US10954234B2 - Solid forms of 3-((1R,3R)-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-((1-(3- fluoropropyl)azetidin-3-yl)amino)phenyl)-3-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)-2,2-difluoropropan-1-ol and processes for preparing fused tricyclic compounds comprising a substituted phenyl or pyridinyl moiety, including methods of their use - Google Patents

Solid forms of 3-((1R,3R)-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-((1-(3- fluoropropyl)azetidin-3-yl)amino)phenyl)-3-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)-2,2-difluoropropan-1-ol and processes for preparing fused tricyclic compounds comprising a substituted phenyl or pyridinyl moiety, including methods of their use Download PDF

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US10954234B2
US10954234B2 US16/443,515 US201916443515A US10954234B2 US 10954234 B2 US10954234 B2 US 10954234B2 US 201916443515 A US201916443515 A US 201916443515A US 10954234 B2 US10954234 B2 US 10954234B2
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powder diffraction
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US20200002331A1 (en
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Cheol Keun Chung
Jie Xu
Hans Iding
Kyle Clagg
Michael Dalziel
Alec Fettes
Francis Gosselin
Ngiap-Kie Lim
Andrew McClory
HaiMing Zhang
Paroma Chakravarty
Karthik Nagapudi
Sarah Robinson
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Hoffmann La Roche Inc
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Genentech Inc
Hoffmann La Roche Inc
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Assigned to F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG reassignment F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FETTES, ALEC, IDING, HANS
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D205/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
    • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D209/14—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms, not forming part of a nitro radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs

Definitions

  • Fused tricyclic compounds comprising a substituted phenyl or pyridinyl moiety within the scope of the present disclosure are useful as estrogen receptor (“ER”) targeting agents.
  • ER estrogen receptor
  • the ER is a ligand-activated transcriptional regulatory protein that mediates induction of a variety of biological effects through its interaction with endogenous estrogens.
  • Endogenous estrogens include 17 ⁇ (beta)-estradiol and estrones.
  • ER has been found to have two isoforms, ER- ⁇ (alpha) and ER- ⁇ (beta).
  • Estrogens and estrogen receptors are implicated in a number of diseases or conditions, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine cancer, as well as others diseases or conditions.
  • ER- ⁇ targeting agents have particular activity in the setting of metastatic disease and acquired resistance. ER- ⁇ targeting agents are disclosed in U.S. Publication Number 2016/0175289.
  • the estrogen receptor (“ER”) is a ligand-activated transcriptional regulatory protein that mediates induction of a variety of biological effects through its interaction with endogenous estrogens.
  • Endogenous estrogens include 17 ⁇ (beta)-estradiol and estrones.
  • ER has been found to have two isoforms, ER- ⁇ (alpha) and ER- ⁇ (beta).
  • Estrogens and estrogen receptors are implicated in a number of diseases or conditions, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine cancer, as well as others diseases or conditions.
  • ER- ⁇ targeting agents that have activity in the setting of metastatic disease and acquired resistance. Accordingly, there remains a need for cancer therapies having particular solid forms.
  • Compound B having the name 3-((1R,3R)-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-((1-(3-fluoropropyl)azetidin-3-yl)amino)phenyl)-3-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)-2,2-difluoropropan-1-ol tartrate, as described herein.
  • a crystal form of Compound B having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 11.31, 15.70, 16.54, 19.10, or 22.76 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ .
  • a crystal form of Compound B having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 12.52, 15.90, 19.66, 20.65, or 24.99 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ .
  • an amorphous solid comprising Compound A.
  • compositions comprising Compound B or a crystal salt thereof.
  • Such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions can be used in methods of treating cancer as set forth herein.
  • a process for preparing a compound of formula (IV) or a salt thereof as set forth herein comprises (1) reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (I) as described herein, an organic solvent and thionyl chloride to form a compound of formula (IIa) as described herein and (2) reacting a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (IIa), a catalyst, an oxidant and a solvent to form a compound of formula (II) as described herein.
  • the process further comprises reacting a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (II) and a compound of formula (III) as described herein in an organic solvent to form a compound of formula (IV) or a salt thereof as described herein.
  • a process for preparing a compound of formula (VIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as described herein comprises reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (IV) as described herein, a compound of formula (V) as described herein or a compound of formula (X) as described herein, and an organic solvent to form a compound of formula (VI) as described herein.
  • the process further comprises reacting a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (VI), an organic solvent, and a compound of formula (VII) as described herein or a salt thereof to form a compound of formula (VIII) or a salt thereof.
  • a process for preparing a compound of formula (VIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as described herein comprises reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (IX) as described herein or a compound of formula (X) as described herein, a compound of formula (IV) as described herein and an organic solvent to form the compound of formula (VIII) or a salt thereof as described herein.
  • a process for preparing a compound of formula (IX) or a salt thereof as described herein comprises reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (X) as described herein, a compound of formula (VII), or a salt thereof, as described herein an organic solvent and a catalyst to form a compound of formula (XI) or a salt thereof as described herein.
  • a process for preparing a compound of formula (III) or a salt thereof as described herein comprises reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (XII) s described herein, a compound B and an organic solvent to form the compound of formula (XIII) as described herein.
  • Still further provided herein is a process for preparing a compound having formula (XX) is provided, where the process comprises contacting a compound of formula (XXI) as described herein with a protein transaminase to form a compound of formula (3).
  • the compound of formula (3) is contacted with a compound of formula (II) as described herein to form compound formula (XX).
  • FIG. 1 depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound B Form A.
  • FIG. 2A depicts the TGA and FIG. 2B depicts the DSC for Compound B Form A.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a PLM image for Compound B Form A.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 5 depicts the TGA and DSC for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 6 depicts the 13 C SSNMR for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 7 depicts the 19 F SSNMR for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 8 depicts the water sorption/desorption plot for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 9 a depicts the SEM image
  • FIG. 9 b depicts the PLM image for Compound B Form B
  • FIG. 9 c depicts the particle size distribution (PSD) for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 10 depicts a comparative XRPD pattern for Compound B Form C against Form A and Form B of Compound B.
  • Form C was found to be a mixture of Form A and Form B.
  • FIG. 11 depicts the TGA and DSC for Compound B Form C.
  • FIG. 12 depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound B Form D.
  • FIG. 13 depicts the TGA and DSC for Compound B Form D.
  • FIG. 14 depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound B Form E.
  • FIG. 15 depicts the TGA and DSC for Compound B Form E.
  • FIG. 16 depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound B Form F.
  • FIG. 17 depicts the DVS plot for Compound B Form F.
  • FIG. 18 depicts the DSC for Compound B Form F.
  • FIG. 19 depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound B Form G.
  • FIG. 20 depicts the TGA and DSC for Compound B Form G.
  • FIG. 21 depicts the XRPD pattern overlay for Compound B Form A, Form B, Form C, Form D, Form F, and Form G.
  • FIG. 22 depicts the XRPD for the compressibility properties for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 23 depicts the 19 F SSNMR for the compressibility properties for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 24 depicts the DSC for the compressibility properties for Compound B Form B.
  • FIG. 25 depicts phase transformation pathways for Compound B Forms A, B, D, and F.
  • FIG. 26 depicts phase transformation pathways to obtain Compound B Form B from Form F.
  • FIG. 27 a depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound C Form 1;
  • FIG. 27 b depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound C Form 2.
  • FIG. 28 depicts the TGA and DSC for Compound C Form 1.
  • FIG. 29 depicts a PLM image for Compound C Form 1.
  • FIG. 30 depicts the XRPD pattern for Compound D Form M.
  • FIG. 31 depicts the TGA and DSC for Compound D Form M.
  • FIG. 32 depicts the XRPD pattern for the amorphous form of Compound A.
  • FIG. 33 depicts the TGA and DSC for the amorphous form of Compound A.
  • FIG. 34 depicts cell viability of ER+ breast cancer cell line for Compound B compared to GDC-0810 and GDC-0927.
  • FIG. 35 depicts effect on tumor volume of Compound B at 0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg compared to GDC-0927 at 100 mg/kg.
  • FIG. 36 a depicts CT scanning and FIG. 36 b depicts FES-PET scanning of a breast cancer patient treated with Compound B.
  • FIG. 37 a depicts CT scanning and FIG. 37 b depicts FES-PET scanning of a second breast cancer patient treated with Compound B.
  • the equivalent dose, amount, or weight percent can be within 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or less of the specified dose, amount, or weight percent.
  • the terms “about” and “approximately,” when referring to a numeric value or range of values used for characterization of a particular solid form described herein indicate that the value or range of values may deviate from a given value to an extent deemed reasonable to one of ordinary skill in the art while still describing the solid form.
  • the value of an XRPD peak position may vary by up to +0.1° 2 ⁇ (or +0.05 degree 2 ⁇ ) while still describing the particular XRPD peak.
  • the detection of other solid forms can be accomplished by, for example, diffraction analysis, thermal analysis, elemental combustion analysis and/or spectroscopic analysis.
  • the detection of other chemical compounds can be accomplished by, for example, mass spectrometry analysis, spectroscopic analysis, thermal analysis, elemental combustion analysis and/or chromatographic analysis.
  • solvate refers to a solid form of a substance which contains solvent.
  • hydrate and “hydrated” refer to a solvate wherein the solvent is water.
  • solvate and “solvated,” as used herein, can also refer to a solvate of a salt, cocrystal, or molecular complex.
  • hydrate and “hydrated,” as used herein, can also refer to a hydrate of a salt, cocrystal, or molecular complex.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to a diluent, excipient, or carrier in a formulation compatible with the other ingredient(s) of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • Compound A refers to the compound having the structure:
  • Compound A can be a tartaric acid salt as described herein (e.g. Compound B).
  • Compound A can be a fumaric acid salt as described herein (e.g. Compound C).
  • Compound A can be a malonate salt as described herein (e.g. Compound D).
  • solid form refers to a physical form which is not predominantly in a liquid or a gaseous state.
  • a solid form may be a crystalline form or a mixture thereof.
  • a solid form may be a liquid crystal.
  • the solid form of Compound A is Form A, Form B, Form C, Form D, Form E, Form F, Form G, Form 1, or Form 2, an amorphous solid, or a mixture thereof.
  • the solid form of Compound A is a tartrate salt.
  • the solid form of Compound A is a fumarate salt or a mixture thereof.
  • a solid form may be a crystal form as defined herein.
  • crystal form or “crystalline form” refers to a solid form that is crystalline.
  • a crystal form of a compound described herein may be substantially free of amorphous solids and/or other crystal forms.
  • a crystal form of a compound described herein may contain less than about 1%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, less than about 5%, less than about 6%, less than about 7%, less than about 8%, less than about 9%, less than about 10%, less than about 15%, less than about 20%, less than about 25%, less than about 30%, less than about 35%, less than about 40%, less than about 45%, or less than about 50% by weight of one or more amorphous solids and/or other crystal forms.
  • a crystal form described herein is pure. In certain embodiments, a crystal form of a compound described herein may be about 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, or 90% pure.
  • amorphous refers to a solid form that not substantially crystalline as determined by X-ray diffraction.
  • amorphous solid describes a disordered solid form, i.e., a solid form lacking long range crystalline order.
  • an amorphous solid of a compound described herein may be substantially free of other amorphous solids and/or crystal forms.
  • an amorphous solid may be pure.
  • an amorphous solid of a compound described herein may be about 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, or 90% pure.
  • Treating means an alleviation, in whole or in part, of a disorder, disease or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with a disorder, disease, or condition, or slowing or halting of further progression or worsening of those symptoms, or alleviating or eradicating the cause(s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself.
  • the disorder is a cancer.
  • ⁇ ективное amount or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound described herein capable of treating or preventing a disorder, disease or condition, or symptoms thereof, disclosed herein.
  • “Patient” or “subject” is defined herein to include animals, such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, monkeys, chickens, turkeys, quails, or guinea pigs and the like, in one embodiment a mammal, in another embodiment a human.
  • a subject is a human having or at risk for cancer.
  • moiety and “substituent” refer to an atom or group of chemically bonded atoms that is attached to another atom or molecule by one or more chemical bonds thereby forming part of a molecule.
  • alkyl refers to an aliphatic straight-chain or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon moiety having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In particular embodiments the alkyl has 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In particular embodiments the alkyl has 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein.
  • substituted refers to the replacement of at least one of hydrogen atom of a compound or moiety with another substituent or moiety.
  • substituents include, without limitation, halogen, —OH, —CN, oxo, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylene, aryl, heteroaryl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl and heterocycle.
  • haloalkyl refers to the fact that one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkyl (as defined below) is replaced by one or more halogen atoms (e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, etc.).
  • substituted as used herein can refer to replacement of at least one hydrogen atom of a compound or moiety described herein with halogen or alkyl.
  • alkylene refers to a linear or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of one to twelve carbon atoms, and in another aspect one to six carbon atoms, wherein the alkylene radical may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, 2-methylpropylene, pentylene, and the like.
  • alkoxy refers to a group of the formula —O—R′, wherein R′ is an alkyl group. Alkoxy groups may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. Examples of alkoxy moieties include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and tert-butoxy.
  • aryl refers to a cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moiety having a mono-, bi- or tricyclic aromatic ring of 5 to 16 carbon ring atoms.
  • Bicyclic aryl ring systems include fused bicyclics having two fused five-membered aryl rings (denoted as 5-5), having a five-membered aryl ring and a fused six-membered aryl ring (denoted as 5-6 and as 6-5), and having two fused six-membered aryl rings (denoted as 6-6).
  • the aryl group can be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • aryl moieties include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, fluorenyl, indenyl, pentalenyl, azulenyl, and the like.
  • aryl also includes partially hydrogenated derivatives of the cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moiety provided that at least one ring of the cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moiety is aromatic, each being optionally substituted.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic heterocyclic mono-, bi- or tricyclic ring system of 5 to 16 ring atoms, comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, the remaining ring atoms being carbon.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl rings may be 5-6 membered.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryl ring systems include fused bicyclics having two fused five-membered heteroaryl rings (denoted as 5-5), having a five-membered heteroaryl ring and a fused six-membered heteroaryl ring (denoted as 5-6 and 6-5), and having two fused six-membered heteroaryl rings (denoted as 6-6).
  • heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • heteroaryl moieties include pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, isoxazolyl, benzofuranyl, isothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, aza-indolyl, isoindolyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzooxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo
  • halo refers to a substituent fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group has been replaced by the same or different halogen atoms, particularly fluorine and/or chlorine atoms.
  • haloalkyl include monofluoro-, difluoro- or trifluoro-methyl, -ethyl or -propyl, for example 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group have been replaced by a hydroxyl moiety. Examples include alcohols and diols
  • heteroalkyl refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkyl as defined herein having from 2 to 14 carbons, from 2 to 10 carbons, or from 2 to 6 carbons in the chain, one or more of which has been replaced by a heteroatom selected from S, O, P and N.
  • heteroalkyls include alkyl ethers, secondary and tertiary alkyl amines, amides, and alkyl sulfides.
  • cycloalkyl means a saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic moiety having mono-, bi- (including bridged bicyclic) or tricyclic rings and 3 to 10 carbon atoms in the ring.
  • the cycloalkyl moiety can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents.
  • cycloalkyl contains from 3 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., (C 3 —C 8 )cycloalkyl).
  • cycloalkyl contains from 3 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl).
  • cycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and partially unsaturated (cycloalkenyl) derivatives thereof (e.g. cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl), bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, and bicyclo[3.1.1]heptenyl.
  • the cycloalkyl moiety can be attached in a “spirocycloalkyl” fashion such as “spirocyclopropyl”:
  • heterocycle refers to a 4, 5, 6 and 7-membered monocyclic, 7, 8, 9 and 10-membered bicyclic (including bridged bicyclic) or 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is saturated or partially unsaturated, and has one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring with the remaining ring atoms being carbon.
  • the heterocycle is a heterocycloalkyl.
  • heterocycle or heterocyclyl refers to a 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocycle.
  • a nitrogen or sulfur may also be in an oxidized form, and a nitrogen may be substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or groups.
  • the heterocycle can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure. Any of the heterocycle ring atoms can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents described herein.
  • saturated or partially unsaturated heterocycles include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl.
  • heterocycle also includes groups in which a heterocycle is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl rings, such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, octahydroindolyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl.
  • groups in which a heterocycle is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl rings, such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, octahydroindolyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl.
  • hydro refers to the moiety of a hydrogen atom (—H) and not H 2 .
  • organic solvent refers to any non-aqueous polar aprotic solvent, polar protic solvent, and non-polar solvent.
  • polar organic solvent refers to both polar aprotic solvents and polar protic solvents, excluding water.
  • polar aprotic solvent refers to any polar solvent not having a proton-donating ability. Examples include, without any limitation, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate (e.g., isopropyl acetate), acetone, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, and propylene carbonate.
  • polar protic solvent refers to any polar solvent having a proton-donating ability. Examples include, without limitation, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, formic acid, nitromethane and acetic acid. An organic polar protic solvent excludes any effective amount of water.
  • non-polar solvent refers to solvents that contain bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities, such as carbon and hydrogen, such that the electric charge on the molecule is evenly distributed.
  • Non-polar solvents are characterized as having a low dielectric constant. Examples include, without limitation, pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclopentane, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), diethyl ether, toluene, benzene, 1,4-dioxane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and dichloromethane (DCM).
  • MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether
  • DCM dichloromethane
  • the non-polar solvent has a dielectric constant of less than 2, examples of which include, without limitation, pentane, hexane and heptane.
  • DCM exhibits some degree of polarity at the bond level (i.e., between carbon and chlorine), but only a small degree of polarity at the molecular level due to symmetry-based cancellation of polarity.
  • anti-solvent refers to a solvent in which the referenced compound is poorly soluble and which induces precipitation or crystallization of said compound from solution.
  • the term “acid catalyst” refers to an acid catalyst such as, but not limited to, a Brönsted acid, a Lewis acid or a Brönsted-Lowry catalyst.
  • acid catalysts include acetic acid, glacial acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzoic acid, pivalic acid, diphenyl phosphoric acid, triflic acid, formic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, salicyclic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphor sulfonic acid, naphthalene sulfonic acid, clay-based montmorillonite K-10 and resin based amberlyst, and combinations thereof.
  • amine protecting group refers to any known protecting group that that blocks or protects the functionality of amines.
  • Amine protecting groups within the scope of the disclosure include, without limitation, 1-chloroethyl carbamate (ACD); 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide; acetamide (Ac); benzylamine (Bn); benzyloxy carbamate (CBz); formamide; methyl carbamate; trifluoroacetamide; tert-butoxy carbamate (Boc); p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl (MeOZ); 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC); bezoyl (Bz); p-methoxybenzyl (PMB); 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl (DMPM); p-methoxyphenyl (PMP); Tosyl (Ts); and trichloroethyl chloroformate (Troc).
  • ACD 1-chloroethyl carba
  • aldehyde protecting group refers to any known substituent attached to an aldehyde group that blocks or protects the carbonyl group of the aldehyde functionality.
  • Suitable protecting groups of the aldehyde functionality include, but are not limited to (a) cyclic acetals and ketals, (b) cyclic mono or di-thio acetals or ketals or other derivatives such as imines, hydrazones, cyanohydrin, oximes or semicarbazones, for example, dialkyl or diaryl acetals or 1,3 dithiane, (c) cyclic imines such as substituted methylene derivatives or N,N′-dimethylimidazolidine.
  • aldehyde protecting groups include 1,3-dithiane, 1,3-dithiolane, diethyl acetal, dimethyl acetal, ethylene glycol acetal, neopentyl glycol acetal, trimethylsilyl cyanohydrin, and trialkyl orthoformates such as triethyl orthoformate.
  • aldehyde protecting groups and their use see, Wuts and Greene.
  • leaving group refers to an atom or a group of atoms that is displaced in a chemical reaction as stable species. Suitable leaving groups are well known in the art, e.g., see, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5.sup.th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001 and T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991, the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Such leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen, alkoxy, sulphonyloxy, optionally substituted alkylsulphonyl, optionally substituted alkenylsulfonyl, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl, and diazonium moieties.
  • Examples of some leaving groups include chloro, iodo, bromo, fluoro, methanesulfonyl (mesyl), tosyl, triflate, nitro-phenylsulfonyl (nosyl), and bromo-phenylsulfonyl (brosyl).
  • “Transition metal catalysts” within the scope of the disclosure include, without limitation, palladium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium catalysts.
  • suitable catalysts include: (2-Biphenyl)di-tert-butylphosphine gold(I) chloride (“JohnPhos”), 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl gold(I) chloride (“XPhos AuCl”), 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl gold(I) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (“XPhos AuNTf2”), Chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2-aminoethyl)phen
  • inorganic acids refer to acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, nitric acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, and combinations thereof.
  • organic acids refer to acids such as, but not limited to: acetic acid; trifluoroacetic acid; phenylacetic acid; propionic acid; stearic acid; lactic acid; ascorbic acid; maleic acid; hydroxymaleic acid; isethionic acid; succinic acid; valeric acid; fumaric acid; malonic acid; pyruvic acid; oxalic acid; glycolic acid; salicylic acid; oleic acid; palmitic acid; lauric acid; a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid; an alpha-hydroxy acid, such as mandelic acid, citric acid, or tartaric acid; cysteine sulfinic acid; an amino acid, such as aspartic acid, glutaric acid or glutamic acid; an aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, naphthoic acid, or cinnamic acid; a s
  • inorganic bases refer to bases such as, but not limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and combinations thereof.
  • organic base refers to an organic compound containing one or more nitrogen atoms, and which acts as a base.
  • organic bases include, but are not limited to, tertiary amine bases.
  • organic bases include, but are not limited to, 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (“DBU”), N-methyl-morpholine (NMM), diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), triethylamine (TEA), a t-butoxide (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium tert-butoxide).
  • DBU 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
  • NMM N-methyl-morpholine
  • DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
  • TEA triethylamine
  • t-butoxide e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium tert-butoxide
  • compositions of the present disclosure may present in a salt form which encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable salts and non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases or free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may be in the form of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts which can be useful as an intermediate for isolating or purifying said compounds.
  • Exemplary acid salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate “mesylate”, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts.
  • pamoate i.e.,
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may involve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, a succinate ion or other counter ion.
  • the counter ion may be any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may have more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atoms are part of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiple counter ions. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counter ion.
  • Exemplary base salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, inorganic salts formed from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and aluminum cations.
  • Organic salts formed from cations including primary, secondary, and tertiary amines; substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines; cyclic amines; basic ion exchange resins; isopropylamine; trimethylamine; diethylamine; trimethylamine; tripropylamine; ethanolamine; 2-diethylaminoethanol; trimethamine; dicyclohexylamine; lysine; arginine; histidine; caffeine; procaine; hydrabamine; choline; betaine; ethylenediamine; glucosamine; methylglucamine; theobromine; purines; piperazine; piperidine; N-ethylpiperidine; and polyamine resins.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can also be solvated, i.e. hydrated.
  • the solvation can be effected in the course of the manufacturing process or can take place i.e. as a consequence of hygroscopic properties of an initially anhydrous compounds.
  • solvate refers to an association or complex of one or more solvent molecules and a compound of the invention.
  • solvents that form solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), acetic acid (AcOH), and ethanolamine.
  • isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers.” Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.” Diastereomers are stereoisomers with opposite configuration at one or more chiral centers which are not enantiomers. Stereoisomers bearing one or more asymmetric centers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers.” When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, if a carbon atom is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible.
  • An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center or centers and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or ( ⁇ ) isomers respectively).
  • a chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof.
  • a mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.
  • the compound is enriched by at least about 90% by weight with a single diastereomer or enantiomer.
  • the compound is enriched by at least about 95%, 98%, or 99% by weight with a single diastereomer or enantiomer.
  • Certain compounds of the present disclosure possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers, regioisomers and individual isomers (e.g., separate enantiomers) are all intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the invention, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention. In some instances, the stereochemistry has not been determined or has been provisionally assigned. Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s).
  • d and 1 or (+) and ( ⁇ ) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with ( ⁇ ) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
  • a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
  • these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
  • a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
  • a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
  • racemic mixture and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
  • Enantiomers may be separated from a racemic mixture by a chiral separation method, such as supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Assignment of configuration at chiral centers in separated enantiomers may be tentative while stereochemistry is definitively established, such as from x-ray crystallographic data.
  • SFC supercritical fluid chromatography
  • “essentially” refers to at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
  • the depicted structure controls. Additionally, if the stereochemistry of a structure or a portion of a structure is not indicated with, for example, bold wedged, or dashed lines, the structure or portion of the structure is to be interpreted as encompassing all stereoisomers of it. In some cases, however, where more than one chiral center exists, the structures and names may be represented as single enantiomers to help describe the relative stereochemistry.
  • a compound of the formula or “a compound of formula” or “compounds of the formula” or “compounds of formula” refer to any compound selected from the genus of compounds as defined by the formula (including any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any such compound if not otherwise noted).
  • step 1 reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (I), an organic solvent and thionyl chloride to form a compound of formula (IIa) according to step 1 below, and reacting a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (Ha), a catalyst, an oxidant and a solvent to form a compound of formula (II) according to step 2 below
  • each of R 1a and R 1b is independently hydrogen, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, —CN, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 3-6 spirocycloalkyl, and
  • n is an integer of 2 or 3;
  • step 3 (b) reacting a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (II) and a compound of formula (III) in an organic solvent to form a compound of formula (IV) or a salt thereof according to step 3 below
  • B is substituted or unsubstituted indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indazolyl, aza-indolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridazinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrazinyl, thienopyridazinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, thienopyrazinyl, furopyridazinyl, furopyrimidinyl, or furopyrazinyl,
  • each of R 2a and R 2b is independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl, —CN, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 3-6 spirocycloalkyl,
  • R 3a and R 3b are independently hydrogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl, —CN, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 3-6 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, C 3-6 heteroaryl, or C 3-6 spirocycloalkyl, and
  • the asterisk represents a chiral center when R 3a and R 3b are different.
  • B is substituted indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indazolyl, aza-indolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridazinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrazinyl, thienopyridazinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, thienopyrazinyl, furopyridazinyl, furopyrimidinyl, or furopyrazinyl.
  • B is unsubstituted indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indazolyl, aza-indolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridazinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrazinyl, thienopyridazinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, thienopyrazinyl, furopyridazinyl, furopyrimidinyl, or furopyrazinyl.
  • B is a substituted or unsubstituted indolyl, benzofuranyl, or benzothiophenyl.
  • B is a indolyl, benzofuranyl, or benzothiophenyl substituted with one or more halogen or C 1-3 alkyl as described herein.
  • B is a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolopyridazinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, or pyrrolopyrazinyl.
  • B is a pyrrolopyridazinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, or pyrrolopyrazinyl substituted with one or more halogen or C 1-3 alkyl as described herein.
  • B is a substituted or unsubstituted indolyl. In one preferred embodiment, B is unsubstituted indolyl. In one embodiment, B is substituted indolyl (e.g. substituted with one or more halogen or C 1-3 alkyl as described herein). In another preferred embodiment, B is substituted indolyl comprising substitution with at least one moiety selected from the group consisting of methyl, Cl, and F. In still another embodiment, B is a benzofuranyl or a substituted benzofuranyl comprising substitution with at least one moiety selected from the group comprising methyl, Cl, and Fl.
  • B may suitably be substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, —CN, —OH, C 1-3 alkoxy and C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl.
  • B is indolyl substituted with halogen (e.g. F or Cl).
  • R 1a and R 1b are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, —CN, or C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1a and R 1b are each independently hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —OH, —CN, —CH 3 , —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 2 F, or spirocyclopropyl.
  • R 1a and R 1b are independently F or hydrogen.
  • R 1a and R 1b are each independently hydrogen, —F, or —CH 3 .
  • R 1a and R 1b are each independently hydrogen, —F, or cyclopropyl.
  • n is 3.
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1 -3 alkoxy, C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl, —CN, or C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 2a and R 2b are each hydrogen.
  • R 1a and R 1b are each independently —F or CH 3 and R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen.
  • B is a indolyl, benzofuranyl, or benzothiophenyl
  • R 1a and R 1b are each independently —F or CH 3
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen.
  • R 3a and R 3b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl, —CN, C 3 — cycloalkyl, C 3-6 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or C 3-6 heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R 3a and R 3b are each independently hydrogen or —CH 3 .
  • the asterisk in formula (IV) represents a chiral center when R 3a and R 3b are different. In some embodiments, therefore, R 3a and R 3b are different and are hydrogen or —CH 3 .
  • the compound of formula (I) is:
  • the compound of formula (I) is:
  • the compound of formula (I) is:
  • the compound of formula (II) is:
  • formula (II) is:
  • the compound of formula (I) is:
  • the compound of formula (III) is:
  • X is —NH—, —N—C 1 -C 3 unsubstituted alkyl, —O— or —S—.
  • the compound of formula (III) is:
  • the compound of formula (III) is:
  • the compound of formula (IV) is:
  • formula (IV) is:
  • formula (IV) is:
  • the compound of formula (I) is:
  • a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (I), an organic solvent and thionyl chloride is reacted to form a compound of formula (IIa).
  • the compound of formula (I) is compound 1.
  • the organic solvent is a non-polar solvent or a polar solvent.
  • the solvent is non-polar.
  • suitable non-polar solvents include pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, diethyl ether, dichloromethane (“DCM”), and combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the concentration of formula (I) in the solvent may suitably be about 25 g/L, about 50 g/L, about 100 g/L, about 150 g/L, about 200 g/L, about 250 g/L, and up to a concentration approaching saturation at the reaction temperature, and ranges constructed from those concentrations, such as from about 100 g/L to about 250 g/L.
  • the equivalent ratio of thionyl chloride to the compound of formula (I) is suitably about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.5:1 or about 2:1, and ranges constructed from those ratios, such as from about 1.1:1 to about 1.5:1.
  • the reaction temperature is below the reaction mixture reflux temperature.
  • the reaction is run at reflux.
  • the reaction temperature may suitably be from about 25° C. to about 40° C.
  • the reaction time is not narrowly limited and the reaction is typically continued until the conversion of formula (I) to formula (IIa) is essentially complete such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • the reaction mixture may be quenched.
  • the reaction mixture may be quenched with cold water.
  • the phases may be separated into an aqueous phase and organic phase comprising the compound of formula (IIa).
  • the aqueous phase may be extracted one or more times with organic solvent to recover additional compound formula (IIa).
  • step 2 a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (IIa), a catalyst, an oxidant and a solvent is reacted to form a compound of formula (II).
  • the organic phase or combined organic phases from step 1, comprising formula (IIa) is used as the source of formula (IIa) for step 2.
  • the catalyst is a redox active metal catalyst.
  • suitable catalysts include NiCl 2 , RuCl 3 , CoCl 2 , FeCl 3 , FeCl 2 , and MnCl 2 .
  • suitable oxidants include NaIO 4 , NaOCl, and Oxone.
  • Suitable organic solvents include non-polar and polar solvents as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • the oxidant is in equivalent excess to compound formula (Ha), for instance, the ratio of oxidant to compound formula (IIa) may be 1.1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, 3:1, 3.5:1, 4:1, 4.5:1 or 5:1.
  • the step 2 reaction mixture may further comprise water.
  • the volume ratio of water to organic solvent used in the step 1 reaction mixture may be about 9:1, about 5:1, about 3:1, about 2:1, about 1:1, about 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:5 or about 1:9, and ranges constructed therefrom, such from about 2:1 to about 1:2.
  • the step 2 reaction temperature may suitably be about 25° C., about 15° C., about 5° C., about 0° C., about ⁇ 5° C.
  • the organic phase(s) comprising formula (IIa), catalyst, and water are combined and cooled to a reaction temperature.
  • the oxidant is then added over a period of time while maintaining the temperature around the reaction temperature.
  • the step 2 reaction mixture may be separated into an aqueous phase and organic phase comprising the compound of formula (II) in solution.
  • the reaction mixture may be filtered, such as through a filter aid (e.g., celite) prior to phase separation.
  • the aqueous phase may be extracted one or more times with organic solvent to recover additional compound formula (II).
  • the step 2 organic phase(s) may be worked up by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the organic phases may be washed with a base, such as with an aqueous solution of Na 2 SO 3 .
  • the organic phases may further optionally be dried, such as with a brine solution and/or by the addition of a solid drying agent such as CaCl 2 , MgSO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 .
  • Solid desiccants may suitably be removed by filtration.
  • the compound formula (II) solution may be used for subsequent reaction.
  • compound formula (II) may be isolated from the solution by methods known in the art such as by distillation, concentration, precipitation (such as by addition of an anti-solvent or pH adjustment) and/or crystallization.
  • the organic phase(s) may be concentrated by distillation or stripping to reduce the volume, such as by at least 25%, 50%, 100% or more.
  • Compound formula (II) may then be precipitated/crystallized from solution by addition of an anti-solvent followed by optional further concentration.
  • the anti-solvent is a C 4-8 nonionic solvent such as pentane, hexane or heptane.
  • Compound formula (II) solids may be collected by methods known in the art such as filtration or centrifugation.
  • the solids may be dried, such as under partial vacuum, to yield solid compound formula (II).
  • the yield to compound formula (II) from compound formula (I) for steps 1 and 2 is at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 75%.
  • the compound of formula (II) is compound 2.
  • a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (II), a compound of formula (III), and an organic solvent is reacted to form a compound of formula (IV).
  • the organic solvent is a polar aprotic solvent.
  • suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile (“ACN”), dimethyl sulfoxide, nitromethane and propylene carbonate.
  • the solvent is ACN.
  • the mole ratio of compound formula (II) to compound formula (III) is suitably about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, or greater, and ranges constructed from those ratios, such as between 1:1 and 1.3:1.
  • the concentration of compound formula (II) in the solvent is suitably about 10 g/L, about 25 g/L, about 50 g/L, about 75 g/L, about 100 g/L, about 125 g/L, about 150 g/L, and up to a concentration approaching saturation at the reaction temperature, and ranges constructed from those concentrations, such as from about 50 g/L to about 150 g/L.
  • the acid catalyst may be an acid catalyst as described elsewhere herein.
  • the acid catalyst is sulfuric acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TsOH), or methansulfonic acid, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the acid catalyst is p-toluene sulfonic acid.
