US10457968B2 - Modified type A DNA polymerases - Google Patents

Modified type A DNA polymerases Download PDF

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US10457968B2
US10457968B2 US13/061,940 US200913061940A US10457968B2 US 10457968 B2 US10457968 B2 US 10457968B2 US 200913061940 A US200913061940 A US 200913061940A US 10457968 B2 US10457968 B2 US 10457968B2
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polymerase
amino acid
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pcr
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William Bourn
Maryke Appel
Gavin Rush
John Foskett
Paul McEwan
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Kapa Biosystems Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/26—Preparation of nitrogen-containing carbohydrates
    • C12P19/28—N-glycosides
    • C12P19/30—Nucleotides
    • C12P19/34—Polynucleotides, e.g. nucleic acids, oligoribonucleotides
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/1034—Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries
    • C12N15/1058—Directional evolution of libraries, e.g. evolution of libraries is achieved by mutagenesis and screening or selection of mixed population of organisms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • C12N9/1241—Nucleotidyltransferases (2.7.7)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • C12N9/1241—Nucleotidyltransferases (2.7.7)
    • C12N9/1252—DNA-directed DNA polymerase (2.7.7.7), i.e. DNA replicase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
    • C12Q1/485—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase involving kinase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y207/00—Transferases transferring phosphorus-containing groups (2.7)
    • C12Y207/07—Nucleotidyltransferases (2.7.7)
    • C12Y207/07007—DNA-directed DNA polymerase (2.7.7.7), i.e. DNA replicase
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
    • G01N2333/91—Transferases (2.)
    • G01N2333/912—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • G01N2333/91205—Phosphotransferases in general
    • G01N2333/91245—Nucleotidyltransferases (2.7.7)
    • G01N2333/9125—Nucleotidyltransferases (2.7.7) with a definite EC number (2.7.7.-)
    • G01N2333/9126—DNA-directed DNA polymerase (2.7.7.7)

Definitions

  • DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that use single-stranded DNA as a template to synthesize the complementary DNA strand.
  • DNA polymerases can add free nucleotides to the 3′ end of a newly-forming strand resulting in elongation of the new strand in a 5′-3′ direction.
  • Most DNA polymerases are multifunctional proteins that possess both polymerizing and exonucleolytic activities (e.g., 3′ ⁇ 5′ exonuclease or 5′ ⁇ 3′ exonuclease activity).
  • DNA polymerases like other natural enzymes, have evolved over millions of years to be efficient in their natural cellular environment. Many of them are almost perfectly adapted to work in that environment. In such an environment, the way that the protein can evolve is constrained by a number of requirements; the protein has to interact with other cellular components, it has to function in the cytoplasm (i.e., particular pH, ionic strength, in the presence of particular compounds, etc.) and it cannot cause lethal or disadvantageous side effects that detract from the fitness of the parent organism as a whole.
  • cytoplasm i.e., particular pH, ionic strength, in the presence of particular compounds, etc.
  • DNA polymerases When DNA polymerases are removed from their natural environment and used in industrial or research applications, the environment and conditions under which the enzyme is operating is inevitably vastly different than those in which it evolved. Many of the constraints that limited the evolutionary direction the protein could take fall away. Therefore, there is vast potential for improvement of DNA polymerases for use in industrial or research applications.
  • the present invention provides improved DNA polymerases, in particular, type A DNA polymerases, that may be better suited for applications in recombinant DNA technologies.
  • the present invention provides modified DNA polymerases derived from directed evolution experiments designed to select mutations that confer advantageous phenotypes under conditions used in industrial or research applications.
  • the present invention provides modified type A DNA polymerases containing one or more amino acid alterations (e.g., one or more substitutions, deletions, or insertions) corresponding to one or more positions selected from the positions identified in Table 2 relative to the corresponding parental or wild-type enzyme.
  • one or more amino acid alterations e.g., one or more substitutions, deletions, or insertions
  • such amino acid alterations alter (e.g., increase or decrease) enzyme activity, fidelity, processivity, elongation rate, stability, primer-dimer formation, salt resistance, solubility, expression efficiency, folding robustness, thermostability, polymerization activity, concentration robustness, resistance to impurities, strand-displacement activity, nucleotide selectivity, altered nuclease activity, resistance to nucleic acid intercalating dyes and/or other properties and characteristics involved in the process of DNA polymerization.
  • modified type A DNA polymerases of the invention contain amino acid alterations at one or more positions corresponding to P6, K53, K56, E57, K171, T203, E209, D238, L294, V310, G364, E400, A414, E507, S515, E742 or E797 of Taq polymerase.
  • the one or more positions includes a position corresponding to E507 of Taq polymerase.
  • the amino acid alterations are amino acid substitutions.
  • the one or more amino acid substitutions correspond to amino acid substitutions selected from Table 2.
  • the one or more amino acid substitutions correspond to the substitutions selected from the group consisting of P6S, K53N, K56Q, E57D, K171R, T2031, E209G, E209K, D238N, L294P, V310A, G364D, G364S, E400K, A414T, E507K, S515G, E742K or E797G, and combinations thereof.
  • the DNA polymerase is modified from a naturally-occurring polymerase, e.g., a naturally-occurring polymerase isolated from Thermus aquaticus, Thermus thermophilus, Thermus caldophilus, Thermus filiformis, Thermus flavus, Thermotoga maritima, Bacillus strearothermophilus , or Bacillus caldotenax .
  • modified type A DNA polymerases of the invention are modified from a truncated version of a naturally-occurring polymerase, e.g., KlenTaq which contains a deletion of a portion of the 5′ to 3′ exonuclease domain (see, Barnes W. M.
  • modified type A DNA polymerases of the invention are modified from a chimeric DNA polymerase.
  • modified type A DNA polymerases of the invention are modified from a fusion polymerase.
  • present invention features kits containing modified type A DNA polymerases described herein.
  • the present invention provides nucleotide sequences encoding modified type A DNA polymerases described herein and vectors and/or cells containing the nucleotide sequences according to the invention.
