TWI714731B - 高電壓超級電容 - Google Patents
高電壓超級電容 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI714731B TWI714731B TW106107782A TW106107782A TWI714731B TW I714731 B TWI714731 B TW I714731B TW 106107782 A TW106107782 A TW 106107782A TW 106107782 A TW106107782 A TW 106107782A TW I714731 B TWI714731 B TW I714731B
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- ionic liquid
- super capacitor
- supercapacitor
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- heater
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- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 for example Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- KAIPKTYOBMEXRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methyl-2h-imidazole Chemical compound CCCCN1CN(C)C=C1 KAIPKTYOBMEXRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000374 eutectic mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003053 piperidines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Substances C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003235 pyrrolidines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- BXHHZLMBMOBPEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)-methylazanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(CC)CCOC BXHHZLMBMOBPEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021392 nanocarbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001537 azepanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- SLSPYQCCSCAKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F SLSPYQCCSCAKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004181 carboxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005598 conductive polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicyandiamide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC#N QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004870 electrical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOBAEOGBNPPUQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Fe].[Fe] YOBAEOGBNPPUQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-fluorosulfonylsulfamoyl fluoride Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)NS(F)(=O)=O KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002895 organic esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
- H01G9/035—Liquid electrolytes, e.g. impregnating materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D23/00—Control of temperature
- G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
- G05D23/20—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature
- G05D23/24—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature the sensing element having a resistance varying with temperature, e.g. a thermistor
- G05D23/2401—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature the sensing element having a resistance varying with temperature, e.g. a thermistor using a heating element as a sensing element
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- H01G11/08—Structural combinations, e.g. assembly or connection, of hybrid or EDL capacitors with other electric components, at least one hybrid or EDL capacitor being the main component
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Abstract
本發明提供一超級電容總成,其特徽在於包含:一超級電容電池,其包含含碳之陽極及陰極、中間多孔膜,及一離子液體電解質;一電加熱器,其係用於加熱超級電容;及一恆溫器,其係用於控制加熱器,及使離子液體之溫度維持於使得其黏度係於1至50厘泊(centipoises)之範圍的溫度。特別地,提供超級電容,其係可於大於3.5v(例如,3.5至6v之範圍)之電壓操作且無明顯長期氧化還原退化。
Description
本發明係有關於使用一離子液體電解質之一超級電容,其特別係能在大於3.5v之電壓操作,且於多個使用週期過後於其性能無明顯退化。
於吾等之共同申請審理中之申請案PCT/GB2015/053003及GB1518385.8,吾等已教示超級電容,其等係包含含石墨烯之電極,一多孔膜,及一或多種離子液體;例如,四級有機鹽,其等於低於1000
C之溫度典型上係液體。但是,於許多情況,此等超級電容之性能因為離子液體之黏度太高而受損。此會導致電阻非所欲地增加及超級電容之帶電荷能力降低。
2015出版之‘Ionic LLiquids – Current State of the Art’ - Chapter 19 (ISBN 978-953-51-2122- 0)提供於超級電容使用離子液體及石墨烯之概論。
CN104332325教示自石墨粉末經由中間製造石墨烯氧化物之一種製造超級電容用石墨烯之方法。
吾等現已藉由使超級電容中之電解質的黏度及/或溫度維持於一最佳範圍而克服上述問題。因此,依據本發明之第一方面,提供一種超級電容總成,其特徵在於包含: l 一超級電容電池,其包含含碳之陽極及陰極、中間多孔膜,及一離子液體電解質; l 一電加熱器,其係用於加熱超級電容電池;及 l 一恆溫器,其係用於控制加熱器,及使離子液體之溫度維持於使得其黏度係於1至50厘泊(centipoises)之範圍的溫度。