  • the equivalent ratio of acid catalyst to compound formula (II) is suitably about 0.75:1, about 0.9:1, about 1:1, about 1.05:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, or greater, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 1:1 to about 1.2:1.
  • the compound of formula (III) is compound 3.
  • compound formula (II), compound formula (III), the organic solvent and a base are combined to form an admixture.
  • the base may suitably be a moderate base, non-limiting examples of which include potassium tert-butoxide, trimethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
  • the admixture may be heated with agitation to a reaction temperature, typically a temperature of from 2° C. to about 30° C. below the reflux temperature up to the reflux temperature, and held for a time sufficient to essentially complete the formation of a reaction product comprising compound formula (III).
  • the reaction temperature is suitably about 65° C., about 70° C., about 75° C., or about 80° C.
  • the reaction product mixture may then be cooled, such as to less than 50° C., than 40° C., or than 30° C., and optionally filtered to remove solid impurities.
  • the solids may be optionally washed with the solvent to recover additional reaction product.
  • Acid e.g., p-TsOH
  • the volume ratio of organic solvent to water may be 25:1, 15:1, 10:1, 5:1, 2:1 or 1:1, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 15:1 to about 5:1.
  • the admixture may be heated with agitation to a reaction temperature, typically at a temperature of from 2° C. to about 20° C. below the reflux temperature to the reflux temperature, and held for a time sufficient to essentially complete the formation of compound formula (IV) such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • a reaction temperature typically at a temperature of from 2° C. to about 20° C. below the reflux temperature to the reflux temperature, and held for a time sufficient to essentially complete the formation of compound formula (IV) such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • the reaction mixture may be quenched, such as with cold water (e.g., less than 10° C. or less than 5° C.).
  • the pH of the quenched reaction mixture may then be adjusted with a base to greater than 7, such as about pH 8, about pH 9, about pH 10 or about pH 11.
  • the base is an aqueous base such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate
  • the step 3 reaction mixture may be separated into an aqueous phase and organic phase comprising the compound of formula (IV) in solution.
  • the reaction mixture may be filtered, such as through a filter aid (e.g., celite) prior to phase separation.
  • the aqueous phase may be extracted one or more times with organic solvent to recover additional compound formula (IV).
  • the solvent is aprotic.
  • the extracting solvent is suitably isopropyl acetate (“i-PrOAc”).
  • the step 3 organic phase(s) may be worked up by, for instance, washing the organic phases with water.
  • the organic phases may optionally be dried, such as with a brine solution and/or by the addition of a solid drying agent such as CaCl 2 , MgSO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 .
  • Solid desiccants may suitably be removed by filtration, and the collected desiccant may optionally be washed with solvent to recover compound formula (IV) therefrom.
  • the organic phase(s) may be concentrated by distillation under partial vacuum or stripping to form compound formula (IV) residue.
  • the compound formula (IV) residue may then be dissolved in organic solvent at a temperature below the reflux temperature.
  • Anti-solvent such as a non-polar organic solvent as described elsewhere herein, may then be added to the compound formula (IV) solution while cooling, such as to less than about 10° C., to precipitate/crystallize compound formula (IV) from solution.
  • Compound formula (IV) solids may be collected by methods known in the art such as filtration or centrifugation, and optionally washed with anti-solvent. The solids may be dried, such as under partial vacuum, to yield solid compound formula (IV).
  • the yield to compound formula (IV) from compound formula (II) for step 3 is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96% or at least 97%.
  • Compound formula (IV) purity is at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%.
  • One aspect of the disclosure is directed to a process for preparing a compound of formula (VIII) or a salt thereof:
  • step 1 (a) reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (IV), a compound of formula (V) or a compound of formula (X), and an organic solvent to form a compound of formula (VI) according to step 1 below
  • B is substituted or unsubstituted indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, aza-indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridazinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrazinyl, thienopyridazinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, thienopyrazinyl, furopyridazinyl, furopyrimidinyl, or furopyrazinyl;
  • each of R 1a and R 1b is independently hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, —OH, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl, and —CN, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 3 — spirocycloalkyl,
  • n is an integer of 2 or 3
  • each of R 2a and R 2b is independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl, —CN, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or C 3-6 spirocycloalkyl,
  • R 3a and R 3b are independently hydrogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, —CN, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 3-6 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, C 3-6 heteroaryl, or C 3-6 spirocycloalkyl,
  • J is phenyl or pyridinyl
  • each R 4 is independently hydrogen, halogen or C 1-3 alkyl
  • s is an integer from 0 to 2
  • LG is a leaving group
  • LG and CHO are located in the para position with respect to each other on J on the compound of formula (V),
  • PG is an aldehyde protecting group
  • LG and CH-PG are located in the para position with respect to each other on J on the compound formula (X), and
  • each asterisk independently represents a chiral center wherein the carbon bearing R 3a and R 3b is a chiral center when R 3a and R 3b are different;
  • step 2 reacting a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (VI), an organic solvent, and a compound of formula (VII) or a salt thereof to form a compound of formula (VIII) or a salt thereof according to step 2 below
  • G is C 1-3 alkyl
  • p 0 or 1
  • E is substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl or pyrrolidinyl
  • each R 5 is independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —CN, C 1-5 alkoxy, or C 1-5 hydroxyalkyl,
  • v is an integer from 1 to 5
  • R 6 is halogen or —CN
  • R 10 is hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl.
  • R 1a , R 1b , n, R 2a , R 2b , R 3a , R 3b and the asterisk (*) are as defined herein.
  • J is phenyl. In another embodiment, J is pyridinyl.
  • each R 4 is independently hydrogen or halogen. In a preferred embodiment, each R 4 is fluorine. In one embodiment, s is 1 or 2. In one embodiment, s is 2. In one preferred embodiment, each R 4 is fluorine and s is 2.
  • G is methylene or ethylene.
  • p is 0.
  • each R 5 is independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, or —CN. In one preferred embodiment, each R 5 is hydrogen. In one embodiment, v is 2. In another embodiment, v is 3. In another embodiment, v is 5. In a preferred embodiment, each R 5 is hydrogen and v is 3.
  • R 6 is halogen. In one embodiment, R 6 is F. In another embodiment, R 6 is —CN.
  • R 10 is hydrogen or methyl. In a preferred embodiment, R 10 is hydrogen
  • E is azetidinyl. In another embodiment, E is pyrrolidinyl.
  • E has the following structure:
  • E is azetidinyl of the following structure:
  • E is of the following structure:
  • R 5 is H, v is 2 or 3, and R 6 is halogen.
  • E is azetidinyl of the following structure:
  • formula (VIII) is an acid salt. Such acid salt can be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In some such embodiments, formula (VIII) is a salt of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid. In some particular embodiments, formula (VIII) is a salt of a pharmaceutically acceptable organic acid. In a preferred embodiment, formula (VIII) is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of tartaric acid. In one embodiment, the compound of formula (VIII) is Compound A as described herein. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (VIII) is Compound A (tartrate salt) of Compound A described herein. In another embodiment, formula (VIII) is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of fumaric acid. In still another embodiment, the compound of formula (VIII) is Compound B (fumarate salt) of Compound A as described herein.
  • formula (VIII) is of any one of the following structures, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • formula (VIII) is of the following structure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • formula (VIII) is of the following structure:
  • formula (VIII) is of the following structure:
  • Step 1 of the process to synthesize compounds of formula (VIII) comprises reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (IV), a compound of formula (V) or a compound of formula (X), and an organic solvent to form a compound of formula (VI) as set forth herein.
  • LG is bromine.
  • when reacting with compounds of formula (IV) and formula (V), LG and CHO are located on J in the para position with respect to each other.
  • LG and CH-PG are located in the para position with respect to each other on J.
  • the compound of formula (V) is of any one of the following compounds, or a salt thereof:
  • formula (X) corresponds to any of the above formula (V) structure, or a salt thereof, but where the aldehyde (—CHO) is a protected moiety of the structure —CH-PG where PG is an aldehyde protecting group as defined elsewhere herein.
  • formula (VI) is of any one of the following structures:
  • step 2 of the synthesis of compounds of formula (VIII) set forth herein the compound of formula (VII) can be any one of the following structures:
  • the salt is an ethane-disulfonate (e.g. a salt of ethane-1,2-disulfonate).
  • the compound of formula (VII) has structure
  • Compound (7) can be prepared according to the examples provided herein, such as, for example, Example 4 or Example 4a.
  • Compound 7 is prepared according to the scheme below:
  • step 1 a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (IV), a compound of formula (V) or a compound of formula (X), and an organic solvent are reacted to form a compound of formula (VI).
  • the organic solvent is a polar protic solvent, a non-polar solvent, a polar aprotic solvent, or a combination thereof, as described elsewhere herein.
  • the solvent is toluene.
  • the solvent is acetonitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, or methyltetrahydrofuran.
  • the step 1 reaction mixture further comprises an acid catalyst as described elsewhere herein. In some such non-limiting embodiments, the acid catalyst is acetic acid.
  • the mole ratio of compound (IV) to compound (V) or compound (X) is from about 0.95:1 to about 1.05:1, stoichiometric amounts, or, in some embodiments, compound (V) or compound (X) is in slight molar excess.
  • the acid catalyst is generally present in stoichiometric excess, such as in an equivalent ratio to compound formula (IV) of about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 2:1, or greater, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 1.2:1 to about 1.8:1.
  • the reaction mixture may be heated with agitation to a reaction temperature, of from 2° C. to about 30° C. below the reflux temperature to the reflux temperature, and held for a time sufficient to essentially complete the reaction to compound formula (VI) such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • a reaction temperature is suitably about 65° C., about 70° C., about 75° C., or about 80° C.
  • the reaction product mixture may then be cooled and optionally diluted with additional solvent.
  • the reaction product mixture may then be quenched with a base, such as an aqueous solution of a base as described elsewhere herein.
  • a step 1 reaction product mixture organic phase comprising the compound of formula (VI) may then be isolated and, in some embodiments, worked up by methods known in the art such as washing with water and/or a brine solution as described elsewhere herein followed by product isolation as a solid.
  • the reaction product mixture may be treated with activated charcoal, followed by filtration and optional washing of the activated charcoal filter cake with solvent.
  • the organic phase(s) containing compound formula (VI) may be concentrated by distillation or stripping to reduce the volume, such as by at least 25%, 50%, 100% or more; and (ii) compound formula (IV) may then be precipitated/crystallized from solution by addition of an anti-solvent followed by optional further concentration.
  • the step 1 reaction mixture is heated at reflux for a time to essentially complete the reaction such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • the reaction mixture may then be cooled and pH-adjusted with a base, such as an aqueous solution of a base, to a pH at which compound formula (VI) precipitates from solution.
  • a base such as an aqueous solution of a base
  • compound formula (VI) solids may be collected by methods known in the art such as filtration or centrifugation.
  • the solids may be dried, such as under partial vacuum, to yield solid compound formula (VI).
  • the yield to compound formula (VI) from compound formula (V) for steps 1 and 2 is at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%.
  • a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (VI), a compound of formula (VII) and an organic solvent are reacted to form a compound of formula (VIII).
  • the organic solvent is a polar aprotic solvent as described elsewhere herein.
  • the solvent is ACN.
  • the step 2 reaction mixture may further comprise a base, such as an organic base.
  • organic bases include DBU, NMM, DIPEA, and TEA.
  • the base is DBU.
  • the step 2 reaction mixture may further comprise a catalyst, such as a transition metal catalyst. In some embodiments the catalyst is a Pd catalyst.
  • the mole ratio of compound (VII) to compound (VI) is about 0.95:1, about 1:1, about 1.05:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1 or about 1.5:1, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 1:1 to about 1.4:1.
  • the base is generally present in stoichiometric excess, such as in an equivalent ratio to compound formula (VI) of about 1.1:1, about 2:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, about 5:1, about 6:1, about 7:1, or about 8:1, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 3:1 to about 7:1.
  • the reaction mixture may be heated with agitation to a reaction temperature, typically a temperature of from 2° C. to about 30° C.
  • reaction temperature is suitably about 65° C., about 70° C., about 75° C., or about 80° C.
  • the reaction product mixture may suitably be cooled and optionally diluted with an organic solvent.
  • the reaction product mixture is diluted with a non-polar solvent as described elsewhere herein.
  • a suitable non-polar solvent is MTBE.
  • the step 2 reaction product mixture may be worked up by methods known to those skilled in the art including water wash and brine wash. In some such non-limiting embodiments, the work-up may include washing with an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, brine and water.
  • the step 2 reaction product mixture may be contacted with a metal scavenger known in the art, such as for instance and without limitation, SiliaMetS Thiol. The reaction product mixture may then be filtered to remove solids prior to isolation of compound formula (VIII) therefrom.
  • the step 2 reaction product mixture may be concentrated, such as by vacuum distillation or stripping, and diluted with an organic solvent, such as an alcohol (e.g., ethanol), such as in a solvent exchange step.
  • An acid may then be added to the diluted solution of compound formula (VIII) followed by cooling to crystallize compound formula (VIII) as an acid salt.
  • the acid is tartaric acid and compound formula (VIII) is the tartaric salt.
  • the acid is (2R-3R)-tartaric acid (L-(+)-tartaric acid).
  • the acid is (2S-3S)-tartaric acid (D-( ⁇ )-tartaric acid).
  • the solvent comprises an organic solvent. The crystalline material may be collected by centrifugation or filtration, optionally washed with solvent, and optionally dried.
  • compound formula (VIII) may be isolated from the step 2 reaction product mixture using methods described elsewhere herein including: (i) distillation, concentration, precipitation (such as by addition of an anti-solvent or pH adjustment) and/or crystallization; (ii) solids collection by centrifugation or filtration; (iii) optional washing of the collected solids; (iv) and drying.
  • step 2 yield of compound formula (VIII) either as a free base or acid salt is at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is directed to a process for preparing a compound of formula (VIII) or a salt thereof, wherein compound formula (VIII) is as described elsewhere herein.
  • the process for preparing formula (VIII) according to this embodiment comprises reaction step 1 as depicted below:
  • Each of B, R 1a , R 1b , n, R 2a , R 2b , R 3a , R 3b , R 4 , s, J, R 5 , v, R 6 , R 10 , G, p, E, PG and the asterisk are as described elsewhere herein.
  • the CHO moiety and the nitrogen atom linking J and G are located in the para position with respect to each other on J.
  • the CH-PG moiety and the nitrogen atom linking J and G are located in the para position with respect to each other on J.
  • the compound of formula (IX) is:
  • the compound of formula (IX) is compound (8a).
  • formula (XI) corresponds to any of the above formula (IX) structures, or a salt thereof, but where the aldehyde (—CHO) is a protected moiety of the structure —CH-PG where PG is an aldehyde protecting group as defined elsewhere herein.
  • step 1 a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (IX) or of formula (XI), a compound of formula (IV) and an organic solvent is reacted to form a compound of formula (VIII), or a salt thereof.
  • the organic solvent is a polar solvent, or is a polar protic solvent.
  • the step 1 reaction mixture further comprises an acid catalyst as described elsewhere herein.
  • the acid catalyst is tartaric acid or fumaric acid.
  • the acid catalyst is tartaric acid.
  • the acid catalyst is fumaric acid.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable solvents include n-butanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propanol, i-propanol, ethanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is ethanol.
  • the concentration of formula (IX) in the solvent may suitably be about 25 g/L, about 50 g/L, about 100 g/L %, about 150 g/L, about 200 g/L, about 250 g/L, and up to a concentration approaching saturation at the reaction temperature, and ranges constructed from those concentrations, such as from about 100 g/L to about 250 g/L.
  • the mole ratio of formula (IX) or of formula (XI) to formula (IV) is suitably about 0.25:1, about 0.3:1, about 0.4:1, about 0.5:1, about 0.6:1, about 0.7:1, about 0.8:1, about 0.9:1, about 0.95:1, about 1:1, about 1.05:1, about 1.1:1 or about 1.2:1, and ranges constructed from those ratios, such as from about 0.95:1 to about 1.05:1.
  • formula (IX) or formula (XI) and formula (IV) are present in approximately stoichiometric amounts.
  • the reaction temperature is below the reaction mixture reflux temperature. In some other embodiments, the reaction is run at reflux.
  • the reaction temperature may suitably be from about 50° C. to about 75° C.
  • the reaction time is not narrowly limited and the reaction is typically continued until the conversion of formula (IX) or formula (XI) to formula (VIII) is essentially complete such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • formula (VIII) may be formed as a salt of an acid.
  • suitable acids include inorganic acids and inorganic acids as described elsewhere herein.
  • the acid is an organic acid.
  • the acid is tartaric acid.
  • the acid is fumaric acid.
  • formula (VIII) free base may be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as a polar protic solvent (e.g., an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol) at an elevated temperature followed by addition of an acid.
  • a suitable solvent such as a polar protic solvent (e.g., an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol) at an elevated temperature followed by addition of an acid.
  • a suitable solvent such as a polar protic solvent (e.g., an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol) at an elevated temperature followed by addition of an acid.
  • the acid is in stoichiometric excess as compared to compound formula (VIII).
  • the solution temperature and/or concentration of formula (VIII) is adjusted to keep the concentration below saturation and thereby avoid formula (VIII) precipitation and/or crystallization.
  • the solution may optionally be seeded with a crystalline formula (VIII) salt of the acid.
  • the solution is cooled with stirring to form crystalline formula (VIII) salt.
