TWI623323B - 抗體調配物 - Google Patents
抗體調配物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI623323B TWI623323B TW099144802A TW99144802A TWI623323B TW I623323 B TWI623323 B TW I623323B TW 099144802 A TW099144802 A TW 099144802A TW 99144802 A TW99144802 A TW 99144802A TW I623323 B TWI623323 B TW I623323B
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Abstract
本發明提供一種穩定含水醫藥調配物,其包含治療有效量之抗體,視情況未經預先冷凍乾燥,維持pH在約4.0至約6.0範圍內的緩衝液,及視情況選用之界面活性劑;製備該調配物之方法,及使用該調配物之方法。
Description
本發明係關於一種包含抗體之穩定含水醫藥調配物。
本申請案主張2009年12月21日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/288,535號之權利,其全部揭示內容出於所有目的以引用的方式併入本文中。
在過去的幾年中,生物技術之進步已使得使用重組DNA技術製造多種供醫藥應用之蛋白質成為可能。因為蛋白質比傳統有機及無機藥物更大且更複雜(例如,除複雜的三維結構之外亦具有多個官能基),所以該等蛋白質之調配出現特殊問題。為了使蛋白質保持生物活性,調配物必須使蛋白質胺基酸之至少一個核心序列之構形完整性保持原樣,同時保護蛋白質之多個官能基不降解。蛋白質之降解路徑可涉及化學不穩定性(例如,涉及藉由鍵形成或裂解進行蛋白質修飾從而得到新化學個體之任何過程)或物理不穩定性(例如,在蛋白質高次結構方面之變化)。化學不穩定性可由脫醯胺、消旋、水解、氧化、β消除或二硫鍵交換引起。物理不穩定性可由例如變性、聚集、沈澱或吸附引起。三種最常見蛋白質降解路徑為蛋白質聚集、脫醯胺及氧化。Cleland等人Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 10(4): 307-377(1993)。
抗體係包括於供醫藥應用使用之蛋白質中。適用於治療的抗體之一實例為結合至抗VEGF之抗體。在此項技術中需要一種穩定含水醫藥調配物,其包含抗體,諸如抗VEGF抗體,其適於治療性用途。
本發明提供一種穩定含水醫藥調配物,其包含治療有效量之視情況未經受預先冷凍乾燥之抗體,pH值維持在約4.0至約6.0範圍內的緩衝液及視情況選用之界面活性劑;製備該調配物之方法及使用該調配物之方法。
本發明之一實施例提供一種穩定含水醫藥調配物,該調配物包含在pH 4.0至6.0之精胺酸緩衝液中的治療有效量之抗體。在一些實施例中,緩衝液為精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液,pH 4.5至5.5。在一些實施例中,緩衝液為精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液,pH 4.8至5.4。在一些實施例中,緩衝液為精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液,pH 5.2。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約25 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約50 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約75 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約100 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約120 mM至約240 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約150 mM至約225 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200 mM。在一些實施例中,調配物進一步包含界面活性劑。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑為聚山梨醇酯。在一些實施例中,聚山梨醇酯為聚山梨醇酯20。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.0001%至約1.0%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為約0.01%至約0.05%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.04%。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至200 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約30 mg/mL至175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約100 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體不經受預先冷凍乾燥。在一些實施例中,抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為單株抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為全長抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為IgG1抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為人類化抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為包含抗原結合區之抗體片段。在一些實施例中,抗體片段為Fab或F(ab')2片段。在一些實施例中,單株抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為貝伐單抗。在一些實施例中,單株抗體易聚集。在一些實施例中,緩衝液為200 mM精胺酸乙酸鹽,pH 5.2,界面活性劑為含量為約0.01-0.1% v/v之聚山梨醇酯且調配物在約40℃之溫度下穩定至少28天。在一些實施例中,調配物為無菌的。在一些實施例中,調配物在約40℃下儲存至少28天後係穩定的。在一些實施例中,調配物為含水的且向個體投與。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於靜脈內(IV)、皮下(SQ)或肌肉內(IM)投藥。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種包含容器之製造物品,該容器容納穩定的含水醫藥調配物,該醫藥調配物包含治療有效量之抗體、pH 4.5至約6.0之精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液及界面活性劑。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至200 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約30 mg/mL至175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約100 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體不經受預先冷凍乾燥。在一些實施例中,抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為單株抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為全長抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為IgG1抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為人類化抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為包含抗原結合區之抗體片段。在一些實施例中,抗體片段為Fab或F(ab')2片段。在一些實施例中,單株抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為貝伐單抗。在一些實施例中,單株抗體易聚集。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約25 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約50 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約75 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約100 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約120 mM至約240 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約150 mM至約225 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200 mM。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.5至約5.5之pH值。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.8至約5.4之pH值。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約5.2之pH值。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑為聚山梨醇酯。在一些實施例中,聚山梨醇酯為聚山梨醇酯20。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.0001%至約1.0%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為約0.01%至約0.05%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.04%。在一些實施例中,調配物為無菌的。在一些實施例中,調配物在約40℃下儲存至少28天後係穩定的。在一些實施例中,調配物為含水的且向個體投與。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於靜脈內(IV)、皮下(SQ)或肌肉內(IM)投藥。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種藉由將治療有效量之抗體、pH 4.5至約6.0之精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液及界面活性劑組合在一起使含水醫藥調配物中抗體穩定之方法。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至200 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約30 mg/mL至175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約100 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體不經預先冷凍乾燥。在一些實施例中,抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為單株抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為全長抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為IgG1抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為人類化抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為包含抗原結合區之抗體片段。在一些實施例中,抗體片段為Fab或F(ab')2片段。在一些實施例中,單株抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為貝伐單抗。在一些實施例中,單株抗體易聚集。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約25 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約50 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約75 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約100 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約120 mM至約240 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約150 mM至約225 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200 mM。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.5至約5.5之pH。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.8至約5.4之pH。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約5.2之pH。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑為聚山梨醇酯。在一些實施例中,聚山梨醇酯為聚山梨醇酯20。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.0001%至約1.0%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為約0.01%至約0.05%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.04%。在一些實施例中,調配物為滅菌的。在一些實施例中,調配物在約40℃儲存至少28天係穩定的。在一些實施例中,調配物為含水的且向個體投與。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於靜脈內(IV)、皮下(SQ)或肌肉內(IM)投藥。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種穩定的含水醫藥調配物,其包含治療有效量之抗體、200 mM pH 5.2之精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液及界面活性劑。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至200 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約30 mg/mL至175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約100 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體不經受預先冷凍乾燥。在一些實施例中,抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為單株抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為全長抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為IgG1抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為人類化抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為包含抗原結合區之抗體片段。在一些實施例中,抗體片段為Fab或F(ab')2片段。在一些實施例中,單株抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為貝伐單抗。在一些實施例中,單株抗體易聚集。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑為聚山梨醇酯。在一些實施例中,聚山梨醇酯為聚山梨醇酯20。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.0001%至約1.0%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為約0.01%至約0.05%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.04%。在一些實施例中,調配物為無菌的。在一些實施例中,調配物在約40℃下儲存至少28天後係穩定的。在一些實施例中,調配物為含水的且向個體投與。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於靜脈內(IV)、皮下(SQ)或肌肉內(IM)投藥。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種醫藥調配物,其包含:(a)易經脫醯胺或易聚集之全長IgG1抗體,含量為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL;(b)精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液,pH 4.5至6.0;及(c)聚山梨醇酯20,含量為約0.01%至約0.1%。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至200 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約30 mg/mL至175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約100 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體不經受預先冷凍乾燥。在一些實施例中,抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為貝伐單抗。在一些實施例中,抗體為人類化抗體。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約25 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約50 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約75 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約100 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約120 mM至約240 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約150 mM至約225 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200 mM。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.5至約5.5之pH值。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.8至約5.4之pH值。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約5.2之pH值。在一些實施例中,聚山梨醇酯20為約0.01%至約0.05%。在一些實施例中,聚山梨醇酯20為0.04%。在一些實施例中,調配物為無菌的。在一些實施例中,調配物在約40℃下儲存至少28天後係穩定的。在一些實施例中,調配物為含水的且向個體投與。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於靜脈內(IV)、皮下(SQ)或肌肉內(IM)投藥。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種醫藥調配物,其包含在pH值為約4.5至約6.0之精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液中的結合至VEGF之抗體及界面活性劑。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至200 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約30 mg/mL至175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約100 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體不經受預先冷凍乾燥。在一些實施例中,抗體為單株抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為全長抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為IgG1抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為人類化抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為包含抗原結合區之抗體片段。在一些實施例中,抗體片段為Fab或F(ab')2片段。在一些實施例中,抗體為貝伐單抗。在一些實施例中,單株抗體易聚集。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約25 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約50 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約75 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約120 mM至約240 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約150 mM至約225 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200 mM。