於本發明之一較佳實施例,超級電容之含碳電極包含陽極及陰極表面,其等基本上係由一導電金屬電流收集器所組成,電流收集器係呈以包含碳帶電荷元素之一層塗覆的一薄可撓性片材(例如,鋁、銀或銅箔材)之型式。於另外實施例,至少一些此等陽極及陰極表面係置於相同片材之相反側上。適合地,至少一些此等帶電荷元素係具有少於1微米,較佳係少於100微米尺寸之平均最長直徑的碳顆粒。較佳地,此等顆粒展現中孔洞係於2至50奈米之尺寸範圍的中孔洞性。於另外實施例,碳帶電荷元素可藉由可在最終超級電容上授予一程度之偽電容行為的材料之奈米顆粒補充;例如,諸如鋰之金屬或包括鎳、錳、釕、鉍、鵭或鉬之具有多於一種氧化態之過渡金屬的鹽、氫氧化物及氧化物。
於一較佳實施例,此層係包含埋入一導性聚合物結合劑基質中之碳顆粒,且特徵在於此等顆粒對此結合劑之重量比例係於0.2:1至20:1之範圍。於另外實施例,碳顆粒包括石墨烯顆粒;於另外,其等包括碳奈米管。於一較佳實施例,使用石墨烯與碳奈米管之混合物,且選擇性地,活性碳係存在。於另外較佳實施例,碳顆粒包含此等三組份之混合物,且活性碳、碳奈米管,及石墨烯係以0.5-2000:0.5-100:1;較佳係0.5-1500:0.5-80:1之重量比例存在。
藉由術語活性碳係意指具高純度之任何非結晶碳,其表面積典型上係大於500m2
g-1
,較佳係從1000至3600m2
g-1
,且其具有少於1微米之平均顆粒尺寸。此等材料係可自多個商業來源輕易獲得。典型上使用之碳奈米管具有2-500微米(較佳係100-300微米)範圍之平均長度及100-150奈米範圍之平均直徑。奈米管可為單壁或多壁,或二者之混合物。
藉由術語石墨烯係意指碳之同素異形體,其等之顆粒於結構係實質上二維。於極端狀況,此顆粒包含具有石墨結構之單原子層片狀物,即使為了本發明之目的,此組份可包含小數量之,例如,1至20個,較佳係1至 10個片狀物彼此堆疊之此等片狀物。於一實施例,此等片狀物係咱非氧化型式。於另外實施例,以穿透式電子顯微鏡測量時,此等片狀物獨立地具有1至4000奈米,較佳係20至3000或10至2000奈米範圍之平均尺寸。任何已知方法可用以製造此等材料,此等之許多者亦可購自,例如,英國Thomas Swan Limited之名稱為Elicarb®。
於另外實施例,碳帶電荷元素可進一步包括最高達20重量%,較佳係1至20重量%之一導性碳。適合地,此導性碳包含具有一多結晶結構及於1至500m2
g-1
範圍的表面積之一高導性非石墨碳。於一實施例,其係一碳黑;例如,已於鋰離子電池中作為導性添加劑的材料之一(例如,Timical SuperC65®及/或Timical SuperC45)。
於一實施例,本發明方法被實行後於電極中之殘餘水分需少於100ppm;較佳係少於50ppm。
於另外實施例,含碳之陽極及陰極係彼此不對稱;換言之,其等具有不同厚度–例如,具不同厚度之層。
換到導性結合劑,此適合地係包含一或多種導電性聚合物,且較佳係選自一纖維素衍生物、一聚合物彈性體,或此等之混合物。於一實施例,纖維素衍生物係一羧烷基纖維素,例如,羧甲基纖維素。於另外實施例,彈性體係一苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠或具有相等性質之一材料。
適合地,複合層中之各種組份的總帶電荷表面積係>250m2
g-1
,較佳係>260m2
g-1
。
換到離子液體電解質,此適合地係包含一有機離子鹽,其係於低於1000
C時熔融,且較佳係於環境溫度或低於環境溫度時熔融。於另外實施例,其係包含一或多種離子液體之混合物,且此混合物具有10至80厘泊;較佳係20至50厘泊之範圍的於250
C之黏度。於另外實施例,電解質係一組份係一離子液體的至少二組份之一共晶或近共晶混合物。適合地,此等混合物具有低於1000
C,較佳係低於500
C;且更佳係低於300
C之熔點。共晶行為係二或更多種組份之此等混合物的一已知特徵,相對於基於Raoult定律可被預期者,其熔點於一特定組成範圍係被明顯壓低。此處,術語‘共晶或近共晶混合物’因此被闡釋為包含其熔點顯示此一壓低的依據本發明之組份的任何混合物;且具有於實際共晶點之壓低的大於50%,較佳係大於90%之壓低者係最佳。於一特別佳實施例,共晶組成物本身係作為電解質。於另外實施例,使用之離子液體的至少一者具有大於3v之電化學視窗(electrochemical window)。
於一實施例,使用之電解質係包含於US5827602或WO2011/100232中所述之離子液體的至少一者之一混合物,例如,一共晶或近共晶混合物,對於完整列示,讀者係被導引至此等案。於另外實施例,混合物係由該等離子液體之至少二者的一混合物。