  • the salt may then be collected by methods known in the art, such as by filtration or centrifugation. In one embodiment, the salt is collected by filtration.
  • the collected formula (VIII) salt may be optionally washed, such as with the dissolution solvent, and then dried, such as under partial vacuum.
  • the step 1 reaction mixture as set forth above forth synthesis of a compound of formula (VIII) comprises tartaric acid as the acid catalyst, crystalline formula (VIII) tartaric acid, and an alcoholic solvent (e.g. ethanol); the step 1 reaction product mixture is diluted with the alcoholic solvent; and the resultant slurry is cooled with stirring to form crystalline formula (VIII) tartaric acid.
  • the step 1 reaction mixture comprises fumaric acid as the acid catalyst, crystalline formula (VIII) fumaric acid, and a solvent.
  • the step 1 yield of compound formula (VIII) as a tartaric acid salt is at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%.
  • the step 1 reaction scheme is as follows:
  • Still another aspect of the disclosure is directed to a process for preparing a compound of formula (IX) or a salt thereof.
  • the process for preparing compound formula (IX) comprises two reaction steps as depicted below:
  • R 4 , s, LG, PG, R 5 , v, R 6 , R 10 , G, p, J, and E are as described elsewhere herein.
  • Aldehyde protecting groups are defined herein and non-limiting examples include 1,3-dithiane, 1,3-dithiolane, diethyl acetal, dimethyl acetal, ethylene glycol acetal, neopentyl glycol acetal, trimethylsilyl cyanohydrin, and triethyl orthoformate.
  • a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (X), a compound of formula (VII) or a salt thereof, an organic solvent and a catalyst is reacted to form a compound of formula (XI).
  • the solvent is a non-polar solvent as described elsewhere herein.
  • suitable solvents include pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclopentane, MTBE, diethyl ether, toluene, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), benzene, 1,4-dioxane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, and combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is toluene.
  • the catalyst is a transition metal catalyst as described herein.
  • transition metal catalysts include palladium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium catalysts.
  • suitable catalysts include JohnPhos, XPhos AuC1, XPhos AuNTf2, XPhos Palladacycle, SPhos Palladacycle, tBuXPhos Pd G1, Xphos Pd G2, SPhos Pd G2, RuPhos Pd G2, CPhos-Pd-G2, CPhos-Pd-G3, tBuXPhos-Pd-G3, RuPhos-Pd-G3, XPhos-Pd-G3, BrettPhos-Pd-G3, JackiePhos-Pd-G3, tert-butyl BrettPhos-Pd-G3, [tert-butyl BrettPhos-Pd (allyl)]OTf), and combinations thereof.
  • the catalyst is BrettPhos-Pd-G3.
  • the step 1 reaction mixture further comprises an organic base as describe elsewhere herein.
  • the base is a tert-butoxide such as sodium or potassium tert-butoxide.
  • the mole ratio of the compound of formula (VII) to the compound of formula (X) is suitably about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.5:1 or about 2:1, and ranges constructed from those ratios, such as from about 1.1:1 to about 1.5:1.
  • the reaction mixture may be heated with agitation to a reaction temperature, of from 2° C. to about 30° C. below the reflux temperature to the reflux temperature, and held for a time sufficient to essentially complete the reaction to compound formula (XI) such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • a reaction temperature is suitably about 50° C., about 55° C., about 60° C., about 65° C., about 70° C., about 75° C., or about 80° C.
  • reaction time is not narrowly limited and the reaction is typically continued until the conversion of formulae (VII) and (X) to formula (XI) is essentially complete such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • the reaction product mixture may be suitably quenched.
  • the step 1 reaction may be quenched with water.
  • the organic phase comprising the compound of formula (XI) in solution may be isolated and optionally washed at least once with water.
  • the step 1 reaction product mixture may be contacted with a metal scavenger known in the art, such as for instance and without limitation, SiliaMetS Thiol. The reaction product mixture may then be filtered to remove solids.
  • step 2 the compound of formula (XI) is deprotected to form compound formula (IX) by combining a solution of compound (XI) in an organic solvent (e.g., toluene) with an acid and water.
  • the acid is generally present in equivalent excess, such an equivalent ratio of acid to compound (XI) of 1.01:1, 1.05:1, 1.1:1, 1.15:1, 1.2:1, or grater.
  • the deprotection temperature is not narrowly critical and may suitably be room temperature.
  • the organic phase and the aqueous phase comprising the compound of formula (IX)
  • the organic phase may optionally be washed with water.
  • the aqueous phase(s) may be treated with a base, such as an inorganic base (e.g., NaOH or KOH), combined with compound formula (IX) seed crystals.
  • a base such as an inorganic base (e.g., NaOH or KOH)
  • the base may suitably be added in equivalent excess.
  • a slurry of crystalline compound formula (IX) forms with optional cooling.
  • Compound formula (IX) solids may be collected by methods known in the art such as filtration or centrifugation. The solids may be dried, such as under partial vacuum, to yield solid compound formula (IX).
  • the yield to compound formula (IX) from compound formula (XI) for steps 1 and 2 is at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80% or, at least 85%.
  • One aspect of the disclosure is directed to a process for preparing a compound of formula (III) or a salt thereof.
  • the process for preparing compound formula (III) comprises two reaction steps as depicted below:
  • step 1 (1) reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (XII), a compound B and an organic solvent to form the compound of formula (XIII) according to step 1 below
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 3a , R 3b , B, and the asterisk are as described elsewhere herein.
  • Non-limiting examples of amine protecting groups include ACD, Ac, Bn, CBz, trifluoroacetamide, Boc, MeOZ, FMOC, Bz, PMB, DMPM, PMP, Ts and Troc.
  • PG is Boc.
  • the compound of formula (III) is of the structure
  • the compound of formula (III) is of the structure
  • a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (XII), B and an organic solvent is reacted to form a compound of formula (XIII).
  • the organic solvent is a non-polar solvent or a polar solvent.
  • the solvent is non-polar.
  • suitable solvents include pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, diethyl ether, DCM, and combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the concentration of B in the solvent may suitably be about 10 g/L, about 25 g/L, about 50 g/L, about 75 g/L, about 100 g/L %, about 125 g/L, about 150 g/L, about 175 g/L, or about 200 g/L, and up to a concentration approaching saturation at the reaction temperature, and ranges constructed from those concentrations, such as from about 25 g/L to about 125 g/L.
  • the equivalent ratio of B to compound formula (XII) is about 0.75:1, about 0.9:1, about 1:1, about 1.25:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.75:1 or about 2:1, and ranges thereof, such as from about 1.25:1 to about 1.75:1.
  • the step 1 reaction mixture may further comprise a suitable alkylating agent.
  • alkylating reagents include alkyl lithium (e.g., methyl lithium) such as and organomagnesium halide compounds, such as methyl magnesium chloride (e.g., in THF).
  • the equivalent ratio of B to the alkylating reagent is suitably about 0.75:1, about 0.8:1, about 0.85:1, about 0.9:1, about 0.95:1, about 1:1, about 1.05:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.15:2, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1 or greater, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 1.1 to about 1.3:1.
  • the reaction mixture further comprises an alkylation catalyst.
  • the catalyst is a transition metal catalyst.
  • the transition metal is copper.
  • the catalyst is suitably a transition metal halide, such as copper (I) halide (e.g., CuCl).
  • the reaction temperature is about 25° C., about 20° C., about 15° C., about 10° C., about 5° C., about 0° C., about ⁇ 5° C., about ⁇ 10° C., about ⁇ 15° C., about ⁇ 20° C., about ⁇ 25° C., about ⁇ 30° C., about ⁇ 35° C., about ⁇ 40° C., about ⁇ 45° C., or about ⁇ 50° C., and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about ⁇ 20° C. to about 0° C.
  • reaction time is not narrowly limited and the reaction is typically continued until the conversion of B and compound formula (XII) to compound formula (XIII) is essentially complete such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • chromatography e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC.
  • the reaction may be quenched, such as for instance by the addition of aqueous acid.
  • the acid may an organic acid as described elsewhere herein, one non-limiting example of which is citric acid.
  • the organic phase comprising the compound of formula (XIII) may then be worked up to dry the compound.
  • the quenched reaction product mixture may be separated into an aqueous phase and an organic phase comprising the compound of formula (XIII).
  • the aqueous phase may be washed one or more times with an organic solvent, such as the solvent used to form the reaction mixture (e.g., two washes, each with one volume of the solvent as compared to the reaction mixture volume).
  • the organic phases may be combined and washed one or more times with brine (e.g., two brine washes, each with one volume of brine as compared to the reaction mixture volume).
  • the washed organic phases may then be combined with stirring with activated carbon and with a solid drying agent (e.g., Na 2 SO 4 ). Any activated carbon and solid drying agent may be removed by filtration or centrifugation. Any collected solids may then be optionally washed with additional solvent to recover compound formula (XIII) therefrom.
  • a solid drying agent e.g., Na 2 SO 4
  • the solution of compound formula (XIII) may be used as the starting material for step 2.
  • solid compound formula (XIII) may be prepared.
  • the collected solution of compound formula (XIII) in organic solvent may be concentrated under partial vacuum to form crude compound formula (XIII).
  • solid compound formula (XIII) may be precipitated/crystallized from solution by the addition of an anti-solvent, such as a non-polar solvent (e.g., 2 volumes of heptane as compared to the solvent volume in the reaction mixture).
  • an anti-solvent such as a non-polar solvent (e.g., 2 volumes of heptane as compared to the solvent volume in the reaction mixture).
  • the solids may be collected by filtration or centrifugation and the collected solids may be washed with anti-solvent.
  • the solids may be dried under partial vacuum, at a temperature of less than 40° C.
  • the compound formula (XIII) yield based on compound (XII) is at typically least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, or at least 65%.
  • the purity by HPLC (area percent) is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
  • step 1 compound B, a metal catalyst and an alkylating agent are combined in a first volume of the solvent at the reaction temperature indicated above.
  • the volume of solvent is suitably from about 30% to about 80% of the total volume of solvent used for step 1.
  • a solution of compound formula (XII) in the remainder of the solvent is added at the reaction temperature over a time period to form the reaction mixture.
  • the reaction mixture is then held a temperature for a time to essentially complete the formation of compound formula (XIII), followed by quenching and work-up to a solution of compound formula (XIII) or dried compound formula (XIII).
  • step 2 compound formula (XIII) is deprotected to form compound formula (III).
  • a solution of compound formula (XIII) is suitably deprotected by the addition of an acid.
  • solid compound formula (XIII) is dissolved in a polar protic solvent as described elsewhere herein (such as methanol, ethanol or i-propanol).
  • the concentration of compound formula (XIII) in the solvent is about 25 g/L, about 50 g/L, about 75 g/L, about 100 g/L, about 125 g/L, about 150 g/L, about 175 g/L, or about 200 g/L, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 50 g/L to about 150 g/L.
  • Acid addition temperature is not narrowly critical.
  • the acid is an inorganic acid as described elsewhere herein.
  • a non-limiting example of a suitable inorganic acid is HCl.
  • the equivalent ratio of acid to compound formula (XIII) is about 1.5:1, about 2.5:1, about 5:1, about 7.5:1, about 10:1, about 12.5:1 or about 15:1 and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 5:1 to about 15:1.
  • the solution is held at temperature with stirring until the deprotection of compound formula (XIII) to form compound formula (III) is essentially complete.
  • a solvent exchange from the polar protic solvent to a non-polar solvent (as described elsewhere herein) or a polar aprotic solvent (as described elsewhere herein) may be done.
  • the solution of compound formula (III) may be concentrated under partial vacuum and extracted with the non-polar or polar aprotic solvent.
  • the extraction solvent is DCM.
  • the pH of the aqueous phase may be adjusted to strongly basic (i.e., greater than pH 11) with a suitable base, such as aqueous sodium hydroxide. After basification, the aqueous phase may then be further extracted at least once with the extraction solvent.
  • the organic phase(s) may then be dried, such as with brine and/or over a solid desiccant followed by filtration to remove any solids. Collected solids may be optionally washed to recover additional compound formula (III).
  • Solid compound may be isolated from the solution in organic solvent by methods known in the art. For instance, the solution may be concentrated under partial vacuum to dryness. Alternatively, the solution may be concentrated followed by the addition of an anti-solvent to form solid compound (III) that may be collected by filtration or centrifugation, washed, and dried.
  • the compound formula (III) yield based on compound (XIII) is at typically least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 97%.
  • the purity by HPLC (area percent) is at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 96%.
  • the acid is an organic acid as described elsewhere herein.
  • suitable organic acids include sulfonic acids and camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) (e.g., L-( ⁇ )-CSA).
  • CSA camphorsulfonic acid
  • the equivalent ratio of CSA to compound formula (XIII) is about 1.5:1, about 2:1 about 2.5:1, about 5:1, about 7.5:1, or about 10:1, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 2:1 to about 4:1.
  • the solution may be heated and held at elevated temperature (e.g., about 35° C. to about 60° C.) with stirring to complete deprotection and form the acid salt of compound formula (XIII).
  • the acid salt solution/suspension may then be cooled, such as to less than about 5° C., to form a suspension of the acid salt of compound formula (XIII).
  • the salt may be collected by filtration or centrifugation and optionally washed wish solvent.
  • the salt may then be dried under partial vacuum to yield the solid salt of compound of compound formula (XIII), such as the L-( ⁇ )-CSA salt thereof.
  • the compound formula (III) salt yield based on compound formula (XIII) is at typically least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92% or at least 95%.
  • the purity by HPLC area percent is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, or at least 97%.
  • the compound formula (XIII) salt may be dissolved in water and pH-adjusted to greater than 13, such as about 14, with a strong base thereby forming a suspension comprising solid compound formula (III) free base.
  • the solid material may be collected by filtration or centrifugation and optionally washed with chilled water. The solids may then be dried under partial vacuum to yield dried compound formula (III) free base.
  • the compound formula (III) yield based on compound (XIII) is at typically at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%.
  • the purity by HPLC (area percent) is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, or at least 97%.
  • a compound of formula (VIII) as prepared herein is further recrystallized.
  • the recrystallization comprises recrystallizing the compound of formula (VIII) in a 2-step process.
  • the process comprises heating a slurry comprising a compound of formula (VIII) in a mixture of methanol/ethanol, distilling with methanol, and cooling the mixture.
  • the mixture of methanol/ethanol is a 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, or 80:20 mixture of methanol/ethanol.
  • the mixture of ethanol/methanol is a 90:10 mixture of methanol/ethanol.
  • the mixture can be headed at a temperature of >about 50° C., for example, about 55° C., 60° C., or 65° C.
  • the cooling can be down to about room temperature. In one embodiment, the cooling is to about 20° C., 25° C., or 30° C.
  • the solution can be filtered and dried.
  • the recrystallization comprises recrystallizing the compound of formula (VIII) from MTBE.
  • a base such as NaOH or KOH is added to the slurry comprising the compound of formula (VIII) in MTBE.
  • the mixture is stirred at, for example, 15° C., 20° C., 25° C. or 30° C., optionally filtered and distilled with ethanol.
  • the process further comprises preparing the compound of formula (XII) or a salt thereof.
  • step 3a (1) reacting a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (XIV), thionyl chloride, and an organic solvent to form a compound of formula (XV) according to step 3a below
  • step 3b (2) reacting a reaction mixture comprising the compound of formula (XV), a catalyst, an oxidizing agent, and an organic solvent to form the compound of formula (XII) according to step 3b below
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 3a , R 3b , and the nitrogen protecting group PG are as described herein.
  • a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula (XIV), thionyl chloride, and an organic solvent is reacted to form a compound of formula (XV).
  • the organic solvent is a non-polar solvent or a polar solvent as described elsewhere herein.
  • the solvent is non-polar as described elsewhere herein.
  • suitable solvents include pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, diethyl ether, DCM, and combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the concentration of the compound of formula (XIV) in the solvent may suitably be about 10 g/L, about 25 g/L, about 50 g/L, about 75 g/L, about 100 g/L %, about 125 g/L, about 150 g/L, about 175 g/L, or about 200 g/L, and up to a concentration approaching saturation at the reaction temperature, and ranges constructed from those concentrations, such as from about 25 g/L to about 125 g/L.
  • the equivalent ratio of thionyl chloride to compound formula (XIV) is about 1:1, about 1.25:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.75:1, about 2:1, about 2.25:1, or about 2.5:1, and ranges thereof, such as from about 1.25:1 to about 1.75:1.
  • the reaction temperature is about 10° C., about 5° C., about 0° C., about ⁇ 5° C., or about ⁇ 10° C., and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about ⁇ 5° C. to about 5° C.
  • the reaction time is not narrowly limited and the reaction is typically continued until the conversion of compound formula (XIV) is essentially complete such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • the step 3a reaction mixture may further comprise a base, a non-limiting example of which is imidazole.
  • the equivalent ratio of thiolation reagent to thionyl chloride may be about 1:1, about 2:1, about 3:1 or about 4:1.
  • the step 3a reaction mixture may further comprise a base, such as an organic base as described elsewhere herein.
  • the base may be TEA.
  • the equivalent ratio of the base to compound formula (XIV) is about 1.25:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.75:1, about 2:1, about 2.25:1, about 2.5:1, about 3:1, about 3.5:1 or about 4:1, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 1.5:1 to about 2.5:1.