  • the present invention features modified Taq DNA polymerases containing one or more amino acid alterations (e.g., one or more substitutions, deletions, or insertions) at one or more positions selected from the positions identified in Table 2 relative to wild-type enzyme.
  • the one or more amino acid alterations increase enzyme activity, processivity, elongation rate, altered nuclease activity, resistance to salt, resistance to nucleic acid intercalating dyes or other PCR additives.
  • the modified Taq DNA polymerases contain amino acid alterations at one or more positions corresponding to P6, K53, K56, E57, K171, T203, E209, D238, L294, V310, G364, E400, A414, E507, 5515, E742, or E797.
  • the one or more amino acid alterations are substitutions.
  • the one or more amino acid substitutions are selected from Table 2.
  • the one or more amino acid substitutions are selected from the group consisting of P6S, K53N, K56Q, E57D, K171R, T2031, E209G, E209K, D238N, L294P, V310A, G364D, G364S, E400K, A414T, E507K, S515G, E742K or E797G, and combinations thereof.
  • the present invention provides modified Taq DNA polymerases containing an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2 (A3E), SEQ ID NO:3 (G9S), SEQ ID NO:4 (D5S), SEQ ID NO:5 (D2), SEQ ID NO:6 (A5E), SEQ ID NO:7 (B6S), SEQ ID NO:8 (E2S), SEQ ID NO:9 (A3), SEQ ID NO:10 (H10), SEQ ID NO:11 (HIS), SEQ ID NO:12 (F9E), SEQ ID NO:13 (A5S), SEQ ID NO:14 (C10E), SEQ ID NO:15 (F5S), SEQ ID NO:16 (E7S), SEQ ID NO:17 (G6S), SEQ ID NO:18 (E1E), SEQ ID NO:19 (C7), SEQ ID NO:20 (E12), SEQ ID NO:21 (D9), SEQ ID NO:22 (F10), SEQ ID NO:10
  • the present invention also features kits containing a modified Taq DNA polymerase described herein and uses thereof.
  • the present invention provides nucleotide sequences encoding modified Taq DNA polymerases described herein, and vectors and/or cells that include the nucleotide sequences.
  • the invention further provides methods including amplifying a DNA fragment using a modified type A DNA polymerases (e.g., Taq DNA polymerase) as described herein.
  • a modified type A DNA polymerases e.g., Taq DNA polymerase
  • the DNA fragment amplified according to the present invention is longer than 5 kb (e.g., longer than 6 kb, 7 kb, 8 kb, 9 kb, 10 kb, 12 kb, or longer).
  • FIG. 1 depicts an alignment of amino acid sequences of naturally-occurring type A DNA polymerases from thermophilic bacterial species. Exemplary amino acid alterations discovered by directed evolution experiments are shown above each alignment.
  • amino acid in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain.
  • an amino acid has the general structure H 2 N—C(H)(R)—COOH.
  • an amino acid is a naturally-occurring amino acid.
  • an amino acid is a synthetic amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is a D-amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is an L-amino acid.
  • Standard amino acid refers to any of the twenty standard L-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring peptides.
  • Nonstandard amino acid refers to any amino acid, other than the standard amino acids, regardless of whether it is prepared synthetically or obtained from a natural source.
  • synthetic amino acid encompasses chemically modified amino acids, including but not limited to salts, amino acid derivatives (such as amides), and/or substitutions.
  • Amino acids, including carboxy- and/or amino-terminal amino acids in peptides, can be modified by methylation, amidation, acetylation, and/or substitution with other chemical without adversely affecting their activity. Amino acids may participate in a disulfide bond.
  • amino acid is used interchangeably with “amino acid residue,” and may refer to a free amino acid and/or to an amino acid residue of a peptide. It will be apparent from the context in which the term is used whether it refers to a free amino acid or a residue of a peptide. It should be noted that all amino acid residue sequences are represented herein by formulae whose left and right orientation is in the conventional direction of amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus.
  • Base Pair refers to a partnership of adenine (A) with thymine (T), or of cytosine (C) with guanine (G) in a double stranded DNA molecule.
  • Chimeric polymerase refers to any recombinant polymerase containing at least a first amino acid sequence derived from a first DNA polymerase and a second amino acid sequence derived from a second DNA polymerase.
  • first and second DNA polymerases are characterized with at least one distinct functional characteristics (e.g., processivity, elongation rate, fidelity).
  • a sequence derived from a DNA polymerase of interest refers to any sequence found in the DNA polymerase of interest, or any sequence having at least 70% (e.g., at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%) identical to an amino acid sequence found in the DNA polymerase of interest.
  • a “chimeric polymerase” according to the invention may contain two or more amino acid sequences from related or similar polymerases (e.g., proteins sharing similar sequences and/or structures), joined to form a new functional protein.
  • a “chimeric polymerase” according to the invention may contain two or more amino acid sequences from unrelated polymerases, joined to form a new functional protein.
  • a chimeric polymerase of the invention may be an “interspecies” or “intergenic” fusion of protein structures expressed by different kinds of organisms.
  • Complementary refers to the broad concept of sequence complementarity between regions of two polynucleotide strands or between two nucleotides through base-pairing. It is known that an adenine nucleotide is capable of forming specific hydrogen bonds (“base pairing”) with a nucleotide which is thymine or uracil. Similarly, it is known that a cytosine nucleotide is capable of base pairing with a guanine nucleotide.
  • DNA binding affinity typically refers to the activity of a DNA polymerase in binding DNA nucleic acid.
  • DNA binding activity can be measured in a two band-shift assay.
  • double-stranded nucleic acid the 452-bp HindIII-EcoRV fragment from the S. solfataricus lacS gene
  • a specific activity of at least about 2.5 ⁇ 10 7 cpm/ ⁇ g or at least about 4000 cpm/fmol
  • a reaction mixture is prepared containing at least about 0.5 ⁇ g of the polypeptide in about 10 ⁇ l of binding buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 10% glycerol, 25 mM KCl, 25 mM MgCl 2 ). The reaction mixture is heated to 37° C. for 10 min.