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.5至約5.5之pH值。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.8至約5.4之pH值。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約5.2之pH值。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑為聚山梨醇酯。在一些實施例中,聚山梨醇酯為聚山梨醇酯20。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.0001%至約1.0%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為約0.01%至約0.05%。在一些實施例中,界面活性劑濃度為0.04%。在一些實施例中,調配物為無菌的。在一些實施例中,調配物在約40℃下儲存至少28天後係穩定的。在一些實施例中,調配物為含水的且向個體投與。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於靜脈內(IV)、皮下(SQ)或肌肉內(IM)投藥。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種用於減輕治療性單株抗體之聚集的方法,其包含在pH 4.5至6.0之精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液中調配抗體。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至200 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約30 mg/mL至175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約100 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,抗體不經受預先冷凍乾燥。在一些實施例中,抗體為單株抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為全長抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為IgG1抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為人類化抗體。在一些實施例中,單株抗體為包含抗原結合區之抗體片段。在一些實施例中,抗體片段為Fab或F(ab')2片段。在一些實施例中,單株抗體結合VEGF。在一些實施例中,抗體為貝伐單抗。在一些實施例中,單株抗體易聚集。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約25 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約50 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約75 mM至約250 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約120 mM至約240 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約150 mM至約225 mM。在一些實施例中,在緩衝液中的精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200 mM。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.5至約5.5之pH值。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約4.8至約5.4之pH值。在一些實施例中,精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液具有約5.2之pH值。在一些實施例中,調配物為無菌的。在一些實施例中,調配物在約40℃下儲存至少28天後係穩定的。在一些實施例中,調配物為含水的且向個體投與。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於靜脈內(IV)、皮下(SQ)或肌肉內(IM)投藥。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IV投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約10 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約25 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於SQ投藥且抗體濃度為約50 mg/mL至約150 mg/mL。在一些實施例中,調配物係用於IM投藥且抗體濃度為約75 mg/mL至約125 mg/mL。
本發明之另一實施例提供包含容納本文所述之任一調配物的容器之製造物品。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種具有注射器可刺穿之塞子的小瓶,該小瓶包含本文所述之任一調配物。在一些實施例中,小瓶在約2-8℃下儲存。在一些實施例中,小瓶為3 cc、20 cc或50 cc小瓶。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種不鏽鋼槽,其包含在該槽內部之本文所述之任一調配物。在一些實施例中,調配物經冷凍。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種製備醫藥調配物之方法,其包含:(a)製備本文所述之任一調配物;及(b)評估調配物中之抗體的物理穩定性、化學穩定性或生物活性。
本發明之另一實施例提供一種治療個體之疾病或病症的方法,其包含向個體投與有效治療該疾病或病症之量的本文所述之任一調配物。在一些實施例中,該疾病為癌症。在一些實施例中,癌症係選自結腸直腸癌、肺癌、乳癌、腎癌及神經膠母細胞瘤。
本發明之此等及其他實施例由以下實施方式進一步描述。
在詳細描述本發明之前,應瞭解本發明不限於特定組合物或生物系統,其當然可變化。亦應瞭解本文中使用之術語僅為描述特定實施例之目的而並非意欲具有限制性。如本說明書及所附之申請專利範圍中所使用,除非另作明確說明,否則單數形式「一」及「該」包括多個指示物。因此,舉例而言,「分子」視情況包括兩個或兩個以上該等分子之組合、及其類似物。
術語「醫藥調配物」係指呈使活性成份之生物活性有效之形式的製劑,且其不含對投與該調配物之個體具有不可接受之毒性的額外組份。該等調配物為無菌的。「醫藥學上可接受之」賦形劑(媒劑、添加劑)為彼等可合理投與個體哺乳動物以提供有效劑量之所用活性成份的賦形劑。
「無菌」調配物為無菌的或不含或基本上不含所有活的微生物及其孢子。
本文中,「冷凍」調配物係處於0℃之溫度以下的調配物。一般而言,冷凍調配物未經冷凍乾燥,亦未經受預先或後續冷凍乾燥。在某些實施例中,冷凍調配物包含便於儲存(在不鏽鋼槽中)之冷凍藥物或(呈最終小瓶組態)冷凍藥品。
「穩定」調配物為在儲存後所含蛋白質基本上保持其物理穩定性及/或化學穩定性及/或生物活性的調配物。調配物在儲存後較佳基本上保持其物理及化學穩定性以及其生物活性。儲存期一般係基於調配物之預期存放期來選擇。量測蛋白質穩定性之各種分析技術可在此項技術中獲得且例如在Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery,247-301,Vincent Lee Ed.,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,N.Y.,Pubs.(1991)及Jones,A. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.10: 29-90(1993)中評述。可在選定溫度下量測一段選定時期的穩定性。在某些實施例中,調配物在約40℃下穩定至少約1、2、3、4、5、6、7、14、21、28天或28天以上。在某些實施例中,調配物在約40℃下穩定至少約1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8週或8週以上。在某些實施例中,調配物在約25℃下穩定至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24個月或24個月以上。在某些實施例中,調配物在約5℃下穩定至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24個月或24個月以上。在某些實施例中,調配物在約-20℃下穩定至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48個月或48個月以上。在某些實施例中,調配物在5℃或-20℃下穩定至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48個月或48個月以上。此外,調配物較佳在調配物之冷凍(至例如-20℃或-70℃)及解凍之後,例如在1、2、3、4或5個冷凍及解凍循環之後穩定。穩定性可以多種不同方式定性及/或定量評估,包括(例如使用尺寸排阻層析、藉由量測濁度、及/或藉由目視檢驗)評估聚集體形成;藉由使用陽離子交換層析、圖像毛細管等電聚焦(icIEF)或毛細管區帶電泳評估電荷不均勻性;胺基端或羧基端序列分析;質譜分析;比較簡化抗體與完整抗體的SDS-PAGE分析;肽定位(例如胰蛋白酶或LYS-C)分析;評估抗體之生物活性或抗原結合功能;等等。不穩定性可涉及以下任一或多者:聚集、脫醯胺(例如Asn脫醯胺)、氧化(例如Met氧化)、異構化(例如Asp異構化)、削剪/水解/片段化(例如鉸鏈區片段化)、丁二醯亞胺形成、非配對半胱胺酸、N端延長、C端加工、糖基化差異等等。
若在目視檢查顏色及/或透明度或藉由UV光散射或藉由尺寸排阻層析量測之後蛋白質未展示聚集、沈澱及/或變性之徵象或極少聚集、沈澱及/或變性,則在醫藥調配物中之蛋白質「保持其物理穩定性」。
若在給定時間下化學穩定性使得蛋白質被視為仍保持其如下所定義之生物活性,則在醫藥調配物中的蛋白質「保持其化學穩定性」。化學穩定性可藉由偵測及定量化學上變更形式之蛋白質來評估。化學變更可涉及尺寸修飾(例如削剪),其可例如使用尺寸排阻層析、SDS-PAGE及/或基質輔助雷射脫附離子化/飛行時間質譜分析(MALDI/TOF MS)來評估。其他類型之化學變更包括電荷變更(例如由脫醯胺所致),其可藉由例如離子交換層析或icIEF來評估。
若在給定時間下抗體之生物活性在約10%(在檢驗之誤差內)如在例如抗原結合檢驗中所測定的製備醫藥調配物之時所呈現的生物活性內,則在醫藥調配物中的抗體「保持其生物活性」。在下文中詳述抗體之其他「生物活性」檢驗。
本文中,單株抗體之「生物活性」係指抗體結合至抗原之能力。其可進一步包括結合至抗原且造成可在活體外或活體內量測之可量測生物反應的抗體。該活性可為拮抗或促效的。
本文中之「脫醯胺」單株抗體為一或多個天冬醯胺殘基已衍生為例如天冬胺酸或異天冬胺酸之單株抗體。
「易經脫醯胺」之抗體為包含一或多個發現有脫醯胺傾向之殘基的抗體。
「易聚集」之抗體為已發現與其他抗體分子,尤其在冷凍及/或攪拌之後聚集的抗體。
「易片段化」之抗體為已發現在例如鉸鏈區裂解成兩個或兩個以上片段的抗體。
「減少脫醯胺、聚集或片段化」預期預防或減少相對於在不同pH值下或在不同緩衝液中調配的單株抗體之脫醯胺、聚集或片段化之量。
經調配之抗體較佳為基本上純的且希望基本上均勻(例如,不含污染蛋白質等等)。「基本上純的」抗體意謂包含基於組合物之總重量至少約90重量%之抗體,較佳至少約95重量%之抗體的組合物。「基本上均勻的」抗體意謂包含基於組合物之總重量至少約99重量%之抗體的組合物。
「等張」意謂相關調配物具有基本上與人類血液相同之滲透壓。等張調配物一般具有約250至350 mOsm之滲透壓。等張性可使用例如蒸氣壓或冰凍型滲壓計來量測。
如本文所用之「緩衝液」係指藉由酸鹼共軛組份之作用阻止pH值改變之緩衝溶液。本發明之緩衝液較佳具有範圍在約4.5至約7.0內,較佳在約4.5至約6.5內,例如在4.5至6.0內,4.5至5.9內,4.5至5.8內,4.5至5.7內,4.5至5.6內,4.5至5.5內,4.5至5.6內,4.5至5.5內,4.5至5.4內,4.5至5.3內,4.5至5.2內,4.5至5.1內,4.5至5.0內,4.5至4.9內,4.5至4.8內,4.5至4.7內,或4.5至4.6內的pH值。在一實施例中,緩衝液具有4.5、4.6、4.7、4.8、4.8、5.0、5.1、5.2、5.3、5.4、5.5、5.6、5.7、5.8、5.9或6.0之pH值。將pH值控制在此範圍內的緩衝液之實例包括乙酸鹽、丁二酸鹽、丁二酸鹽、葡糖酸鹽、組胺酸、檸檬酸鹽、甘胺醯甘胺酸及其他有機酸緩衝液。
「精胺酸緩衝液」為包含精胺酸離子之緩衝液。精胺酸緩衝液之實例包括精胺酸乙酸鹽、精胺酸氯化物、精胺酸磷酸鹽、精胺酸硫酸鹽、精胺酸丁二酸鹽等等。在一實施例中,精胺酸緩衝液為精胺酸乙酸鹽。在一實施例中,藉由以乙酸(液體)滴定L-精胺酸(游離鹼,固體)來製備精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液。在某些實施例中,精胺酸緩衝液之pH值為4.5至6.0、4.5至5.9、4.5至5.8、4.5至5.7、4.5至5.6、4.5至5.5、4.5至5.6、4.5至5.5、4.5至5.4、4.5至5.3、4.5至5.2、4.5至5.1、4.5至5.0、4.5至4.9、4.5至4.8、4.5至4.7或4.5至4.6。在一實施例中,緩衝液具有4.5、4.6、4.7、4.8、4.8、5.0、5.1、5.2、5.3、5.4、5.5、5.6、5.7、5.8、5.9或6.0之pH值。
本文中,「界面活性劑」係指表面活性劑,較佳為非離子界面活性劑。本文中界面活性劑之實例包括聚山梨醇酯(例如聚山梨醇酯20及聚山梨醇酯80);泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)(例如泊洛沙姆188);氚核;十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS);月桂基硫酸鈉;辛基醣苷鈉;月桂基-磺基甜菜鹼、十四烷基-磺基甜菜鹼、亞油烯基-磺基甜菜鹼或硬脂醯基-磺基甜菜鹼;月桂基-肌胺酸、十四烷基-肌胺酸、亞油烯基-肌胺酸或硬脂醯基-肌胺酸;亞油烯基-甜菜鹼、十四烷基-甜菜鹼或鯨蠟基-甜菜鹼;月桂醯胺丙基-甜菜鹼、椰油醯胺丙基-甜菜鹼、亞油烯醯胺丙基-甜菜鹼、十四烷醯胺丙基-甜菜鹼、軟脂醯胺丙基-甜菜鹼或異硬脂醯胺丙基-甜菜鹼(例如,月桂醯胺丙基);十四烷醯胺丙基-二甲胺、軟脂醯胺丙基-二甲胺或異硬脂醯胺丙基-二甲胺;甲基椰油醯基-牛磺酸鈉或甲基油基-牛磺酸二鈉;及MONAQUATTM系列(Mona Industries,Inc.,Paterson,N.J.);聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、及乙烯與丙二醇之共聚物(例如泊洛尼克(Pluronics)、PF68等);等等。在一實施例中,本文中之界面活性劑為聚山梨醇酯20。
自藥理學角度來看,在本發明之上下文中,抗體之「治療有效量」係指有效預防或治療病症之量,抗體在該病症之治療中有效。「病症」為受益於使用抗體治療之任何病狀。此包括慢性及急性病症或疾病,包括使哺乳動物易患所述病症之彼等病理病狀。
「防腐劑」為可視情況包括於調配物中以基本上減少其中之細菌作用從而便於例如多用途調配物之製造的化合物。潛在防腐劑之實例包括氯化十八烷基二甲基苄基銨、氯化六羥季銨、氯化苯甲烴銨(烷基為長鏈化合物之氯化烷基苄基二甲基銨之混合物)及苄索氯銨。其他類型之防腐劑包括芳族醇,諸如苯酚、丁醇及苄醇;對羥基苯甲酸烷基酯,諸如對羥基苯甲酸甲酯或對羥基苯甲酸丙酯;兒茶酚、間苯二酚、環己醇、3-戊醇及間甲酚。在一實施例中,本文中之防腐劑為苄醇。
「多元醇」為具有多個羥基之物質,且包括糖(還原糖及非還原糖)、糖醇及糖酸。多元醇可視情況包括於調配物中。在某些實施例中,本文中之多元醇具有小於約600 kD(例如在約120至約400 kD之範圍內)之分子量。「還原糖」為含有可還原金屬離子或與蛋白質中之離胺酸及其他胺基共價反應之半縮醛基的糖,且「非還原糖」為不具有還原糖之此等特性的糖。還原糖之實例為果糖、甘露糖、麥芽糖、乳糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、核糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖及葡萄糖。非還原糖包括蔗糖、海藻糖、山梨糖、松三糖及棉子糖。甘露糖醇、木糖醇、赤藻糖醇、蘇糖醇、山梨糖醇及甘油為糖醇之實例。就糖酸而言,此等實例包括L-葡糖酸鹽及其金屬鹽。當希望調配物為冷凍-解凍穩定時,多元醇較佳為在冷凍溫度(例如-20℃)下不結晶以便使調配物中之抗體去穩定者。在某些實施例中,諸如蔗糖及海藻糖之非還原糖為多元醇之實例,因海藻糖之溶液穩定性,故海藻糖優於蔗糖。
如本文所用之術語「VEGF」或「VEGF-A」係指如由Leung等人(1989) Science 246:1306及Houck等人(1991) Mol. Endocrin,5:1806所描述的165-胺基酸人類血管內皮細胞生長因子及相關121-、189-及206-胺基酸人類血管內皮細胞生長因子,以及其天然存在之對偶基因形式及加工形式。術語「VEGF」亦指來自非人類物種(諸如小鼠、大鼠或靈長類動物)之VEGF。有時,來自特定物種之VEGF由如下術語表示,諸如hVEGF表示人類VEGF,mVEGF表示鼠類VEGF等。術語「VEGF」亦用於指示包含165-胺基酸人類血管內皮細胞生長因子之胺基酸8至109或1至109的多肽截短形式。在本申請案中,對任何該等形式之VEGF之提及可例如以「VEGF(8-109)」、「VEGF(1-109)」或「VEGF165」來識別。「經截短」原生VEGF之胺基酸位置係如原生VEGF序列中所指示進行編號。舉例而言,經截短原生VEGF中之胺基酸位置17(甲硫胺酸)亦為原生VEGF中之位置17(甲硫胺酸)。經截短原生VEGF對KDR及Flt-1受體之結合親和力與原生VEGF相當。
「VEGF生物活性」包括結合至任何VEGF受體或任何VEGF信號傳導活性,諸如調節正常及異常血管生成及血小管生成(Ferrara及Davis-Smyth(1997) Endocrine Rev. 18:4-25;Ferrara(1999) J. Mol. Med. 77:527-543);促進胚期血小管生成及血管生成(Carmeliet等人(1996) Nature 380:435-439;Ferrara等人(1996) Nature 380:439-442);及調節雌性生殖道中之循環血管增生及骨骼生長與軟骨形成(Ferrara等人(1998) Nature Med. 4:336-340;Gerber等人(1999) Nature Med. 5:623-628)。除作為血管生成及血小管生成中之血管生成因子之外,VEGF作為多效性生長因子亦在其他生理過程(諸如內皮細胞存活、血管滲透性及血管擴張、單核細胞趨化性及鈣流入)中展現多重生物效應(Ferrara及Davis-Smyth(1997)同上及Cebe-Suarez等人Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63:601-615(2006))。另外,最近研究已報導VEGF對於數種非內皮細胞類型(諸如視網膜色素上皮細胞、胰管細胞及許旺氏(Schwann)細胞)具有促有絲分裂作用。Guerrin等人(1995) J. Cell Physiol. 164:385-394;Oberg-Welsh等人(1997) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 126:125-132;Sondell等人(1999) J. Neurosci. 19:5731-5740。
「VEGF拮抗劑」或「VEGF特異性拮抗劑」係指能夠與VEGF結合、降低VEGF表現量或中和、阻斷、抑制、取消、降低或干擾VEGF生物活性(包括(但不限於)VEGF與一或多種VEGF受體之結合及VEGF介導之血管生成及內皮細胞存活或增殖)的分子。適用於本發明方法中之VEGF特異性拮抗劑包括與VEGF特異性結合之多肽、抗VEGF抗體及其抗原結合片段、與VEGF特異性結合由此隔絕其與一或多種受體之結合的受體分子及其衍生物、融合蛋白(例如VEGF-Trap(Regeneron))及VEGF121-白樹素(gelonin)(Peregrine)。VEGF特異性拮抗劑亦包括VEGF多肽之拮抗劑變異體、針對VEGF之反義核鹼基寡聚物、針對VEGF之小RNA分子、RNA適體、肽體及針對VEGF之核酶。VEGF特異性拮抗劑亦包括與VEGF結合且能夠阻斷、抑制、取消、降低或干擾VEGF生物活性的非肽小分子。因此,術語「VEGF活性」尤其包括VEGF介導之VEGF生物活性。在某些實施例中,VEGF拮抗劑降低或抑制VEGF之表現量或生物活性至少10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%或90%以上。
「抗VEGF抗體」為以足夠親和力及特異性與VEGF結合之抗體。在某些實施例中,所選抗體通常將具有與VEGF之足夠結合親和力,舉例而言,抗體可以介於100 nM-1 pM之間的Kd值結合hVEGF。舉例而言,可藉由基於表面電漿子共振之檢驗(諸如BIAcore檢驗,如PCT申請公開案第WO2005/012359號中所述)、酶聯免疫吸附檢驗(ELISA)及競爭檢驗(例如RIA)測定抗體親和力。
在某些實施例中,抗VEGF抗體可在靶向及干擾涉及VEGF活性之疾病或病狀中用作治療劑。再者,抗體可經受其他生物活性檢驗,例如以評估其作為治療劑之有效性。該等檢驗在此項技術中已知且視目標抗原及抗體之預期用途而定。實例包括HUVEC抑制檢驗;腫瘤細胞生長抑制檢驗(如例如WO 89/06692中所述);抗體依賴性細胞毒性(ADCC)及補體介導之細胞毒性(CDC)檢驗(美國專利5,500,362);及促效活性或血細胞生成檢驗(參見WO 95/27062)。抗VEGF抗體通常不會與諸如VEGF-B或VEGF-C之其他VEGF同源物結合,亦不會與諸如PlGF、PDGF或bFGF之其他生長因子結合。在一實施例中,抗VEGF抗體為結合至與藉由融合瘤ATCC HB 10709所製備的單株抗VEGF抗體A4.6.1相同之抗原決定基的單株抗體。在另一實施例中,抗VEGF抗體為根據Presta等人(1997) Cancer Res. 57:4593-4599產生之重組人類化抗VEGF單株抗體,包括(但不限於)稱為貝伐單抗(BV;A VASTEST)之抗體。
抗VEGF抗體「貝伐單抗(BV)」(亦稱為「rhuMAb VEGF」或「AVASTIN」)為根據Presta等人(1997)Cancer Res. 57:4593-4599產生之重組人類化抗VEGF單株抗體。貝伐單抗包含突變型人類IgG1構架區及來自阻斷人類VEGF與其受體結合之鼠類抗hVEGF單株抗體A.4.6.1的抗原結合互補決定區。約93%之貝伐單抗胺基酸序列(包括大多數構架區)來源於人類IgG1且約7%之序列來源於鼠類抗體A4.6.1。貝伐單抗具有約149,000道爾頓(dalton)之分子質量且經糖基化。貝伐單抗及其他人類化抗VEGF抗體係於2005年2月26日發表之美國專利第6,884,879號中進一步描述,該專利之全部揭示內容以引用之方式明確併入本文中。
