JP6814962B2 - 抗体製剤 - Google Patents
抗体製剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6814962B2 JP6814962B2 JP2018208122A JP2018208122A JP6814962B2 JP 6814962 B2 JP6814962 B2 JP 6814962B2 JP 2018208122 A JP2018208122 A JP 2018208122A JP 2018208122 A JP2018208122 A JP 2018208122A JP 6814962 B2 JP6814962 B2 JP 6814962B2
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- antibody
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- monoclonal antibody
- trehalose
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Description
本出願は、2013年3月13日に出願された米国仮出願第61/780899号の利益を主張し、その全内容が本明細書に参照により援用される。
ASCIテキストファイルでの以下の提出内容は、その全内容が本明細書に参照により援用される:コンピュータ読取可能形式(CRF)の配列表(ファイル名:146392012440SEQLIST.txt、記録日:2014年3月11日、サイズ:27KB)。
本発明は、抗体を含む安定した水性薬学的製剤に関する。
CD20分子(ヒトB−リンパ球限定分化抗原又はBp35とも称される)は、およそ35kDの分子量を有し、前B及び成熟Bリンパ球に位置する、疎水性の膜貫通タンパクである(Valentine, M.A., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264(19) (1989) 11282-11287; and Einfield, D.A., et al. (1988) EMBO J. 7(3):711-717; Tedder, T.F., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (1988) 208-12; Stamenkovic, I., et al., J. Exp. Med. 167 (1988) 1975-80; Tedder, T.F., et al., J. Immunol. 142 (1989) 2560-8)。CD20は、末梢血又はリンパ系器官由来のB細胞の90%を超える表面で発見され、早期の前B細胞発生中に発現し、形質細胞分化まで残存する。CD20は、正常B細胞及び悪性B細胞の両方に存在する。特に、CD20はB細胞非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)の90%以上で発現する(Anderson, K.C., et al., Blood 63(6) (1984) 1424-1433))が、造血幹細胞、プロB細胞、正常な形質細胞、又はその他正常な組織には見られない(Tedder, T.F., et al., J. Immunol. 135(2) (1985) 973- 979)。
I.定義
本発明を詳細に説明する前に、本発明は特定の組成物又は生物系に限定されるものではなく、当然多種多様であり得ることを理解すべきである。本明細書で使用される用語は、特定の実施態様を説明するためのものであり、限定することを目的としていないことも理解すべきである。本明細書において使用される場合、単数形「a」、「an」及び「the」は、文脈が明らかに他を指さない限り複数形を含む。したがって、例えば、「分子(a molecule)」についての言及は、任意選択的に二以上のそのような分子等の組合せを含む。