  • step 3a a solution of the base (e.g., imidazole) in the solvent is formed to which the thionyl chloride is added with stirring while maintaining the reaction temperature.
  • Compound formula (XIV) in the solvent may then be added with stirring while maintaining the reaction temperature, followed by addition of the base with stirring while maintaining the reaction temperature.
  • the reaction mixture is then maintained at the reaction temperature with stirring until the conversion of compound formula (XIV) to form a reaction product mixture comprising the compound of formula (XV) is essentially complete.
  • the reaction product mixture may be worked up by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the step 3a reaction mixture may be quenched with chilled water (e.g., 0.25 to 2 volumes of water per volume of organic solvent in the step 3a reaction product mixture).
  • An organic phase comprising the compound of formula (XV) in solution may be isolated and the isolated aqueous phase may be extracted with organic solvent to recover additional compound formula (XV).
  • the organic phases may be combined and washed with an aqueous acid solution, and aqueous base solution, and brine.
  • an aqueous acid solution is a solution of a weak acid, such as a citric acid.
  • a non-limiting example of a base solution is a solution of a weak base, such as sodium bicarbonate.
  • a reaction mixture comprising formula (XV) in solution in the organic solvent is combined with a catalyst and an oxidizing agent, and reacted to form a reaction product mixture comprising the compound of formula (XII).
  • the catalyst is a redox active metal catalyst as described elsewhere herein.
  • suitable catalysts include NiCl 2 , RuCl 3 , CoCl 2 , FeCl 3 , FeCl 2 , and MnCl 2 .
  • suitable oxidants include NaIO 4 , NaOCl, and Oxone.
  • the reaction mixture further comprises water.
  • the volume ratio of water to organic solvent is suitably about 0.25:1, about 0.5:1, about 0.75:1, about 1:1, about 1.25:1, about 1.50:1, about 1.75:1, about 2:1 or about 2.5:1, and ranges constructed therefrom, such as from about 0.5:1 to about 1.5:1.
  • the reaction temperature is suitably from about 5° C. to about 50° C.
  • the reaction mixture is maintained at the reaction temperature with stirring until the conversion of compound formula (XV) to form a reaction product mixture comprising the compound of formula (XII) is essentially complete such as determined by chromatography (e.g., TLC, GC or HPLC).
  • the step 3b reaction product mixture may be worked up by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the organic phase comprising the compound of formula (XII) in solution may be isolated and the aqueous phase may be optionally filtered and then extracted with organic solvent to recover compound formula (XII).
  • the organic phase(s) may optionally be washed with a reducing agent (e.g., sodium thiosulfate) and with brine.
  • the organic phase(s) may be dried with a solid desiccant (e.g., sodium sulfate) followed by filtration to remove solids and optional washing thereof with organic solvent.
  • Solid compound formula (XII) from solution in organic solvent by methods known in the art. For instance, the solution may be concentrated under partial vacuum to dryness.
  • the solution may be concentrated followed by the addition of an anti-solvent to form solid compound (XII) that may be collected by filtration or centrifugation, washed, and dried.
  • the compound formula (XII) yield based on compound (XIV) is at typically least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 92%.
  • the purity by HPLC (area percent) is at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%.
  • Chiral primary amines can be produced using a stereospecific transaminase either via an asymmetric transamination of a prochiral ketone or kinetic resolution of a racemic amine.
  • the transamination is a reaction equilibrium consisting of a pair of amines and ketones (donors and acceptors) and the reaction conditions applied shift the equilibrium to the chiral target amine.
  • the amine donor is alanine or 2-propylamine.
  • the amine acceptor is pyruvate or acetone.
  • the process for preparing compound formula (XX) comprises contacting a compound of formula (XXI)
  • the process further comprises the presence of one or more amine donors.
  • the amine donor is alanine or iso-propyl amine.
  • the contacting described above can be performed in mixed aqueous organic solvent systems.
  • the transaminase reaction can be performed in aqueous buffer with an organic co-solvent such as cyclo-hexane, methyl-cyclo-hexane, iso-octane, DMSO, acetonitrile, or acetone.
  • organic co-solvents can be present at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50% v/v.
  • the mixed organic/aqueous solvent system can, in certain instances, comprise one or more organic solvents comprising a small amount of aqueous buffer.
  • the contacting is performed in TBME, dibutyl ether, CPME, toluene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, iso-propyl acetate, butyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate or iso-butyl acetate comprising less than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1% v/v aqueous buffer.
  • the transaminase can be immobilized to a solid support.
  • the conversion of compound (XXI) to compound (3) is above at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. In another aspect, the conversion is above 90%. In another embodiment, the conversion is above 95%.
  • the reductive amination completed by the transaminase can yield the compound of formula (3) in at least 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% enantiomeric excess (EE).
  • the transaminase converts the compound of formula (XXI) to (3) at an EE greater than 99%.
  • R 1a , R 1b and n are as described elsewhere herein. In one embodiment, R 1a and R 1b are independently fluorine.
  • compound formula (XX) is of the structure:
  • the protein transaminase can be selected from Table 6.
  • the transaminase is (R)-selective.
  • the transaminase is TA-P2-A01.
  • the protein transaminase is selected from a (S)-enantioselective transaminase of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, and SEQ ID NO:4.
  • aqueous buffer comprising acetonitrile.
  • Kinetic resolution comprises use of an (S)-selective transaminase as described herein for performing the kinetic resolution.
  • the transaminase is selected from Table 6.
  • One embodiment of the disclosure is directed to a compound of formula (XVI):
  • R 4 , S, R 10 , G, and p are as defined herein.
  • each of R 7a , R 7b , R 8a and R 8b is independently hydrogen, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl, or —CN. In one embodiment, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 8a and R 8b is independently hydrogen, fluorine, —CH 3 , or —CN. In one embodiment, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 8a and R 8b is hydrogen.
  • y is an integer of 1 or 2
  • x is an integer of 1 or 2
  • the total of x and y is 2 or 3.
  • M is C 1-s alkyl
  • r is 0 or 1
  • R 9 is halogen or —CN.
  • M is —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —
  • p is 1
  • R 9 is fluorine
  • M is —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —
  • p is 1
  • R 9 is —CN
  • the compound of formula (XVI) is:
  • the compound of formula (XVI) is:
  • R 1a , R 1b , n, R 2a , R 2b , R 3a , R 3b , R 4 , s, G, R 5 , v, R 6 , E, and the asterisks are as defined herein.
  • the compound of formula (XXIII) is an acid salt.
  • the compound of formula (VIII) is a salt of an acid.
  • the compound of formula (XXIII) is a salt of tartaric acid.
  • the compound of formula (XXIII) is a salt of fumaric acid.
  • the compound of formula (XXIII) is of any one of the following structures, or a tartaric acid salt thereof:
  • the compounds above are a fumaric acid salt.
  • the compound of formula (XXIII) is of the following structure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • LG is as defined herein.
  • the compound of formula (XXIV) is of any one of the following structures, or a salt thereof:
  • One embodiment of the disclosure is directed to a process for preparing a compound of formula (XXIII) or a salt thereof, wherein the compound of formula (XXIII) is as described herein.
  • the process for preparing the compound of formula (XXIII) according to this embodiment comprises reaction step 1 as depicted below:
  • compound formula (XXIV) is:
  • One embodiment of the disclosure is directed to a process for preparing a compound of formula (XXVII) or a salt thereof.
  • R 4 , s, LG, R 5 , v, R 6 , G, p, E and PG are as described herein.
  • solid forms formulations comprising such solid forms, and methods of using such solid forms of Compound A:
  • Compound A in one embodiment provided herein are solid forms of Compound A.
  • Compound A can be a freebase as described herein existing in an amorphous solid form.
  • Compound A is a crystalline solid as described herein.
  • Compound A is a crystalline tartrate salt having the structure:
  • Solid forms described herein can be crystalline. In another embodiment, the solid form is a single-component solid form. Solid forms described herein can be solvates, hydrates, anhydrates, or salts as set forth herein. In one embodiment, solid forms described herein comprise tartrate salts. In another embodiment, solid forms described herein compris anhydrates of Compound B. In another embodiment, solid forms described herein comprise fumarate salts. In still another embodiment, solid forms described herein comprise phosphate salts or other salts.
  • solid forms can be characterized by physical properties such as, for example, stability, solubility and dissolution rate, density, compressibility, hardness, morphology, cleavage, stickiness, solubility, water uptake, electrical properties, thermal behavior, solid-state reactivity, physical stability, and chemical stability) affecting particular processes (e.g., yield, filtration, washing, drying, milling, mixing, tableting, flowability, dissolution, formulation, and lyophilization) which make certain solid forms suitable for the manufacture of a solid dosage form.
  • processes e.g., yield, filtration, washing, drying, milling, mixing, tableting, flowability, dissolution, formulation, and lyophilization
  • Such properties can be determined using particular analytical chemical techniques, including solid-state analytical techniques (e.g., X-ray diffraction, microscopy, spectroscopy and thermal analysis), as described herein.
  • the solid forms described herein, including salt forms, crystalline forms, and amorphous solids can be characterized by a number of methods including, for example, single crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), microscopy (e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), thermal analysis (e.g., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and hot-stage microscopy), spectroscopy (e.g., infrared, Raman, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (spectrum.
  • XRPD single crystal X-ray diffraction
  • microscopy e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
  • thermal analysis e.g., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and hot-stage microscopy
  • Techniques for characterizing crystal forms and amorphous solids include, for example, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, vibrational spectroscopy, e.g., infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, solid-state and solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (including 1 H NMR and F NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron crystallography and quantitative analysis, particle size analysis (PSA), surface area analysis, solubility studies, and dissolution studies.
  • TGA thermal gravimetric analysis
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffractometry
  • IR infrared
  • Raman spectroscopy solid-state and solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (including 1 H NMR and F NMR)
  • SEM scanning electron microscopy
  • PSA particle size analysis
  • the purity of the solid forms provided herein can be determined by standard analytical methods, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel electrophoresis, gas chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS).
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • UHPLC ultra-high performance liquid chromatography
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • Form A is a solid form of Compound B designated as Form A.
  • Form A is a crystalline solid form of Compound B.
  • Form A is an acetone solvate of Compound B.
  • Form A is a crystalline acetone solvate tartrate salt of Compound A.
  • Form A of Compound B is obtained by slurrying in acetone followed by evaporation.
  • Form A can prepared according to the methods and examples described herein.
  • a solid form provided herein is a tartrate salt of Compound A (i.e. Compound B), and is crystalline, as indicated by X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRPD) measurements.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction pattern
  • the XRPD of a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form A is substantially as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a solid form provided herein has one or more characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 4.64, 8.26, 9.28, 11.18, 11.49, 11.96, 12.54, 13.77, 14.22, 14.61, 15.09, 15.56, 16.01, 17.35, 18.55, 18.84, 19.32, 19.82, 20.26, 21.34, 21.63, 21.92, 22.52, 22.97, 23.28, 23.54, 23.94, 24.81, or 25.96 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 1 and as found in Table 16 herein.
  • a solid form provided herein has at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, or at least 10 XPRD peaks at approximately 4.64, 8.26, 9.28, 11.18, 11.49, 11.96, 12.54, 13.77, 14.22, 14.61, 15.09, 15.56, 16.01, 17.35, 18.55, 18.84, 19.32, 19.82, 20.26, 21.34, 21.63, 21.92, 22.52, 22.97, 23.28, 23.54, 23.94, 24.81, or 25.96 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 1 and as found in Table 16 herein.
  • a solid form described herein e.g., Form A, has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, or all of the characteristic XRPD peaks as set forth in Table 16.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form A
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form A
  • a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form A has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 19.32, 20.26, 21.63, 23.28, or 24.81 ⁇ 0.05° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 1 and as found in Table 16 herein.
  • a solid form e.g., Form A, having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to the representative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 2 .
  • the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately 7.2% of the total mass of the sample before approximately 125° C.
  • a solid form e.g., Form A, having a DSC thermogram substantially as depicted in FIG. 2 comprising desolvation event at about 124° C. and a melting temperature of having an onset temperature of about 164° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 171° C.
  • Solid form e.g., Form A, having a Polarized Light Microscopy image as depicted in FIG. 3 .
  • Form A is pure. In certain embodiments, pure Form A is substantially free of other solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, the purity of Form A is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • Form B is a solid form of Compound B designated as Form B.
  • Form B is a crystalline solid form of Compound B.
  • Form B is an anhydrate of Compound B.
  • Form B is an anhydrate tartrate salt of Compound A.
  • Form B of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in ethyl acetate at RT for about 24 hours.
  • Form B of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in acetone:water (e.g. 90:10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 99:1 v/v) at about 50° C. for about 6 hours.
  • Form B of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in ethanol.
  • Form B of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in a solvent system comprising ⁇ 95% acetone (e.g. ⁇ 95:5 acetone:water). Form B of Compound B is then isolated from the slurry by, for example, centrifugation or filtration. In another embodiment, Form B of Compound B is obtained from either Form A or Form F as described herein. In one embodiment, Form A of Compound B is reslurried in ethanol (e.g. 100% ethanol) for 10, 12, 16, or 24 hours (e.g. overnight) to obtain Form B. In one embodiment, Form F is converted to Form D as described herein in the presence of water. The mixture can then be slurried in neat ethanol (at for example about 50° C.) or 95:5 or 97:3 acetone:water (v/v) to form Form B. Mixtures can optionally be seeded with Form B crystals.
  • ethanol e.g. 100% ethanol
  • Form F is converted to Form D as described herein
  • Form B can be prepared according to the methods and examples described herein.
  • a method of preparing Form B where the method comprises slurrying Compound B in a solvent system comprising acetone or aqueous mixtures of acetone water (e.g., 50%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% and 99% acetone v/v).
  • the solvent system for crystalizing Form B comprises ⁇ 95% acetone.
  • the solvent system for Form B comprises 96:4 acetone:water.
  • the mixtures can be slurried at RT for about 120 hrs.
  • the mixtures can be filtered and analyzed as described herein (e.g., XRPD).
  • Form B is prepared according to the methods and/or examples set forth herein.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form B
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction pattern
  • the XRPD of a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form B is substantially as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form B
  • a solid form provided herein has at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, or at least 10 characteristic XPRD peaks at approximately 7.68, 11.49, 12.54, 14.24, 15.30, 15.55, 16.01, 16.63, 17.37, 18.24, 19.16, 19.42, 19.89, 20.24, 21.81, 22.52, 22.99, 23.25, 23.57, 24.67, 25.07, 25.91 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 4 and as found in Table 17 herein.
  • a solid form described herein e.g., Form B, has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, or all of the characteristic XRPD peaks as set forth in Table 17.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form B
  • a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form B has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 11.49, 12.54, 19.16, 19.42, or 24.67 ⁇ 0.1° 20, as depicted in, for example, FIG. 4 .
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form B, has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 11.49, 12.54, 19.16, 19.42, or 24.67 ⁇ 0.05° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 4 .
  • a solid form e.g., Form B, having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to the representative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 5 .
  • the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately 3.5% of the total mass of the sample.
  • a solid form e.g., Form B, having a DSC thermogram substantially as depicted in FIG. 5 comprising an endothermic event with an onset temperature of about 171° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 179° C.
  • a solid form e.g., Form B, having a water sorption-desorption profile as depicted in FIG. 8 .
  • the solid form e.g., Form B of Compound B, absorbs about 1.2% w/w moisture up to 90% relative humidity (RH) at about 25° C.
  • a solid form e.g., Form B, having a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image and PLM image as depicted in FIG. 9 a and FIG. 9 b , respectively.
  • the sample comprises of dense spherical aggregates.
  • Solid form e.g., Form B, having a particle size distribution (PSD) as depicted in FIG. 9 c.
  • PSD particle size distribution
  • a solid form e.g., Form B
  • FIG. 22 , FIG. 23 , and FIG. 24 respectively show XRPD, 19 F SSNMR, and DSC of Form B of Compound B and compare the compound before and after compression as described herein.
  • Form B is substantially pure.
  • the pure Form B is substantially free of other solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid.
  • the substantially pure Form B is substantially free of Form A, Form D, or Form F.
  • the purity of Form B is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • Form C is a solid form of Compound B designated as Form C.
  • Form C is a crystalline solid form of Compound B.
  • Form C is a THF solvate of Compound B.
  • Form C of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in THF. The mixture can then be filtered. Form C can be prepared according to the methods and examples described herein.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form C, is tartrate salt of Compound A, and is substantially crystalline, as indicated by X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRPD) measurements.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction pattern
  • the XRPD is substantially as shown in FIG. 10 .
  • a solid form e.g., Form C, having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to the representative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 11 .
  • the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately 6.8% of the total mass of the sample.
  • a solid form e.g., Form C, having a DSC thermogram substantially as depicted in FIG. 11 comprising an endothermic event with an onset temperature of about 118° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 125° C.
  • Form C is pure. In certain embodiments, the purity of Form C is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • Form D is a solid form of Compound B designated as Form D.
  • Form D is a crystalline solid form of Compound B.
  • Form D is a hydrate of Compound B.
  • Form D is a monohydrate of Compound B.
  • Form D of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in 100% ethanol for about 48 hours. The mixture can then be filtered.
  • a solid form provided herein is a tartrate salt of Compound A, and is substantially crystalline, as indicated by X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRPD) measurements.