如本文所用之術語「B20系列多肽」係指多肽,包括結合至VEGF之抗體。B20系列多肽包括(但不限於)美國公開案第20060280747號、美國公開案第20070141065號及/或美國公開案第20070020267號中所述的來源於B20抗體序列之抗體或源自B20之抗體,此等專利申請案之內容以引用的方式明確併入本文中。在一實施例中,B20系列多肽為如美國公開案第20060280747號、美國公開案第20070141065號及/或美國公開案第20070020267號中所述之B20-4.1。在另一實施例中,B20系列多肽為美國專利申請案60/991,302中所述之B20-4.1.1,該案之全部揭示內容以引用的方式明確併入本文中。
如本文所用之術語「G6系列多肽」係指多肽,包括結合至VEGF之抗體。G6系列多肽包括(但不限於)在美國公開案第20060280747號、美國公開案第20070141065號及/或美國公開案第20070020267號中所述的來源於G6抗體之序列的抗體或源自G6之抗體。如美國公開案第20060280747號、美國公開案第20070141065號及/或美國公開案第20070020267號中所述的G6系列多肽包括(但不限於)G6-8、G6-23及G6-31。
關於額外抗體,參見美國專利第7,060,269號、第6,582,959號、第6,703,020號、第6,054,297號、WO 98/45332、WO 96/30046、WO 94/10202、EP 0666868B1、美國專利申請公開案第2006009360號、第20050186208號、第20030206899號、第20030190317號、第20030203409號及第20050112126號;及Popkov等人,Journal of Immunological Methods 288:149-164(2004)。在某些實施例中,其他抗體包括彼等結合至人類VEGF上之官能性抗原決定基的抗體,其包含殘基F17、M18、D19、Y21、Y25、Q89、I91、K101、E103及C104,或另外包含殘基F17、Y21、Q22、Y25、D63、I83及Q89。
其他抗VEGF抗體亦已知且在例如Liang等人,J Biol Chem 281,951-961(2006)中描述。
「治療」係指治療性處理及預防性措施。需要治療者包括已患有病症者以及有待預防病症者。
「病症」為將受益於治療之任何病狀,包括(但不限於)慢性及急性病症或疾病,包括使哺乳動物易患相關病症之彼等病理病狀。病症包括血管生成病症。如本文所用之「血管生成病症」係指涉及異常血管生成或異常血管滲透或滲漏的任何病狀。本文中待治療之血管生成病症之非限制性實例包括惡性及良性腫瘤;非白血病及淋巴惡性疾病;及尤其腫瘤(癌症)轉移。
「異常血管生成」發生在患病狀態下新血管過度或不當(例如,自醫學觀點來看血管生成之位置、時序、程度或發作不當)生長時或該過度或不當生長使得引起患病狀態時。在一些情況下,過度、不受控或不當血管生成發生在新血管生長促使患病狀態更差或促成患病狀態之病因時。新血管可供給患病組織、破壞正常組織,且在癌症之情況下,新血管會容許腫瘤細胞逸入循環中且進入其他器官(腫瘤轉移)。涉及異常血管生成之病症之實例包括(但不限於)癌症,尤其血管化實體腫瘤及轉移性腫瘤(包括結腸、肺癌(尤其小細胞肺癌)或前列腺癌);由眼部新血管生成所引起之疾病,尤其糖尿病性失明、視網膜病、原發性糖尿病性視網膜病或年齡相關之黃斑變性、脈絡膜新血管生成(CNV)、糖尿病性黃斑水腫、病理性近視、von Hippel-Lindau病、眼睛之組織漿菌病、中樞性視網膜靜脈阻塞(CRVO)、角膜新血管生成、視網膜新血管生成及虹膜紅變;牛皮癬、牛皮癬性關節炎;血管母細胞瘤,諸如血管瘤;發炎性腎病,諸如絲球體腎炎,尤其系膜增生性絲球體腎炎、溶血性尿素性症候群、糖尿病性腎病或高血壓性腎硬化;各種發炎性疾病,諸如關節炎,尤其類風濕性關節炎、發炎性腸病、牛皮癬、類肉瘤病、動脈硬化及移植後發生之疾病;子宮內膜異位症或慢性哮喘及其他病狀。
「異常血管滲透」發生在患病狀態下血管與血管外隔區之間的流體、分子(例如離子及營養素)及細胞(例如淋巴細胞)之流動過度或不當(例如自醫學觀點來看血管滲透之位置、時序、程度或發作不當)時或該流動過度或不當使得引起患病狀態時。異常血管滲透可能會導致離子、水、營養素或細胞經由血管結構之過度或不當「滲漏」。在一些情況下,過度、不受控或不當血管滲透或血管滲漏加劇或誘發疾病狀態,包括例如與腫瘤(例如腦腫瘤)相關之水腫;與惡性疾病相關之腹水;梅格斯氏症候群(Meigs' syndrome);肺部炎症;腎病症候群;心包積液;肋膜積液;與心血管疾病相關之滲透性,諸如心肌梗塞及中風之後的病狀及其類似疾病狀態。本發明涵蓋治療彼等已患上與異常血管滲透或滲漏相關之疾病及病症或處於患上該等疾病及病症之風險之中的患者。
術語「細胞增殖性病症」及「增殖性病症」係指與某種程度之異常細胞增殖相關之病症。在一實施例中,細胞增殖性病症為癌症。在一實施例中,細胞增殖性病症為腫瘤。
如本文所用之「腫瘤」係指不管惡性或良性之所有贅生性細胞生長及增殖,及所有癌前及癌細胞與組織。如本文所提及,術語「癌症」、「癌性」、「細胞增殖性病症」、「增殖性病症」及「腫瘤」並不相互排斥。
術語「癌症」及「癌性」係指或描述特徵通常為未經調節細胞生長之哺乳動物生理學病狀。癌症之實例包括(但不限於)癌瘤、淋巴瘤、母細胞瘤、肉瘤及白血病或淋巴惡性疾病。該等癌症之更特定實例包括(但不限於)鱗狀細胞癌(例如上皮鱗狀細胞癌)、肺癌(包括小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、肺腺癌及肺鱗狀癌)、腹膜癌、肝細胞癌、胃癌(包括胃腸癌及胃腸基質癌)、胰腺癌、神經膠母細胞瘤、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、泌尿道癌、肝腫瘤、乳癌、結腸癌、直腸癌、結腸直腸癌、子宮內膜癌或子宮癌、唾液腺癌、腎癌、前列腺癌、陰門癌、甲狀腺癌、肝癌、肛門癌、陰莖癌、黑色素瘤、淺表散播型黑色素瘤、惡性小痣黑色素瘤、肢端雀斑樣黑色素瘤、結節性黑色素瘤、多發性骨髓瘤及B細胞淋巴瘤(包括輕度/濾泡性非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)、小淋巴球性(SL)NHL、中度/濾泡性NHL、中度彌漫性NHL、重度免疫母細胞NHL、重度淋巴母細胞NHL、重度小型無裂細胞NHL、巨瘤症NHL、套細胞淋巴瘤、AIDS相關淋巴瘤及瓦爾登斯特倫氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia))、慢性淋巴球性白血病(CLL)、急性淋巴母細胞白血病(ALL)、毛細胞白血病、慢性骨髓母細胞白血病及移植後淋巴增生性病症(PTLD),以及與母斑細胞病相關之異常血管增生、水腫(諸如與腦腫瘤相關之水腫)、梅格斯氏症候群、腦癌以及頭頸癌及相關轉移。在某些實施例中,適於用本發明抗體治療的癌症包括乳癌、結腸直腸癌、直腸癌、非小細胞肺癌、神經膠母細胞瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)、腎細胞癌、前列腺癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、軟組織肉瘤、卡堡氏肉瘤(kaposi's sarcoma)、類癌、頭頸癌、卵巢癌、間皮瘤及多發性骨髓瘤。在一些實施例中,癌症係選自:小細胞肺癌、神經膠母細胞瘤、神經母細胞瘤、黑色素瘤、乳癌、胃癌、結腸直腸癌(CRC)及肝細胞癌。在另一些實施例中,癌症係選自:非小細胞肺癌、結腸直腸癌、神經膠母細胞瘤及乳癌,包括彼等癌症之轉移形式。
術語「抗癌療法」係指適用於治療癌症之療法。抗癌治療劑之實例包括(但限於)例如化學治療劑、生長抑制劑、細胞毒性劑、用於放射療法中之藥劑、抗血管生成劑、細胞凋亡劑、抗微管蛋白劑及治療癌症之其他藥劑,諸如抗HER-2抗體、抗CD20抗體、表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)拮抗劑(例如酪胺酸激酶抑制劑)、HER1/EGFR抑制劑(例如埃羅替尼(erlotinib)(TarcevaTM)、源自血小板之生長因子抑制劑(例如GleevecTM(甲磺酸伊馬替尼(Imatinib Mesylate)))、COX-2抑制劑(例如賽利克西(celecoxib))、干擾素、細胞激素、結合至一或多種以下目標:ErbB2、ErbB3、ErbB4、PDGFR-β、BlyS、APRIL、BCMA或 VEGF受體之拮抗劑(例如中和抗體)、TRAIL/Apo2、及其他生物活性劑及有機化學劑,等等。其組合亦包括於本發明中。
「血管生成因子或血管生成劑」為涉及刺激血管之發展(例如促進血管生成、內皮細胞生長、血管穩定性及/或血小管生成等等)的生長因子或其受體。舉例而言,血管生成因子包括(但不限於)例如VEGF及VEGF家族之成員及其受體(VEGF-B、VEGF-C、VEGF-D、VEGFR1、VEGFR2及VEGFR3)、P1GF、PDGF家族、纖維母細胞生長因子家族(FGF)、TIE配位體(血管生成素、ANGPT1、ANGPT2)、TIE1、TIE2、ephrins、Bv8、類δ配位體4(DLL4)、Del-1、纖維母細胞生長因子:酸性(aFGF)及鹼性(bFGF)、FGF4、FGF9、BMP9、BMP10、卵泡抑素、粒細胞菌落刺激因子(G-CSF)、GM-CSF、肝細胞生長因子(HGF)/分散因子(SF)、介白素-8(IL-8)、CXCL12、瘦素、中期因子、神經菌毛素、NRP1、NRP2、胎盤生長因子、源自血小板之內皮細胞生長因子(PD-ECGF)、源自血小板之生長因子(尤其PDGF-BB、PDGFR-α或PDGFR-β)、多效生長因子(PTN)、顆粒蛋白前體、增殖蛋白、轉化生長因子-α(TGF-α)、轉化生長因子-β(TGF-β)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、Alk1、CXCR4、Notch1、Notch4、Sema3A、Sema3C、Sema3F、Robo4等等。其進一步包括促進血管生成之因子,諸如ESM1及基膜蛋白多糖(Perlecan)。其亦包括加速創傷癒合之因子,諸如生長激素、胰島素樣生長因子-I(IGF-I)、VIGF、表皮生長因子(EGF)、EGF樣結構域、multiple 7(EGFL7)、CTGF及其家族成員及TGF-α及TGF-β。參見,例如Rlagsbrun及D'Amore(1991) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 53:217-39;Streit及Detmar(2003) Oncogene 22:3172-3179;Ferrara及Alitalo(1999) Nature Medicine 5(12): 1359-1364;Tonini等人(2003) Oncogene 22:6549-6556(例如表1列出已知血管生成因子);及Sato(2003) Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 8:200-206。
「抗血管生成劑」或「血管生成抑制劑」係指直接或間接抑制血管生成、血小管生成或不當血管滲透的小分子量物質、聚核苷酸(包括例如抑制性RNA(RNAi或siRNA))、多肽、經分離之蛋白質、重組蛋白質、抗體或其結合物或融合蛋白。應瞭解抗血管生成劑包括結合血管生成因子或其受體且阻斷血管生成因子或其受體之血管生成活性的彼等抗血管生成劑。舉例而言,抗血管生成劑為針對如上所定義之血管生成劑的抗體或其他拮抗劑,例如針對VEGF-A或針對VEGF-A受體(例如KDR受體或Flt-1受體)之抗體、抗PDGFR抑制劑、阻斷VEGF受體信號傳導之小分子(例如PTK787/ZK2284、SU6668、SUTENT/SU11248(蘋果酸舒尼替尼(sunitinib malate))、AMG706或例如國際專利申請案WO 2004/113304中所述者)。抗血管生成劑包括(但不限於)以下藥劑:VEGF抑制劑(諸如VEGF特異性拮抗劑)、EGF抑制劑、EGFR抑制劑、Erbitux(西妥昔單抗(cetuximab),ImClone Systems,Inc.,Branchburg,N.J.)、Vectibix(盤尼圖單抗(panitumumab),Amgen,Thousand Oaks,CA)、TIE2抑制劑、IGF1R抑制劑、COX-II(環加氧酶II)抑制劑、MMP-2(基質金屬蛋白酶2)抑制劑、及MMP-9(基質金屬蛋白酶9)抑制劑、CP-547,632(Pfizer Inc.,NY,USA)、阿西替尼(Axitinib)(Pfizer Inc.;AG-013736)、ZD-6474(AstraZeneca)、AEE788(Novartis)、AZD-2171、VEGF Trap(Regeneron/Aventis)、凡塔藍尼(Vatalanib)(亦稱為PTK-787、ZK-222584:Novartis & Schering AG)、美庫根(哌加他尼鈉(pegaptanib octasodium)、NX-1838、EYE-001,Pfizer Inc./Gilead/Eyetech)、IM862(Cytran Inc. Kirkland,Wash.,USA);及angiozyme(一種由Ribozyme(Boulder,Colo.)及Chiron(Emeryville,Calif.)合成之核糖核酸酶)及其組合。其他血管生成抑制劑包括凝血酶敏感蛋白1、凝血酶敏感蛋白2、膠原蛋白IV及膠原蛋白XVIII。VEGF抑制劑揭示於美國專利第6,534,524號及第6,235,764號中,兩篇文獻出於所有目的皆全部併入本文中。抗血管生成劑亦包括原生血管生成抑制劑,例如血管抑制素、內皮生長抑素等等。參見,例如Klagsbrun及D'Amore(1991) Aram. Rev. Physiol. 53:217-39;Streit及Detmar(2003) Oncogene 22:3172-3179(例如表3列出惡性黑色素瘤中之抗血管生成療法);Ferrara及Alitalo(1999) Nature Medicine 5(12): 1359-1364;Tonini等人(2003) Oncogene 22:6549-6556(例如表2列出已知抗血管生成因子);及Sato(2003) Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 8:200-206(例如表1列出臨床試驗中所用之抗血管生成劑)。
術語「抗血管生成療法」係指適用於抑制血管生成之療法,其包含投與抗血管生成劑。
如本文所用之術語「細胞毒性劑」係指抑制或阻止細胞功能及/或引起細胞死亡或破壞的物質。該術語意欲包括放射性同位素(例如,At211、I131、I125、Y90、Re186、Re188、Sm153、Bi212、P32、Pb212及Lu之放射性同位素);化學治療劑,例如甲胺喋呤、阿黴素(adriamicin)、長春生物鹼類(vinca alkaloids)(長春新鹼(vincristine)、長春花鹼(vinblastine)、依託泊苷(etoposide)、阿黴素(doxorubicin)、美法侖(melphalan)、絲裂黴素C(mitomycin C)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、道諾黴素(daunorubicin)或其他插入劑、酶及其片段(諸如核酸分解酶、抗生素及毒素,諸如細菌、真菌、植物或動物來源之小分子毒素或酶促活性毒素,包括其片段及/或變異體),以及下文所揭示之各種抗瘤劑或抗癌劑。其他細胞毒性劑在下文中描述。殺腫瘤劑可使腫瘤細胞毀壞。
「毒素」為任何能夠對細胞之生長或增殖具有不利作用之物質。
「化學治療劑」為適用於治療癌症之化合物。化學治療劑之實例包括:烷化劑,諸如硫替派(thiotepa)及環磷醯胺(CYTOXAN);烷基磺酸鹽類,諸如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)及哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);氮丙啶類,諸如苯唑多巴(benzodopa)、卡巴醌(carboquone)、米特多巴(meturedopa)及尤利多巴(uredopa);伸乙基亞胺類及甲基密胺類,包括六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、三伸乙基密胺(triethylenemelamine)、三伸乙基磷醯胺(trietylenephosphoramide)、三伸乙基硫代磷醯胺(triethiylenethiophosphoramide)及三甲密胺(trimethylolomelamine);多聚乙醯類(acetogenins)(尤其布拉他辛(bullatacin)及布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone));δ-9-四氫大麻酚(delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)(屈大麻酚(dronabinol,MARINOL));β-拉帕酮(beta-lapachone);拉帕醇(lapachol);秋水仙鹼(colchicine);樺木酸(betulinic acid);喜樹鹼(camptothecin)(包括合成類似物拓朴替康(topotecan)(HYCAMTIN)、CPT-11(伊諾替康(irinotecan),CAMPTOSAR)、乙醯基喜樹鹼(acetylcamptothecin)、斯考普萊叮(scopolectin)及9-胺基喜樹鹼);苔蘚蟲素(bryostatin);卡利斯塔叮(callystatin);CC-1065(包括其阿多來新(adozelesin)、卡折來新(carzelesin)及比折來新(bizelesin)合成類似物);足葉草毒素(podophyllotoxin);足葉草酸(podophyllinic acid);替尼泊甙(teniposide);念珠藻環肽(cryptophycin)(尤其念珠藻環肽1及念珠藻環肽8);海兔毒素(dolastatin);多卡米辛(duocarmycin)(包括合成類似物,KW-2189及CB1-TM1);艾榴素(eleutherobin);盤克斯塔叮(pancratistatin);沙考的汀(sarcodictyin);海綿素(spongistatin);氮芥類,諸如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、環磷醯胺、雌氮芥(estramustine)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、二氯甲二乙胺、鹽酸二氯甲二乙胺氧化物(mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride)、美法侖、新氮芥(novembichin)、膽固醇苯乙酸氮芥(phenesterine)、松龍苯芥(prednimustine)、氯乙環磷醯胺(trofosfamide)、尿嘧啶氮芥(uracil mustard);硝基脲,諸如亞硝脲氮芥(carmustine)、氯脲黴素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、環己亞硝脲(lomustine)、嘧啶亞硝脲(nimustine)及拉甯司汀(ranimnustine);抗生素,諸如烯二炔抗生素(例如,刺孢黴素(calicheamicin),尤其刺孢黴素γI及刺孢黴素ωI1(參見,例如,Nicolaou等人,Agnew,Chem Intl. Ed. Engl.,33:183-186(1994));CDP323(一種口服α-4整合素抑制劑);達米辛(dynemicin),包括達米辛A;艾斯帕米辛(esperamicin);以及新制癌菌素發色團及相關色蛋白烯二炔抗生素發色團)、阿克拉黴素(aclacinomysin)、放線菌素(actinomycin)、安麯黴素(authramycin)、偶氮絲胺酸、博來黴素(bleomycin)、放線菌素C(cactinomycin)、卡拉比辛(carabicin)、洋紅黴素(carminomycin)、嗜癌菌素(carzinophilin)、色黴素(chromomycin)、放線菌素D(dactinomycin)、道諾黴素、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮基-5-側氧基-L-正白胺酸、小紅莓(包括ADRIAMYCIN、N-嗎啉基-小紅莓、氰基-(N-嗎啉基)-小紅莓、2-(N-吡咯啉基)-小紅莓、鹽酸小紅莓脂質體注射液(DOXIL)、脂質體小紅莓TLC D-99(MYOCET)、聚乙二醇化脂質體小紅莓(CAELYX)及脫氧小紅莓(deoxydoxorubicin))、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、伊達比星(idarubicin)、麻西羅黴素(marcellomycin)、絲裂黴素(諸如絲裂黴素C)、黴酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、諾拉黴素(nogalamycin)、橄欖黴素(olivomycin)、培洛黴素(peplomycin)、泊非黴素(porfiromycin)、嘌呤黴素、三鐵阿黴素(quelamycin)、羅多比星(rodorubicin)、鏈黑黴素(streptonigrin)、鏈佐星(streptozocin)、殺結核菌素(tubercidin)、烏苯美司(ubenimex)、淨司他丁(zinostatin)、左柔比星(zorubicin);抗代謝物,諸如甲胺喋呤、吉西他濱(gemcitabine,GEMZAR)、喃氟啶(tegafur,UFTORAL)、卡培他濱(capecitabine,XELODA)、埃坡黴素(epothilone)及5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);康普立停(Combretastatin);葉酸類似物,諸如迪諾特寧(denopterin)、甲胺喋呤、蝶羅呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤類似物,諸如氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、6-巰基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鳥嘌呤;嘧啶類似物,諸如安西他濱(ancitabine)、阿紮胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮雜尿苷、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、雙脫氧尿苷、脫氧氟尿苷、依諾他濱(enocitabine)、氮尿苷(floxuridine);雄激素,諸如卡普睪酮(calusterone)、丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone propionate)、環硫雄醇(epitiostanol)、美雄烷(mepitiostane)、睪內酯(testolactone);抗腎上腺藥,諸如胺魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦(trilostane);葉酸補充劑,諸如夫羅林酸(frolinic acid);乙醯葡醛酯(aceglatone);醛磷醯胺糖苷;胺基乙醯丙酸;恩尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine);倍思塔布(bestrabucil);比生群(bisantrene);艾達曲克(edatraxate);得弗伐胺(defofamine);秋水仙胺(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);艾弗鳥胺酸(elfornithine);依利醋銨(elliptinium acetate);埃坡黴素;依託格魯(etoglucid);硝酸鎵;羥基脲;香菇多糖;羅尼達寧(lonidainine);類美登素(maytansinoid),諸如美登素(maytansine)及胺沙托辛(ansamitocin);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫比達摩(mopidanmol);硝拉維林(nitraerine);噴司他丁(pentostatin);凡那明(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);2-乙基醯肼;丙卡巴肼(procarbazine);PSK多醣複合物(JHS Natural Products,Eugene,OR);雷佐生(razoxane);根瘤菌素(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofiran);鍺螺胺(spirogermanium);細交鏈孢菌酮酸(tenuazonicacid);三亞胺醌;2,2',2'-三氯三乙胺;單端孢黴烯族毒素(trichothecene)(尤其T-2毒素、弗納庫林A(verracurin A)、桿孢菌素A(roridin A)及蛇形菌毒素(anguidine));烏拉坦(urethan);長春地辛(vindesine)(ELDISINE,FILDESIN);達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);甘露莫司汀(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴衛矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);甲托辛(gacytosine);阿拉伯糖苷(arabinoside,「Ara-C」);塞替派;紫杉烷類(taxoid),例如太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel,TAXOL,Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology,Princeton,N.J.)