適合地,使用之離子液體或用於電解質的離子液體之一者因此係一烷基或經取代之烷基的吡啶、嗒嗪、嘧啶、吡嗪、咪唑、哌啶、吡咯啶、吡唑、𠯤唑、㗁唑、三唑或氮雜環庚烷陽離子之一四級鹽。於此一情況,較佳係與每一陽離子締結之相對陰離子係大的多原子,且具有超過50或100埃之凡得瓦(Van der Waals)體積(見,例如,US 5827602,其提供被認為於吾等發明之範圍內的例示範例)。亦較佳係陰離子之選擇係使得其相對於陽離子係不對稱,確保液體中之離子不會輕易緊密堆積及造成結晶化。於一實施例,相對陰離子係選自由四氟硼酸鹽、六氟磷酸鹽、二氰胺、雙(氟磺醯基)醯亞胺(FSI)、雙(三氟甲基磺醯基)醯亞胺(TFSI)或雙(全氟C2
至C4
烷基磺醯基)醯亞胺,例如,雙(全氟乙基磺醯基)醯亞胺陰離子或其等之類似物所組成之群組。於另外較佳實施例,離子液體係選自此等陰離子之經C1
至C4
烷基取代之咪唑、哌啶或吡咯啶鹽,且陽離子及陰離子之任何置換係被認為於此處揭露。由此列示當中,下列二元系統係較佳:一哌啶鹽及一咪唑鹽;一哌啶鹽及一吡咯啶鹽,及一咪唑鹽及一吡咯啶鹽。於另外實施例,二元系統可包含(a)上述陰離子之一者的一哌啶鹽及經任何取代之大型四級銨鹽;例如,其三烷基(烷氧基烷基)銨鹽,其中,烷基或烷氧基部份獨立地具有一、二、三或四個碳原子,或(b) 於WO2011/100232中例示之氮雜環庚烷鹽之一或多者。於所有上述情況,使用之鹽較佳需每一者具有大於3伏特之電化學視窗及低於300
C之熔點。
可使用之電解質的特別非限制性例子包括 自下列陽離子衍生之鹽或鹽混合物:1-乙基-3-甲基唑唑陽離子(EMIM)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑陽離子(BMIM)、1-甲基-1-丙基吡咯啶陽離子、1-甲基-1-丁基吡咯啶陽離子及上述陰離子。於一實施例,電解質係此等陽離子之一或多種四氟硼酸鹽。另外,其係用於本發明之步驟(a)的相同鹽。
於另外實施例,離子液體係諸如N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N-(2-甲氧基乙基)銨(DEME)及其同系物之四級銨陽離子之鹽。
適合地,離子液體之水含量係少於100ppm,較佳係少於50ppm。
中間多孔膜適合地係自於加熱器操作時之溫度係穩定之一聚合物製成。
於一實施例,電加熱器適合地係置於電晶外表面周圍。其較佳地係設有一恆溫器,以確保所欲溫度被維持,其典型上會係於30至1000
C;較佳係40至800
C之範圍。較佳地,此溫度係被選擇以便使離子液體之黏度維持於1至40厘泊之範圍。例如,若電池係一平袋,則加熱器可置於此袋之外表面的任一者或二者上。另外,加熱器可為置於此袋內之一薄膜加熱器。於另外實施例,加熱器可包含一散熱器,其使熱自於其中使用超級電容之一裝置內的其它電組件引出,於此情況,其可以恆溫器 實行且依靠熱平衡。
於一實施例,加熱器及超級電容可以絕緣物圍繞或埋入絕緣物內,以保護使用此者之任何裝置的其它組件。於另外實施例,加熱器及超級電容係以當其變熱時避免超級電容之內部體積膨脹的方式夾在一起。此袋之內表面可以一熱反射層塗覆,以便進一步熱管理超級電容。
本發明之超級電容總成可用以提供包括無線電動工具(例如,鑽孔機、螺絲起子、磨砂機等)及無線家用設備(真空清潔器等)之一系列可攜式電裝置電力或再充電。於另外特別有用實施例,其可用以提供諸如智慧型手機、收音機、CD及DVD播放器、平版電腦、筆記型電腦或相似手持式或穿戴式品項之個人電裝置電力或再充電。
依據本發明之第二方面,提供一種操作包含含碳陽極及陰極、中間多孔膜,及一離子液體電解質的超級電容之方法,其特徵在於使離子液體維持於一溫度使得離子液體之黏度係於1至50厘泊的範圍之步驟。
較佳地,此方法係於上示範圍操作,以使黏度維持於1至40厘泊之範圍;例如,10至40或20至40厘泊。
本發明之超級電容的實施例於需要大於3.5之操作電壓時係特別有用。因此,依據本發明之第三方面,提供一種超級電容,其能於3.5至6v之範圍的操作電壓操作,且無使其相關電解質明顯長期氧化還原退化,特徵在於包含: l 至少一陽極及/或至少一陰極,其選擇性地包括一石墨烯及/或碳奈米管組份; l 一中間多孔膜,其係置於陽極與陰極之間; l 至少一離子液體組成物,其具有大於3.5伏特之電化學視窗;及 l 一控制裝置,其係於超級電容接受操作電壓時,用於使離子液體維持於40至800
C範圍之溫度及/或於1至50厘泊範圍之黏度。
於一實施例,控制裝置係一加熱裝置,且超級電容進一步包括一恆溫器,其用於使加熱裝置控制於上述溫度範圍及/或使黏度於所欲範圍,或上述較佳範圍之一者。適合地,加熱裝置係用以使離子液體維持於40至800