  • Form D is a hydrate of Compound B.
  • the XRPD of a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form D is substantially as shown in FIG. 12 .
  • a solid form provided herein has one or more characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 7.32, 10.99, 11.31, 12.18, 13.23, 13.48, 14.11, 14.66, 15.14, 15.70, 16.03, 16.21, 16.54, 17.24, 17.63, 18.11, 18.34, 19.10, 20.20, 20.58, 21.16, 21.47, 21.89, 22.76, 23.33, or 23.56 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 12 and as found in Table 19.
  • a solid form provided herein has at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, or at least 10 characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 7.32, 10.99, 11.31, 12.18, 13.23, 13.48, 14.11, 14.66, 15.14, 15.70, 16.03, 16.21, 16.54, 17.24, 17.63, 18.11, 18.34, 19.10, 20.20, 20.58, 21.16, 21.47, 21.89, 22.76, 23.33, or 23.56 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 12 and as found in Table 19.
  • a solid form described herein has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, or all of the characteristic XRPD peaks as set forth in Table 19.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form D
  • a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form D has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 11.31, 15.70, 16.54, 19.10, or 22.76 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 12 .
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form D
  • the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately 1.4% of the total mass of the sample before approximately 150° C.
  • a solid form e.g., Form D, having a DSC thermogram substantially as depicted in FIG. 13 comprising an endothermic event having an onset temperature of about 55° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 82° C. followed by a second endothermic event with an onset temperature of about 165° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 172° C.
  • Form D is pure. In certain embodiments, Form D is substantially free of other solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, Form D is substantially free of Form A, Form B, or Form F. In certain embodiments, the purity of Form D is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • Form E is a solid form of Compound B.
  • Form E is a DMSO solvate of Compound B.
  • Form E of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in DMSO and adding IPAc, for about 24 hours. The mixture can then be filtered. Form E can be prepared according to the methods and examples described herein.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form E, is a tartrate salt of Compound A, and is substantially crystalline, as indicated by X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRPD) measurements.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction pattern
  • the XRPD is substantially as shown in FIG. 14 .
  • a solid form e.g., Form E, having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to the representative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 15 .
  • the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately 8.3% of the total mass of the sample.
  • a solid form e.g., Form E, having a DSC thermogram substantially as depicted in FIG. 15 comprising a first endotherm with an onset temperature of about 126° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 134° C. and a second endothermic event with an onset temperature of about 143° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 147° C.
  • Form E is pure. In certain embodiments, Form E is substantially free of other solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, the purity of Form E is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • Form F is a solid form of Compound B designated as Form F.
  • Form F is a crystalline solid form of Compound B.
  • Form F is an anhydrate of Compound B.
  • Form F is an anhydrate tartrate salt of Compound A.
  • Form F of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in 100% ethanol at RT or at 50° C. for about 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, or 25 hours (e.g. overnight).
  • Form F can be obtained by slurrying Compound B in ethanol/water (e.g. 65:35 v/v).
  • the slurry of Compound B to obtain Form F can optionally include seeding with Form B described herein.
  • the slurry can be filtered to obtain Form F.
  • Form F can also be obtained by slurrying at RT in 100% DI water, 1:1 acetone/water or 100% acetone. Slurries of Form F in neat solvents can be maintained at RT.
  • Form F can be obtained from 1:1 acetone:water mixture agitated at 5° C. In still another embodiment, Form F can be obtained by slurrying Compound B in 95:5 acetone:water and 97:3 acetone:water mixtures at 50° C. for about 2 hours and cooling to RT. Form F can be prepared according to the methods and examples described herein.
  • a solid form provided herein is a tartrate salt of Compound A, and is substantially crystalline, as indicated by X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRPD) measurements.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction pattern
  • the XRPD of a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form F is substantially as shown in FIG. 16 .
  • a solid form provided herein has one or more characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 3.92, 10.54, 11.72, 12.52, 14.22, 15.40, 15.54, 15.90, 16.48, 16.84, 17.29, 18.26, 18.47, 19.39, 19.66, 20.00, 20.50, 20.65, 21.16, 21.28, 21.95, 22.97, 23.49, 23.70, 23.94, 24.31, 24.67, or 24.99 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 16 and as found in Table 20 herein.
  • a solid form provided herein has at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, or at least 10 characteristic XPRD peaks at approximately 3.92, 10.54, 11.72, 12.52, 14.22, 15.40, 15.54, 15.90, 16.48, 16.84, 17.29, 18.26, 18.47, 19.39, 19.66, 20.00, 20.50, 20.65, 21.16, 21.28, 21.95, 22.97, 23.49, 23.70, 23.94, 24.31, 24.67, or 24.99 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 16 and as found in Table 20 herein.
  • a solid form described herein e.g., Form F, has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, twenty, twenty-five, or all of the characteristic XRPD peaks as set forth in Table 20.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form F
  • a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form F has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 12.52, 15.90, 19.66, 20.65, or 24.99 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 16 .
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form F, has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 12.52, 15.90, 19.66, 20.65, or 24.99 ⁇ 0.05° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG. 16 .
  • a solid form e.g., Form F, having a DSC thermogram substantially as depicted in FIG. 18 comprising an endothermic event with an onset temperature of about 162° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 167° C.
  • Form F is pure. In certain embodiments, pure Form F is substantially free of other solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, the purity of the Form F is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • Form G is a solid form of Compound B.
  • Form G is a solid form of Compound B.
  • Form G is a methanol solvate of Compound B.
  • Form F is a methanol solvate tartrate salt of Compound A.
  • Form G of Compound B is obtained by slurrying Compound B in methanol and slowly evaporating the methanol. The mixture can be filtered. Form G can be prepared according to the methods and examples described herein.
  • a solid form provided herein is a tartrate salt of Compound A, and is substantially crystalline, as indicated by X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRPD) measurements.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction pattern
  • the XRPD of a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form G is substantially as shown in FIG. 19 .
  • a solid form provided herein has one or more characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 7.65, 11.46, 12.51, 15.27, 15.51, 16.00, 17.34, 18.21, 19.11, 19.29, 19.42, 19.84, 20.23, 21.31, 21.57, 21.79, 22.49, 22.97, 23.22, 24.65, 25.04, or 25.88 ⁇ 0.10 20, as depicted in, for example, FIG. 19 and as found in Table 21 herein.
  • a solid form provided herein has at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, or at least 10 characteristic XPRD peaks at approximately 7.65, 11.46, 12.51, 15.27, 15.51, 16.00, 17.34, 18.21, 19.11, 19.29, 19.42, 19.84, 20.23, 21.31, 21.57, 21.79, 22.49, 22.97, 23.22, 24.65, 25.04, or 25.88 ⁇ 0.10 20, as depicted in, for example, FIG. 19 and as found in Table 21 herein.
  • a solid form described herein e.g., Form G
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form G
  • a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form G has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 11.46, 12.51, 19.29, 19.42, or 20.23 ⁇ 0.1° 20, as depicted in, for example, FIG. 19 .
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form G
  • a solid form e.g., Form G, having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to the representative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 20 .
  • the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately 2% of the total mass of the sample.
  • a solid form e.g., Form G, having a DSC thermogram substantially as depicted in FIG. 20 comprising an endothermic event with an onset temperature of about 173° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 178° C.
  • Form G is pure. In certain embodiments, pure Form G is substantially free of other solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, pure Form G is substantially free of Form B, Form D, or Form E. In certain embodiments, the purity of the Form G is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • Form 1 is a crystalline solid form of Compound C.
  • Form 1 of Compound C is obtained by slurrying Compound C in isoamyl alcohol/water at about a 3:1 ratio for about 1.5 hours at about 55° C. The liquid of the mixture is then evaporated under flow of nitrogen and reduced pressure.
  • Form 1 of compound C is obtained by slurrying Compound C in ethanol/heptane at a ratio of about 3:8 at RT.
  • Form 1 of compound C is obtained by slurrying Compound C in ethanol/heptane at a ratio of about 1:1 at RT.
  • Form 1 can be prepared according to the methods and examples described herein.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form 1
  • is fumarate salt of Compound A and is substantially crystalline, as indicated by X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRPD) measurements.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction pattern
  • the XRPD is substantially as shown in FIG. 27 a .
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form 1
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form 1
  • a solid form described herein e.g., Form 1
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form 1
  • a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form 1 has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 16.09, 18.92, 19.69, 19.86, or 23.16 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ as depicted in, for example, FIG. 27 a .
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form 1
  • the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately 2% of the total mass of the sample.
  • a solid form e.g., Form 1 having a DSC thermogram substantially as depicted in FIG. 28 depicts the TGA and DSC for Compound C Form 1.
  • FIG. 29 comprising an endothermic event with an onset temperature of about 167° C. and a peak maximum temperature of about 172° C.
  • Form 1 is pure. In certain embodiments, pure Form 1 is substantially free of other solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, the purity of the Form 1 is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • a solid form e.g., Form 1, having a PLM image as depicted in FIG. 30 .
  • Form 2 is a crystalline solid form of Compound C.
  • a solid form provided herein is fumarate salt of Compound A, and is substantially crystalline, as indicated by X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRPD) measurements.
  • the XRPD is substantially as shown in FIG. 27 b .
  • a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form 2 has one or more characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 11.52, 11.87, 15.55, 16.04, 16.51, 17.32, 18.36, 19.00, 19.43, 19.87, 20.24, 21.35, 22.03, 23.23, 23.91, 25.43, or 26.03 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ , as depicted in, for example, FIG.
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form 2
  • a solid form described herein e.g., Form 1
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form 1
  • a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form 1 has one, two, three, four, or five characteristic XRPD peaks at approximately 15.55, 19.43, 19.87, 20.24, or 23.23 ⁇ 0.1° 2 ⁇ as depicted in, for example, FIG. 27 b .
  • a solid form provided herein e.g., Form 1
  • provided herein is an amorphous solid form of freebase Compound A.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction pattern
  • amorphous solid form of freebase Compound A having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to the representative TGA and DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 34 .
  • the amorphous form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately 9.3% of the total mass of the sample.
  • the amorphous solid form of Compound A is pure.
  • pure amorphous solid form of Compound A is substantially free of other solid forms, e.g., crystalline solids as described herein.
  • the purity is no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.9%.
  • the compounds described herein can be administered, for example, orally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intravenously, intradermally, percutaneously, intraarterially, intraperitoneally, intralesionally, intracranially, intraarticularly, intraprostatically, intrapleurally, intratracheally, intrathecally, intranasally, intravaginally, intrarectally, topically, intratumorally, peritoneally, subconjunctivally, intravesicularly, mucosally, intrapericardially, intraumbilically, intraocularly, intraorbitally, intravitreally (e.g., by intravitreal injection), by eye drop, topically, transdermally, parenterally, by inhalation, by injection, by implantation, by infusion, by continuous infusion, by localized perfusion bathing target cells directly, by catheter, by lavage, in creams, or in lipid compositions.
  • Compounds described herein can be formulated in pharmaceutical compositions as provided herein suitable for oral administration.
  • compounds described herein are administered as pharmaceutical compositions capable of being administered to a subject orally or parenterally.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds described herein can be prepared as oral dosage forms such as, for example, capsules, microcapsules, tablets (coated and non-coated tablets), granules, powders, pills, or suppositories.
  • the compounds described herein can be formulated for topical or parenteral use where the compound is dissolved or otherwise suspended in a solution suitable for injections, suspensions, syrups, creams, ointments, gels, sprays, solutions and emulsions.
  • compositions described herein include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as, but not limited to: sucrose, starch, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, glucose, cellulose, talc, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylstarch, polypropylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, gum arabic, polyethyleneglycol (PEG), starch, sodium bicarbonate, calcium citrate, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulfite, methylparaben, propylparaben, citric acid, sodium citrate or acetic acid, polyvinyl pyrroliclone, aluminum stearate), water, and cocoa butter.
  • excipients such as, but not limited to: sucrose, starch, mannitol, sorbitol,
  • compositions described herein include an effective amount of the compound described herein (e.g. Compound A, Compound B, Compound C, Compound D, or a solid form thereof).
  • the dose of the compound described herein can be a measure of a specific amount of the compound (e.g. a standard dose amount) or can be measured as a function of, for example, a patient's body weight.
  • a compound described herein is administered in an amount equivalent to about 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 200, or 250 mg/kg.
  • a compound described herein is administered in an amount of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg; about 0.5 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg; about 1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg; about 3 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg; about 8 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg; or about 15 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg.
  • a compound described herein is administered in an amount less than about 100 mg/kg, less than about 50 mg/kg, less than about 30 mg/kg, less than about 10 mg/kg, or less than about 1 mg/kg.
  • a compound described herein is administered at an amount of about 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 50, 60, 75, 90, 100, 120, 150, or 250 mg. In another embodiment, a compound described herein is administered in an amount of about 10 mg. In still another embodiment, a compound described herein is administered in an amount of about 30 mg. In still another embodiment, a compound described herein is administered in an amount of about 90 mg. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound described herein is administered in an amount prescribed above once per day (QD).
  • the compound can be Compound B, or a solid form thereof (e.g. Form A, Form B, Form C, Form D, Form E, Form F, or Form G). In another embodiment, the compound is a solid form of Compound B (e.g. Form B, Form D, or Form F). In one embodiment, the compound is Compound C or Compound C Form 1 or Form 2. In another embodiment, the compound is Compound D or a solid form described herein.
  • a compound described herein is administered at an amount of about 1 mg to about 10 mg; about 10 mg to about 30 mg; about 10 mg to about 90 mg; about 30 mg to about 90 mg; or about 90 mg to about 250 mg.
  • the compound administered is Compound B at an amount of about 1, 10, 30, 50, 90, 100, or 150 mg.
  • the doses of a compound described herein can be provided as a single dose (e.g. a single tablet or capsule of the given dosage amount) or can be provided as multiple doses given over a period of time (e.g. 2 or more tablets or capsules equating to the dosage amount).
  • the compound can be Compound B, or a solid form thereof (e.g.
  • the compound is a solid form of Compound B (e.g. Form B, Form D, or Form F).
  • the compound is Compound C or Compound C Form 1 or Form 2.
  • the compound is Compound D or a solid form described herein.
  • compositions described herein can be administered once daily (QD); twice daily (BID), thrice daily (TID), every other day (Q2D), every three days (Q3D), or once a week. Further, doses of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprising a compound described herein can be administered before food (ac), after food (pc), or with food.
  • a compound described herein is administered QD for a treatment period (a period of time where the drug is administered to a patient described herein) followed by a rest period (a period of time where the drug is not administered to a patient described herein). Rest periods may include administration of anti-cancer agents other than a compound described herein.
  • a compound described herein is formulated for oral administration as provided herein and is administered QD for 20-28 days followed by a 3-10 day rest period. In another embodiment, the compound is administered QD with no rest period.
  • a compound described herein is formulated for oral administration.
  • Oral administration can promote patient compliance in taking the compound (e.g. formulated as a pharmaceutical composition), thereby increasing compliance and efficacy.
  • Oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound described herein include, but are not limited to, tablets (e.g. coated, non-coated and chewable) and capsules (e.g. hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, enteric coated capsules, and sustained release capsules). Tablets can be prepared by direct compression, by wet granulation, or by dry granulation.
  • Oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound described herein can be formulated as understood in the art for delayed or prolonged release.
  • Compound B or a solid form described herein e.g. Form B, Form D, or Form F
  • Compounds M1, M2, M3, and M4 can be considered metabolites and/or degradants of Compound B, including solid forms described herein.
  • such compounds can be found in compositions described herein where such compositions have been stored for a given period of time at a relative humidity (RH) of about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80% or more.
  • RH relative humidity
  • Such compounds can also be found at elevated temperatures of about 30° C., 35° C., 40° C., 45° C., or about 50° C.
  • compound M1, M2, M3, or M4 is found in composition described herein where the composition comprises less than about 30 mg of Compound B or a solid form thereof.
  • such compounds are found in compositions where the composition comprises an uncoated tablet as described herein.
  • compositions described herein comprising Compound B or a solid form of Compound B described herein comprise less than 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.75, 0.2, 0.225, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1% w/w of one or more of M1, M2, M3, or M4.
  • a composition described herein comprises less than about 0.5% w/w of one or more of M1, M2, M3, or M4.
  • the compounds and solid forms described herein can be administered in an effective amount (e.g. an amount as described herein) for treating cancer. It is to be understood that the methods described herein also include treatment with a pharmaceutical composition as described herein comprising a compound (e.g. Compound B or a solid form thereof) described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • a pharmaceutical composition as described herein comprising a compound (e.g. Compound B or a solid form thereof) described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • Compound B is a solid form as described herein (e.g. Form A, Form B, Form C, Form D, Form E, Form F, or Form G).
  • Compound B Form A can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having a cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B in another aspect provided herein Compound B, Form B can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having a cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B Form C can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having a cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B Form D can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having a cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B Form E can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having a cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B Form F can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having a cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B Form G can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • an amorphous non-crystalline form of Compound A or Compound B can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • a method of treating lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer by administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein to a patient having said cancer.
  • the cancer is ovarian cancer or endometrial cancer.
  • the cancer is breast cancer.
  • Compound B is a solid form as described herein (e.g. Form A, Form B, Form C, Form D, Form E, Form F, or Form G).