、白蛋白工程改造之太平洋紫杉醇之奈米顆粒調配物(ABRAXANETM)及多西他賽(docetaxel)(TAXOTERE,Rhome-Poulene Rorer,Antony,France);苯丁酸氮芥(chloranbucil);6-硫代鳥嘌呤;巰嘌呤;甲胺喋呤;鉑試劑,諸如順鉑(cisplatin)、奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin)(例如ELOXATIN)及卡鉑(carboplatin);防止微管蛋白聚合形成微管的長春花(vincas),包括長春鹼(VELBAN)、長春新鹼(ONCOVIN)、長春地辛(ELDISINE,FILDESIN)及長春瑞賓(vinorelbine,NAVELBINE);依託泊苷(VP-16);異環磷醯胺;米托蒽醌;甲醯四氫葉酸(leucovorin);諾凡特龍(novantrone);依達曲沙(edatrexate);道諾黴素;胺基蝶呤;伊班膦酸鹽(ibandronate);拓撲異構酶抑制劑RFS 2000;二氟甲基鳥胺酸(DMFO);類視黃素,諸如視黃酸,包括貝瑟羅汀(bexarotene,TARGRETIN);雙膦酸鹽,諸如氯屈膦酸鹽(clodronate)(例如BONEFOS或OSTAC)、依替膦酸鹽(etidronate,DIDROCAL)、NE-58095、唑來膦酸(zoledronic acid)/唑來膦酸鹽(zoledronate,ZOMETA)、阿侖膦酸鹽(alendronate,FOSAMAX)、帕米膦酸鹽(pamidronate,AREDIA)、替魯膦酸鹽(tiludronate,SKELID)或利塞膦酸鹽(risedronate,ACTONEL);曲沙他濱(troxacitabine)(1,3-二氧戊環核苷胞嘧啶類似物);反義寡核苷酸,尤其抑制與異常細胞增殖有關之信號傳導路徑中之基因表現的反義寡核苷酸,諸如PKC-α、Raf、H-Ras及表皮生長因子受體(EGF-R)(例如埃羅替尼(TarcevaTM));及減少細胞增殖之VEGF-A;疫苗,諸如THERATOPE疫苗及基因療法疫苗,例如ALLOVECTIN疫苗、LEUVECTIN疫苗及VAXID疫苗;拓撲異構酶1抑制劑(例如LURTOTECAN);rmRH(例如ABARELIX);BAY439006(索拉非尼(sorafenib);Bayer);SU-11248(舒尼替尼,SUTENT,Pfizer);哌立福新(perifosine)、COX-2抑制劑(例如塞來昔布(celecoxib)或依託昔布(etoricoxib))、蛋白體抑制劑(例如PS341);硼替佐米(bortezomib;VELCADE);CCI-779;替吡法尼(tipifarnib,R11577);索拉非尼(orafenib)、ABT510;Bcl-2抑制劑,諸如奧利默森鈉(oblimersen sodium,GENASENSE);匹克生瓊(pixantrone);EGFR抑制劑;酪胺酸激酶抑制劑;絲胺酸-蘇胺酸激酶抑制劑,諸如雷帕黴素(rapamycin)(西羅莫司(sirolimus),RAPAMUNE);法尼基轉移酶(farnesyltransferase)抑制劑,諸如洛那法尼(lonafarnib;SCH 6636,SARASARTM);及上述任一者之醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酸或衍生物;以及兩種或兩種以上上述各物之組合,諸如CHOP,其為環磷醯胺、小紅莓、長春新鹼及潑尼龍之組合療法之縮寫;及FOLFOX,其為奧沙利鉑(ELOXATINTM)與5-FU及甲醯四氫葉酸之組合之治療方案的縮寫;及上述任一者之醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酸或衍生物;以及兩種或兩種以上上述各物之組合。
如本文中所定義之化學治療劑包括用以調控、減少、阻斷或抑制可促進癌生長之激素之作用的「抗激素劑」或「內分泌治療劑」。其可為激素自身,包括(但不限於)抗雌激素及選擇性雌激素受體調節劑(SERM),包括例如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)(包括NOLVADEX他莫昔芬)、雷諾昔酚(raloxifene)、曲洛昔芬(droloxifene)、4-羥基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、雷洛昔芬鹽酸鹽(keoxifene)、LY117018、奧那司酮(onapristone)及FARESTON-托瑞米芬(FARESTON-toremifene);芳香酶抑制劑,其抑制調節腎上腺中雌激素產生之酶芳香酶,諸如4(5)-咪唑、胺基格魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、MEGASE乙酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate)、AROMASIN依西美坦(exemestane)、弗米斯坦(formestanie)、法屈唑(fadrozole)、RIVISOR伏羅唑(vorozole)、FEMARA來曲唑(letrozole)及ARIMIDEX安美達錠(anastrozole);及抗雄激素,諸如氟他胺(flutamide)、尼魯胺(nilutamide)、比卡魯胺(bicalutamide)、亮丙瑞林(leuprolide)及戈舍瑞林(goserelin);以及曲沙他濱(troxacitabine)(1,3-二氧戊環核苷胞嘧啶類似物);反義寡核苷酸,尤其抑制異常細胞增殖所涉及之信號轉導路徑中的基因表現者,諸如PKC-α、Raf及H-Ras;核糖酶,諸如VEGF表現抑制劑(例如ANGIOZYME核糖酶)及HER2表現抑制劑;疫苗,諸如基因治療疫苗,例如ALLOVECTIN疫苗、LEUVECTIN疫苗及VAXID疫苗;PROLEUKIN rIL-2;LURTOTECAN拓撲異構酶1抑制劑;ABARELIX rmRH;長春瑞賓及艾斯帕米辛(Esperamicins)(參見美國專利第4,675,187號);及上述任一者之醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酸或衍生物;以及兩種或兩種以上上述各物之組合。
「生長抑制劑」當在本文中使用時係指活體外或活體內抑制細胞生長之化合物或組合物。在一實施例中,生長抑制劑為防止或減少表現抗體所結合之抗原的細胞增殖之生長抑制抗體。在另一實施例中,生長抑制劑可為顯著降低S期中細胞之百分比的生長抑制劑。生長抑制劑之實例包括阻斷細胞週期進程(除S期外之其他位置)之藥劑,諸如誘導G1停滯及M期停滯之藥劑。經典M期阻斷劑包括長春鹼類(長春新鹼及長春鹼)、紫杉烷(taxane)及拓撲異構酶II抑制劑(諸如多柔比星、表柔比星、柔紅黴素、依託泊苷及博萊黴素)。使G1停滯之彼等藥劑亦外溢引起S期停滯,例如DNA烷化劑,諸如他莫西芬、潑尼松(prednisone)、氮烯唑胺、氮芥、順鉑、甲胺喋呤、5-氟尿嘧啶及ara-C。其他資訊可見於Mendelsohn及Israel編,The Molecular Basis of Cancer,第1章,Murakami等人,標題為「Cell cycle regulation,oncogenes,and antineoplastic drugs」(W.B. Saunders,Philadelphia,1995),例如第13頁中。紫杉烷(太平洋紫杉醇及多西他賽)為源自紫杉樹之抗癌藥物。源自歐洲紫杉之多西他賽(TAXOTERE,Rhone-Poulenc Rorer)為太平洋紫杉醇(TAXOL,Bristol-Myers Squibb)之半合成類似物。太平洋紫杉醇及多西他賽促進自微管蛋白二聚體組裝成微管且藉由防止解聚作用而使微管穩定,由此造成對細胞有絲分裂之抑制。
「放射療法」意謂使用定向γ射線或β射線對細胞誘導足夠破壞,以便限制細胞正常發揮功能之能力或完全破壞細胞。應瞭解此項技術中已知多種測定治療劑量及持續時間之方式。典型治療以單次投與形式提供且典型劑量在每日10至200單位(戈雷(Gray))之範圍內。
對於治療目的而言,「哺乳動物」係指歸類為哺乳動物之任何動物,包括人類、家畜及農畜、及動物園動物、運動型動物或寵物型動物,諸如狗、馬、貓、母牛等。哺乳動物較佳為人類。
本文中之術語「抗體」以最廣泛意義使用且尤其涵蓋單株抗體(包括全長單株抗體)、多株抗體及多特異性抗體(例如雙特異性抗體)及抗體片段,只要其展現所要生物活性。
「經分離」抗體為一種已經鑑別且與其天然環境之組份分離且/或自其回收的抗體。其天然環境之污染組份為干擾抗體研究、診斷或治療性用途的物質,且可包括酶、激素及其他蛋白性溶質或非蛋白性溶質。在一些實施例中,抗體經純化(1)至如藉由例如洛瑞法(Lowry method)所測定大於95重量%之抗體且在一些實施例中至大於99重量%;(2)至足以獲得藉由使用例如旋杯式定序儀(spinning cup sequenator)所測定的N端或內部胺基酸序列之至少15個殘基的程度;或(3)至藉由使用例如庫馬斯藍(Coomassie blue)或銀染色在還原或非還原條件下進行SDS-PAGE測定為均質之程度。由於抗體之天然環境之至少一種組份將不存在,所以經分離抗體包括原位處於重組細胞內之抗體。然而,經分離抗體通常將藉由至少一個純化步驟來製備。
「原生抗體」通常為約150,000道爾頓(dalton)之雜四聚體醣蛋白,由兩個相同輕鏈(L)及兩個相同重鏈(H)構成。各輕鏈係經由一個共價雙硫鍵與重鏈連接,而不同免疫球蛋白同型之重鏈間,雙硫鍵之數目不同。各重鏈及輕鏈亦具有有規律間隔之鏈內雙硫橋。各重鏈在一端具有可變域(VH),繼之以多個恆定域。各輕鏈在一端具有可變域(VL)且在另一端具有恆定域;輕鏈之恆定域係與重鏈之第一恆定域對準且輕鏈可變域係與重鏈之可變域對準。咸信特定胺基酸殘基在輕鏈與重鏈可變域之間形成界面。
術語「恆定域」係指具有比免疫球蛋白其他部分(含有抗原結合位點之可變域)更保守之胺基酸序列的免疫球蛋白分子部分。恆定域含有重鏈之CH1、CH2及CH3域(統稱為CH)及輕鏈之CHL(或CL)域。
抗體之「可變區」或「可變域」係指抗體之重鏈或輕鏈之胺基端域。重鏈之可變域可稱作「VH」。輕鏈之可變域可稱作「VL」。該等域通常為抗體之最可變部分且含有抗原結合位點。
術語「可變」係指如下事實:可變域之某些部分在各抗體之間在序列上廣泛不同且可用於各特定抗體對其特定抗原的結合及特異性。然而,可變性在整個抗體可變域中並非均勻分佈。其集中於輕鏈可變域與重鏈可變域中三個稱為高變區(HVR)之區段中。可變域之更高保守部分稱作構架區(FR)。原生重鏈及輕鏈之可變域各自包含四個主要採用β摺疊構型之FR區,該等FR區由三個HVR連接,該等HVR形成連接β摺疊結構之環,且在一些情況下形成β摺疊結構之一部分。各鏈中之HVR係由FR區緊密保持在一起,且與來自另一鏈之HVR一起促使形成抗體之抗原結合位點(參見Kabat等人,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第5版,National Institute of Health,Bethesda,MD(1991))。恆定域不直接參與抗體與抗原之結合,但展現各種效應功能,諸如使抗體參與抗體依賴性細胞毒性。
來自任何脊椎動物物種之抗體(免疫球蛋白)之「輕鏈」,基於其恆定域之胺基酸序列,可歸為兩個明顯不同類型(稱為κ及λ)之一。
如本文所用之術語IgG「同型」或「子類」意謂由恆定區之化學及抗原特徵所限定的免疫球蛋白之任一子類。
抗體(免疫球蛋白)可視其重鏈之恆定域之胺基酸序列而歸為不同類。存在五種主要免疫球蛋白類別:IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG及IgM,且此等類別中之若干種可進一步分成子類(同型),例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1及IgA2。與不同類別之免疫球蛋白相對應之重鏈恆定域分別稱為α、δ、ε、γ及μ。不同類別之免疫球蛋白之次單位結構及三維構型係熟知的且一般在例如Abbas等人Cellular and Mol. Immunology,第4版(W.B. Saunders,Co.,2000)中描述。抗體可為由該抗體與一或多種其他蛋白質或肽共價或非共價締合所形成之較大融合分子之一部分。
術語「全長抗體」、「完整抗體」及「全抗體」在本文中可互換使用以指示大體上完整形式之抗體而非如下定義之抗體片段。該等術語尤其係指具有含有Fc區之重鏈的抗體。
出於本文目的之「裸抗體」為不與細胞毒性部分或放射性標記結合之抗體。
「抗體片段」包含一部分完整抗體,較佳包含其抗原結合區。抗體片段之實例包括Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2及Fv片段,雙功能抗體,線性抗體,單鏈抗體分子及由抗體片段形成之多特異性抗體。
抗體之木瓜酶消化產生兩個稱為「Fab」片段之相同抗原結合片段,各具有單個抗原結合位點;及一殘餘「Fc」片段,該名稱反映其容易結晶之能力。胃蛋白酶處理產生具有兩個抗原結合位點且仍能夠與抗原交聯之F(ab')2片段。
「Fv」為含有完整抗原結合位點之最小抗體片段。在一實施例中,雙鏈Fv物質由緊密、非共價締合之一個重鏈可變域與一個輕鏈可變域之二聚體組成。在單鏈Fv(scFv)物質中,一重鏈可變域與一輕鏈可變域可藉由可撓性肽連接子共價連接,以使得輕鏈與重鏈可締合於與雙鏈Fv物質中之結構類似之「二聚」結構中。在此構型中,各可變域之三個HVR相互作用以限定VH-VL二聚體表面上之抗原結合位點。總而言之,六個HVR使抗體具有抗原結合特異性。然而,甚至單一可變域(或僅包含三個對抗原具有特異性之HVR的Fv之一半)亦具有識別及結合抗原之能力,但親和力比整個結合位點低。
Fab片段含有重鏈可變域及輕鏈可變域且亦含有輕鏈之恆定域及重鏈之第一恆定域(CH1)。Fab'片段因在重鏈CH1結構域之羧基端添加幾個殘基(包括一或多個來自抗體鉸鏈區之半胱胺酸)而不同於Fab片段。Fab'-SH在本文中指代其中恆定域之半胱胺酸殘基帶有游離硫醇基之Fab'。最初F(ab')2抗體片段經製造為其間具有鉸鏈半胱胺酸之Fab'片段對。亦已知抗體片段之其他化學偶合。
「單鏈Fv」或「scFv」抗體片段包含抗體之VH及VL結構域,其中此等結構域存在於單一多肽鏈中。一般而言,scFv多肽進一步包含VH與VL結構域之間使scFv能夠形成抗原結合所需之結構的多肽連接子。關於scFv之評述,參見,例如Pluckthun,The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies,第113卷,Rosenburg及Moore編,(Springer-Verlag,New York,1994),第269-315頁。
術語「雙功能抗體」係指具有兩個抗原結合位點之抗體片段,該等片段包含與同一多肽鏈(VH-VL)中之輕鏈可變域(VL)連接之重鏈可變域(VH)。藉由使用過短而無法使同一鏈上兩個結構域之間配對的連接子,迫使該等結構域與另一鏈之互補域配對且產生兩個抗原結合位點。雙功能抗體可為二價或雙特異性。雙功能抗體更全面地描述於例如EP 404,097;WO 93/01161;Hudson等人Nat. Med. 9:129-134(2003);及Hollinger等人Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:6444-6448(1993)中。三功能抗體及四功能抗體亦描述於Hudson等人Nat. Med. 9:129-134(2003)中。
如本文所用之術語「單株抗體」係指自一群實質上同源抗體獲得之抗體,亦即構成該群體之個別抗體除可以微量存在之可能突變(例如,天然存在之突變)之外均相同。因此,修飾語「單株」指示抗體不為個別抗體之混合物的特性。在某些實施例中,該單株抗體通常包括包含結合目標之多肽序列之抗體,其中藉由包括自複數個多肽序列選擇單個目標結合多肽序列之方法來獲得目標結合多肽序列。舉例而言,選擇方法可為自複數個純系(諸如融合瘤純系、噬菌體純系或重組DNA純系之池)選擇獨特純系。應瞭解,所選擇之目標結合序列可進一步改變,例如以改良對目標之親和力、使目標結合序列人類化、改良其在細胞培養物中之產生、減少其活體內免疫原性、產生多特異性抗體等,且包含經改變之目標結合序列之抗體亦為本發明之單株抗體。與通常包括針對不同決定子(抗原決定基)之不同抗體的多株抗體製劑相反,單株抗體製劑之各單株抗體係針對抗原上之單個決定子。除特異性外,單株抗體製劑之有利之處亦在於其通常未受到其他免疫球蛋白之污染。
修飾語「單株」指示抗體係自實質上同源抗體群獲得之特性,且不應理解為需要藉由任何特定方法產生該抗體。舉例而言,用於本發明中之單株抗體可藉由多種技術來製備,包括例如融合瘤方法(例如,Kohler及Milstein,Nature,256:495-97(1975);Hongo等人,Hybridoma,14(3):253-260(1995);Harlow等人,Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual,(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,第2版1988);Hammerling等人,Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas 563-681(Elsevier,N.Y.,1981))、重組DNA方法(參見,例如美國專利第4,816,567號)、噬菌體呈現技術(參見,例如Clackson等人,Nature,352: 624-628(1991);Marks等人,J. Mol Biol 222: 581-597(1992);Sidhu等人,J. Mol Biol 338(2): 299-310(2004);Lee等人,J. Mol Biol 340(5): 1073-1093(2004);Fellouse,Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101(34): 12467-12472(2004);及Lee等人,J. Immunol Methods 284(1-2): 119-132(2004)),及在具有部分或全部人類免疫球蛋白基因座或編碼人類免疫球蛋白序列之基因的動物中產生人類或人類樣抗體之技術(參見,例如WO 1998/24893;WO 1996/34096;WO 1996/33735;WO 1991/10741;Jakobovits等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 2551(1993);Jakobovits等人,Nature 362: 255-258(1993);Bruggemann等人,Year in Immunol. 7:33(1993);美國專利第5,545,807號;第5,545,806號;第5,569,825號;第5,625,126號;第5,633,425號及第5,661,016號;Marks等人,Bio/Technology 10: 779-783(1992);Lonberg等人,Nature 368: 856-859(1994);Morrison,Nature 368: 812-813(1994);Fishwild等人,Nature Biotechnol. 14: 845-851(1996);Neuberger,Nature Biotechnol. 14: 826(1996);及Lonberg及Huszar,Intern. Rev. Immunol. 13: 65-93(1995))。
本文中之單株抗體尤其包括「嵌合」抗體,其中重鏈及/或輕鏈之一部分與源自特定物種或屬於特定抗體類別或子類的抗體中之相應序列一致或同源,而鏈之剩餘部分與源自另一物種或屬於另一抗體類別或子類的抗體以及該等抗體之片段中之相應序列一致或同源,只要其呈現所需生物活性即可(參見,例如美國專利第4,816,567號;及Morrison等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,81:6851-6855(1984))。嵌合抗體包括PRIMATIZED抗體,其中抗體之抗原結合區係源自藉由例如以相關抗原使獼猴免疫而產生之抗體。
非人類(例如鼠類)抗體之「人類化」形式為含有源自非人類免疫球蛋白之最小序列的嵌合抗體。在一實施例中,人類化抗體為來自受體之HVR的殘基經來自具有所要特異性、親和力及/或容量之非人類物種(供體抗體)(諸如小鼠、大鼠、兔或非人類靈長類動物)之HVR的殘基置換的人類免疫球蛋白(受體抗體)。在一些情況下,人類免疫球蛋白之FR殘基經相應非人類殘基置換。此外,人類化抗體可包含受體抗體或供體抗體中未見之殘基。可進行此等修飾以進一步改進抗體效能。一般而言,人類化抗體將包含實質上全部至少一個且通常兩個可變域,其中全部或實質上全部高變環對應於非人類免疫球蛋白之高變環,且全部或實質上全部FR為人類免疫球蛋白序列之FR。人類化抗體視情況亦將包含至少一部分免疫球蛋白恆定區(Fc),通常為人類免疫球蛋白之恆定區。關於更多細節,參見,例如Jones等人,Nature 321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature 332:323-329(1988);及Presta,Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596(1992)。亦參見,例如Vaswani及Hamilton,Ann. Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 1:105-115(1998);Harris,Biochem. Soc. Transactions 23:1035-1038(1995);Hurle及Gross,Curr. Op. Biotech. 5:428-433(1994);及美國專利第6,982,321號及第7,087,409號。
