noted 5 0.32 0.285 1.01 0.28 36 10 0.34 0.52 1.08 0.48 35.4 17 0.34 0.61 1.08 0.56 35.3 25 0.34 0.67 1.08 0.62 35.3 35 0.31 0.68 0.98 0.69 35.3 45 0.34 0.813 1.08 0.75 35.3 60 0.43 1.11 1.36 0.82 35.2
  • Ferrate is synthesized using the procedure of Example 1, except that 17 g of chlorine was used instead of 6.5 g. 40 grams of coarse glass frit filtered solution of hypochlorite in saturated sodium hydroxide solution is added to a 50 mL Pyrex beaker with a TEFLON® stirring bar. The beaker is placed in a large crystallizing dish on a magnetic stirrer plate. The crystallizing dish has a water/ice mixture to maintain a temperature of 19-20° C. Five grams of ferric nitrate nonahydrate is added over a period of four minutes to begin the experiment. The iron salt distributes through the mixture but there is no visually apparent activity for a few minutes. The temperature of the reaction mixture slowly rises.
  • Ferrate is synthesized using the procedure of Example 1. 30 g of NaOH plus 75 of water were mixed in the reaction chamber, followed by the addition of 6.5 g of Cl 2 . Another 70 g of NaOH is added. The solution phase of this is reacted with 25 grams of ferric nitrate. Caustic, Experiment Temp, ° C. 1st/2nd Chlorine, g Iron Form C vs.
  • Ferrate is synthesized using the procedure of Example 1, except 12.9 g of chlorine was used instead of 6.5 g and the second addition of sodium hydroxide was 25 g instead of 70 g.
  • Ferrate was synthesized using a recipe given by Audette and Quail, Inorganic Chemistry 11(8) 1904 (1972).
  • IC 11(8) 1904 (1972) Experimental Procedure Weight, grams Recipe Experimental On a 75 grams Ingredient Weight, grams Moles Moles Procedure of water basis Water 75 10 75 1st NaOH 30 0.10 4 30 Cl 2 (gas) 6.5 0.092 0.038 2.7 20.25 0.29 (75 g water basis) 2nd NaOH 70 0.24 9.6
  • Ferric 25 0.062 0.005 2.02 15 Nitrate Nonahydrate
  • Ferrate is synthesized using the procedure of Example 1, except 23.1 g of chlorine was used instead of 6.5 g. 40 g of coarse glass frit filtered bleach in saturated sodium hydroxide solution was added to a 50 mL Pyrex beaker with a TEFLON® stirring bar. The beaker was placed in a large crystallizing dish on a magnetic stirrer plate. The water bath maintained a temperature of 26-27° C. 5 g of ferric nitrate nonahydrate was added over a period of three minutes to begin the experiment*. During this step, the mixture foamed up slightly causing the iron nitrate crystals to tend to float on the foam and not mix in.
  • Ferrate is synthesized using the procedure of Example 1, except 12 g of chlorine was used instead of 6.5 g.
  • Reaction vessel is a jacketed beaker maintained at 35° C. Begin with 20 g of hypochlorite/sodium. Gradually add 1.6 g of ferric nitrate nonahydrate crystals. This is a 5 fold stoichiometric excess of hypochlorite over ferric(III). The maximum temperature achieved during this step was 39° C. Time, Actual Expected Actual Fraction of Iron Actual reaction min weight, gm absorbance absorbance in the (VI) state temperature, ° C. 15 0.3233 1.36 0.86 0.63 35.2 30 0.3427 1.44 1.14 0.79 35.2 45 0.2984 1.26 1.10 0.87 35.2 60 0.3289 1.39 1.25 0.90 35.2
  • a jacketed mixing vessel set to control the temperature at 30° C. is used.
  • a reactor vessel in the form of a tube is used with a controlled temperature setting of 35° C.
  • a multi-head variable speed peristaltic pump set to deliver sodium hypochlorite solution to the mixing chamber at a speed of approximately 30 mg/sec is used.
  • Another tube on the pump head is used to transfer mixture from the mixing chamber to the reactor tube.
  • Ferrate is synthesized using the procedure of Example 1. 40 g of coarse glass frit filtered bleach in saturated sodium hydroxide solution is added to a 50 mL Pyrex beaker with a TEFLON® stirring bar. The beaker is placed in a large crystallizing dish on a magnetic stirrer plate. The crystallizing dish has a water/ice mixture to maintain a temperature of 19-20° C. 5 g of ferric nitrate nonahydrate is added over a period of four minutes to begin the experiment. The iron salt distributes through the mixture but there is no visually apparent activity for a few minutes. The temperature of the reaction mixture does slowly elevate. Relatively suddenly, the mixture turns dark purple.

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