  • Compound B, Form A can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B, Form B can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B, Form C can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B, Form D can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B, Form E can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B, Form F can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • Compound B, Form G can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • an amorphous non-crystalline form of Compound A or Compound B can be administered as described herein to treat a patient having lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, or breast cancer as set forth herein.
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of Compound B, Form B as described herein.
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of pure Compound B (e.g. substantially free of another solid form described herein, e.g. substantially free of Form D and/or Form F).
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of Compound B, Form D as described herein.
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of Compound B, Form F as described herein.
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of Compound B, Form A as described herein.
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of Compound B, Form C as described herein.
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of Compound B, Form E as described herein.
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of Compound B, Form G, as described herein.
  • the method comprises treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering to the patient an effective amount of an amorphous non-crystalline form of Compound B as described herein.
  • the compounds described herein can be used in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating breast cancer as described herein.
  • the methods of treating breast cancer provided herein comprise treatment where the breast cancer can be hormone receptor positive breast cancer (e.g. ER+ breast cancer), HER2-positive breast cancer, HER2-negative breast cancer, or triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
  • hormone receptor positive breast cancer e.g. ER+ breast cancer
  • HER2-positive breast cancer e.g. HER2-positive breast cancer
  • HER2-negative breast cancer e.g. HER2-negative breast cancer
  • TNBC triple negative breast cancer
  • the breast cancer is HER2-negative breast cancer.
  • HER2-negative breast cancer can be defined herein as, for example, a HER2 IHC score of 0 or 1+, or an IHC score of 2+ accompanied by a negative fluorescence, chromogenic, or silver in situ hybridization test indicating the absence of HER2-gene amplification, or a HER2/CEP17 ratio of ⁇ 2.0, or local clinical guidelines.
  • the breast cancer is ER+/HER2 ⁇ breast cancer.
  • the breast cancer can be stage 0, I, II, III, or IV as understood in the art.
  • the breast cancer is locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (mBC).
  • mBC metastatic breast cancer
  • Compound B or a solid form thereof can be administered as a component of adjuvant therapy.
  • Compound B or a solid form thereof e.g. Form B, Form D, or Form F
  • Breast cancer patients described herein may be premenopausal before treatment with a compound or solid form as described herein.
  • Breast cancer patients described herein may be postmenopausal before treatment with a compound or solid for as described herein.
  • the methods provided herein include administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein to the patient at an amount as set forth herein.
  • the effective amount can be, for example, an amount of about 10 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, 125 mg, or 250 mg.
  • Compound B or a solid form described herein is administered orally.
  • Compound B or a solid form thereof is administered as a tablet (e.g. a coated or non-coated tablet).
  • Compound B or a solid form thereof is administered as a capsule.
  • compositions suitable for administration to a breast cancer patient where such compositions comprise an amount of Compound B or a solid form described herein of about 10 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, 125 mg, or 250 mg in a tablet or capsule as set forth herein.
  • Compound B or a solid form thereof can be pure as described herein.
  • a patient may have been previously treated (e.g. with a 1 L, 2 L, 3 L or more line therapy) with doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, epirubicin, paclitaxel, albumin-bound paclitaxel, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, carboplatin, vinorelbine, capecitabine, gemcitabine, ixabepilone, eribulin, olaparib, methotrexate, anastrozole, exemestane, toremifene, letrozole, tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, raloxifene, droloxifene, trioxifene, keoxifene, ftutamide, nil
  • a patient may have been previously treated (e.g. with a 1 L, 2 L, 3 L or more line therapy) with an AKT inhibitor, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, a PARP inhibitor, or an aromatase inhibitor.
  • the AKT inhibitor is ipatasertib (GDC-0068).
  • the CDK4/6 inhibitor is abemaciclib, ribociclib, or palbociclib.
  • a patient may have been previously treated with: (1) abemaciclib, ribociclib, or palbociclib; (2) ipatasertib; (3) everolimus or fulvestrant; (4) -trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab, pertuzumab, or atezolizumab; or (5) alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, rituximab, tositumomab, or a combination thereof.
  • Patients described herein may have had surgery prior to treatment with Compound B or the solid form thereof.
  • a patient herein may be refractory to one or more anti-cancer therapies.
  • a patient herein may be refractory to aromatase inhibitors.
  • a patient herein may be refractory to a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) such as, for example, fulvestrant.
  • SESD selective estrogen receptor degrader
  • a patient may be refractory to one or more endocrine therapies such as, clomifene, toremifene, raloxifene, anordrin, apeledoxifene, broparestrol, cyclofenil, lasofoxifene, ormeloxifene, acolbifene, elacestrant, brilanestrant, clomifenoxide, droloxifene, etacstil, or ospemifene.
  • endocrine therapies such as, clomifene, toremifene, raloxifene, anordrin, adoxifene, broparestrol, cyclofenil, lasofoxifene, ormeloxifene, acolbifene, elacestrant, brilanestrant, clomifenoxide, droloxifene, etacstil, or ospemifene.
  • a patient may be refractory to abemaciclib, anastrozole, exemestane, fulvestrant, goserelin, letrozole, leuprorelin, megestrol, palbociclib, tamoxifen, or toremifene.
  • a patient may be refractory to treatment with trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab, pertuzumab, atezolizumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, or nivolumab.
  • the compounds described herein can also be used in methods comprising inhibiting ERalpha in a patient. Such methods comprise administering an amount of a compound described herein (e.g. Compound A or Compound B, including solid forms thereof as described herein) to the patient.
  • a compound described herein e.g. Compound A or Compound B, including solid forms thereof as described herein
  • the compounds and solid forms described herein can be administered in combination with one or more anti-cancer agents.
  • Administration “in combination” as set forth herein includes sequential administration (in any order) of a compound described herein and one or more anti-cancer therapies as well as simultaneous administration. Accordingly, provided herein are methods of treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer, such methods comprising administering Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with one or more additional anti-cancer therapies.
  • the anti-cancer therapy comprises doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, epirubicin, paclitaxel, albumin-bound paclitaxel, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, carboplatin, vinorelbine, capecitabine, gemcitabine, ixabepilone, eribulin, olaparib, methotrexate, anastrozole, exemestane, toremifene, letrozole, tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, raloxifene, droloxifene, trioxifene, keoxifene, ftutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, lapatinib, vinblastine, goserelin, leuprolide, pegfilgrastim, filgrastim, or venetoclax.
  • a method of treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, epirubicin, paclitaxel, albumin-bound paclitaxel, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, carboplatin, vinorelbine, capecitabine, gemcitabine, ixabepilone, eribulin, olaparib, methotrexate, anastrozole, exemestane, toremifene, letrozole, tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, raloxifene, droloxifene, trioxifene, keoxifene, ftutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, lapatinib, vin
  • a method of treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with paclitaxel, albumin-bound paclitaxel, methotrexate, anastrozole, exemestane, toremifene, letrozole, tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, raloxifene, droloxifene, trioxifene, keoxifene, or venetoclax.
  • a method of treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with fulvestrant, paclitaxel, albumin-bound paclitaxel, clomifene, toremifene, raloxifene, anordrin, apeledoxifene, broparestrol, cyclofenil, lasofoxifene, ormeloxifene, acolbifene, elacestrant, brilanestrant, clomifenoxide, droloxifene, etacstil, or ospemifene.
  • a method of treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with a CDK4/6 inhibitor, a PARP inhibitor, or an aromatase inhibitor.
  • a method of treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer as described herein comprising administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with a CDK4/6 inhibitor where the CDK4/6 inhibitor is abemaciclib, ribociclib, or palbociclib.
  • the method comprises administering Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with palbociclib.
  • the method comprises administering Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with abemaciclib or ribociclib.
  • kits comprising (i) Compound B or a solid form thereof in a unit dosage form; (ii) a CDK4/6 inhibitor (e.g. palbociclib) in a second unit dosage form; and a container containing each dosage form.
  • a CDK4/6 inhibitor e.g. palbociclib
  • the dose of abemaciclib may be 50 mg to 500 mg daily, or 150 mg to 450 mg daily and the dosing can be daily in 28 day cycles or less than 28 days per 28 day cycles such as 21 days per 28 day cycle or 14 days per 28 day cycle or 7 days per 28 day cycles.
  • abemaciclib is dosed once daily or preferably on a bid schedule where dosing is oral. In the case of bid dosing, the doses can be separated by 4 hours. 8 hours or 12 hours.
  • abemaciclib is dosed at 150 mg orally bid where each dose is administered about 12 hr apart.
  • the dose of abemaciclib is administered in accordance with a package insert.
  • the dose of ribociclib may be 200 mg to 1,000 mg daily; or 250 mg to 750 mg daily and the dosuig can be daily in 28 day cycles or less than 28 days per 28 day cycles such as 21 days per 28 day cycle or 14 days per 28 day cycle or 7 days per 28 day cycles.
  • ribociclib is dosed once daily where dosing is oral.
  • the dose of ribociclib is administered in accordance with a package insert.
  • the dose of palbociclib may be 25 mg to 250 mg daily or 50 mg to 125 mg daily or from 75 mg to 125 mg daily or 75 mg daily to 100 mg daily or 125 mg daily.
  • the dosing can be daily in 28 day cycles or less than 28 days per 28 day cycles such as 21 days per 28 day cycle or 14 days per 28 day cycle or 7 days per 28 day cycles.
  • palbociclib is dosed once daily where dosing is oral.
  • the dose of palbociclib is administered in accordance with a package insert.
  • the methods described herein comprise administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with an aromatase inhibitor (AI), where the AI is letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane, or testolactone.
  • AI aromatase inhibitor
  • a method of treating breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer by administering an effective amount of Compound B or a solid form as described herein in combination with a cancer immunotherapy (e.g. an antibody).
  • a cancer immunotherapy e.g. an antibody
  • Compound B or a solid form as described herein is administered in combination with trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab, pertuzumab, atezolizumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, or nivolumab, or a combination thereof.
  • Compound B or a solid form as described herein is administered in combination with a cancer immunotherapy comprising PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor, where the cancer immunotherapy is atezolizumab, pembrolizumab, or nivolumab.
  • a compound described herein e.g. Compound B or a solid form as described herein
  • AEs adverse effects
  • a patient administered Compound B or a solid form as described herein has Grade 2 or lower AEs.
  • Flash column chromatography was performed using a teledyne Isco CombiFlash® Rf instrument with pre-packed RediSepRf Gold silica cartridges.
  • Indole alkylation was done by the sequence of Boc protection (Example 1), sulfamide formation (Example 2), and indole alkylation (Example 3)
  • Boc protection was done according to the following general reaction scheme where R A and R B correspond to the various functional groups in the following Example 1 protection reactions, and wherein the asterisks represent a chiral center:
  • Example 1A Preparation of tert-butyl (S)-(2-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)carbamate
  • Example 1A yield is reported are corrected based on residual solvent from 1 H NMR.
  • the reaction yielded tert-butyl (S)-(2-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)carbamate (1.36 g, 100% yield) as a white solid.
  • Example 1C Preparation of tert-butyl ((1R,2S)-2-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)carbamate
  • Example 1D Preparation of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate
  • reaction mixture was then warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 2 h, extracted with iPrOAc (20 mL), washed with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (15 mL), saturated brine solution (15 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, purified by chromatography on SiO 2 . Specific gradient used for each sample is included in the characterization data. All the yields reported are corrected based on residual solvent from 1 H NMR. Reaction 2A yielded tert-butyl (R)-4-benzyl-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (18.7 g, 56% yield) as a white solid.
  • Chiral tryptamines are frequently encountered in pharmacology due to their significant biological activities in the central nervous system.
  • the chiral tryptamine moiety serves as synthetic precursor of many medicinally important indole alkaloids and found in numerous biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals.
  • stereocontrolled synthesis of tetrahydro- ⁇ -carboline-containing compounds such as those described herein often relies on diastereoselective Pictet-Spengler reaction, which in turn requires enantiomerically pure tryptamines as starting material.
  • the latter is typically prepared in a non-stereoselective manner via a multistep sequence involving hazardous nitroalkane reagents.
  • Aziridine electrophiles have been applied to provide C 3 -selective alkylation under Lewis acidic conditions; however, this method is only applicable to the synthesis of f-substituted tryptamines as the displacement occurs preferentially at the more substituted carbon.
  • Low order cuprate of indoles in combination with chiral cyclic sulfamidates successfully provided a practical access to both ⁇ - and ⁇ -substituted chiral tryptamines having high regioselectivity.
  • the Cu-mediated indole alkylation tolerated a variety of substitution both on the indole nucleophile as well as on the cyclic sulfamidate providing the C 3 -alkylated indole products in moderate to good yield and excellent regioselectivity.
  • indoles with either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents participated in the reaction well (Exemplary compounds 6b-6g above), and sterically demanding substrates also worked reasonably well (Exemplary compounds 6h and 6i above).
  • azaindoles appear to be possible poor substrates. Under standard reaction conditions, 6-azaindole provided only 8% of the alkylation product albeit with comparable regioselectivity (see e.g. exemplary compound 6j above). Other azaindoles such as indazole and 7-azaindole failed to produce any desired alkylated products
  • Example 3A Preparation of tert-butyl (R)-(1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Example 3C Preparation of tert-butyl (S)-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)carbamate
  • Example 3A The general reaction as per Example 3A was performed between indole (264 mg, 2.25 mmol, 150 mol %) and tert-butyl (S)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (495 mg, 1.50 mmol, 100 mol %) to yield tert-butyl (S)-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)carbamate (378 mg, 69% yield) as a white solid.
  • the C 3 /N 1 ratio was 98:2.
  • Example 3A The general reaction as per Example 3A was performed between indole (370 mg, 3.16 mmol, 150 mol %) and tert-butyl (R)-4-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (500 mg, 2.11 mmol, 100 mol %) to yield tert-butyl (R)-(1-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate (406 mg, 70% yield) as a white solid.
  • the C 3 /N 1 ratio was 99:1.
  • Example 3A The general reaction as per Example 3A was performed between indole (264 mg, 2.25 mmol, 150 mol %) and tert-butyl (R)-4-cyclopropyl-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (395 mg, 1.50 mmol, 100 mol %) to yield tert-butyl (S)-(1-cyclopropyl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)carbamate (292 mg, 65% yield) as a white solid.
  • the C 3 /N 1 ratio was 99:1.
  • Example 3G Preparation of tert-butyl ((1S,2S)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)carbamate
  • Example 3A The general reaction as per Example 3A was performed between indole (282 mg, 2.41 mmol, 150 mol %) and tert-butyl (3 aR,8aS)-8,8a-dihydroindeno[1,2-d][1,2,3]oxathiazole-3 (3 aH)-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (500 mg, 1.61 mmol, 100 mol %) to yield tert-butyl ((1S,2S)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)carbamate (304 mg, 54% yield) as a white solid.
  • the C 3 /N 1 ratio was 95:5.
  • Example 3A The general reaction as per Example 3A was performed between indole (264 mg, 2.25 mmol, 150 mol %) and tert-butyl (S)-5-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (356 mg, 1.50 mmol, 100 mol %) to yield tert-butyl (S)-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl)carbamate (319 mg, 78% yield) as a colorless liquid.
  • the C 3 /N 1 ratio was 93:7.
  • Example 3J Preparation of tert-butyl (R)-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethyl) carbamate
  • Example 3A The general reaction as per Example 3A was performed between indole (176 mg, 1.50 mmol, 150 mol %) and tert-butyl (S)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (368 mg, 1.00 mmol, 100 mol %) to yield tert-butyl (R)-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethyl) carbamate (320 mg, 79% yield) as a white solid.
  • the C 3 /N 1 ratio was 98:2.
  • Example 3A The general reaction as per Example 3A was performed between indole (264 mg, 2.25 mmol, 150 mol %) and tert-butyl (S)-4-phenyl-1,2,3-oxathiazinane-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (470 mg, 1.50 mmol, 100 mol %) to yield tert-butyl (S)-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-phenylpropyl)carbamate (401 mg, 73% yield) as a white solid.
  • the C 3 /N 1 ratio was 98:2.
  • Example 3A The general reaction as per Example 3A was performed between 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine (266 mg, 2.25 mmol, 150 mol %) and tert-butyl (R)-4-benzyl-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (470 mg, 1.50 mmol, 100 mol %) to yield tert-butyl (R)-(1-phenyl-3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate (40 mg, 8% yield) as a white solid.
  • the C 3 /N 1 ratio was 98:2.
  • R 5 , v, R 6 , and R 10 are as described herein.
  • reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at ⁇ 2 to 0° C. followed by addition of triethylamine (204 g, 2.02 mol, 2 equiv.) dropwise at ⁇ 5 to 0° C.
  • triethylamine 204 g, 2.02 mol, 2 equiv.
  • the resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 h or until N-Boc-alaninol was completely consumed as determined by GC analysis.
  • Water was added to the reaction mixture (1.3 L) at 0-20° C.
  • the phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1.3 L).
  • the organic phases were combined and washed with 10 w % citric acid (1.3 L), aq. NaHCO 3 (1.3 L), and brine (1 L) successively.
  • the organic phase was cooled to 0-10° C., followed by addition of water (3.1 L) and RuCl 3 .xH 2 O (2.66 g), and then followed by addition of Oxone (927.1 g, 1.51 mol, 1.5 equiv.).