「人類抗體」為具有對應於由人類所製造及/或已使用任一製備如本文中所揭示之人類抗體之技術製造的抗體之胺基酸序列的胺基酸序列之抗體。人類抗體之此定義尤其排除包含非人類抗原結合殘基之人類化抗體。人類抗體可使用此項技術中已知之不同技術(包括噬菌體呈現文庫)產生。Hoogenboom及Winter,J. Mol. Biol.,227:381(1991);Marks等人,J. Mol. Biol.,222:581(1991)。亦可用於製備人類單株抗體之方法係描述於Cole等人,Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy,AlanR. Liss,p. 77(1985);Boerner etal,J. Immunol,147(1):86-95(1991)中。亦參見van Dijk and van de Winkel,Curr. Opin. Pharmacol,5: 368-74(2001)。可藉由向轉殖基因動物投與抗原來製備人類抗體,其中該轉殖基因動物已經修飾以回應於抗原攻毒產生該等抗體,但其內源基因座已使例如經免疫異種移植小鼠(xenomice)失能(關於XENOMOUSETM技術,參見,例如美國專利第6,075,181號及第6,150,584號)。關於經由人類B細胞融合瘤技術產生之人類抗體,亦參見例如Li等人Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,103:3557-3562(2006)。
「物種依賴性抗體」為對來自第一哺乳動物物種之抗原的結合親和力比對來自第二哺乳動物物種之該抗原之同系物的結合親和力強的抗體。通常,物種依賴性抗體「特異性結合」至人類抗原(例如,具有不超過約1×10-7 M,較佳不超過約1×10-8 M且較佳不超過約1×10-9 M之結合親和力(Kd)值),但其對人類抗原之結合親和力為對來自第二非人類哺乳動物物種之抗原同系物的結合親和力之至少約50倍,或至少約500倍,或至少約1000倍。物種依賴性抗體可為如上定義之各種類型抗體中之任一者,但較佳為人類化或人類抗體。
當用於本文中時,術語「高變區」、「HVR」或「HV」係指抗體可變域中序列高變及/或形成結構限定之環的區域。一般而言,抗體包含6個HVR;三個位於VH中(H1,H2、H3),且三個位於VL中(L1、L2,L3)。在原生抗體中,H3及L3在六個HVR中顯示最具多樣性,且咸信尤其H3在賦予抗體精細特異性方面發揮獨特作用。參見,例如Xu等人,Immunity 13:37-45(2000);Johnson 及Wu,Methods in Molecular Biology 248:1-25(Lo編,Human Press,Totowa,NJ,2003)。實際上,僅由重鏈組成之天然存在之駱駝抗體在輕鏈不存在下亦具功能性且穩定。參見,例如Hamers-Casterman等人,Nature 363:446-448(1993);Sheriff等人,Nature Struct. Biol. 3:733-736(1996)。
有許多HVR描繪在使用中且為本文中所涵蓋。Kabat互補決定區(CDR)係基於序列可變性且最常使用(Kabat等人,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第5版,Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD.(1991))。相反,Chothia係指結構環之位置(Chothia及Lesk J. Mol Biol. 196:901-917(1987))。AbM HVR表示Kabat HVR與Chothia結構環之間的折衷,且藉由Oxford Molecular之AbM抗體模型化軟體使用。「接觸」HVR係基於對可用複雜晶體結構之分析。此等HVR中每一者之殘基說明如下。
HVR可包含如下之「延長HVR」:VL中之24-36或24-34(L1)、46-56或50-56(L2)及89-97或89-96(L3);及VH中之26-35(H1)、50-65或49-65(H2)及93-102、94-102或95-102(H3)。可變域殘基係根據Rabat等人(同上文)關於該等定義中之每一者來編號。
「構架」或「FR」殘基為除如本文所定義之HVR殘基以外之彼等可變域殘基。
術語「如Kabat中之可變域殘基編號」或「如Kabat中之胺基酸位置編號」及其變化形式係指Kabat等人(同上)中用於編譯抗體之重鏈可變域或輕鏈可變域的編號系統。使用該編號系統,實際的線性胺基酸序列可含有較少或額外胺基酸,相當於縮短可變域之FR或HVR或插入其中。舉例而言,重鏈可變域可包括在H2之殘基52之後的單一胺基酸插入(根據Kabat之殘基52a)及在重鏈FR殘基82之後的插入殘基(例如根據Kabat之殘基82a、82b及82c等)。可藉由將抗體序列與「標準」Kabat編號序列之同源區相比對,來測定指定抗體中殘基之Kabat編號。
當提及可變域中之殘基(大致為輕鏈之殘基1-107及重鏈之殘基1-113)時,一般使用Kabat編號系統(例如Kabat等人,Sequences of Immunological Interest。第5版Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,Md.(1991))。當提及免疫球蛋白重鏈恆定區中之殘基時,一般使用「EU編號系統」或「EU索引」(例如Kabat等人(同上)中所報導之EU索引)。「如Kabat中之EU索引」係指人類IgG1 EU抗體之殘基編號。
表述「線性抗體」係指Zapata等人(1995 Protein Eng,8(10): 1057-1062)中所述之抗體。簡言之,此等抗體包含一對串聯Fd區段(VH-CH1-VH-CH1),其與互補輕鏈多肽一起形成一對抗原結合區。線性抗體可為雙特異性或單特異性的。
如本文所用之「文庫」係指複數個抗體或抗體片段序列(例如,本發明之多肽)或編碼此等序列之核酸,該等序列在根據本發明方法引入此等序列中之變異胺基酸之組合方面不同。
「噬菌體呈現」為一種使變異多肽以與至少一部分鞘蛋白之融合蛋白形式呈現於噬菌體(例如,絲狀噬菌體)粒子表面上的技術。噬菌體呈現之實用性在於可自隨機化蛋白質變異體之龐大文庫中快速且有效地分選彼等以高親和力與目標抗原結合之序列。已使用肽及蛋白質文庫於噬菌體上之呈現來自數百萬多肽中篩選具有特異性結合特性之多肽。多價噬菌體呈現方法已用於經由與絲狀噬菌體之基因III或基因VIII之融合來呈現小型隨機肽及小型蛋白質。Wells及Lowman(1992) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 3:355-362及其中所引用之參考文獻。在單價噬菌體呈現中,使蛋白質或肽文庫與基因III或其一部分融合,且在野生型基因III蛋白質存在下以低程度表現以使噬菌體粒子呈現融合蛋白之一個複本或不呈現複本。相對於多價噬菌體而言,親和力作用降低,因此分選係基於固有配位體親和力,且使用簡化DNA操作之噬粒載體。Lowman及Wells(1991) Methods: A companion to Methods in Enzymology 3:205-0216。
「噬粒」為具有例如Co1E1之細菌複製起點及噬菌體之基因間區複本的質體載體。噬粒可用於任何已知之噬菌體,包括絲狀噬菌體及λ噬菌體。質體一般亦將含有用於抗生素抗性之選擇標記物。選殖至此等載體中之DNA區段可繁殖為質體。當含有此等載體之細胞具有產生噬菌體粒子所需之所有基因時,質體之複製模式變為滾環式複製(rolling circle replication)以產生質體DNA之一條鏈之複本且封裝噬菌體粒子。噬粒可形成感染性或非感染性噬菌體粒子。此術語包括含有與異源多肽基因連接成基因融合體以使該異源多肽呈現於噬菌體粒子之表面上的噬菌體鞘蛋白基因或其片段之噬粒。
本文中,本發明係關於包含抗體之穩定含水調配物。使用在此項技術中可用於產生抗體之技術製備調配物中之抗體,其例示性方法在以下部分中更詳細描述。
抗體係針對相關抗原。抗原較佳為生物學上重要之多肽,且將抗體投與患有病症之哺乳動物可在彼哺乳動物中產生治療益處。然而,亦涵蓋針對非多肽抗原之抗體。
當抗原為多肽時,其可為跨膜分子(例如受體)或配位體,諸如生長因子。例示性抗原包括分子,諸如血管內皮生長因子(VEGF);ox-LDL;ox-ApoB100;腎素;生長激素,包括人生長激素及牛生長激素;生長激素釋放因子;副甲狀腺素;促甲狀腺激素;脂蛋白;α-1-抗胰蛋白酶;胰島素A-鏈;胰島素B-鏈;胰島素原;促濾泡激素;降血鈣素;促黃體素;升糖素;凝血因子,諸如因子VIIIC、因子IX、組織因子(tssue factor)及馮威里氏(von Willebrands)因子;抗凝血因子,諸如蛋白C;心房利尿鈉因子;肺界面活性劑;纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑,諸如尿激酶或人類尿型或組織型纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑(t-PA);鈴蟾肽;凝血酶;造血生長因子;腫瘤壞死因子-α及-β;腦啡肽酶;RANTES(活化後調節正常T細胞表現及分泌因子);人類巨噬細胞發炎性蛋白(MIP-1-α);血清白蛋白,諸如人血清白蛋白;穆氏管(Muellerian)抑制物質;鬆弛素A-鏈;鬆弛素B-鏈;前鬆弛素;小鼠促性腺激素相關肽;微生物蛋白,諸如β-內醯胺酶;DNase;IgE;細胞毒性T淋巴細胞相關抗原(CTLA),諸如CTLA-4;抑制素;活化素;激素或生長因子之受體;蛋白A或D;類風濕因子;神經營養因子,諸如源自骨骼之神經營養因子(BDNF)、神經營養素-3、-4、-5或-6(NT-3、NT4、NT-5或NT-6)、或神經生長因子,諸如NGF-β;源自血小板之生長因子(PDGF);纖維母細胞生長因子,諸如aFGF及bFGF;上皮生長因子(EGF);轉型生長因子(TGF),諸如TGF-α及TGF-β,包括TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGF-β4或TGF-β5;胰島素樣生長因子-I及-II(IGF-I及IGF-II);des(1-3)-IGF-I(腦IGF-I)、胰島素樣生長因子結合蛋白;CD蛋白,諸如CD3、CD4、CD8、CD19及CD20;紅血球生成素;骨誘導因子;免疫毒素;骨形態發生蛋白(BMP);干擾素,諸如干擾素-α、-β及-γ;群落刺激因子(CSF),例如M-CSF、GM-CSF及G-CSF;介白素(IL),例如IL-1至IL-10;超氧化歧化酶;T細胞受體;表面膜蛋白;促衰變因子;病毒抗原,諸如一部分AIDS包膜;轉運蛋白;歸位受體;地址素;調節蛋白;整合素,諸如CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD18、ICAM、VLA-4及VCAM;腫瘤相關抗原,諸如HER2、HER3或HER4受體;及以上所列多肽之任一者之片段。
在本發明之某些實施例中,由本發明所涵蓋的抗體之分子目標包括VEGF。在一實施例中,本文中之抗體為結合至人類VEGF者。
A.調配物之製備
在製備相關抗體(例如用於製造可如本文所揭示經調配之抗體的技術將在下文中詳述且在此項技術中已知)後,製備包含其之醫藥調配物。在某些實施例中,待經調配之抗體並未經受預先冷凍乾燥且本文中之相關調配物為含水調配物。在某些實施例中,抗體為全長抗體。在一實施例中,在調配物中之抗體為抗體片段,諸如F(ab')2,在該情況下全長抗體不會出現之問題(諸如削剪抗體成為Fab)可需要加以解決。調配物中存在之抗體之治療有效量係藉由考慮例如所需劑量體積及投藥模式來測定。約0.1 mg/mL至約250 mg/mL,或約10 mg/mL至約200 mg/mL或約50 mg/mL至約175 mg/mL為調配物中之例示性抗體濃度。
製備包含在pH經緩衝溶液中之抗體的含水調配物。本發明之緩衝液具有範圍在約4.0至約6.5內之pH值。在某些實施例中,pH值之範圍在4.25至6.25內,或在4.5至6.0內,或在4.75至5.75內,或在5.0至5.5內,或在5.1至5.4內。在本發明之某些實施例中,調配物具有5.2或約5.2之pH值。將pH值控制在此範圍內的緩衝液之實例包括乙酸鹽(例如精胺酸乙酸鹽或乙酸鈉)、丁二酸鹽(諸如精胺酸丁二酸鹽或琥珀酸鈉)、葡糖酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽及其他有機酸緩衝液及其組合。緩衝液濃度可為約1 mM至約600 mM,視例如緩衝液及調配物之所需等滲性而定。在某些實施例中,緩衝液含有濃度為50 mM至500 mM、75 mM至400 mM、100 mM至250 mM、120 mM至240 mM、150 mM至225 mM或175 mM至210 mM之精胺酸。在本發明之某些實施例中,緩衝液含有濃度為200 mM或約200 mM之精胺酸。在一實施例中,緩衝液為精胺酸乙酸鹽(例如,200 mM或約200 mM),pH 5.2。
界面活性劑可視情況添加至抗體調配物中。例示性界面活性劑包括非離子型界面活性劑,諸如聚山梨醇酯(例如聚山梨醇酯20或聚山梨醇酯80等)或泊洛沙姆(例如泊洛沙姆188)。所添加的界面活性劑之量係使得其減少經調配抗體之聚集及/或使調配物中顆粒之形成減至最少及/或減少吸附。舉例而言,界面活性劑可以約0.001%至約0.5%,約0.005%至約0.2%,約0.01%至約0.1%或約0.02%至約0.06%或約0.03%至約0.05%之量存在於調配物中。在某些實施例中,界面活性劑係以0.04%或約0.04%之量存在於調配物中。在一實施例中,調配物不包含界面活性劑。
在一實施例中,調配物含有以上鑑別之試劑(例如抗體、緩衝液及界面活性劑)且基本上不含一或多種防腐劑,諸如苄醇、苯酚、間甲酚、氯丁醇及苄索氯銨(benzethonium Cl)。在另一實施例中,防腐劑可包括於調配物中,尤其當調配物為多劑量調配物時。防腐劑之濃度可在約0.1%至約2%之範圍內,較佳在約0.5%至約1%之範圍內。一或多種其他醫藥學上可接受之載劑、賦形劑或穩定劑(諸如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 第16版,Osol,A.編(1980)中所述之彼等)可包括於調配物中,只要其不會不利地影響調配物之所要特徵。可接受之載劑、賦形劑或穩定劑在所使用之劑量及濃度下對接受者無毒且包括:其他緩衝劑;共溶劑;抗氧化劑,包括抗壞血酸及甲硫胺酸;螯合劑,諸如EDTA;金屬錯合物(例如Zn-蛋白質錯合物);生物可降解聚合物,諸如聚酯;及/或成鹽平衡離子。本文中之例示性醫藥學上可接受之載劑進一步包括間質性藥物分散劑,諸如可溶性中性活性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白(sHASEGP),例如人類可溶性PH-20玻尿酸酶醣蛋白,諸如rHuPH20(HYLENEX,Baxter International,Inc.)。某些例示性sHASEGP及使用方法(包括rHuPH20)係描述於美國專利公開案第2005/0260186號及第2006/0104968號中。在一態樣中,sHASEGP與一或多個額外葡萄糖胺聚糖(諸如硫酸軟骨素酶)組合。
雖然本文中對螯合劑之各種描述常集中在EDTA,但應瞭解其他金屬離子螯合劑亦涵蓋在本發明內。金屬離子螯合劑為熟習此項技術者所熟知且包括(但未必限於)胺基聚羧酸鹽、EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)、EGTA(乙二醇-雙(β-胺基乙醚)-N,N,N',N'-四乙酸)、NTA(氮基三乙酸)、EDDS(乙二胺丁二酸氫鹽)、PDTA(1,3-丙二胺四乙酸)、DTPA(二伸乙三胺五乙酸)、ADA(β-丙胺酸二乙酸)、MGCA(甲基甘胺酸二乙酸)等。另外,本文中一些實施例包含膦酸鹽/膦酸螯合劑。
本文中調配物亦可含有一種以上為所治療之特定適應症必需之蛋白質,較佳為彼等具有不會不利地影響其他蛋白質之補充活性的蛋白質。舉例而言,當抗體為抗VEGF時,其可與另一藥劑(例如化學治療劑及抗腫瘤劑及抗)組合。
用於活體內投藥之調配物應無菌。此易於藉由在製備調配物之前或之後經無菌過濾膜過濾而實現。
B.調配物之投與
根據已知方法(諸如以團式或藉由在一段時期內連續輸液來靜脈內投藥、藉由肌肉內、腹膜內、腦脊髓內、皮下、關節內、滑膜內、鞘內、經口、局部或吸入途徑)向需要用抗體來治療之哺乳動物(較佳為人類)投與調配物。在一實施例中,藉由靜脈內投藥向哺乳動物投與調配物。出於該等目的,調配物可例如使用注射器或經由IV導管來注射。在一實施例中,藉由皮下投藥向哺乳動物投與調配物。
抗體之適當劑量(「治療有效量」)將視以下而定,例如待治療之病狀、病狀嚴重程度及進程、投與抗體係出於預防目的亦或治療目的、先前療法、患者臨床病史及對抗體之反應、所用抗體之類型及主治醫師之判斷。適當時抗體一次性或經一系列治療投與患者,且可自診斷之日起在任何時候投與患者。可將抗體作為單獨治療投與或聯合適用於治療相關病狀之其他藥物或療法投與。
一般而言,所投與抗體之治療有效量將在約0.1至約50 mg/kg患者體重之範圍內,藉由一或多次投藥,舉例而言,所用抗體每日投與之典型範圍在約0.3至約20 mg/kg內,較佳在約0.3至約15 mg/kg內。然而,其他給藥方案亦可適用。在一實施例中,拮抗劑為每1、2、3或4週以約100或400 mg之劑量投與或每1、2、3或4週以約1、3、5、7.5、10、15或20 mg/kg之劑量投與的抗VEGF抗體。該劑量可以單劑量或多劑量形式(例如2或3個劑量)投與,諸如輸液。該療法之進程係藉由習知技術容易地監測。
C.抗體製備
(i)抗原製備
視情況與其他分子結合之可溶性抗原或其片段可作為免疫原用於產生抗體。對於跨膜分子(諸如受體)而言,其片段(例如受體之細胞外結構域)可用作免疫原。或者,表現跨膜分子之細胞可用作免疫原。該等細胞可源自天然來源(例如癌細胞株)或可為已藉由重組技術轉型以表現跨膜分子之細胞。適用於製備抗體之其他抗原及其形式將為熟習此項技術者所顯而易見。
(ii)某些基於抗體之方法
多株抗體較佳藉由多次皮下(sc)或腹膜內(ip)注射相關抗原及佐劑而在動物體內產生。其可適用於將相關抗原結合至對於待受免疫之物種具有免疫原性之蛋白質,例如匙孔螺血氰蛋白、血清白蛋白、牛甲狀腺球蛋白或大豆胰蛋白酶抑制劑,其係使用雙功能或衍生化試劑進行,例如馬來醯亞胺苯甲醯硫代琥珀醯亞胺酯(經由半胱胺酸殘基結合)、N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺(經由離胺酸殘基)、戊二醛、琥珀酸酐、SOCl2或R1N=C=NR,其中R及R1為不同烷基。
藉由將例如100 μg或5 μg之蛋白質或結合物(分別對兔或小鼠)與3體積之弗氏(Freund's)完全佐劑組合並在多個部位皮內注射該溶液使動物對抗原、免疫原結合物或衍生物免疫。一個月後,在多個部位以1/5至1/10原始量之弗氏完全佐劑中之肽或結合物皮下注射來加強動物。7至14天後對動物進行放血且分析血清之抗體滴度。對動物加強直至滴度平穩。較佳地,動物經相同抗原(但該抗原與不同蛋白質及/或經不同交聯劑結合)之結合物加強。結合物亦可在重組體細胞培養物中作為蛋白融合體產生。同樣,諸如明礬之聚集劑適用於增強免疫反應。
本發明之單株抗體可使用首先由Kohler等人,Nature,256:495(1975)描述且進一步描述於例如Hongo等人,Hybridoma,14(3): 253-260(1995),Harlow等人,Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual,(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,第2版1988);Hammerling等人:Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas 563-681(Elsevier,N.Y.,1981)及Ni,Xiandai Mianyixue,26(4):265-268(2006)(關於人類-人類融合瘤)中之融合瘤方法來製備。其他方法包括例如美國專利第7,189,826號中關於自融合瘤細胞株產生單株人類天然IgM抗體所描述之彼等方法。人類融合瘤技術(Trioma技術)係描述於Vollmers及Brandlein,Histology and Histopathology,20(3):927-937(2005)及Vollmers及Brandlein,Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology,27(3): 185-91(2005)中。
關於各種其他融合瘤技術,參見,例如US 2006/258841、US 2006/183887(全人類抗體)、US 2006/059575、US 2005/287149、US 2005/100546、US 2005/026229、及美國專利第7,078,492號及第7,153,507號。如下描述使用融合瘤方法製造單株抗體之例示性方案。在一實施例中,免疫小鼠或其他適當宿主動物(諸如倉鼠)以引起產生或能夠產生特異性結合用於免疫之蛋白質之抗體的淋巴細胞。在動物中藉由多次皮下(sc)或腹膜內(ip)注射本發明之多肽或其片段及諸如單磷醯基脂質A(MPL)/海藻糖二柯諾黴菌酸酯(trehalose dicrynomycolate;TDM)(Ribi tmmunochem. Research,Inc.,Hamilton,MT)之佐劑來產生抗體。可使用此項技術中熟知之方法(諸如重組方法)製備本發明之多肽(例如抗原)或其片段,其中一些方法在本文中進一步描述。檢驗來自經免疫動物之血清中的抗-抗原抗體,且視情況投與增強免疫。分離出來自產生抗-抗原抗體之動物的淋巴細胞。或者,可於活體外免疫淋巴細胞。
隨後使用合適融合劑(諸如聚乙二醇)使淋巴細胞與骨髓瘤細胞融合以形成融合瘤細胞。參見,例如Goding,Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice,第59-103頁(Academic Press,1986)。可使用有效融合、支持藉由所選抗體產生細胞穩定高含量產生抗體且對諸如HAT培養基之培養基敏感的骨髓瘤細胞。例示性骨髓瘤細胞包括(但不限於)鼠類骨髓瘤株,諸如來源於可自沙克生物研究所細胞分配中心(Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center)(San Diego,California USA)獲得之MOPC-21及 MPC-11小鼠腫瘤及可自美國菌種保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection)(Rockville,Maryland USA)獲得之SP-2或X63-Ag8-653細胞的彼等細胞株。亦已描述人類骨髓瘤及小鼠-人類雜交骨髓瘤細胞株用於產生人類單株抗體(Kozbor,J. Immunol.,133:3001(1984);Brodeur等人,Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications,第51-63頁(Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,1987))。
接種由此製備之融合瘤細胞且使其於合適培養基(例如含有一或多種抑制未融合之親本骨髓瘤細胞之生長或存活之物質的培養基)中生長。舉例而言,若親代骨髓瘤細胞缺乏酵素次黃嘌呤-鳥嘌呤磷酸核糖轉移酶(HGPRT或HPRT),則用於融合瘤之培養基中通常將包括次黃嘌呤、胺基蝶呤及胸苷(HAT培養基),該等物質會阻止HGPRT缺陷細胞之生長。較佳地,如例如在Even等人,Trends in Biotechnology,24(3),105-108(2006)中所描述,使用不含血清之融合瘤細胞培養方法來減少源自動物之血清(諸如胎牛血清)的使用。