ン;エスペラマイシン;並びにネオカルチノスタチン発色団及び関連する色素タンパクエネジイン抗生物質発色団)、アクラシノマイシン類、アクチノマイシン、オースラマイシン、アザセリン、ブレオマイシン、カクチノマイシン、カラビシン、カルミノマイシン、カルジノフィリン、クロモマイシン類、ダクチノマイシン、ダウノルビシン、デトルビシン、6−ジアゾ−5−オキソ−L−ノルロイシン、ドキソルビシン(ADRIAMYCIN(登録商標)、モルホリノ−ドキソルビシン、シアノモルホリノ−ドキソルビシン、2−ピロリノ−ドキソルビシン、ドキソルビシンHClリポソーム注射(DOXIL(登録商標))、リポソームドキソルビシンTLC D−99(MYOCET(登録商標))、ペグ化リポソームドキソルビシン(CAELYX(登録商標))及びデオキシドキソルビシンを含む)、エピルビシン、エソルビシン、イダルビシン、マーセロマイシン、マイトマイシンCのようなマイトマイシン、マイコフェノール酸、ノガラマイシン、オリボマイシン、ペプロマイシン、ポルフィロマイシン、ピューロマイシン、ケラマイシン、ロドルビシン、ストレプトニグリン、ストレプトゾシン、ツベルシジン、ウベニメクス、ジノスタチン、ゾルビシン;代謝拮抗剤、例えばメトトレキセート、ゲムシタビン(GEMZAR(登録商標))、テガフール(UFTORAL(登録商標))、カペシタビン(XELODA(登録商標))、エポチロン及び5−フルオロウラシル(5−FU);コンブレタスタチン;葉酸アナログ、例えばデノプテリン、メトトレキセート、プテロプテリン、トリメトレキセート;プリンアナログ、例えばフルダラビン、6−メルカプトプリン、チアミプリン、チオグアニン;ピリミジンアナログ、例えばアンシタビン、アザシチジン、6−アザウリジン、カルモフール、シタラビン、ジデオキシウリジン、ドキシフルリジン、エノシタビン、フロキシウリジン;アンドロゲン類、例えばカルステロン、プロピオン酸ドロモスタノロン、エピチオスタノール、メピチオスタン、テストラクトン;抗副腎剤、例えばアミノグルテチミド、ミトタン、トリロスタン;葉酸リプレニッシャー、例えばフロリン酸;アセグラトン;アルドホスファミドグリコシド;アミノレブリン酸;エニルウラシル;アムサクリン;ベストラブシル;ビサントレン;エダトラキセート;デフォファミン;デメコルシン;ジアジコン;エルフォルミチン;酢酸エリプチニウム;エポチロン;エトグルシド;硝酸ガリウム;ヒドロキシ尿素;レンチナン;ロニダイニン;メイタンシノイド類、例えばメイタンシン及びアンサミトシン;ミトグアゾン;ミトキサントロン;モピダンモール;ニトラエリン;ペントスタチン;フェナメット;ピラルビシン;ロソキサントロン;2−エチルヒドラジド;プロカルバジン;PSK(登録商標)多糖複合体(JHS Natural Products, Eugene, Oreg.);ラゾキサン;リゾキシン;シゾフラン;スピロゲルマニウム;テニュアゾン酸;トリアジコン;2,2’,2’−トリクロロトリエチルアミン;トリコテセン類(特にT−2毒素、ベラクリンA、ロリジンA及びアングイジン);ウレタン;ビンデシン(ELDISINE(登録商標)、FILDESIN(登録商標));ダカルバジン;マンノムスチン;ミトブロニトール;ミトラクトール;ピポブロマン;ガシトシン;アラビノシド(「Ara−C」);チオテパ;タキソイド、例えばパクリタキセル(TAXOL(登録商標)、Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.)、パクリタキセルのアルブミン操作ナノ粒子製剤(ABRAXANETM)及びドセタキセル(TAXOTERE(登録商標)、Rhome-Poulene Rorer, Antony, France);クロランブシル;6−チオグアニン;メルカプトプリン;メトトレキセート;プラチナ薬剤、例えばシスプラチン、オキサリプラチン(例えばELOXATIN(登録商標))及びカルボプラチン;チューブリン重合が微小管を形成するのを妨げるビンカ、例えばビンブラスチン(VELBAN(登録商標))、ビンクリスチン(ONCOVIN(登録商標))、ビンデシン(ELDISINE(登録商標)、FILDESIN(登録商標))及びビノレルビン(NAVELBINE(登録商標));エトポシド(VP−16);イホスファミド;マイトキサントロン;ロイコボリン;ノバントロン;エダトレキセート;ダウノマイシン;アミノプテリン;イバンドロナート;トポイソメラーゼ阻害剤RFS2000;ジフルオロメチロールニチン(DMFO);レチノイン酸などのレチノイド(ベキサロテン(TARGRETIN(登録商標)