  • binding buffer 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 10% glycerol, 25 mM KCl, 25 mM MgCl 2 .
  • the reaction mixture is loaded onto a native polyacrylamide gel in 0.5 ⁇ Tris-borate buffer.
  • the reaction mixture is subjected to electrophoresis at room temperature.
  • the gel is dried and subjected to autoradiography using standard methods. Any detectable decrease in the mobility of the labeled double-stranded nucleic acid indicates formation of a binding complex between the polypeptide and the double-stranded nucleic acid.
  • nucleic acid binding activity may be quantified using standard densitometric methods to measure the amount of radioactivity in the binding complex relative to the total amount of radioactivity in the initial reaction mixture.
  • Elongation rate refers to the average speed at which a DNA polymerase extends a polymer chain.
  • a high elongation rate refers to an elongation rate higher than 50 nt/s (e.g., higher than 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140 nt/s).
  • the terms “elongation rate” and “speed” are used inter-changeably.
  • Enzyme activity refers to the specificity and efficiency of a DNA polymerase. Enzyme activity of a DNA polymerase is also referred to as “polymerase activity,” which typically refers to the activity of a DNA polymerase in catalyzing the template-directed synthesis of a polynucleotide. Enzyme activity of a polymerase can be measured using various techniques and methods known in the art. For example, serial dilutions of polymerase can be prepared in dilution buffer (e.g., 20 mM Tris.Cl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 0.5% NP 40, and 0.5% Tween-20).
  • dilution buffer e.g., 20 mM Tris.Cl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 0.5% NP 40, and 0.5% Tween-20.
  • reaction mixtures For each dilution, 5 ⁇ l can be removed and added to 45 ⁇ l of a reaction mixture containing 25 mM TAPS (pH 9.25), 50 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 0.2 mM dATP, 0.2 mM dGTP, 0.2 mM dTTP, 0.1 mM dCTP, 12.5 ⁇ g activated DNA, 100 ⁇ M [ ⁇ - 32 P]dCTP (0.05 ⁇ Ci/nmol) and sterile deionized water.
  • the reaction mixtures can be incubated at 37° C. (or 74° C. for thermostable DNA polymerases) for 10 minutes and then stopped by immediately cooling the reaction to 4° C.
  • fidelity refers to the accuracy of DNA polymerization by template-dependent DNA polymerase.
  • the fidelity of a DNA polymerase is typically measured by the error rate (the frequency of incorporating an inaccurate nucleotide, i.e., a nucleotide that is not incorporated at a template-dependent manner).
  • the accuracy or fidelity of DNA polymerization is maintained by both the polymerase activity and the exonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase.
  • high fidelity refers to an error rate less than 4.45 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 (e.g., less than 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 , 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 , 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 , 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 , 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 , 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 , 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 , 0.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 ) mutations/nt/doubling.
  • the fidelity or error rate of a DNA polymerase may be measured using assays known to the art. For example, the error rates of DNA polymerases can be tested using the lacI PCR fidelity assay described in Cline, J. et al. (96) NAR 24: 3546-3551.
  • a 1.9 kb fragment encoding the lacIOlacZa target gene is amplified from pPRIAZ plasmid DNA using 2.5U DNA polymerase (i.e. amount of enzyme necessary to incorporate 25 nmoles of total dNTPs in 30 min. at 72° C.) in the appropriate PCR buffer.
  • the lad-containing PCR products are then cloned into lambda GT10 arms, and the percentage of lacI mutants (MF, mutation frequency) is determined in a color screening assay, as described (Lundberg, K. S., Shoemaker, D. D., Adams, M. W. W., Short, J. M., Sorge, J. A., and Mathur, E. J. (1991) Gene 180:1-8).
  • Error rates are expressed as mutation frequency per by per duplication (MF/bp/d), where by is the number of detectable sites in the lad gene sequence (349) and d is the number of effective target doublings. Similar to the above, any plasmid containing the lacIOlacZa target gene can be used as template for the PCR.
  • the PCR product may be cloned into a vector different from lambda GT (e.g., plasmid) that allows for blue/white color screening.
  • Fusion DNA polymerase refers to any DNA polymerase that is combined (e.g., covalently or non-covalently) with one or more protein domains having a desired activity (e.g., DNA-binding, stabilizing template-primer complexes, hydrolyzing dUTP).
  • the one or more protein domains are derived from a non-polymerase protein.
  • fusion DNA polymerases are generated to improve certain functional characteristics (e.g., processivity, elongation rate, fidelity, salt-resistance, etc.) of a DNA polymerase.
  • Modified DNA polymerase refers to a DNA polymerase originated from another (i.e., parental) DNA polymerase and contains one or more amino acid alterations (e.g., amino acid substitution, deletion, or insertion) compared to the parental DNA polymerase.
  • a modified DNA polymerases of the invention is originated or modified from a naturally-occurring or wild-type DNA polymerase.
  • a modified DNA polymerase of the invention is originated or modified from a recombinant or engineered DNA polymerase including, but not limited to, chimeric DNA polymerase, fusion DNA polymerase or another modified DNA polymerase.
  • a modified DNA polymerase has at least one changed phenotype compared to the parental polymerase.
  • Mutation refers to a change introduced into a parental sequence, including, but not limited to, substitutions, insertions, deletions (including truncations).
  • the consequences of a mutation include, but are not limited to, the creation of a new character, property, function, phenotype or trait not found in the protein encoded by the parental sequence.
  • mutation is used interchangeably with “alteration.”
  • Mutant refers to a modified protein which displays altered characteristics when compared to the parental protein.
  • joined refers to any method known in the art for functionally connecting polypeptide domains, including without limitation recombinant fusion with or without intervening domains, inter-mediated fusion, non-covalent association, and covalent bonding, including disulfide bonding, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic bonding, and conformational bonding.
  • Nucleotide As used herein, a monomeric unit of DNA or RNA consisting of a sugar moiety (pentose), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous heterocyclic base.
  • the base is linked to the sugar moiety via the glycosidic carbon (1′ carbon of the pentose) and that combination of base and sugar is a nucleoside.