作為提高融合瘤細胞培養物之生產率之手段的寡肽係描述於Franek,Trends in Monoclonal Antibody Research,111-122(2005)中。特定言之,標準培養基富含某些胺基酸(丙胺酸、絲胺酸、天冬醯胺、脯胺酸)或蛋白質水解產物部分,且可藉由由三個至六個胺基酸殘基構成之合成寡肽顯著抑制細胞凋亡。該等肽以毫莫耳濃度或較高濃度存在。
可檢驗融合瘤細胞生長於其中的培養基關於結合至本發明之抗體的單株抗體之產生。可藉由免疫沈澱或藉由活體外結合檢驗(諸如放射免疫檢驗(RIA)或酶聯免疫吸附檢驗(ELISA))測定由融合瘤細胞產生之單株抗體的結合特異性。可由例如史卡查分析(Scatchard analysis)來測定單株抗體之結合親和力。參見,例如Munson等人,Anal. Biochem.,107:220(1980)。
在鑑別出產生具有所要特異性、親和力及/或活性之抗體的融合瘤細胞之後,可藉由限制性稀釋程序對純系進行次選殖且藉由標準方法使其生長。參見,例如Goding,同上。適用於此目的之培養基包括(例如)D-MEM或RPMI-1640培養基。另外,可在活體內在動物中以腹水腫瘤形式培養融合瘤細胞。由次純系分泌之單株抗體係藉由習知免疫球蛋白純化程序(諸如蛋白A-瓊脂糖凝膠、羥磷灰石層析、凝膠電泳、透析或親和性層析)適當地與培養基、腹水流體或血清分離。一種自融合瘤細胞分離蛋白質之程序係描述於US 2005/176122及美國專利第6,919,436號中。該方法包括在結合過程中使用最少量鹽(諸如易溶鹽)及亦較佳地在溶離過程中使用少量有機溶劑。
(iii)某些文庫篩選方法
可藉由使用組合文庫篩選具有所需活性之抗體來製備本發明之抗體。舉例而言,此項技術中已知多種方法可用於產生噬菌體呈現文庫及篩選該等文庫中具有所需結合特徵之抗體。該等方法一般性描述於Hoogenboom等人之Methods in Molecular Biology 178:1-37(O'Brien等人編,Human Press,Totowa,NJ,2001)中。舉例而言,如在Lee等人,J. Mol. Biol.(2004),340(5):1073-93中所述,一種產生相關抗體之方法係經由使用噬菌體抗體文庫進行。
原則上,藉由篩選含有呈現融合至噬菌體鞘蛋白之抗體可變區(Fv)之各種片段之噬菌體的噬菌體文庫來選擇合成抗體純系。藉由對所需抗原進行親和層析來淘選此等噬菌體文庫。使表現能夠與所需抗原結合之Fv片段之純系吸附至抗原上且由此使其與文庫中非結合純系分離。接著將結合純系自抗原溶離,且可藉由額外之抗原吸附/溶離循環進一步富集。可藉由設計合適抗原篩選程序以選擇相關噬菌體純系,接著使用來自相關噬菌體純系之Fv序列及Kabat等人,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第5版,NIH Publication 91-3242,Bethesda MD(1991),第1-3卷中所描述之合適恆定區(Fc)序列來構築全長抗體純系,從而獲得本發明之任何抗體。
在某些實施例中,抗體之抗原結合域係由兩個具有約110個胺基酸之可變(V)區形成,各自分別來自輕鏈(VL)及重鏈(VH),兩者均呈現三個高變環(HVR)或互補決定區(CDR)。如在Winter等人,Ann. Rev. Immunol.,12: 433-455(1994)中所述,可變域可以單鏈Fv(scFv)片段(其中VH與VL經由短的可撓性肽共價連接)或Fab片段(其中其各自融合至恆定域且非共價地相互作用)功能性地呈現於噬菌體上。如本文中所用,編碼scFv之噬菌體純系及編碼Fab之噬菌體純系統稱為「Fv噬菌體純系」或「Fv純系」。
VH及VL基因之圖譜可藉由聚合酶鏈反應(PCR)單獨選殖且於噬菌體文庫中隨機重組,接著可如Winter等人,Ann. Rev. Immunol.,12: 433-455(1994)中所述搜尋噬菌體文庫中之抗原結合純系。來自經免疫來源之文庫提供抗免疫原之高親和力抗體而無需構築融合瘤。或者,如Griffiths等人,EMBO J,12: 725-734(1993)所述,可選殖原生圖譜以在無任何免疫之情況下提供廣泛範圍之非自體抗原及自體抗原之人類抗體的單一來源。最後,如由Hoogenboom及Winter,J. Mol. Biol.,227: 381-388(1992)所述,亦可藉由自幹細胞選殖未重排之V基因區段且使用含有隨機序列之PCR引子以編碼高度可變CDR3區且完成活體外重排來合成製造原生文庫。
在某些實施例中,使用絲狀噬菌體藉由融合至次要鞘蛋白pIII上來呈現抗體片段。抗體片段可以單鏈Fv片段形式呈現,其中VH及VL結構域經可撓性多肽間隔子於相同多肽鏈上連接,(例如)如Marks等人,J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597(1991)所述;或以Fab片段形式呈現,其中一條鏈與pIII融合而另一鏈分泌至細菌宿主細胞周質中,在該細胞周質中組裝Fab-鞘蛋白結構,其藉由某些野生型鞘蛋白移位而呈現於噬菌體表面上,(例如)如Hoogenboom等人,Nucl. Acids Res. 19:4133-37(1991)所述。
大體而言,編碼抗體基因片段之核酸可自由人類或動物採集之免疫細胞獲得。若需要偏重於抗-抗原純系之文庫,則用抗原使個體免疫以產生抗體反應,且可回收脾細胞及/或循環B細胞及其他周圍血液淋巴細胞(PBL)用於文庫建構。在一實施例中,偏重於抗-抗原純系之人類抗體基因片段文庫係藉由在攜有功能性人類免疫球蛋白基因陣列(且缺乏功能性內源性抗體產生系統)之轉殖基因小鼠中產生抗-抗原抗體反應以便抗原免疫使B細胞產生抗抗原之人類抗體來獲得。下文將描述產生人類抗體之轉殖基因小鼠的產生。
可藉由使用適當篩選程序分離表現抗原特異性膜結合抗體之B細胞(例如藉由用抗原親和層析分離細胞或使細胞吸附至經螢光染料標記之抗原隨後進行流式活化細胞分選(FACS))來獲得抗抗原反應性細胞群體之額外富集。
或者,使用來自未經免疫供體之脾細胞及/或B細胞或其他PBL以使可能之抗體圖譜得以更好呈現,且亦允許使用其中抗原不具抗原性之任何動物(人類或非人類)物種來建構抗體文庫。對於併入活體外抗體基因構築之文庫而言,自個體採集幹細胞以提供編碼未經重排之抗體基因區段之核酸。相關免疫細胞可自多種動物物種獲得,諸如人類、小鼠、大鼠、兔類、狼、犬科、貓科、豬、牛、馬及鳥類物種等。
自相關細胞中回收編碼抗體可變基因區段(包括VH及VL區段)之核酸並使其擴增。在重排VH及VL基因文庫之情況下,所需DNA可藉由自淋巴細胞中分離基因組DNA或mRNA,繼而用與重排VH及VL基因之5'端及3'端匹配之引子進行聚合酶鏈反應(PCR)獲得,如Orlandi等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(USA),86:3833-3837(1989)所述,從而製備用於表現之多樣V基因圖譜。可將V基因自cDNA及染色體組DNA擴增,其中如Orlandi等人(1989)及Ward等人,Nature,341: 544-546(1989)中所述,後向引子在編碼成熟V結構域之外顯子5'端且正向引子基於J區段內。然而,對於自cDNA擴增而言,如Jones等人,Biotechnol.,9: 88-89(1991)中所述,後向引子亦可在導引外顯子內;且如Sastry等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(USA),86: 5728-5732(1989)中所述,正向引子位於恆定區內。為使互補性最大化,可如Orlandi等人(1989)或Sastry等人(1989)中所述將簡併併入引子中。在某些實施例中,藉由使用靶向各V基因家族之PCR引子而使文庫多樣性最大化,以擴增存在於免疫細胞核酸樣本中之所有可用VH及VL排列,例如,如Marks等人,J. Mol. Biol.,222: 581-597(1991)之方法中所述或如Orum等人,Nucleic Acids Res.,21: 4491-4498(1993)之方法中所述。對於將經擴增DNA選殖至表現載體中而言,稀有限制性位點可如Orlandi等人(1989)中所述在PCR引子內作為一端之標籤引入,或如Clackson等人,Nature 352:624-628(1991)中所述藉由用標籤引子進一步進行PCR擴增引入。
合成性重排之V基因圖譜可於活體外自V基因區段獲得。大部分人類VH基因區段已經選殖及定序(在Tomlinson等人,J. Mol. Biol.,227: 776-798(1992)中報導)及定位(在Matsuda等人,Nature Genet.,3: 88-94(1993)中報導);如在Hoogenboom及Winter,J. Mol. Biol.,227: 381-388(1992)中所述,該等經選殖區段(包括H1及H2環之所有主要構形)可用以藉由編碼不同序列及長度之H3環的PCR引子產生不同VH基因圖譜。如在Barbas等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89: 4457-4461(1992)中所述亦可獲得所有序列多樣性集中於單倍長之長H3環中的VH圖譜。人類Vκ及Vλ區段已經選殖及定序(報導於Williams及Winter,Eur. J. Immunol.,23: 1456-1461(1993)中),且可用於獲得合成輕鏈圖譜。基於一定範圍之VH與VL折迭及L3與H3長度之合成V基因圖譜將編碼具有大量結構多樣性之抗體。擴增編碼V基因之DNA之後,可根據Hoogenboom及Winter,J. Mol. Biol. 227:381-388(1992)之方法活體外重排生殖系V基因區段。
可藉由以數種方式將VH與VL基因圖譜組合在一起來構築抗體片段圖譜。各圖譜可在不同載體中產生,且該等載體係於活體外(例如,如Hogrefe等人,Gene 128:119-126(1993)中所述)重組或於活體內藉由組合感染(例如,如Waterhouse等人,Nucl. Acids Res. 21:2265-66(1993)中所述之loxP系統)重組。活體內重組方法利用Fab片段之雙鏈性質來克服由大腸桿菌(E. coli)轉型效率所強加的對文庫大小之限制。單獨選殖原生VH及VL圖譜,將一個選殖至噬粒中而另一個選殖至噬菌體載體中。接著藉由含有噬粒之細菌的噬菌體感染來組合兩個文庫,從而使各細胞含有不同組合且使文庫大小僅受所存在細胞數量(約1012個純系)的限制。兩載體均含有活體內重組信號,從而使VH與VL基因重組於單一複製子上並共包裝於噬菌體病毒粒子中。此等大型文庫提供大量具有良好親和力(Kd -1為約10-8 M)之多種抗體。
或者,可相繼將圖譜選殖至同一載體中,(例如)如Barbas等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7978-7982(1991)中所述;或可藉由PCR將圖譜組裝在一起且接著選殖,(例如)如Clackson等人,Nature 352:624-628(1991)中所述。亦可使用PCR組裝將VH及VLDNA與編碼可撓性肽間隔子之DNA接合在一起以形成單鏈Fv(scFv)圖譜。在另一種技術中,使用「細胞內PCR組裝」藉由PCR將VH與VL基因組合在淋巴細胞內且接著選殖連接基因之圖譜,如Embleton等人,Nucl. Acids Res. 20:3831-37(1992)中所述。
由原生文庫所產生之抗體(天然或合成)可具有中等親和力(約106至107 M-1之Kd -1),但親和力成熟亦可藉由建構第二文庫及從中再選擇而在活體外效仿,如Winter等人(1994)(同上)中所述。舉例而言,在Hawkins等人,J. Mol.Biol.,226: 889-896(1992)之方法中,或在Gram等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA,89: 3576-3580(1992)之方法中,可藉由使用易出錯聚合酶(報導於Leung等人,Technique,1:11-15(1989)中)於活體外隨意引入突變。此外,可藉由(例如)用具有跨越相關CDR之隨機序列的引子使用PCR在所選個別Fv純系中使一或多個CDR隨機突變並篩選較高親和力純系來進行親和力成熟。WO 9607754(1996年3月14日公佈)描述一種誘導免疫球蛋白輕鏈之互補性確定區發生突變以建立輕鏈基因文庫的方法。另一有效方法係將噬菌體呈現所選擇之VH或VL結構域與獲自未免疫供體之天然存在V結構域變異體圖譜重組且在數輪鏈改組中針對較高親和力進行篩選,如在Marks等人,Biotechnol.,10: 779-783(1992)中所述。此技術使得可產生親和力為約10-9M或更少之抗體及抗體片段。
可藉由此項技術中已知之各種技術實現文庫之篩選。舉例而言,可使用抗原塗佈吸附板之各孔,於固定至吸附板之宿主細胞上表現或用於細胞揀選中,或與生物素結合以便用經抗生蛋白鏈菌素塗佈之珠粒捕獲,或用於淘選噬菌體呈現文庫之任何其他方法中。
在適於使噬菌體顆粒之至少一部分與吸附劑結合之條件下,使噬菌體文庫樣本與經固定之抗原接觸。一般而言,對包括pH值、離子強度、溫度及其類似條件之條件進行選擇以模擬生理條件。洗滌與固相結合之噬菌體,且接著用酸溶離(例如,如Barbas等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 88:7978-7982(1991)中所述)或用鹼溶離(例如,如Marks等人,J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597(1991)中所述)或藉由抗原競爭溶離(例如,以與Clackson等人,Nature 352:624-628(1991)之抗原競爭方法類似之程序)。可在單輪選擇中富集20-1,000倍之噬菌體。此外,可使所富集之噬菌體在細菌培養物中生長並經歷更多輪選擇。
選擇效率視許多因素而定,包括洗滌過程中之解離動力學及單一噬菌體上之多個抗體片段能否同時與抗原接合。具有快速解離動力學(及弱結合親和力)之抗體可藉由使用短時間洗滌、多價噬菌體呈現及抗原於固相中之高塗覆密度予以保留。高密度不僅經由多價相互作用使噬菌體穩定,且亦有利於使已解離之噬菌體再結合。可利用長時間洗滌及單價噬菌體呈現(如Bass等人,Proteins,8: 309-314(1990)及WO 92/09690中所述)及抗原之低塗履密度(如Marks等人,Biotechnol.,10:779-783(1992)中所述)促進以低解離動力學進行的抗體之選擇。
有可能在對抗原具有不同親和力、甚至具有略微不同親和力的噬菌體抗體之間進行選擇。然而,所選抗體之隨機突變(例如,如在一些親和性成熟技術中所執行)可能產生許多突變體,其中大多數結合至抗原上且少數具有較高親和力。使用限制性抗原可競爭淘汰極少之高親和力噬菌體。為了保留所有較高親和力突變體,可將噬菌體與過量經生物素標記之抗原一起培育,但經生物素標記之抗原之莫耳濃度比抗原之目標莫耳親和力常數低。接著可以經抗生蛋白鏈菌素塗覆之順磁微珠捕捉高親和力結合之噬菌體。該「平衡捕捉」容許抗體根據其結合親和力被選定,其敏感度容許自顯著過量之具有較低親和力之噬菌體中分離僅兩倍高親和力的突變體純系。亦可操控洗滌與固相結合之噬菌體中所用的條件以基於解離動力學進行區分。
可基於活性選擇抗抗原純系。在某些實施例中,本發明提供結合至天然地表現抗原之活細胞或結合至自由漂浮抗原或連接於其他細胞結構之抗原的抗抗原抗體。對應於該等抗-抗原抗體的Fv純系可藉由如下步驟選擇:(1)如上所述自噬菌體文庫中分離抗-抗原純系,及視情況藉由在適當細菌宿主中培育該群體來擴增噬菌體純系之分離群體;(2)針對分別需要阻斷活性及非阻斷活性來選擇抗原及第二蛋白;(3)將抗-抗原噬菌體純系吸附至固定抗原上;(4)使用過量第二蛋白溶離任何識別與第二蛋白之結合決定子重迭或共有之抗原結合決定子的非所要純系;及(5)溶離步驟(4)完成後仍吸附的純系。視需要,具有所要阻斷/非阻斷特性之純系可進一步藉由將本文中所述之選擇程序重複一或多次來富集。
可易於分離編碼本發明之源自融合瘤之單株抗體或噬菌體呈現Fv純系之DNA,並使用習知程序(例如藉由使用經設計以由融合瘤或噬菌體DNA模板特異性擴增相關重鏈及輕鏈編碼區之寡核苷酸引子)進行定序。分離後可將DNA置於表現載體內,接著將表現載體轉染至不會另外產生免疫球蛋白之宿主細胞(諸如大腸桿菌細胞、猿COS細胞、中國倉鼠卵巢(CHO)細胞或骨髓瘤細胞)中以於重組宿主細胞中獲得所需單株抗體之合成。關於在細菌中重組表現編碼抗體之DNA的評論文章包括Skerra等人,Curr.Opinion in Immunol,5: 256(1993)及Pluckthun,Immunol. Revs,130: 151(1992)。
可將編碼本發明Fv純系之DNA與已知編碼重鏈及/或輕鏈恆定區之DNA序列(例如適當之DNA序列可由Kabat等人(同上文)獲得)組合以形成編碼全長或部分長度重鏈及/或輕鏈之純系。應瞭解為達成此目的可使用任何同型之恆定區,包括IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD及IgE恆定區,且此等恆定區可由任何人類或動物物種獲得。來源於一種動物(諸如人類)物種之可變域DNA且隨後與另一種動物物種之恆定區DNA融合以形成「雜交」、全長重鏈及/或輕鏈之編碼序列的Fv純系包括於如本文中所用之「嵌合」及「雜交」抗體之定義中。在某些實施例中,源自人類可變DNA的Fv純系融合於人類恆定區DNA中以形成全長或部分長度人類重鏈及/或輕鏈的編碼序列。
亦可例如藉由以人類重鏈及輕鏈恆定域之編碼序列取代源自融合瘤純系之同源鼠類序列,來修飾編碼本發明之源自融合瘤之抗-抗原抗體的D N A(例如,如在Morrison等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,81: 6851-6855(1984)之方法中)。可藉由使非免疫球蛋白多肽之所有或部分編碼序列共價接合於免疫球蛋白編碼序列來進一步修飾編碼源自融合瘤或Fv純系之抗體或片段的DNA。以此方式製備具有本發明之Fv純系之結合特異性或源自融合瘤純系之抗體之結合特異性的「嵌合」或「雜交」抗體。
(iv)人類化及人類抗體
此項技術中已知將非人類抗體人類化之各種方法。舉例而言,人類化抗體中可引入一或多個來自非人類來源之胺基酸殘基。此等非人類胺基酸殘基通常稱為「輸入」殘基,其通常係取自「輸入」可變域。人類化可基本上根據Winter及合作者之方法(Jones等人,Nature,321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature,332:323-327(1988);Verhoeyen等人,Science,239:1534-1536(1988)),藉由用齧齒動物CDR或CDR序列取代人類抗體之相應序列來執行。因此,該等「人類化」抗體為嵌合抗體(美國專利第4,816,567號),其中實質上少於完整人類可變域之可變域經來自非人類物種之相應序列取代。實際上,人類化抗體通常為一些CDR殘基及可能之一些FR殘基由來自齧齒動物抗體中之類似位點之殘基取代的人類抗體。
欲用於製造人類化抗體之人類可變域之備選者(輕鏈與重鏈)對降低抗原性極其重要。根據所謂「最佳擬合」法,相對於整個已知人類可變域序列文庫篩選齧齒動物抗體之可變域序列。接著將與齧齒動物序列最接近之人類序列接受為人類化抗體之人類構架(Sims等人,(1993)J. Immunol. 151:2296;Chothia等人,(1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901(1987))。另一方法使用自具有特定輕鏈或重鏈子群之所有人類抗體之一致序列獲得的特定構架。相同構架可用於若干不同人類化抗體(Carter等人,Proc. Natl AcadSci. USA,89:4285(1992);Presta等人,J. Immnol,151:2623(1993))。
更重要的是,使抗體人類化且保留對抗原之高親和力及其他有利生物特性。為達成此目標,根據該方法之一實施例,藉由使用親本序列及人類化序列之三維模型分析親本序列及各種概念上之人類化產物的方法來製備人類化抗體。三維免疫球蛋白模型普遍可得且為熟習此項技術者熟知。可獲得說明及呈現所選擇之候選免疫球蛋白序列之可能三維構形結構的電腦程式。對該等呈現之檢查允許分析殘基在候選免疫球蛋白序列起作用過程中可能的作用,亦即,分析影響候選免疫球蛋白結合其抗原之能力的殘基。以此方式,FR殘基可選自受體及引入序列且與受體及引入序列組合以便獲得所需抗體特徵,諸如對目標抗原之親和力增加。一般而言,高變區殘基直接且極大體上涉及影響抗原結合。
可藉由將選自源自人類之噬菌體呈現庫之Fv純系可變域序列與如上所述之已知人類恆定域序列組合來構建本發明之人類抗體。或者,可藉由融合瘤方法製造本發明之人類單株抗體。用於製造人類單株抗體的人類骨髓瘤及小鼠-人類雜骨髓瘤細胞株已由例如Kozbor J. Immunol,133: 3001(1984);Brodeur等人,Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications,第51-63頁(Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,1987);及Boerner等人,J. Immunol,147: 86(1991)描述。
有可能產生在不存在內源性免疫球蛋白產生之情況下一旦免疫即能產生人類抗體全譜的轉殖基因動物(例如小鼠)。舉例而言,已描述嵌合及生殖系突變小鼠之抗體重鏈接合區(JH)基因的同種接合子缺失導致對內源抗體產生之完全抑制。將人類生殖系免疫球蛋白基因陣列轉移至此等生殖系突變小鼠體內將會於抗原攻毒後引起人類抗體之產生。參見,例如Jakobovits等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA,90: 2551(1993);Jakobovits等人,Nature,362: 255-258(1993);Bruggermann等人,Year in Immuno., 7: 33(1993);及Duchosal等人Nature 355:258(1992)。
亦可使用基因改組自非人類(例如齧齒動物)抗體獲得人類抗體,其中人類抗體具有與初始非人類抗體類似之親和力及特異性。根據此方法(亦稱為「抗原決定基印記法」),用人類V結構域基因圖譜置換藉由如本文所述之噬菌體呈現技術獲得的非人類抗體片段之重鏈或輕鏈可變區,產生一群非人類鏈/人類鏈scFv或Fab嵌合體。以抗原進行選擇可導致非人類鏈/人類鏈嵌合scFv或Fab之分離,其中人類鏈恢復移除初級噬菌體呈現純系中之相應非人類鏈時損壞的抗原結合位點,亦即抗原決定基決定(印模)對於人類鏈搭配物之選擇。當重複此過程以置換剩餘非人類鏈時,獲得人類抗體(參看1993年4月1日公開之PCT WO 93/06213)。與傳統藉由CDR移植人類化非人類抗體不同,此技術提供不具有非人類來源之FR或CDR殘基的完整人類抗體。
(v)抗體片段
抗體片段可藉由傳統方式(諸如酶促分解)或藉由重組技術產生。在某些情形下,使用抗體片段而非使用整個抗體具有優勢。較小尺寸之片段允許迅速清除且可實現對進入實體腫瘤之改良。關於某些抗體片段之評述,參見Hudson等人(2003) Nat. Med. 9:129-134。
已開發出各種技術用於產生抗體片段。傳統上,該等片段係經由完整抗體之蛋白水解消化獲得(參見,例如Morimoto等人,Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117(1992);及Brennan等人,Science,229:81(1985))。然而,該等片段現在可由重組宿主細胞直接產生。Fab、Fv及ScFv抗體片段皆可在大腸桿菌(E. coli)中表現且自大腸桿菌分泌,因此允許易於產生大量此等片段。可自上文所討論之抗體噬菌體文庫中分離抗體片段。或者,可直接自大腸桿菌回收Fab'-SH片段且使其化學偶合以形成F(ab')2片段(Carter等人,Bio/Technology 10:163-167(1992))。根據另一方法,F(ab')2片段可自重組宿主細胞培養物直接分離。美國專利第5,869,046號中描述包含救助受體結合抗原決定基殘基的具有增加之活體內半衰期之Fab及F(ab')2片段。熟習此項技術者知曉產生抗體片段之其他技術。在某些實施例中,抗體為單鏈Fv片段(scFv)。參見WO 93/16185、美國專利第5,571,894號及第5,587,458號。Fv及scFv為唯一的具有不含恆定區之完整組合位點的物質;因此,其可適於在活體內使用期間減少非特異性結合。可構築scFv融合蛋白以使效應蛋白融合於scFv之胺基或羧基端。參見Antibody Engineering,編Borrebaeck,同上。抗體片段亦可為例如美國專利第5,641,870號中所述之「線性抗體」。該等線性抗體可為單特異性或雙特異性抗體。