C,較佳係50至600
C之範圍的溫度,以便達成所欲黏度。於一實施例,離子液體係陽離子N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N-(2-甲氧基乙基)銨(DEME)等之四級鹽,例如,DEME四氟硼酸鹽或DEME TFSI,或陽離子1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑(BMIM)或其1-烷基及/或3-烷基同系物之四級鹽,例如,BMIM四氟硼酸鹽或BMIM TFSI,或一對此等鹽之共晶混合物。此等鹽之電化學視窗可如於Hayyan等人之Journal of Industrial and Electrical Engineering Chemistry (January 2012)中所述般判定。
於另外實施例,黏度可藉由使一或多種添加劑添加至電解質而控制。此等可包括添加一或多種用於離子液體之溶劑,諸如,亞乙烯基碳酸酯,例如,碳酸丙烯酯或碳酸丁烯酯,有機酯等。
於另外較佳範例,陽極及陰極對係不對稱。於另外較佳範例,電極包括石墨烯及/或碳奈米管組份,其具有2500-3500m2
g-1
範圍之表面積。適合地,陽極及陰極之至少一者係以氧化錳或相似氧化物摻雜。
適合地,超級電容係可於4至6v之範圍,或4.5至5.5v之範圍,或4至5.5v之範圍,或4.5至5.5v之範圍的電壓操作者。於一實施例,超級電容係設計成當藉由加熱裝置維持於50至600
C之範圍的溫度時係於4.5至6v之範圍操作;較佳係約4.5至5.5v。於另外實施例,離子液體具有大於4或4.5或5或甚至5.5v之電化學視窗值。於另外實施例,電化學 視窗係於4至6v;較佳係4.5至6v或5至6v之範圍。需瞭解上述操作電壓及電化學視窗範圍的任何組合被認為係於此處揭露之範圍內。
加熱裝置可為,例如,施用於超級電容外側之一電加熱元件,或如上解釋之一內部絕緣加熱元件。
本發明第三方面之超級電容可於獨立基礎上使用;例如,用於一鋰離子電池等之一再充電裝置。另外,其可包含一移動式電子裝置(筆記型電腦、智慧型手機、平版電腦等)或一無線電力工具之唯一或主要電源。
本發明現將以下列範例作例示。 製備鈕扣電池
一水性墨水係藉由使含有石墨烯之一粉末狀奈米碳組成物與包含羧甲基纖維素(CMC)及苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(SBR)之一水性結合劑混合,使得於最終混合物中,奈米碳對CMC對SBR比例之重量比例係90:5:5而製備。然後,此墨水之一薄膜物係使用一桿式塗覆器施用於鋁箔材之表面,形成電極片材。然後,此等片材於120–150o
C於真空下乾燥,且貯存於一乾燥盒內。其後,自此等片材切割16mm直徑之電極碟片。
然後,複合鈕扣電池自於乾燥盒中之此等碟片,藉由使下列品項層合而製造: 1-帶一正端子之一底碟片蓋 2-二間隔件 3- 一第一電極碟片 4- 75µl之離子液體 5-一膜分離器碟片(19 mm直徑) 6- 75µl之離子液體 7-一第二電極碟片 8-一第三間隔件 9-一彈簧 10-帶一負端子之一底碟片蓋。
組合完成後,鈕扣電池於測試前藉由夾持而密封。為了如下報導之測試實驗,多個鈕扣電池係使用BMIM四氟硼酸鹽(電化學視窗:4.5-5v)或DEME四氟硼酸鹽(電化學視窗:6v)作為電解質而製造。 鈕扣電池測試
對於每一測試,一新的鈕扣電池係於所述操作電壓及溫度,使用一標準充電/放電週期及+10mA之固定電流用於充電及-10mA之固定電流用於放電而循環十次。充電及放電之曲線於每一情況被繪製,且用以使用關係式C = I/(dV/dT)計算電池之電容,其中,C係電容,I係電流,且dV/dT係所繪圖之斜率。同時,電池之等效串聯電阻(ESR-歐姆)係自充電與放電曲線間之電壓降及電流,使用關係式ESR=ΔV/2I計算,其中,ΔV係電壓降。於圖1及2以長條圖表示之結果顯示增加鈕扣電池內容物的溫度由於低低離子液體黏度而導致改良之電容。對於此等系統, 峰值電容係以4至5v範圍之操作電壓發現。ESR於此範圍係維持相對較低,但於更高電壓時開始增加。
圖1係使用BMIM四氟硼酸鹽作為電解質所製得之鈕扣電池之測試長條圖。
圖2係使用DEME四氟硼酸鹽作為電解質所製得之鈕扣電池之測試長條圖。
Claims (15)
- 一種超級電容總成,其特徵在於包含:一超級電容,其包含含碳之陽極及陰極、中間多孔膜,及一離子液體電解質;一電加熱器,其係用於加熱該超級電容,其中,(i)該電加熱器係置於該超級電容的外表面周圍,(ii)該超級電容包含一袋且該加熱器包含一置於該袋中的薄膜加熱器,選擇性地,其中該袋的內表面被一熱反射層塗覆,或(iii)該加熱器包含一散熱器,該散熱器被組配成使熱自於其中使用該超級電容之一裝置內的其它電組件引出;及一恆溫器,其係用於控制該加熱器,及使該離子液體之溫度維持於使得其黏度係於1至50厘泊(centipoises)之範圍的溫度。