  • nucleoside contains a phosphate group bonded to the 3′ or 5′ position of the pentose it is referred to as a nucleotide.
  • a sequence of operatively linked nucleotides is typically referred to herein as a “base sequence” or “nucleotide sequence,” and is represented herein by a formula whose left to right orientation is in the conventional direction of 5′-terminus to 3′-terminus.
  • nucleic acid intercalating dyes refers to any molecules that bind to nucleic acids in a reversible, non-covalent fashion, by insertion between the base pairs of the double helix, thereby indicating the presence and amount of nucleic acids.
  • nucleic acid intercalating dyes are planar, aromatic, ring-shaped chromophore molecules.
  • intercalating dyes include fluorescent dyes. Numerous intercalating dyes are known in the art.
  • Some non-limiting examples include PICO GREEN (P-7581, Molecular Probes), EB (E-8751, Sigma), propidium iodide (P-4170, Sigma), Acridine orange (A-6014, Sigma), 7-aminoactinomycin D (A-1310, Molecular Probes), cyanine dyes (e.g., TOTO, YOYO, BOBO, and POPO), SYTO, SYBR Green I, SYBR Green II, SYBR DX, OliGreen, CyQuant GR, SYTOX Green, SYTO9, SYTO10, SYTO17, SYBR14, FUN-1, DEAD Red, Hexidium Iodide, Dihydroethidium, Ethidium Homodimer, 9-Amino-6-Chloro-2-Methoxyacridine, DAPI, DIPI, Indole dye, Imidazole dye, Actinomycin D, Hydroxystilbamidine, and LDS 751 (U.S.
  • oligonucleotide is defined as a molecule including two or more deoxyribonucleotides and/or ribonucleotides, preferably more than three. Its exact size will depend on many factors, which in turn depend on the ultimate function or use of the oligonucleotide.
  • the oligonucleotide may be derived synthetically or by cloning.
  • polynucleotide refers to a polymer molecule composed of nucleotide monomers covalently bonded in a chain.
  • DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • Polymerase refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of nucleotide (i.e., the polymerase activity). Generally, the enzyme will initiate synthesis at the 3′-end of the primer annealed to a polynucleotide template sequence, and will proceed toward the 5′ end of the template strand.
  • a “DNA polymerase” catalyzes the polymerization of deoxynucleotides.
  • primer refers to an oligonucleotide, whether occurring naturally or produced synthetically, which is capable of acting as a point of initiation of nucleic acid synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product which is complementary to a nucleic acid strand is induced, e.g., in the presence of four different nucleotide triphosphates and thermostable enzyme in an appropriate buffer (“buffer” includes pH, ionic strength, cofactors, etc.) and at a suitable temperature.
  • buffer includes pH, ionic strength, cofactors, etc.
  • the primer is first treated to separate its strands before being used to prepare extension products.
  • the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide.
  • the primer must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the thermostable enzyme. The exact lengths of the primers will depend on many factors, including temperature, source of primer and use of the method. For example, depending on the complexity of the target sequence, the oligonucleotide primer typically contains 15-25 nucleotides, although it may contain more or few nucleotides. Short primer molecules generally require colder temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes with template.
  • Processivity refers to the ability of a polymerase to remain attached to the template and perform multiple modification reactions. “Modification reactions” include but are not limited to polymerization, and exonucleolytic cleavage. In some embodiments, “processivity” refers to the ability of a DNA polymerase to perform a sequence of polymerization steps without intervening dissociation of the enzyme from the growing DNA chains. Typically, “processivity” of a DNA polymerase is measured by the length of nucleotides (for example 20 nts, 300 nts, 0.5-1 kb, or more) that are polymerized or modified without intervening dissociation of the DNA polymerase from the growing DNA chain.
  • Processivity can depend on the nature of the polymerase, the sequence of a DNA template, and reaction conditions, for example, salt concentration, temperature or the presence of specific proteins.
  • high processivity refers to a processivity higher than 20 nts (e.g., higher than 40 nts, 60 nts, 80 nts, 100 nts, 120 nts, 140 nts, 160 nts, 180 nts, 200 nts, 220 nts, 240 nts, 260 nts, 280 nts, 300 nts, 320 nts, 340 nts, 360 nts, 380 nts, 400 nts, or higher) per association/disassociation with the template.
  • Processivity can be measured according the methods defined herein and in WO 01/92501 A1.
  • Synthesis refers to any in vitro method for making new strand of polynucleotide or elongating existing polynucleotide (i.e., DNA or RNA) in a template dependent manner.
  • Synthesis includes amplification, which increases the number of copies of a polynucleotide template sequence with the use of a polymerase.
  • Polynucleotide synthesis e.g., amplification
  • DNA synthesis includes, but is not limited to, PCR, the labeling of polynucleotide (i.e., for probes and oligonucleotide primers), polynucleotide sequencing.
  • Template DNA molecule refers to a strand of a nucleic acid from which a complementary nucleic acid strand is synthesized by a DNA polymerase, for example, in a primer extension reaction.
  • templates dependent manner refers to a process that involves the template dependent extension of a primer molecule (e.g., DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase).
  • template dependent manner typically refers to polynucleotide synthesis of RNA or DNA wherein the sequence of the newly synthesized strand of polynucleotide is dictated by the well-known rules of complementary base pairing (see, for example, Watson, J. D. et al., In: Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc., Menlo Park, Calif. (1987)).
  • thermostable enzyme refers to an enzyme which is stable to heat (also referred to as heat-resistant) and catalyzes (facilitates) polymerization of nucleotides to form primer extension products that are complementary to a polynucleotide template sequence.
  • thermostable stable polymerases are preferred in a thermocycling process wherein double stranded nucleic acids are denatured by exposure to a high temperature (e.g., about 95° C.) during the PCR cycle.
  • thermostable enzyme described herein effective for a PCR amplification reaction satisfies at least one criteria, i.e., the enzyme does not become irreversibly denatured (inactivated) when subjected to the elevated temperatures for the time necessary to effect denaturation of double-stranded nucleic acids.