(vi)多特異性抗體
多特異性抗體對至少兩個不同抗原決定基具有結合特異性,其中抗原決定基通常來自不同抗原。雖然該等分子通常僅結合兩個不同抗原決定基(亦即雙特異性抗體,BsAb),但具有額外特異性之抗體(諸如三特異性抗體)當用於本文中時係由此表達所涵蓋。可製備全長抗體或抗體片段形式之雙特異性抗體(例如F(ab')2雙特異性抗體)。
製備雙特異性抗體之方法為此項技術中已知。全長雙特異性抗體之傳統產生係基於共表現兩個免疫球蛋白重鏈-輕鏈對,其中兩個鏈具有不同特異性(Millstein等人,Nature 305:537-539(1983))。由於免疫球蛋白重鏈及輕鏈之隨機分配,此等融合瘤(四源融合瘤)產生10種不同抗體分子之潛在混合物,其中僅一種具有正確的雙特異性結構。一般藉由親合性層析步驟進行之正確分子之純化相當麻煩,且產率低。類似程序揭示於WO 93/08829中及Traunecker等人,EMBO J.,10:3655-3659(1991)中。
根據不同方法,將具所要結合特異性之抗體可變域(抗體-抗原組合位點)融合於免疫球蛋白恆定域序列中。融合較佳係與包含至少部分鉸鏈區、CH2及CH3區之免疫球蛋白重鏈恆定域之融合。通常使存在於至少一個該等融合中之第一重鏈恆定區(CH1)含有用於結合輕鏈之必要位點。將編碼免疫球蛋白重鏈融合體及(若需要)免疫球蛋白輕鏈之DNA插入單獨表現載體中,且將其共轉染至適當之宿主生物體中。當在構建中所使用之三個多肽鏈的不等比率提供最佳產率時,此提供在實施例中調整三個多肽片段之相互比例的極大靈活性。然而,當等比率之至少兩個多肽鏈的表現造成高產率或當比率並非特別重要時,可能將兩個或全部三個多肽鏈之編碼序列插入一表現載體中。
在該方法之一實施例中,雙特異性抗體由在一臂中具有第一結合特異性之雜交免疫球蛋白重鏈與在另一臂中(提供第二結合特異性)之雜交免疫球蛋白重鏈-輕鏈對構成。已發現由於免疫球蛋白輕鏈僅存在於一半雙特異性分子中提供一種簡便之分離方式,故此不對稱結構促進所需雙特異性化合物與非吾人所要之免疫球蛋白鏈組合之分離。此方法揭示於WO 94/04690中。關於產生雙特異性抗體之其他細節,參見,例如Suresh等人,Methods in Enzymology,121:210(1986)。
根據描述於WO96/27011中之另一方法,可工程設計一對抗體分子間之界面以使由重組細胞培養物回收的雜二聚體之百分比最大化。一界面包含抗體恆定域之CH 3結構域之至少一部分。以此方法,使來自第一抗體分子界面之一或多條小胺基酸側鏈經較大側鏈(例如,酪胺酸或色胺酸)置換。尺寸與大側鏈相同或類似之互補「腔」藉由將大胺基酸側鏈置換為更小胺基酸側鏈(例如丙胺酸或蘇胺酸)而形成於第二抗體分子界面上。以此提供使雜二聚體之產率增加超過其他不合需要之最終產物(諸如均二聚體)的機制。
雙特異性抗體包括交聯或「異結合」抗體。舉例而言,呈異結合物形式之抗體中之一者可與抗生物素蛋白偶合,另一者與生物素偶合。舉例而言,已提出該等抗體使免疫系統細胞靶向非所要細胞(美國專利第4,676,980號),且用於治療HIV感染(WO 91/00360、WO 92/200373及EP 03089)。可使用任何便利的交聯方法製備異結合抗體。適合之交聯劑為此項技術中所熟知,且與許多交聯技術一起揭示於美國專利第4,676,980號中。
自抗體片段產生雙特異性抗體之技術已描述於文獻中。舉例而言,可使用化學鍵製備雙特異性抗體。Brennan等人,Science,229: 81(1985)描述一種其中完整抗體經蛋白裂解以產生F(ab')2片段的程序。在二硫醇錯合劑亞砷酸鈉存在下還原此等片段以穩定鄰近二硫醇且防止分子間二硫鍵形成。接著將所產生之Fab'片段轉化為硫代硝基苯甲酸酯(TNB)衍生物。接著藉由用巰基乙胺還原將Fab'-TNB衍生物之一再轉化為Fab'-硫醇,且將其與等莫耳量之另一Fab'-TNB衍生物混合以形成雙特異性抗體。所產生之雙特異性抗體可用作用於選擇性固定酶之試劑。
近期之進展已促使自大腸桿菌直接回收Fab'-SH片段,該等片段可經化學偶合而形成雙特異性抗體。Shalaby等人,J. Exp. Med. 175: 217-225(1992)描述完全人類化雙特異性抗體F(ab')2分子之產生。大腸桿菌單獨分泌各Fab'片段且使其經歷活體外定向化學偶合以形成雙特異性抗體。
亦已描述直接由重組細胞培養物製造並分離雙特異性抗體片段之多種技術。舉例而言,已使用白胺酸拉鏈產生雙特異性抗體。Kostelny等人,J. Immunol.,148(5):1547-1553(1992)。藉由基因融合將來自Fos及Jun蛋白之白胺酸拉鏈肽與兩種不同抗體之Fab'部分連接。在鉸鏈區還原抗體均二聚體以形成單體,且接著使其再氧化以形成抗體雜二聚體。此方法亦可用於產生抗體均二聚體。Hollinger等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:6444-6448(1993)所述之「雙功能抗體」技術為製備雙特異性抗體片段提供了替代機制。該等片段包含經連接子連接至輕鏈可變域(VL)之重鏈可變域(VH),該連接子過短而使相同鏈上之兩個結構域之間無法配對。因此,迫使一個片段之VH及VL結構域與另一個片段之互補VL及VH結構域配對,藉此形成兩個抗原結合位點。亦已報導另一種藉由使用單鏈Fv(sFv)二聚體來製造雙特異性抗體片段之策略。參見Gruber等人,J. Immunol.,152:5368(1994)。
亦涵蓋具有兩價以上之抗體。舉例而言,可製備三特異性抗體。Tuft等人J. Immunol. 147: 60(1991)。
(vii)單結構域抗體
在一些實施例中,本發明之抗體為單結構域抗體。單結構域抗體為包含抗體之全部或一部分重鏈可變域或者全部或一部分輕鏈可變域之單一多肽鏈。在某些實施例中,單結構域抗體為人類單結構域抗體(Domantis,Inc.,Waltham,MA;參見例如美國專利第6,248,516 B1號)。在一實施例中,單結構域抗體由抗體之全部或一部分重鏈可變域組成。
(viii)抗體變異體
在一些實施例中,涵蓋本文所述之抗體的胺基酸序列修飾。舉例而言,可需要改良抗體之結合親和力及/或其他生物特性。可藉由將適當改變引入編碼抗體之核苷酸序列中,或藉由肽合成,來製備抗體之胺基酸序列變異體。此等修飾包括(例如)抗體胺基酸序列內之殘基缺失及/或插入及/或取代。可進行缺失、插入及取代之任何組合以獲得最終構築體,其限制條件為最終構築體具有所需特徵。可在製造序列時將胺基酸變化引入標的抗體胺基酸序列中。
(ix)抗體衍生物
本發明之抗體可進一步經修飾以含有此項技術中已知且易於獲得之額外非蛋白部分。在某些實施例中,適於衍生化抗體之部分為水溶性聚合物。水溶性聚合物之非限制性實例包括(但不限於)聚乙二醇(PEG)、乙二醇/丙二醇共聚物、羧甲基纖維素、葡聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯比咯啶酮、聚-1,3-二氧雜環戊烷、聚-1,3,6-三烷、乙烯/順丁烯二酸酐共聚物、聚胺基酸(均聚物或無規共聚物)及葡聚糖或聚(n-乙烯吡咯啶酮)聚乙二醇、丙二醇均聚物、聚氧化丙烯/氧化乙烯共聚物、聚氧乙基化多元醇(例如甘油)、聚乙烯醇及其混合物。聚乙二醇丙醛因其於水中之穩定性而可於製造時具有優勢。聚合物可具有任何分子量,且可為分支或未分支的。連接至抗體之聚合物之數目可變化,且若連接一個以上聚合物,則其可為相同或不同分子。一般而言,用於衍生化之聚合物之數目及/或類型可基於包括(但不限於)待改良抗體之特殊性質或功能,抗體衍生物是否將用於指定病狀下之療法等考慮來確定。
(x)載體、宿主細胞及重組方法
亦可使用重組方法產生抗體。為重組產生抗-抗原抗體,將編碼該抗體之核酸分離且插入可複製載體中以便進一步選殖(擴增DNA)或以便表現。可使用習知程序(例如藉由使用能夠特異性結合編碼抗體重鏈及輕鏈之基因之寡核苷酸探針)容易地分離及定序編碼抗體之DNA。可利用多種載體。載體組份通常包括(但不限於)下列一或多者:信號序列、複製起點、一或多個標記基因、強化子元件、啟動子及轉錄終止序列。
(a)信號序列組份
本發明之抗體不僅可直接重組產生,而且還可以與異源多肽融合之融合多肽的形式產生,該異源多肽較佳為信號序列或在成熟蛋白質或多肽之N端處具有特定裂解位點之其他多肽。所選擇之異源信號序列較佳為可由宿主細胞識別及加工(亦即由信號肽酶裂解)之信號序列。對於不識別及加工原生抗體信號序列之原核宿主細胞而言,將該信號序列取代為例如選自鹼性磷酸酶、青黴素酶、lpp或熱穩定性腸毒素II引導序列之群的原核信號序列。對於酵母分泌而言,原生信號序列可取代為例如酵母轉化酶引導序列、α因子引導序列(包括酵母菌(Saccharomyces)及克魯維酵母(Kluyveromyces)α-因子引導序列)或酸性磷酸酶引導序列、白色念珠菌(C. albicans)葡糖澱粉酶引導序列或WO 90/13646中所述之信號。在哺乳動物細胞表現中,可利用哺乳動物信號序列以及病毒分泌引導序列(例如單純疱疹gD信號)。
(b)複製起點
表現及選殖載體皆含有使載體能夠在一或多種所選宿主細胞中複製的核酸序列。通常,在選殖載體中,此序列為使載體能夠不依賴於宿主染色體DNA複製的序列,且包括複製起點或自主複製序列。熟知多種細菌、酵母及病毒之該等序列。來自質體pBR322之複製起點適於大部分革蘭氏陰性細菌(Gram-negative bacteria),2μ質體起點適於酵母,且各種病毒起點(SV40、多瘤病毒、腺病毒、VSV或BPV)適用於哺乳動物細胞中之選殖載體。一般而言,哺乳動物表現載體無需複製起點組份(因SV40起點含有早期啟動子,故通常可僅使用該起點)。
(c)選擇基因組份
表現及選殖載體可含有選擇基因,亦稱為可選標記物。典型選擇基因編碼具有以下特徵之蛋白質:(a)具有對抗生素或其他毒素(例如安比西林(ampicillin)、新黴素(neomycin)、甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)或四環素(tetracycline))之抗性,(b)補充營養缺陷缺失,或(c)供應不可自複雜培養基中得到之關鍵營養素,例如桿菌之基因編碼D-丙胺酸消旋酶。
選擇流程之一實例利用藥物使宿主細胞之生長停滯。經異源基因成功轉型之彼等細胞產生呈現藥物抗性之蛋白質且因此在選擇方案中存活。此顯性選擇之實例使用藥物新黴素、黴酚酸及濕黴素(hygromycin)。
哺乳動物細胞之合適可選標記物之另一實例為使得能夠鑑別有能力接納編碼抗體之核酸之細胞的彼等標記物,諸如DHFR、麩醯胺酸合成酶(GS)、胸苷激酶、金屬硫蛋白-I及金屬硫蛋白-II(較佳為靈長類金屬硫蛋白基因)、腺苷脫胺酶、鳥胺酸脫羧酶等。
舉例而言,藉由在含有甲胺喋呤(Mtx)(DHFR之競爭性拮抗劑)之培養基中培養經DHFR基因轉型之細胞來鑑別轉型體。在此等條件下,DHFR基因與任何其他共轉型核酸一起擴增。可使用缺乏內源性DHFR活性之中國倉鼠卵巢(CHO)細胞株(例如ATCC CRL-9096)。
或者,藉由在含有L-甲硫胺酸磺醯亞胺(Msx)(GS之抑制劑)之培養基中培養經GS基因轉型之細胞來鑑別轉型體。在此等條件下,GS基因與任何其他共轉型核酸一起擴增。GS選擇/擴增系統可與如上所述之DHFR選擇/擴增系統組合使用。
或者,可藉由在含有針對可選標記物之選擇劑(諸如胺基糖苷抗生素,例如康黴素(kanamycin)、新黴素或G418)的培養基中進行細胞生長來選擇經編碼相關抗體之DNA序列、野生型DHFR基因及另一可選標記物(諸如胺基糖苷3'-磷酸轉移酶(APH))轉型或共轉型之宿主細胞(尤其是含有內源DHFR之野生型宿主)。參見美國專利第4,965,199號。
適用於酵母中之選擇基因為存在於酵母質體YRp7中之trp1基因(Stinchcomb等人,Nature,282:39(1979))。trp1基因為不能在色胺酸中生長的突變酵母菌株(例如ATCC編號44076或PEP4-1)提供選擇標記物。Jones,Genetics,85:12(1977)。隨後酵母宿主細胞基因組中trp1損傷之存在為藉由在不存在色胺酸情況下培養來偵測轉型提供有效環境。類似地,Leu2缺陷型酵母菌株(ATCC 20,622或38,626)係由攜有Leu2基因之已知質體補充。
另外,來源於1.6 μm環狀質體pKD1之載體可用於轉型克魯維酵母。或者,報導乳酸克魯維酵母用於大規模產生重組小牛凝乳酶之表現系統。Van den Berg,Bio/Technology,8:135(1990)。亦已揭示用於利用工業克魯維酵母菌株分泌成熟重組人類血清白蛋白的穩定多複本表現載體。Fleer等人,Bio/Technology,9:968-975(1991)。
(d)啟動子組份
表現及選殖載體通常含有由宿主生物體識別且與編碼抗體之核酸可操作性連接之啟動子。適用於原核宿主之啟動子包括phoA啟動子、β-內醯胺酶及乳糖啟動子系統、鹼性磷酸酶啟動子、色胺酸(trp)啟動子系統及雜合啟動子(諸如tac啟動子)。然而,其他已知細菌啟動子亦適用。用於細菌系統中之啟動子亦含有與編碼抗體之DNA可操作性連接之夏因-達爾加諾(Shine-Dalgarno;S.D.)序列。
已知真核生物之啟動子序列。實際上所有真核基因均具有位於轉錄起始位點上游大約25至30個鹼基處之富AT區。於許多基因之轉錄起始之上游70至80個鹼基處發現的另一序列為CNCAAT區,其中N可為任何核苷酸。大部分真核基因之3'端處為AATAAA序列,該序列可為向編碼序列之3'端增加poly A尾的信號。所有此等序列均適於插入真核表現載體中。
適於與酵母宿主一起使用的啟動子序列之實例包括3-磷酸甘油酸激酶或其它糖酵解酶之啟動子,諸如烯醇酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸去氫酶、己糖激酶、丙酮酸脫羧酶、磷酸果糖激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸異構酶、3-磷酸甘油酸變位酶、丙酮酸激酶、磷酸丙糖異構酶、磷酸葡萄糖異構酶及葡萄糖激酶。
作為具有轉錄受生長條件控制之額外優勢之誘導型啟動子的其他酵母啟動子為用於以下之啟動子區:醇去氫酶2、異細胞色素C、酸性磷酸酶、與氮代謝相關之降解酶、金屬硫蛋白、甘油醛-3-磷酸去氫酶及負責麥芽糖及半乳糖利用之酶。EP 73,657中進一步描述適用於酵母表現之載體及啟動子。酵母強化子亦宜與酵母啟動子一起使用。
可例如藉由自以下獲得之啟動子控制哺乳動物宿主細胞中自載體進行抗體轉錄:諸如多形瘤病毒、雞痘病毒、腺病毒(諸如腺病毒2)、牛乳頭狀瘤病毒、鳥肉瘤病毒、細胞巨大病毒、反轉錄病毒、B型肝炎病毒、猿猴病毒40(SV40)之病毒之基因組;或異源哺乳動物啟動子(例如肌動蛋白啟動子或免疫球蛋白啟動子);熱休克啟動子,其限制條件為該等啟動子與宿主細胞系統相容。
便利地獲得SV40病毒之早期及晚期啟動子作為亦含有SV40病毒複製起點之SV40限制片段。便利地獲得人類巨細胞病毒之立即早期啟動子作為HindIII E限制片段。美國專利第4,419,446號中揭示一種使用牛乳突狀瘤病毒作為載體在哺乳動物宿主中表現DNA之系統。美國專利第4,601,978號中描述該系統之改良。關於在疱疹單純型病毒之胸苷激酶啟動子控制下在小鼠細胞中表現人類β-干擾素cDNA,亦參見Reyes等人,Nature 297:598-601(1982)。或者,可使用勞斯肉瘤病毒(Rous Sarcoma Virus)之長末端重複序列作為啟動子。
(e)強化子元件組份
通常藉由將強化子序列插入載體中來增加編碼本發明抗體之DNA由高級真核生物之轉錄。目前已知許多強化子序列來自哺乳動物基因(血球蛋白、彈性蛋白酶、白蛋白、α-胎蛋白及胰島素)。然而,吾人通常將使用來自真核細胞病毒之強化子。實例包括複製起點(bp 100-270)後端之SV40強化子、巨細胞病毒早期啟動子強化子、複製起點後端之多瘤病毒強化子及腺病毒強化子。關於用於活化真核啟動子之增強元件,亦可參看Yaniv,Nature 297:17-18(1982)。強化子可拼接至載體中抗體編碼序列之5'或3'位置處,但較佳位於啟動子之5'位點。
(f)轉錄終止組份
用於真核宿主細胞(酵母、真菌、昆蟲、植物、動物、人類或來自其他多細胞生物體之有核細胞)中之表現載體亦含有終止轉錄及穩定mRNA所必需的序列。此等序列通常可自真核或病毒DNA或cDNA之5'且偶爾3'未轉譯區獲得。此等區域含有在編碼抗體之mRNA之未轉譯部分中以聚腺苷酸化片段形式轉錄的核苷酸區段。一種適用之轉錄終止組份為牛生長激素聚腺苷酸化區。參見WO94/11026及其中所揭示之表現載體。
(g)選擇及轉型宿主細胞
適用於在本文之載體中選殖或表現DNA之宿主細胞為如上所述之原核生物、酵母或高級真核生物細胞。適於此目的之原核生物包括真細菌,諸如革蘭氏陰性或革蘭氏陽性生物體,例如腸內菌科(Enterobacteriaceae),諸如埃希氏菌屬(Escherichia)(例如大腸桿菌)、腸內菌屬(Enterobacter)、歐文氏菌屬(Erwinia)、克雷伯氏菌屬(Klebsiella)、變形桿菌屬(Proteus)、沙門氏菌屬(Salmonella)(例如鼠傷寒沙門氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium))、沙雷氏菌屬(Serratia)(例如黏質沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescans))及志賀氏菌屬(Shigella)以及芽孢桿菌屬(Bacilli)(諸如枯草芽孢桿菌(B. subtilis)及地衣芽孢桿菌(B. licheniformis)(例如1989年4月12日公開之DD 266,710中揭示之地衣芽孢桿菌41P))、假單胞菌屬(Pseudomonas)(諸如綠膿假單胞菌(P. aeruginosa))及鏈黴菌屬(Streptomyces)。儘管諸如大腸桿菌B、大腸桿菌X1776(ATCC 31,537)及大腸桿菌W3110(ATCC 27,325)之其他菌株亦為合適的,但一較佳大腸桿菌選殖宿主為大腸桿菌294(ATCC 31,446)。此等實例為例示性而非限制性的。
可在細菌中產生全長抗體、抗體融合蛋白及抗體片段,尤其當不需要糖基化及Fc效應功能時,諸如當使治療抗體與自身展示破壞腫瘤細胞之功效之細胞毒性劑(例如毒素)結合時。全長抗體在循環中具有較大半衰期。在大腸桿菌中之產生更快且更具成本效率。關於抗體片段及多肽在細菌中之表現,參見例如U.S. 5,648,237(Carter等人)、U.S. 5,789,199(Joly等人)、U.S. 5,840,523(Simmons等人),其描述轉譯起始區(TIR)及用於優化表現及分泌之信號序列。亦參見Charlton,Methods in Molecular Biology,第248卷(B.K.C. Lo,編,Humana Press,Totowa,NJ,2003),第245-254頁,其描述大腸桿菌中抗體片段之表現。表現之後,可使抗體黏住可溶性溶離份自大腸桿菌細胞中分離出來且可經由例如蛋白A或G管柱(視同型而定)純化。可類似於純化(例如)表現於CHO細胞中之抗體之方法來進行最終純化。
除原核生物外,諸如絲狀真菌或酵母之真核微生物為編碼抗體之載體的合適選殖或表現宿主。在低級真核宿主微生物中最常使用釀酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevi-siae)或普通麵包酵母(baker's yeast)。然而,許多其他屬、種及株通常可得且適用於本文中,諸如粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe);克魯維酵母宿主,諸如乳酸克魯維酵母(K. lactis)、脆壁克魯維酵母(K. fragilis)(ATCC 12,424)、保加利亞克魯維酵母(K. bulgaricus)(ATCC 16,045)、魏氏克魯維酵母(K. wickeramii)(ATCC 24,178)、瓦爾特克魯維酵母(K. waltii)(ATCC 56,500)、果蠅克魯維酵母(K. drosophilarum)(ATCC 36,906)、耐熱克魯維酵母(K. thermotolerans)及馬克斯克魯維酵母(K. marxianus);耶氏酵母(yarrowia)(EP 402,226);甲醇酵母(Pichia pastoris)(EP 183,070);念珠菌屬(Candida);里氏木黴(Trichoderma reesia)(EP 244,234);粗糙脈孢菌(Neurospora crassa);許旺酵母屬(Schwanniomyces),諸如西方許旺酵母(Schwanniomyces occidentalis);及絲狀真菌,諸如脈孢菌屬(Neurospora)、青黴屬(Penicillium)、彎頸黴屬(Tolypocladium)及麴菌屬(Aspergillus)宿主,諸如構巢麴菌(A. nidulans)及黑麴菌(A. niger)。關於討論用酵母及絲狀真菌產生治療蛋白之評述,參見,例如Gerngross,Nat. Biotech. 22:1409-1414(2004)。
可選擇某些真菌及酵母菌株,其中糖基化路徑已經「人類化」,導致產生具有部分或完全人類糖基化模式之抗體。參見,例如Li等人,Nat. Biotech. 24:210-215(2006)(描述甲醇酵母中糖基化路徑之人類化);及Gerngross等人,同上。
適於表現糖基化抗體之宿主細胞亦可自多細胞生物體(無脊椎動物及脊椎動物)獲得。無脊椎動物細胞之實例包括植物及昆蟲細胞。已鑑別多種桿狀病毒株及變異體以及諸如草地黏蟲(Spodoptera frugiperda)(毛蟲)、埃及伊蚊(Aedes aegypti)(蚊子)、白紋伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)(蚊子)、黑腹果蠅(Drosophila melanogaster)(果蠅)及家蠶(Bombyx mori)宿主的相應許可昆蟲宿主細胞。用於轉染之多種病毒株公開可得,例如苜蓿丫紋夜蛾(Autographa californica)NPV之L-1變異體及家蠶NPV之Bm-5病毒株,且根據本發明該等病毒可用作本文中之病毒,尤其用於轉染草地黏蟲細胞。
棉花、玉米、馬鈴薯、大豆、矮牽牛、番茄、浮萍(浮萍科(Lemnaceae))、紫苜蓿(蒺藜苜蓿(M. truncatula))及菸草之植物細胞培養物亦可用作宿主。參見,例如美國專利第5,959,177號、第6,040,498號、第6,420,548號、第7,125,978號及第6,417,429號(描述用於在轉殖基因植物中產生抗體之PLANTTBODIESTM技術)。
脊椎動物細胞可用作宿主,且在培養物(組織培養物)中使脊椎動物細胞增殖已成為常規程序。適用哺乳動物宿主細胞株之實例為經SV40轉型之猴腎CV1細胞株(COS-7,ATCC CRL 1651);人類胚腎細胞株(293細胞或經次選殖以供在懸浮培養物中生長之293細胞,Graham等人,J. Gen Virol. 36:59 36:59(1977));倉鼠幼仔腎細胞(BHK,ATCC CCL 10);小鼠足細胞(TM4,Mather,Biol. Reprod. 23:243-251(1980));猴腎細胞(CV1 ATCC CCL 70);非洲綠猴腎細胞(VERO-76,ATCC CRL-1587);人類子宮頸癌細胞(HELA,ATCC CCL 2);犬腎細胞(MDCK,ATCC CCL 34);水牛鼠肝細胞(BRL 3A,ATCC CRL 1442);人類肺細胞(W138,ATCC CCL 75);人類肝細胞(Hep G2,HB 8065);小鼠乳腺腫瘤(MMT 060562,ATCC CCL51);TRI細胞(Mather等人,Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 383:44-68(1982));MRC 5細胞;FS4細胞;及人類肝癌細胞株(Hep G2)。其他適用哺乳動物宿主細胞株包括中國倉鼠卵巢(CHO)細胞,包括DHFR- CHO細胞(Urlaub等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216(1980));及骨髓瘤細胞株,諸如NS0及Sp2/0。關於適於產生抗體之某些哺乳動物宿主細胞株的評述,參見,例如Yazaki及Wu,Methods in Molecular Biology,第248卷(B.K.C. Lo編,Humana Press,Totowa,NJ,2003),第255-268頁。