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to 22° C. gradually, and held for 3.5 h or until the sulfamidite intermediate was completely consumed as determined by GC analysis.
  • the phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was filtered through a pad of Celite (50 g) followed by rinsing with DCM (1.3 L). The filtrate was extracted with the DCM (1.3 L), and the organic phases were combined and then washed with sat.
  • the reaction was quenched by adding 10% citric acid (100 mL) while maintaining the internal temperature ⁇ 5° C.
  • the phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (100 mL ⁇ 2).
  • the organic phases were combined and washed with brine (100 mL ⁇ 2), followed by addition to the organic phase of activated carbon (5 g) and Na 2 SO 4 (10 g).
  • the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min then filtered.
  • the cake was washed with DCM (50 mL ⁇ 2). The filtrate and wash were combined and concentrated under vacuum at 30° C.
  • the cake was washed with acetonitrile (100 mL ⁇ 2), and p-TsOH monohydrate (119 g, 625.6 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) and water (100 mL, 1 vol) were added to the combined filtrate.
  • the resulting biphasic mixture was heated to 80° C. and stirred for 3 hrs.
  • the mixture was then poured into 1 L of ice-water, and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 9 with saturated Na 2 CO 3 (350 mL) at ⁇ 5° C.
  • the phases were separated, and the aqueous was extracted with i-PrOAc (500 mL ⁇ 2).
  • step 1 To a flask with stirring apparatus was combined 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzaldehyde (131.79 g, 596.35 mmol), (R)-3-((1-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-yl)amino)-2,2-difluoropropan-1-ol (160 g, 596.35 mmol), acetic acid (51.26 mL, 894.52 mmol), and toluene. The reaction was heated to 75° C. and held overnight, cooled, and then diluted with toluene.
  • reaction was heated to 75° C. for 2 hours, cooled, concentrated, and then diluted with methyl tert-butyl ether. This resulting solution was worked up with an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, brine, and water, then scavenged with SiliaMetS Thiol.
  • a reactor was charged with 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzaldehyde (75.0 g, 0.339 mol, 100 mol %), p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (162 mg, 0.000849 mol, 0.250 mol %), and toluene (225 mL).
  • Triethyl orthoformate (55.4 g, 62.1 mL, 0.373 mol, 110 mol %) was charged over 15 min at rt, the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, and the mixture was distilled to provide a toluene solution of 5-bromo-2-(diethoxymethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene.
  • Acetic acid (21.4 mL, 0.373 mol, 110 mol %) and water (300 mL) were added and the mixture was held at rt for 2 h.
  • An aqueous phase was separated, treated with aqueous NaOH (50 wt %, 21.5 mL, 0.407 mol, 120 mol %), and seeded with 2,6-difluoro-4-((1-(3-fluoropropyl)azetidin-3-yl)amino) benzaldehyde (923 mg, 0.00339 mol, 1.00 mol %).
  • step 5 a reactor was charged with (R)-3-((1-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-yl)amino)-2,2-difluoropropan-1-ol (6.60 kg, 24.60 mol, 100 mol %), 2,6-difluoro-4-((1-(3-fluoropropyl) azetidin-3-yl)amino)benzaldehyde (6.70 kg, 24.60 mol, 100 mol %), L-tartaric acid (5.54 kg, 36.90 mol, 150 mol %), and ethanol (39.6 L). The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C.
  • Example 10A To a 30 L reactor was charged crude Compound B (1.26 kg, 1.88 mol, 100 mol %) and MTBE (6.30 L, 5.00 mL/g). A solution of NaOH (154 g, 3.85 mol, 205 mol %) in water (6.30 L, 5.00 mL/g) was added into the slurry. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 30 min. The top organic layer was washed with water (2.53 L, 2.00 mL/g) twice, passed through charcoal cartridge, distilled with EtOH to provide Compound B freebase solution in EtOH.
  • Example 10B To a 20 L reactor was charged with L-tartaric acid (296 g, 1.97 mol, 105 mol %), EtOH (2.52 L, 2.00 mL/g) and heated to 70° C. 20% of Compound B freebase solution was transferred into the 20 L reactor. Compound B seeds (25.2 g, 0.0375 mol, 2 mol %) were added into the solution. The rest of Compound B freebase solution was transferred into the 20 L reactor over 1 h, aged at 70° C. for 30 min, cooled to 20° C. over 5 h, aged at 20° C. for a minimum of 2 h, filtered, washed with EtOH (2.52 L, 2.00 mL/g) three times, dried to provide Compound B (1.12 kg, 89%) as an off white solid.
  • transaminases in the kinetic resolution mode of rac. alpa-methyltryptamine revealed enzymes possessing sufficient (R)-enantioselectivity for the asymmetric reductive amination approach and sufficient (S)-enantioselectivity for the kinetic resolution approach.
  • Exemplary transaminases are listed in Table 6.
  • TA-P2-A01 (Codexis) TA-P1-F03 [Codexis] ESC-ATA01 (Libragen) TA-P1-G05 [Codexis] TA-P2-A07 (Codexis) ATA47 [c-LEcta] ATA117 (Codexis) 3FCR_59F_87F_231G* ESC-ATA03 (Libragen) 3FCR_59W_87F_231A* 3FCR_59F_86A_87F_152F_231A_234M_382M* 3HMU_264V* ATA12
  • transaminase TA-P2-A07 was performed in buffer; iso-propyl amine and organic co-solvents such as DMSO or Acetonitrile on 5 g scale.
  • Compound (XXI) was converted to compound (3) as described herein at a degree above 95% with an enantiomeric excess (EE) above 99% after 1 day.
  • the reductive amination was also performed in organic solvents containing small amounts of buffer and iso-propyl amine where the transaminase TA-P2-A07 was immobilized on the solid support.
  • Compound (XXI) was converted to compound (3) at a conversion degree above 95% and an EE above 99% after 4 weeks.
  • the organic solvent enabled higher substrates loadings up to 5% [w/w].
  • Kinetic resolution was performed in the presence of transaminase ATA12 in (1) whole cells; (2) cell free lysate or (3) crude lyophilisate in buffer containing pyruvate and organic cosolvent such as acetonitrile. Enantiomeric excess of >99% was achieved. Conversion to compound (3) was achieved at a degree equal to or above 50%. The undesired enantiomer was depleted by oxidative deamination towards the ketone.
  • Salt Screening According to approximate solubility data of freebase and list of desired acids, five solvent systems were used in the screening. Approximately 20 mg of freebase amorphous compound was first dispersed in 0.5 mL of selected solvent in a glass vial and corresponding acid was then added with a 1:1 ratio of molar charge. An extra molar ratio of 2:1 (acid/freebase) was attempted for HCl, due to the two basic functional groups. The mixtures were stirred at RT overnight. Resulted solids were analyzed by XRPD. Clear solutions obtained after stirring were stirred at 5° C.
  • the first round of screening identified the crystalline form hits as provided in Table 7. Tartrate and fumarate were further scaled up to 50 mg-1.5 g scale for further characterization. Testing in different solvent systems and conditions allowed for a) in-depth characterization of the different polymorphic forms obtained as hits in the screening and b) identifying conditions to inhibit and control cis-epimer formation. The epimer content varied from ⁇ 1%-22% in different free base lots.
  • XRPD patterns were collected using the PANalytical Empyrean powder X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical Inc., Lelyweg, Netherlands). The powder sample was packed in a zero-background silicon holder and run in reflection mode (Bragg Brentano configuration). The instrument was equipped a Cu Kc source with tube voltage and current of 45 kV and 40 mA respectively. Data was collected at ambient temperature from 3.0 to 40.0° 2 ⁇ using a step size of 0.0263°, with a revolution speed of 8 sec. The incident beam path was equipped with a 0.020 soller slit, a fixed 10 anti scatter slit, a fixed incident beam mask of 10 mm, and a programmable divergence slit in automatic mode.
  • a beam knife for linear detectors was used.
  • the diffracted beam was equipped with a 0.020 soller slit, a programmable anti scatter slit in automatic mode, and a nickel K-13 filter.
  • a PIXcel 1D detector was used in the scanning line detector (1D) mode. Data was analyzed using commercial software (JADE®, version 9, Materials Data Inc., Livermore, Calif.).
  • DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
  • thermogravimetric analyzer Discovery TGA, TA instruments
  • 3-5 mg of Compound A samples were heated in an open aluminum pan from RT to 350° C. at a heating rate of 10° C./min under dry nitrogen purge.
  • Temperature calibration was performed using Alumel® and Nickel. Standard weights of 100 mg and 1 gm were used for weight calibration.
  • Samples were dispersed in silicon oil and observed under cross polarizers of a video enhanced Leica DM 4000B microscope equipped with a high resolution CCD camera and motorized stage (Clemex Technologies Inc., Longueuil, Quebec, Canada) at 200 ⁇ magnification. Photomicrographs were acquired using the Clemex Vision PE software (Clemex Technologies Inc., Longueuil, Quebec, Canada).
  • Particle Size Distribution (PSD).
  • Particle size analysis was performed using a Malvem Mastersizer 2000 instrument equipped with a Hydros 2000SM wet dispersion attachment (Malvem Instruments Ltd., Malvem, UK). ⁇ 40 mg of API was weighed into a vial and 1 mL of 0.1% Span 85 in heptane was added. The vial was sonicated for 10 seconds, about 0.5 mL was added to the sampler at a stir speed of 1500 rpm, and a PSD was performed at an obscuration of 10-20%. Owing to presence of large clusters in the sample that were settling rapidly out of the suspension, the dispersant was changed to 0.2% Span 85 in heptane to stabilize the suspension.
  • Compound A free base was found to be amorphous.
  • the starting material free base Compound A was characterized by XRPD, TGA and mDSC before screening). As shown by the characterization results in FIG. 33 and FIG. 34 , Compound A starting material was amorphous with a weight loss of 9.3% up to 220° C. in TGA and no substantial glass transition signal in mDSC.
  • White solids of freebase Compound A were obtained by anti-solvent addition in MeOH/H 2 O (3:20, v/v) with shaking and air dried for ⁇ 7 days.
  • Solid vapor diffusion experiments were conducted using 13 different kinds of solvent. For each experiment, about 15 mg of starting material was weighed into a 3-mL vial, which was placed into a 20-mL vial with 2 mL of corresponding volatile solvent. The 20-mL vial was sealed with a cap and kept at RT for 11 days to allow the solvent vapor to interact with the solid sample. The isolated solids were tested by XRPD. As summarized in Table 10, only oil or amorphous was obtained.
  • Table 11 indicated that only amorphous, gel or oil was obtained.
  • Liquid vapor diffusion experiments were conducted under 14 conditions (Table 13). About 30 mg of starting material was weighed into each 3-mL glass vial. The corresponding solvent was added to get a solution. The vial was sealed into the 20-mL glass vial with 3-mL of correspoinding anti-solvent and kept at RT, allowing about 11 days for the vapor to interact with solution. The precipitates were isolated for XRPD analysis. Clear solutions were transferred to evaporation at RT.
  • Table 15 summarizes the forms that were obtained via manual screening as described herein.
  • Compound B Form A was prepared at 200-mg scale via solution reactive crystallization in acetone, as evidenced by XRPD ( FIG. 1 ). As shown in FIG. 2 a and FIG. 2 b , weight loss of about 7.2% up to 125° C. was observed in TGA and DSC result showed one endotherm at 124.3° C. (onset temperature). 1 H NMR showed that its molar ratio was 0.98 (acid/freebase) and 5.6% acetone (a molar ratio of 0.69 to freebase) was detected. Heating experiments were conducted to further identify Form A. No form change was observed after Form A was heated to 90° C., but the sample turned to amorphous after being heated to 140° C.
  • Form A sample was composed primarily of fine particles and some aggregates ( FIG. 3 ). Based on the data collected, Compound B Form A is an acetone solvate and that the loss of solvent is concomitant with melting.
  • Compound B Form B was prepared at 200-mg scale via solution reactive crystallization in EtOAc, as evidenced by XRPD ( FIG. 4 ). As shown in FIG. 5 a and FIG. 5 b , a limited weight loss of about 1.3% up to 140° C. was observed in TGA and DSC result showed a melting endothermic peak at 156.7° C. (onset temperature). Stoichiometry was determined to be 1.08 (acid/freebase) and 1.4% EtOAc (a molar ratio of 0.11 to freebase) was detected by 1 H NMR. Based on the characterization data collected, Compound B Form B is an anhydrate.
  • the solid-state characterization data indicates that Form B is substantially crystalline (XRPD), and TGA indicates presence of some surface solvent of ⁇ 2% by an early onset of weight loss from RT-100° C.) with a melting onset of ⁇ 163° C.
  • the melting onset following a shallow endotherm (vaporization of residual solvent) is at 163° C.
  • a very early onset of weight loss (2.4% w/w) was detected up to 100° C., which may be attributed to surface solvent.
  • the total weight loss, including that at the melt is 3.5% w/w.
  • Form B was found to be slightly hygroscopic with a moisture pick up of 1.2% w/w at 90% RH, 25° C.
  • the SSNMR, XRPD and DSC data indicate that the possibility of obtaining a mixture of forms existed from fumarate salts and that form control in either salt required a substantial amount of effort downstream, given the variability in structural data and melting points with change in crystallization conditions.
  • the tartrate salt lacked the impurities found in the fumarate salt sample at 0.18% upon exposure to 40° C./75% RH for one month.
  • FIG. 22 , FIG. 23 , and FIG. 24 demonstrate the effect of compression on Compound B tartrate Form B. 250 mg compacts of neat Compound B Form B were analyzed. Both SSNMR and XRPD ( FIG. 23 and FIG. 22 , respectively) show that the form remains unchanged upon compression. A lowering of the 19 F T 1 relaxation time was observed upon compression which is attributable to generation of disorder, albeit very minor as evident from 19 F SSNMR spectra of the compressed Compound B Form B in FIG. 23 . 19 F T 1 relaxation values are included in Table 18 for as is and compressed Compound B Form B. Compression did not affect the melting point of Compound B Form B, as seen in the DSC thermgram ( FIG. 24 ). Comparative XRPD collected before and after exposure to accelerated stability conditions of 30° C./65% RH and 40° C./75% RH for up to 6 months (open) demonstrated that Compound A Form B remains unchanged upon exposure to these conditions.
  • Form C was prepared at 200-mg scale via solution reactive crystallization in THF, as evidenced by XRPD ( FIG. 10 ). As shown in FIG. 11 a and FIG. 11 b , a weight loss of 6.8% up to 130° C. was observed in TGA and DSC showed one endotherm at 118.1° C. (onset temperature). The stoichiometric ratio was determined to be 1.02 (acid/freebase) and 9.7%
  • Form D samples were obtained via fast evaporation in MeOH/DCM and slurry in H 2 O at RT, respectively.
  • the XRPD pattern for Form D is shown in FIG. 12 .
  • TGA and DSC results of Form D sample are provided in FIG. 13 a and FIG. 13 b , respectively, and show a weight loss of 3.5% before 150° C. and an endotherm at 73.0° C. before melting/decomposition at 163.9° C. (onset temperature).
  • the form change to Form F was observed after Form D was heated to 150° C., cooled to 30° C. under protection of nitrogen, and then exposed to ambient condition. No significant amount of process solvent MeOH or DCM was detected by 1 H NMR and further determined the stoichiometric ratio of L-tartaric acid to freebase to be 1.0.
  • Form D is a hydrate.
  • Form E was obtained via DMSO-mediated crystallization by adding IPAc into DMSO solution, and its XRPD is shown in FIG. 14 .
  • TGA and DSC curves ( FIG. 15 a and FIG. 15 b , respectively) showed a considerable weight loss of 8.3% before 140° C. and an endotherm at 126.3° C. before melting/decomposition at 142.6° C. (onset temperature).
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum indicated a 0.7 equivalent of DMSO ( ⁇ 9.4 wt %) and no significant amount of IPAc were detected.
  • the stoichiometric ratio of L-tartaric acid to freebase was determined to be 1.0.
  • Form E is a DMSO solvate.
  • Form F was obtained via heating a Form D sample to 150° C., cooling to 30° C. under protection of nitrogen, and exposed to ambient conditions.
  • the XRPD pattern of Form F is provided in FIG. 16 .
  • DSC analysis FIG. 18 ) indicated that Form F was crystalline with an endothermic peak at 164.2° C. (onset temperature).
  • 1 H NMR determined a stoichiometric ratio of L-tartaric acid to freebase to be 1.0 and no significant solvent signal was detected.
  • variable temperature XRPD (VT-XRPD) was conducted on Form D where the temperature increased to 150° C. and back to 30° C. under protection of nitrogen. Under such conditions, Form F was observed after dehydration of Form D sample at elevated temperatures, indicating Form F was an anhydrate.
  • Form G was obtained by slow evaporation in MeOH at RT.
  • the Form GXRPD is provided in FIG. 19 .
  • TGA and DSC results are provided in FIG. 20 a and FIG. 20 b , respectively, and demonstrated a weight loss of 3.3% before 150° C. and a melting/decomposition peak at 170.4° C. (onset temperature).
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum showed a 0.49 equivalent of MeOH (equal to ⁇ 3.0 wt %).
  • the stoichiometric ratio of L-tartaric acid to freebase was determined to be 1.0.
  • Form G is a MeOH solvate.

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