  • Irreversible denaturation for purposes herein refers to permanent and complete loss of enzymatic activity.
  • the heating conditions necessary for denaturation will depend, e.g., on the buffer salt concentration and the length and nucleotide composition of the nucleic acids being denatured, but typically range from about 90° C. to about 96° C. for a time depending mainly on the temperature and the nucleic acid length, typically about 0.5 to ten minutes.
  • thermostable enzymes will not become irreversibly denatured at about 90° C.-100° C.
  • a thermostable enzyme suitable for the invention has an optimum temperature at which it functions that is higher than about 40° C., which is the temperature below which hybridization of primer to template is promoted, although, depending on (1) magnesium and salt, concentrations and (2) composition and length of primer, hybridization can occur at higher temperature (e.g., 45° C.-70° C.).
  • the higher the temperature optimum for the enzyme the greater the specificity and/or selectivity of the primer-directed extension process.
  • the optimum temperature ranges from about 50° C. to 90° C. (e.g., 60° C.-80° C.).
  • Wild-type refers to a gene or gene product which has the characteristics of that gene or gene product when isolated from a naturally-occurring source.
  • the present invention provides, among other things, modified DNA polymerases (e.g., type A DNA polymerases) containing amino acid alterations based on mutations identified in directed evolution experiments designed to select enzymes that are better suited for applications in recombinant DNA technologies.
  • modified DNA polymerases e.g., type A DNA polymerases
  • the present inventors have successfully developed directed DNA polymerase evolution experiments by mimicking the typical or less-than typical environments and conditions under which an enzyme is usually used or expected to be used in real-life industrial or research applications.
  • mutations identified herein confer a variety of phenotypes that can make DNA polymerases better suited for applications in recombinant DNA technologies.
  • mutations identified in accordance with the present invention may confer enzymatic phenotypes related to the selective advantages described herein. Indeed, the present inventors have identified or expect to identify mutant polymerases that express well, are more soluble, that display higher activity, fidelity, processivity and/or speed, that are active over a wide range of concentrations, that are resistant to salt, PCR additives (e.g., PCR enhancers) and/or inhibitors, that work over a range of concentrations and have a higher fidelity, and other phenotypes that may not be immediately measurable. Since many of these phenotypes may depend on the manner in which the DNA and polymerase interact, it is contemplated that many of the mutations identified in accordance with the present invention may affect DNA-polymerase binding characteristics.
  • mutations identified according to the present invention may confer enzymatic phenotypes not directly related to the selective advantages described herein.
  • some phenotypes may confer no advantage, but merely be a side effect of the advantageous mutation.
  • some mutants may display phenotypes that could be considered disadvantageous.
  • some mutations confer an advantage (for example, high activity), but this advantage comes at a cost (for example, high error-rate). If the advantage outweighs the disadvantage, the mutation will still be selected for.
  • Such mutations may have commercial uses. For example, a low fidelity enzyme could be used in error prone PCR (e.g., for mutagenesis).
  • mutations and/or the positions where mutations occur identified herein can serve as bases for modification of DNA polymerases in general.
  • same or similar mutations, as well as other alterations may be introduced at the corresponding positions in various DNA polymerases to generate modified enzymes that are better adapted for recombinant use.
  • DNA polymerases in accordance with the present invention may be modified from any types of DNA polymerases including, but not limited to, naturally-occurring wild-type DNA polymerases, recombinant DNA polymerase or engineered DNA polymerases such as chimeric DNA polymerases, fusion DNA polymerases, or other modified DNA polymerases.
  • DNA polymerases suitable for the invention are thermostable DNA polymerases (PCR-able).
  • DNA polymerases suitable for the invention are type A DNA polymerases (also known as family A DNA polymerases).
  • Type A DNA polymerases are classified based on amino acid sequence homology to E. coli polymerase I (Braithwaite and Ito, Nuc. Acids. Res. 21:787-802, 1993), and include E.
  • coli pol I Thermus aquaticus DNA pol I (Taq polymerase), Thermus flavus DNA pol I, Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA pol I, Bacillus stearothermophilus pol I, phage polymerase T5, phage polymerase T7, mitochondrial DNA polymerase pol gamma, as well as additional polymerases discussed below.
  • DNA polymerase Family A DNA polymerases are commercially available, including Taq polymerase (New England BioLabs), E. coli pol I (New England BioLabs), E. coli pol I Klenow fragment (New England BioLabs), and T7 DNA polymerase (New England BioLabs), and Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bst) DNA polymerase (New England BioLabs).
  • Suitable DNA polymerases can also be derived from bacteria or other organisms with optimal growth temperatures that are similar to the desired assay temperatures.
  • suitable bacteria or other organisms may exhibit maximal growth temperatures of >80-85° C. or optimal growth temperatures of >70-80° C.
  • Sequence information of many type A DNA polymerases are publicly available. Table 1 provides a list of GenBank Accession numbers and other GenBank Accession information for exemplary type A DNA polymerases, including species from which they are derived.
  • thermophilus JW/NM-WN-LF ACCESSION ACB85463 VERSION ACB85463.1 GI:179351193 DBSOURCE accession CP001034.1
  • DNA polymerases suitable for the present invention include DNA polymerases that have not yet been isolated.
  • DNA polymerases suitable for the present invention include truncated versions of naturally-occurring polymerases (e.g., a fragment of a DNA polymerase resulted from an N-terminal, C-terminal or internal deletion that retains polymerase activity).
  • One exemplary truncated DNA polymerase suitable for the invention is KlenTaq which contains a deletion of a portion of the 5′ to 3′ exonuclease domain (see, Barnes W. M. (1992) Gene 112:29-35; and Lawyer F. C. et al. (1993) PCR Methods and Applications, 2:275-287).
  • chimeric DNA polymerases suitable for the invention include any DNA polymerases containing sequences derived from two or more different DNA polymerases.