用上述用於產生抗體之表現或選殖載體轉型宿主細胞,且將其培養於經改質以適於誘導啟動子、選擇轉型體或擴增編碼所需序列之基因的習知營養培養基中。
(h)培養宿主細胞
可將用於產生本發明抗體之宿主細胞於多種培養基中培養。諸如Ham氏F10(Sigma)、最低必需培養基(MEM)(Sigma)、RPMI-1640(Sigma)及Dulbecco氏修飾之Eagle氏培養基(DMEM)(Sigma)之市售培養基適用於培養宿主細胞。另外,可將Ham等人,Meth. Enz. 58:44(1979),Barnes等人,Anal. Biochem. 102:255(1980),美國專利第4,767,704號,第4,657,866號,第4,927,762號,第4,560,655號或第5,122,469號,WO 90/03430,WO 87/00195或美國專利再頒佈30,985中所述之任何培養基用作宿主細胞之培養基。任何此等培養基均可視需要補充激素及/或其他生長因子(諸如胰島素、運鐵蛋白或表皮生長因子)、鹽(諸如氯化鈉、鈣、鎂及磷酸鹽)、緩衝液(諸如HEPES)、核苷酸(諸如腺苷及胸苷)、抗生素(諸如GENTAMYCINTM藥物)、微量元素(定義為無機化合物,通常以在微莫耳範圍內之最終濃度存在)及葡萄糖或等效能源。亦可包括熟習此項技術者已知之合適濃度的任何其他必需補充劑。培養條件(諸如溫度、pH值及其類似條件)為先前選擇進行表現之宿主細胞所用的條件,且為一般技術者所瞭解。
(xi)抗體純化
當使用重組技術時,抗體可產生於細胞內、周質空間(periplasmic space)中,或直接分泌至培養基中。若抗體產生於細胞內,則第一步驟,例如藉由離心或超濾移除宿主細胞或溶解片段之顆粒碎片。Carter等人,Bio/Technology 10:163-167(1992)描述用於分離分泌至大腸桿菌之周質空間的抗體之程序。簡言之,細胞糊狀物在乙酸鈉(pH 3.5)、EDTA及苯基甲基磺醯基氟(PMSF)存在下經約30分鐘解凍。可藉由離心移除細胞碎片。在抗體分泌至培養基之情形下,通常首先使用市售蛋白濃縮過濾器(例如Amicon或Millipore Pellicon超濾裝置)濃縮此等表現系統之上清液。在任何先前步驟中可包括諸如PMSF之蛋白酶抑制劑以抑制蛋白水解,且可包括抗生素以防止外來污染物生長。
可使用例如羥磷灰石層析、疏水相互作用層析、凝膠電泳、透析及親和層析來純化自細胞製備之抗體組合物,且親和層析為其中一種通常較佳之純化步驟。蛋白A作為親和配位體之適用性視物種及存在於抗體中之任何免疫球蛋白Fc結構域的同型而定。蛋白A可用於純化基於人類γ1、γ2或γ4重鏈之抗體(Lindmark等人,J. Immunol. Meth. 62:1-13(1983))。推薦蛋白G用於所有小鼠同型及人類γ3(Guss等人,EMBO J. 5:1567-1575(1986))。雖然親和配位體所連接之基質最常為瓊脂糖,但亦可利用其他基質。機械穩定性基質,(諸如控孔玻璃或聚(苯乙烯二乙烯基)苯,與瓊脂糖可達成者相比,允許更快之流動速率及更短之處理時間。當抗體包含CH3結構域時,Baker-bond ABXTM樹脂(J. T. Baker,Phillipsburg,NJ)可用於純化。亦可利用其他用於蛋白質純化之技術,諸如離子交換管柱分餾法、乙醇沉澱法、逆相HPLC、矽石層析、肝素SEPHAROSETM層析、陰離子或陽離子交換樹脂(諸如聚天冬胺酸管柱)層析、聚焦層析(chromatofocusing)、SDS-PAGE及硫酸銨沈澱,視欲回收之抗體而定。
一般而言,用於製備供研究、測試及臨床使用之抗體的各種方法在此項技術中已充分確立,與上述方法一致且/或被熟習此項技術者視為適用於相關特定抗體。
如上所述製造之抗體可經受一或多個「生物活性」檢驗以選出由治療觀點來看具有有利特性之抗體。可在抗體中篩選出結合該抗體之抗原的能力提高之抗體。舉例而言,對於如下實例中所示之抗VEGF抗體而言,可在偵測結合VEGF之能力之檢驗中評估抗體之抗原結合特性。
在另一實施例中,抗體之親和力可藉由例如飽和結合;ELISA;及/或競爭檢驗(例如RIA)來測定。
又,抗體可經受其他生物活性檢驗,例如來評估其作為治療劑之有效性。該等檢驗在此項技術中已知且視目標抗原及抗體之預期用途而定。
為了篩選結合至相關抗原上之特定抗原決定基之抗體(例如,阻斷實例之抗VEGF抗體與VEGF之結合的彼等抗體),可執行諸如在Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,編者Harlow及David Lane(1988)中所描述之常規交叉阻斷檢驗。或者,可執行例如如Champe等人(1995)J. Biol. Chem. 270:1388-1394(1995)中所述之抗原決定基定位來判定抗體是否結合相關抗原決定基。
在本發明之另一實施例中,提供一種包含容納本發明之含水醫藥調配物之容器的製造物品且視情況提供用於其使用之說明書。合適之容器包括(例如)瓶子、小瓶及注射器。該容器可由諸如玻璃或塑料之多種材料製成。例示性容器為3-20 cc一次性使用玻璃小瓶。或者,對於多劑量調配物而言,容器可為3-100 cc玻璃小瓶。容器容納調配物且容器上之標籤或與容器相關之標籤可指示使用說明。該製造物品可進一步包括其他就商業性及使用者觀點而言合乎需要之材料,包括其他緩衝液、稀釋劑、濾紙、針、注射器及具有使用說明書之包裝插頁。
參考以下實例將更充分瞭解本發明。然而,不應將其視為限制本發明之範疇。所有文獻及專利引證以引用之方式併入本文中。
認為說明書足以使熟習此項技術者能夠實施本發明。熟習此項技術者將自以上描述知曉除本文中彼等所示及所述之外的本發明之各種修改且此等修改在隨附申請專利範圍之範疇內。本文中引用之所有公開案、專利及專利申請案係出於任何目的以引用之方式全部併入本文中。
應理解本文所述之實例及實施例僅為說明目的,且熟習此項技術者可鑒於其提出其各種修正或改變且其包括於本申請案之精神及範圍及隨附申請專利之範疇內。
此實例描述在包含組胺酸、精胺酸、乙酸鹽或氯化鈉之各種液體調配物中包含蛋白質濃度在約20 mg/mL-200 mg/mL之範圍內的抗VEGF抗體之穩定液體調配物的開發及穩定性測試。將在3 cc玻璃小瓶中之1毫升各調配物在40℃下儲存且在第1週、第2週及第4週評估穩定性。藉由包括UV(用於濃度及濁度)、用於尺寸變異體分析之尺寸排阻層析(SEC)、用於電荷變異體分析之成像毛細管等電聚焦(icIEF)、用於尺寸分佈之CE-SDS及用於活性之結合檢驗的若干檢驗監測抗VEGF之穩定性。在穩定性測試四週之後,吾等結果指示抗VEGF在200 mM精胺酸乙酸鹽、150 mM氯化鈉、0.04% PS20(pH 5.2)中係穩定的。
在包含組胺酸、氯化鈉、精胺酸及乙酸鹽之各種液體調配物中研究抗VEGF之穩定性(例如聚集體形成、黏度等)。藉由若干檢驗(包括用於分析聚集體形成之尺寸排阻層析(SEC))監測抗VEGF之穩定性。吾等結果指示抗VEGF在含有精胺酸之緩衝液中在pH值為約5.2下係穩定的。
使用Slide-a-Lyzer卡匣,藉由透析將抗VEGF調配至不同緩衝液中以獲得表1中所列出之最終濃度。將各調配物用0.22 μm Steriflip過濾裝置無菌過濾且無菌填充至熱壓處理過的小瓶中,塞住且密封。將樣品置於2-8℃、25℃及40℃下且在所選溫度下進行穩定性研究。
A 51 mM磷酸鈉,159 mM海藻糖,0.04% PS20,pH 6.2
B 200 mM精胺酸乙酸鹽,0.04% PS20,pH 5.2
C 20 mM乙酸鈉,240 mM蔗糖,0.04% PS20,pH 5.2
D 20 mM組胺酸氯化物,200 mM精胺酸氯化物,0.04% PS20,pH 5.2
pH值:在周圍溫度下將200 μL體積之各樣品置於1.5 ml埃彭道夫管(Eppendorf tube)中且使用裝備有Ross半微電極之Thermo Orion pH計量測pH值。使用Thermo Orion緩衝液標準物pH 4.0、5.0及7.0校正pH計。
黏度:使用具有高度設定在0.049 mm之25 mm椎管(CP 25-1)的Anton Paar Physica MCR300流變儀量測剪切黏度。在25℃下將75 μL各樣品加載於Peltier板上且在1000 l/s之恆定剪切速率下每100 s時間間隔量測10次。
尺寸排阻交換層析(SEC):執行尺寸排阻層析以用數量表示總聚集體含量(使用純注射液)及緩慢解離之聚集體含量(使用稀釋注射液)。稀釋注射液係以移動相緩衝液(0.20 M磷酸鉀,0.25 M氯化鉀,pH 6.2)稀釋至0.5 mg/mL。在分析之前,將所有樣品在30℃下培育24小時。將10 μL各純樣品及100 μL各稀釋樣品注入使用Agilent 1100 HPLC系統之TSK G3000SWXL,7.8×300 mm管柱(TOSOHAAS,零件編號08541)上。自動取樣器保持在30℃下,而管柱保持在周圍溫度下。流率為0.5 mL/min且每個樣品之總運轉時間為30分鐘。使用HP Chemstation,以在280 nm下之樣品吸光度來分析數據。
離子交換層析(IEC):執行離子交換層析以用數量表示在羧肽酶B(CpB)分解之樣品中的帶電變異體。將樣品用溶劑A(20 mM N-(2-乙醯胺基)-2-胺基乙烷磺酸(ACES)緩衝液,pH 6.5)稀釋至1 mg/mL,以1% w/w添加的1 mg/mL CpB處理且在37℃下培育20分鐘。接著將50 μL各樣品注入使用Agilent 1100 HPLC系統之Dionex ProPac WCX-10,4.6×250 mm管柱上。自動取樣器溫度保持在2-8℃下,而管柱保持在40℃下。流率為0.5 mL/min,同時使用溶劑A及溶劑B(在溶劑A中200 mM氯化鈉)之梯度經90分鐘之時間,如在測試程序中所列出。使用HP Chemstation,以在280 nm下之樣品吸光度分析數據。
濁度檢驗:為了監測濁度,使用Agilent 8453 UV-VIS光譜儀量測在350 nm下各調配物之光學密度。使用1 cm路徑長度之石英比色管在無稀釋之情況下分析所有樣品。
-20℃及冷凍解凍穩定性研究:將調配物A-D無菌填充至316 L不鏽鋼小罐中(15 mL/小罐)。將所有樣品在-20℃下儲存不同時間長度(例如24、48、72小時或72小時以上;4、5、6、7天或7天以上;2、3、4、5、6、7、8週或8週以上;3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24個月或24個月以上)且在層流清淨台下連續無菌取樣。此外,將調配物A-D填充至6 cc玻璃小瓶中且在-20℃儲存。使各小瓶經受5個冷凍解凍循環且使用SEC、IEC及濁度檢驗來分析。冷凍解凍循環使得必需在-20℃下儲存至少24小時,接著在5℃下儲存至少24小時。
此項研究探查在基於精胺酸之調配物中不同濃度之抗VEGF之穩定性(例如,聚集體形成、黏度、化學穩定性等)。SEC及IEC係用於監測抗VEGF在應力及加速儲存條件下之穩定性。量測抗VEGF之聚集及黏度且在以下表2中列出且在圖2及4中說明。
所有調配物在40℃下之聚集: 量測在40℃下儲存0、1、2及4週之後各抗VEGF調配物中所形成的總聚集體及二聚體之量且在以下表3、4及5中列出且在圖1及3中說明。
調配物在25℃下之聚集: 量測在25℃下儲存0、2、4及8週之後各抗VEGF調配物(100 mg/mL)中所形成的總聚集體及二聚體之量且在以下表6中列出。
調配物在2-8℃下之聚集: 量測在2-8℃下儲存0及4週之後各抗VEGF調配物(100 mg/mL)中所形成的聚集體及二聚體之量且在以下表7中列出。
在40℃下在不同精胺酸濃度下之聚集: 量測在不同精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度下各抗VEGF調配物中所形成的總聚集體之量且在以下表8中列出。
賦形劑之作用及離子強度: 探查不同賦形劑對抗VEGF穩定性之作用。所探究的賦形劑之清單包括磷酸鈉、精胺酸乙酸鹽、乙酸鈉及組胺酸氯化物。吾等結果展示含有精胺酸氯化物及組胺酸氯化物之調配物比所有其他調配物更快聚集。
在不同緩衝劑條件下評估抗VEGF之穩定性。自研究獲得的數據展示抗VEGF在pH值介於4.0與6.0之間的精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液中更加穩定。自調配物篩選研究獲得的數據展示抗VEGF在200 mM精胺酸乙酸鹽、0.04% PS20(pH 5.2)中在100 mg/mL蛋白質濃度下係穩定的且具有減少的聚集體及二聚體形成。
圖1說明在於40℃下儲存長達4週之抗VEGF調配物(100 mg/mL)中偵測到的總聚集體含量。
圖2說明在抗VEGF調配物(0、50、100及150 mg/ml)中偵測到的總聚集體含量。
圖3說明與在40℃下儲存長達4週相比,在抗VEGF調配物(100 mg/mL)中偵測到的二聚體含量。
圖4說明隨抗VEGF濃度(25、50、100、125、150或175 mg/ml)變化的抗VEGF調配物在20℃下之黏度。
Claims (61)
- 一種醫藥調配物,其包含結合至VEGF之抗體在pH4.5至6.0之25mM至250mM精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液中、及界面活性劑,其中該抗體為貝伐單抗(bevacizumab),其中該抗體濃度為10mg/mL至250mg/mL。
- 如請求項1之醫藥調配物,其中該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 4.5至5.5。
- 如請求項2之醫藥調配物,其中該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 4.8至5.4。
- 如請求項3之醫藥調配物,其中該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 5.2。
- 如請求項1之醫藥調配物,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為50mM至250mM。
- 如請求項5之醫藥調配物,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為75mM至250mM。
- 如請求項6之醫藥調配物,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為100mM至250mM。
- 如請求項7之醫藥調配物,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為120mM至240mM。
- 如請求項8之醫藥調配物,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為150mM至225mM。
- 如請求項9之醫藥調配物,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200mM。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之醫藥調配物,其中該界面活性劑為聚山梨醇酯(polysorbate)。
- 如請求項11之醫藥調配物,其中該聚山梨醇酯為聚山梨醇酯20。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之醫藥調配物,其中該界面活性劑濃度為0.0001%至1.0% v/v。
- 如請求項13之醫藥調配物,其中該界面活性劑濃度為0.01%至0.05% v/v。
- 如請求項14之醫藥調配物,其中該界面活性劑濃度為約0.04% v/v。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之醫藥調配物,其中該抗體濃度為25mg/mL至200mg/mL。
- 如請求項16之醫藥調配物,其中該抗體濃度為50mg/mL至150mg/mL。
- 如請求項17之醫藥調配物,其中該抗體濃度為75mg/mL至125mg/mL。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之醫藥調配物,其中該抗體不經預先冷凍乾燥。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之醫藥調配物,其為滅菌的。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之醫藥調配物,其在約40℃儲存時穩定至少28天。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之醫藥調配物,其為含水的且向個體投與。
- 如請求項22之醫藥調配物,其中該調配物係用於靜脈內(IV)、皮下(SQ)或肌肉內(IM)投藥。
- 如請求項23之醫藥調配物,其係用於IV投藥。
- 如請求項24之醫藥調配物,其係用於IV投藥且該抗體濃度為50mg/mL至100mg/mL。
- 如請求項23之醫藥調配物,其係用於SQ投藥且該抗體濃度為25mg/mL至250mg/mL。
- 如請求項26之醫藥調配物,其係用於SQ投藥且該抗體濃度為50mg/mL至100mg/mL。
- 如請求項1之醫藥調配物,其中該抗體濃度為75mg/mL至100mg/mL,該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 4.8至5.4,該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為150mM至225mM,且該界面活性劑為濃度0.01%至0.05% v/v之聚山梨醇酯20。
- 如請求項28之醫藥調配物,其中該抗體濃度為約100mg/mL,該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 5.2,該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200mM,且聚山梨醇酯20濃度為約0.04% v/V。
- 一種製造物品,其包含容納如請求項1至29中任一項之醫藥調配物的容器。
- 一種減少治療性單株抗體聚集之方法,其包含在pH 4.5至6.0之25mM至250mM精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液中調配該抗體,其中該抗體為貝伐單抗,其中該抗體濃度為10mg/mL至250mg/mL。
- 如請求項31之方法,其中該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 4.5至5.5。
- 如請求項32之方法,其中該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 4.8至5.4。
- 如請求項33之方法,其中該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 5.2。
- 如請求項31之方法,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為50mM至250mM。
- 如請求項35之方法,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為75mM至250mM。
- 如請求項36之方法,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為100mM至250mM。
- 如請求項37之方法,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為120mM至240mM。
- 如請求項38之方法,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為150mM至225mM。
- 如請求項39之方法,其中該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200mM。
- 如請求項31之方法,其中該調配物進一步包含界面活性劑。
- 如請求項41之方法,其中該界面活性劑為聚山梨醇酯。
- 如請求項42之方法,其中該聚山梨醇酯為聚山梨醇酯20。
- 如請求項41之方法,其中該界面活性劑濃度為0.0001%至1.0% v/v。
- 如請求項44之方法,其中該界面活性劑濃度為0.01%至0.05% v/v。
- 如請求項45之方法,其中該界面活性劑濃度為約0.04% v/v。
- 如請求項31至34中任一項之方法,其中該抗體濃度為25mg/mL至200mg/mL。
- 如請求項47之方法,其中該抗體濃度為50mg/mL至150mg/mL。
- 如請求項48之方法,其中該抗體濃度為75mg/mL至125mg/mL。
- 如請求項31至34中任一項之方法,其中該抗體不經預先冷凍乾燥。
- 一種小瓶,其具有可由注射器刺穿之塞子,在該小瓶內部包含如請求項1至29中任一項之醫藥調配物。
- 如請求項51之小瓶,其在2-8℃下儲存。
- 如請求項51之小瓶,其為3cc、20cc或50cc小瓶。
- 如請求項51至53中任一項之小瓶,其中該醫藥調配物中抗體濃度為75mg/mL至100mg/mL,該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 4.8至5.4,該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為150mM至225mM,且該界面活性劑為濃度0.01%至0.05% v/v之聚山梨醇酯20。
- 如請求項54之小瓶,其中該醫藥調配物中抗體濃度為約100mg/mL,該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 5.2,該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200mM,且聚山梨醇酯20濃度為約0.04% v/V。
- 一種不鏽鋼槽,在該槽內部包含如請求項1至29中任一項之醫藥調配物。
- 如請求項56之槽,其中該調配物經冷凍。
- 如請求項56之槽,其中該醫藥調配物中抗體濃度為75mg/mL至100mg/mL,該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 4.8至5.4,該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為150mM至225mM,且該界面活性劑為濃度0.01%至0.05% v/v之聚山梨醇酯20。
- 如請求項58之槽,其中該醫藥調配物中抗體濃度為約100mg/mL,該精胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝液為pH 5.2,該緩衝液中之精胺酸乙酸鹽濃度為約200mM,且聚山梨醇酯20濃度為約0.04% v/V。
- 一種如請求項1至29中任一項之醫藥調配物的用途,其係用於製造供治療癌症的藥劑。
- 如請求項60之用途,其中該癌症為結腸直腸癌、肺癌、乳癌、腎癌或神經膠母細胞瘤。
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