- 一種超級電容總成之用途,其係如請求項1之超級電容總成的型式,用以提供可攜式或個人電裝置電力或再充電。
- 一種操作超級電容之方法,該超級電容包含含碳之陽極及陰極、中間多孔膜,及一離子液體電解質,該方法之特徵在於使該離子液體維持於使得該離子液體之黏度維持於1至50厘泊的範圍之溫度的步驟,其中該使該離子液體維持於使得該離子液體之黏度維持於1至50厘泊的範圍之溫度的步驟包含:以一電加熱器加熱該超級電容,及以一恆溫器控制該加熱器;其中,(i)該電加熱器係置於該超級電容的外表面周圍,(ii)該超級電容包含一 袋且該加熱器包含一置於該袋中的薄膜加熱器,選擇性地,其中該袋的內表面被一熱反射層塗覆,或(iii)該加熱器包含一散熱器,該散熱器被組配成使熱自於其中使用該超級電容之一裝置內的其它電組件引出。
- 如請求項3之方法,其特徽在於該黏度係於1至40厘泊之範圍。
- 如請求項3或4之方法,其特徵在於該溫度係於40至80℃之範圍。
- 一種超級電容,其係於3.5至6v之範圍的操作電壓操作,其相關電解質無明顯長期氧化還原退化,其特徵在於包含:至少一陽極及/或至少一陰極,其選擇性地包括一石墨烯及/或碳奈米管組份;一中間多孔膜,其係置於該陽極與該陰極之間;至少一離子液體組成物,其具有大於3.5伏特之電化學視窗(electrochemical window);及一控制裝置,其係於該超級電容受到該操作電壓時,用於使該離子液體維持於40至80℃範圍之溫度及於1至50厘泊範圍之黏度,其中該控制裝置包含:一用於加熱該超級電容之電加熱器,及一用於控制該加熱器之恆溫器;其中,(i)該電加熱器係置於該超級電容的外表面周圍,(ii)該超級電容包含一袋且該加熱器包含一置於該袋中的薄膜加熱器,選擇性地,其中該袋的內表面被一熱反射層塗覆,或(iii)該加熱器包含一散熱器,該散熱器被組 配成使熱自於其中使用該超級電容之一裝置內的其它電組件引出。
- 如請求項6之超級電容,其特徵在於使用具有大於4v的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
- 如請求項7之超級電容,其特徵在於使用具有大於4.5v的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
- 如請求項8之超級電容,其特徵在於使用具有大於5v的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
- 如請求項9之超級電容,其特徵在於使用具有大於5.5v的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
- 如請求項6之超級電容,其特徵在於使用具有4至6v範圍的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
- 如請求項6之超級電容,其特徵在於其係於4.5至5.5v之範圍的操作電壓操作,其無明顯長期氧化還原退化,並使用具有大於4.5v的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
- 如請求項12之超級電容,其特徵在於使用具有大於5v的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
- 如請求項13之超級電容,其特徵在於使用具有大於5.5v的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
- 如請求項14之超級電容,其特徵在於使用具有4至6v範圍的電化學視窗之一離子液體。
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GBGB1604133.7A GB201604133D0 (en) | 2016-03-10 | 2016-03-10 | Supercapacitor with integrated heater |
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GB1612687.2A GB2548173B (en) | 2016-03-10 | 2016-07-21 | High voltage supercapacitor |
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