  • chimeric DNA polymerases suitable for the invention include chimeric DNA polymerases as described in co-pending application entitled “Chimeric DNA polymerases” filed on even date, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Chimeric DNA polymerases suitable for the invention also include the chimeric DNA polymerases described in U.S. Publication No. 20020119461, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,228,628 and 7,244,602, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Suitable fusion DNA polymerases include any DNA polymerases that are combined (e.g., covalently or non-covalently) with one or more protein domains having a desired activity (e.g., DNA-binding, dUTP hydrolysis or stabilizing template-primer complexes).
  • the one or more protein domains having the desired activity are derived from a non-polymerase protein.
  • fusion DNA polymerases are generated to improve certain functional characteristics (e.g., processivity, elongation rate, fidelity, salt-resistance, dUTP tolerance etc.) of a DNA polymerase.
  • DNA polymerase has been fused in frame to the helix-hairpin-helix DNA binding motifs from DNA topoisomerase V and shown to increase processivity, salt resistance and thermostability of the fusion DNA polymerase as described in Pavlov et al., 2002 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99:13510-13515. Fusion of the thioredoxin binding domain to T7 DNA polymerase enhances the processivity of the DNA polymerase fusion in the presence of thioredoxin as described in WO 97/29209, U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,603 and Bedford et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 479-484 (1997).
  • exemplary fusion polymerases include, but are not limited to, TopoTaqTM (Fidelity Systems) which is a hybrid of Taq polymerase fused to a sequence non-specific Helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) motif from DNA topoisomerase V (Topo V) (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,427,928; 5,656,463; 5,902,879; 6,548,251; Pavlov et al., 2002 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • PhusionTM Feinnzymes and NEB, sold by BioRad as iProof
  • PhusionTM a chimeric Deep VentTM/Pfu DNA polymerase fused to a small basic chromatin-like Sso7d protein
  • PfuUltraTM II Fusion which is a Pfu-based DNA polymerase fused to a double stranded DNA binding protein
  • PfuS. Application No. 20070148671 which is incorporated by reference
  • Herculase II Fusion which is a Herculase II enzyme fused to a DNA-binding domain
  • Pfx50 Invitrogen which is a DNA polymerase from T. zilligii fused to an accessory protein that stabilizes primer-template complexes.
  • Modified DNA polymerases can be generated by introducing one or more amino acid alterations into a DNA polymerase at the positions corresponding to the positions described herein (e.g., positions identified in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, and 15).
  • Corresponding positions in various DNA polymerases can be determined by alignment of amino acid sequences. Alignment of amino acid sequences can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. Preferably, the WU-BLAST-2 software is used to determine amino acid sequence identity (Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology 266, 460-480 (1996); URL: //blast.wustl/edu/blast/README.html).
  • WU-BLAST-2 uses several search parameters, most of which are set to the default values.
  • HSP score (S) and HSP S2 parameters are dynamic values and are established by the program itself, depending upon the composition of the particular sequence, however, the minimum values may be adjusted and are set as indicated above. An example of an alignment is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Alterations may be a substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more amino acid residues. Appropriate alteration for each position can be determined by examining the nature and the range of mutations at the corresponding position described herein. In some embodiments, appropriate amino acid alterations can be determined by evaluating a three-dimensional structure of a DNA polymerase of interest (e.g., parental DNA polymerase). For example, amino acid substitutions identical or similar to those described in Tables 2, 3, and 4 can be introduced to a DNA polymerase. Alternative amino acid substitutions can be made using any of the techniques and guidelines for conservative and non-conservative amino acids as set forth, for example, by a standard Dayhoff frequency exchange matrix or BLOSUM matrix.
  • a DNA polymerase of interest e.g., parental DNA polymerase.
  • Alternative amino acid substitutions can be made using any of the techniques and guidelines for conservative and non-conservative amino acids as set forth, for example, by a standard Dayhoff frequency exchange matrix or BLOSUM matrix.
  • Class I Cys
  • Class II Ser, Thr, Pro, Ala, Gly
  • Class III Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu
  • Class IV His, Arg, Lys
  • Class V Ile, Leu, Val, Met
  • Class VI Phe, Tyr, Trp
  • non-conservative substitution refers to the substitution of an amino acid in one class with an amino acid from another class; for example, substitution of an Ala, a class II residue, with a class III residue such as Asp, Asn, Glu, or Gln. Insertions or deletions may optionally be in the range of 1 to 5 amino acids.
  • the variations can be made using methods known in the art such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, and PCR mutagenesis.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis (Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13:4331 (1986); Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 10:6487 (1987)), cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene, 34:315 (1985)), restriction selection mutagenesis (Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA, 317:415 (1986)), inverse PCR with mutations included in the primer sequence, or other known techniques can be performed on the cloned DNA to produce desired modified DNA polymerases.
  • alterations suitable for the invention also include chemical modification including acetylation, acylation, amidation, ADP-ribosylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, methylation, myristlyation, pegylation, prenylation, phosphorylation, ubiqutination, or any similar process.
  • Modified DNA polymerases according to the invention may contain one or more amino acid alterations at one or more positions corresponding to those described in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, and 15. Modified DNA polymerases according to the invention may also contain additional substitutions, insertions and/or deletions independent of the mutations observed or selected in the directed evolution experiments.
  • a modified DNA polymerase according to the invention has an amino acid sequence at least 70%, e.g., at least 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99%, identical to a corresponding wild-type (or naturally-occurring) DNA polymerase.
  • a modified DNA polymerase has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, or a combination thereof, relative to a wild type form of the polymerase.
  • Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a modified sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the corresponding parental sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity are similar to the alignment for purposes of determining corresponding positions as described above.
  • bacterial expression vectors contain sequence elements or combinations of sequence elements allowing high level inducible expression of the protein encoded by a foreign sequence.
  • expression vectors are commercially available from, for example, Novagen (http://www.emdbiosciences.com/html/NVG/AllTables.html#).
  • bacteria expressing an integrated inducible form of the T7 RNA polymerase gene may be transformed with an expression vector bearing a modified DNA polymerase gene linked to the T7 promoter.
  • Induction of the T7 RNA polymerase by addition of an appropriate inducer, for example, isopropyl-p-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for a lac-inducible promoter induces the high level expression of the chimeric gene from the T7 promoter.
  • an appropriate inducer for example, isopropyl-p-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for a lac-inducible promoter
  • E. coli strain BL-21 is commonly used for expression of exogenous proteins since it is protease deficient relative to other strains of E. coli .
  • codon usage for the particular polymerase gene differs from that normally seen in E.
  • coli genes there are strains of BL-21 that are modified to carry tRNA genes encoding tRNAs with rarer anticodons (for example, argU, ileY, leuW, and proL tRNA genes), allowing high efficiency expression of cloned chimeric genes (several BL21-CODON PLUSTM cell strains carrying rare-codon tRNAs are available from Stratagene, for example). Additionally or alternatively, genes encoding DNA polymerases may be codon optimized to facilitate expression in E. coli . Codon optimized sequences can be chemically synthesized.
  • rarer anticodons for example, argU, ileY, leuW, and proL tRNA genes
  • modified DNA polymerase may be isolated by an ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by Q Sepharose and DNA cellulose columns, or by adsorption of contaminants on a HiTrap Q column, followed by gradient elution from a HiTrap heparin column.
  • Modified DNA polymerases of the present invention may be used for any methods involving polynucleotide synthesis.
  • Polynucleotide synthesis methods are well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art and can be found, for example, in Molecular Cloning second edition, Sambrook et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989).
  • modified DNA polymerases of the present invention have a variety of uses in recombinant DNA technology including, but not limited to, labeling of DNA by nick translation, second-strand cDNA synthesis in cDNA cloning, DNA sequencing, whole-genome amplification and amplifying, detecting, and/or cloning nucleic acid sequences using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the invention provides enzymes that are better suited for PCR used in industrial or research applications.
  • PCR refers to an in vitro method for amplifying a specific polynucleotide template sequence.
  • the technique of PCR is described in numerous publications, including, PCR: A Practical Approach, M. J. McPherson, et al., IRL Press (1991), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, by Innis, et al., Academic Press (1990), and PCR Technology: Principals and Applications for DNA Amplification, H. A. Erlich, Stockton Press (1989).
  • PCR is also described in many U.S. Patents, including U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Modified DNA polymerases with higher processivity, elongation rate, salt resistance, and/or fidelity are expected to improve efficiency and success rate of long-range amplification (higher yield, longer targets amplified) and reduce the amount of required DNA template.
  • modified DNA polymerases described herein can be used in PCR applications including, but are not limited to, i) hot-start PCR which reduces non-specific amplification; ii) touch-down PCR which starts at high annealing temperature, then decreases annealing temperature in steps to reduce non-specific PCR product; iii) nested PCR which synthesizes more reliable product using an outer set of primers and an inner set of primers; iv) inverse PCR for amplification of regions flanking a known sequence.
  • DNA is digested, the desired fragment is circularized by ligation, then PCR using primer complementary to the known sequence extending outwards;
  • RACE rapid amplification of cDNA ends
  • the method amplifies 3′ or 5′ ends of cDNAs generating fragments of cDNA with only one specific primer each (plus one adaptor primer). Overlapping RACE products can then be combined to produce full length cDNA; viii) DD-PCR (differential display PCR) which is used to identify differentially expressed genes in different tissues.
  • a first step in DD-PCR involves RT-PCR, then amplification is performed using short, intentionally nonspecific primers; ix) Multiplex-PCR in which two or more unique targets of DNA sequences in the same specimen are amplified simultaneously.
  • One DNA sequence can be use as control to verify the quality of PCR; x) Q/C-PCR (Quantitative comparative) which uses an internal control DNA sequence (but of different size) which compete with the target DNA (competitive PCR) for the same set of primers; xi) Recursive PCR which is used to synthesize genes.
  • Oligonucleotides used in this method are complementary to stretches of a gene (>80 bases), alternately to the sense and to the antisense strands with ends overlapping ( ⁇ 20 bases); xii) Asymmetric PCR; xiii) In Situ PCR; xiv) Site-directed PCR Mutagenesis; xv) DOP-PCR that uses partially degenerate primers for whole-genome amplification; xvi) quantitative PCR using SYBR green or oligonucleotide probes to detect amplification; and xvii) error-prone PCR in which conditions are optimized to give an increased number of mutations in the PCR product.
  • kits which include a package unit having one or more containers containing modified DNA polymerases of the invention and compositions thereof.
  • the present invention provides kits further including containers of various reagents used for polynucleotide synthesis, including synthesis in PCR.
  • kits in accordance with the present invention may also contain one or more of the following items: polynucleotide precursors, primers, buffers, instructions, PCR additives and controls.
  • Kits may include containers of reagents mixed together in suitable proportions for performing the methods in accordance with the invention.
  • Reagent containers preferably contain reagents in unit quantities that obviate measuring steps when performing the subject methods.
  • a directed evolution experiment is designed by simply mimicking the normal conditions under which the enzyme is usually used, or possibly under less than perfect conditions such as are expected in real-life applications. After conducting enough rounds of selection, an enzyme (or multiple enzymes) that is better suited for typical applications in recombinant DNA technologies should appear. Details of directed evolution experiments and exemplary advantages of associated with selected mutations are described in the co-pending application entitled “Modified DNA Polymerases” filed on even date, which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • the selections are considered to have worked when the vast pool of mutants that are in the starting material have been eliminated and the pool is dominated by a remaining few types or families of mutants that have out-competed the other mutants and the wild type. At this stage, it is not necessary to define exactly the nature of the improvement that the mutations confer. The fact that it was selected for is sufficient proof, especially if the same mutation becomes dominant in independently run selections.
  • high processivity mutants were generated and screened for either (1) resistance to high-salt (KCl) in a PCR reaction and/or (2) resistance to high levels of SYBR Green I intercalating dye in a PCR reaction.
  • KCl high-salt
  • SYBR Green I intercalating dye
  • Several rounds of selection were conducted on Taq. During the course of the ongoing selections, many different mutations were observed either alone or in combination at various positions. Clones that exhibited higher tolerance than wild-type to either of these pressures were selected and sequenced. Exemplary mutations and corresponding positions are shown in Table 2. Exemplary clones containing various mutations or combinations of mutations are shown in Table 3 (based on resistance to high-salt (KCl)) and Table 4 (based on resistance to high levels of SYBR Green I).
  • the Enzymes containing one or more of these mutations retain the enzymatic activity.
  • a general phenotype of these selected clones has higher specific activity than wild-type Taq and they are further characterized for a variety of phenotypes, as described in further Examples below.
  • the clones that express higher levels of the enzyme will have an advantage over those that express less.
  • the specific activity of the mutated enzyme may not have been improved but the total activity will have. This characteristics is particularly valuable to a manufacture of enzymes because this will allow increased production levels and/or reduced production costs.
  • Mutants with increased enzymatic activity provide more efficient polymerization.
  • Mutants with increased processivity are able to synthesize long PCR products and synthesize sequences with complexed secondary structure.
  • Mutant enzymes that can incorporate more nucleotides/extension step are likely to operate efficiently at lower concentrations.
  • Mutants with increased elongation rate provide more efficient polymerization. Enzymes that are fast can also be used with shorter extension times. This is particularly valuable for a high-throughput system.
  • the selection was conducted in the presence of salts, PCR additives (e.g., intercalating dyes), and other impurities.
  • the presence of salts may reduce the DNA binding affitnity of polymerases.
  • the presence of impurities may interfere with formation of a desired PCR product.
  • a polymerase that is resistant to salts and inhibitors and can synthesize desired products is advantageous and will be selected for. The characteristic is particularly suited for applications in which PCR is used in crude samples.
  • Pyrophosphate is released during incorporation of nucleotides into the nascent strand by polymerases. Accumulation of pyrophosphate may lead to inhibition of the polymerase activity. Polymerases that were selected for in the Directed evolution example may have evolved to become less affected by pyrophosphate inhibition.
  • Certain selected clones and mutations are further characterized for a variety of phenotypes. So far, we have conducted tests for a few different phenotypes: processivity, ability to synthesize large fragments, and tolerance to inhibitors. The tests to examine phenotypes are described in the following examples.
  • Heparin binding assays To test the processivity of the selected Taq mutants, we used heparin binding assays. Heparin is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates (which includes the closely related molecule heparan sulfate) and consists of a variably sulfated repeating disaccharide unit. Heparin polymers form a helical structure and it is believed that DNA processing enzymes bind to heparin at the same contact points that bind double stranded DNA. Thus, DNA binding affinity can be measured based on heparin binding assays. Briefly, at physiological pH the sulphate groups are deprotonated.
  • DNA polymerases contain a number of positively charged amino acid residues that are involved in binding of the enzyme to DNA. This property can be utilized during purification of polymerases whereby the polymerase binds to heparin that is covalently coupled to agarose beads.
  • the binding affinity of the polymerase is determined by the number and strength of binding interactions.
  • the polymerase is eluted by increasing the amount of salt in the elution buffer. Ion-bonds between the polymerase and heparin will be disrupted by adding an increasing concentration of salt. The salt concentration at which the enzyme elutes is, therefore, indicative of the binding affinity of the polymerase for heparin and DNA.
  • pellets of E. coli cells containing Taq mutants were lysed in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl (binding buffer). The lysates were incubated for 30 min at 75° C. to denature E. coli proteins, followed by centrifugation at 20 000 ⁇ g for 20 min at 20° C. The supernatant was loaded onto a HiTrap Heparin column (GE Healthcare) and eluted on a 0.15 to 2 M NaCl gradient. The conductivity (mS/cm) at the elution peak was recorded as a measure of salt concentration of the eluate. A high conductivity indicates high affinity of the polymerase for heparin and DNA.
  • the conductivity at the elution peak of Taq polymerase was 38.3 mS/cm (see Table 5).
  • the conductivity for low affinity polymerase mutants was between below 38 mS/cm.
  • the conductivity of certain high affinity polymerase mutants was between 46.7 and 54.4 mS/cm (see Table 5).
  • the conductivity is proportional to the amount of salt in a solution.
  • Primer pairs were designed to generate either a 5 kb, 8 kb, or 10 kb fragment from a lambda DNA template.
  • Each of the high processivity enzymes, under limiting enzyme concentration, was tested for their ability to amplify each of the amplicon lengths.
  • Exemplary Primers include Forward Primer L30350F: 5′-CCTGCTCTGCCGCTTCACGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:28) and reverse primers as follows:
  • L-5R (SEQ ID NO: 29) 5′-CGAACGTCGCGCAGAGAAACAGG-3′
  • L-8R 5′-GCCTCGTTGCGTTTGTTTGCACG-3′
  • L-10R 5′-GCACAGAAGCTATTATGCGTCCCCAGG-3′
  • the reaction components for the assays are shown in Table 6.
  • the cycling profile for these reactions is shown in Table 7.
  • Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for either a presence or absence of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 8.
  • Exemplary primers include forward primer L30350F: 5′-CCTGCTCTGCCGCTTCACGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:28) and reverse primer L-2R: 5′-CCATGATTCAGTGTGCCCGTCTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:32).
  • Cycling profile Cycle No. Temp (′C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 2 min Denaturation 35 95 30 sec Annealing/Extension 35 72 2 min Final elongation 1 72 2 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite
  • Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for either a presence or absence of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 12.
  • Cycling profile Cycle No. Temp (′C.) Time Initial denaturation 1 95 2 min Denaturation 35 95 30 sec Annealing/Extension 35 72 2 min Final elongation 1 72 2 min HOLD 1 4 Indefinite
  • Reaction products were run on an agarose gel and scored for either a presence or absence of a band at the appropriate fragment size. Exemplary results are shown in Table 15.
  • the invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
  • the invention also includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
  • the invention encompasses variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the claims is introduced into another claim dependent on the same base claim (or, as relevant, any other claim) unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise.

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