);ビスホスホネート、例えばクロドロネート(例えばBONEFOS(登録商標)又はOSTAC(登録商標))、エチドロン酸(DIDROCAL(登録商標))、NE−58095、ゾレドロン酸/ゾレドロネート(ZOMETA(登録商標))、アレンドロネート(FOSAMAX(登録商標))、パミドロン酸(AREDIA(登録商標))、チルドロネート(SKELID(登録商標))、又はリセドロネート(ACTONEL(登録商標))を含む);トロキサシタビン(1,3−ジオキソランヌクレオシドシトシン類似体);アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド、特に異常な細胞増殖に関係するシグナル伝達経路における遺伝子の発現を阻害するもの、例えばPKC−アルファ、Raf、H−Ras及び上皮増殖因子レセプター(EGF−R)(例えばエルロチニブ(TarcevaTM));及び細胞増殖を低減するVEGF−A;ワクチン、例えばTHERATOPE(登録商標)ワクチン及び遺伝子治療ワクチン、例えばALLOVECTIN(登録商標)ワクチン、LEUVECTIN(登録商標)ワクチン及びVAXID(登録商標)ワクチン;トポイソメラーゼ1阻害剤(例えばLURTOTECAN(登録商標));rmRH(例えばABARELIX(登録商標));BAY439006(ソラフェニブ;Bayer);SU−11248(スニチニブ、SUTENT(登録商標)、Pfizer);ペリホシン、COX−2阻害剤(例えばセレコキシブ又はエトリコキシブ)、プロテオゾーム阻害剤(例えばPS341);ボルテゾミブ(VELCADE(登録商標));CCI−779;チピファルニブ(R11577);オラフェニブ、ABT510;BCL−2阻害剤、例えばオブリメルセンナトリウム(GENASENSE(登録商標));ピクサントロン;EGFR阻害剤;チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤;セリン−スレオニンキナーゼ阻害剤、例えばラパマイシン(シロリムス、RAPAMUNE(登録商標));ファルネシルトランスフェラーゼ阻害剤、例えばロナファーニブ(SCH6636、SARASARTM);及び上述したものの薬学的に許容される塩類、酸類又は誘導体、並びに、上記のうちの二以上の組み合わせ、例えば、CHOP(シクロホスファミド、ドキソルビシン、ビンクリスチン、及びプレドニゾロンの併用療法の略称)、及びFOLFOX(5−FU及びロイコボリンと組み合わせたオキサリプラチン(ELOXATINTM)を用いる治療計画の略称)、及び上記いずれかの薬学的に許容される塩類、酸類又は誘導体類;並びに上記の二以上の組合せを含む。
93); Jakobovits et al., Nature 362: 255-258 (1993); Bruggemann et al., Year in Immunol. 7:33 (1993);米国特許第5545807号;同第5545806号;同第5569825号;同第5625126号;同第5633425号;及び同第5661016号;Marks et al., Bio/Technology 10: 779-783 (1992); Lonberg et al., Nature 368: 856-859 (1994); Morrison, Nature 368: 812-813 (1994); Fishwild et al., Nature Biotechnol. 14: 845-851 (1996); Neuberger, Nature Biotechnol. 14: 826 (1996); 及びLonberg and Huszar, Intern. Rev. Immunol. 13: 65-93 (1995)を参照のこと)を含む様々な技術によって作製されてもよい。
本明細書中の発明は、抗体を含む安定した水性製剤に関する。いくつかの実施態様において、製剤はモノクローナル抗体、トレハロース及びバッファーを含み、製剤中のトレハロースに対するモノクローナル抗体の重量比は約1.65から約4.95であり、製剤は約5.5から約7.0のpHを有する。いくつかの実施態様において、製剤は、バッファー(リン酸ナトリウム又はヒスチジン等)を更に含む。いくつかの実施態様において、製剤は(a)約25mg/mLから約100mg/mLの量のモノクローナル抗体;(b)約40mMから約120mMの量のトレハロース;及び(c)約15mMから約35mMの量のリン酸ナトリウムを含み、前記製剤が約5.5から約7.0のpHを有する。いくつかの実施態様において、製剤中の抗体は、−20℃で少なくとも約6か月間、少なくとも約12か月間、又は少なくとも約18か月間安定している。
製剤中の抗体は、抗体を生成するための当該技術分野で得られる技術を使用して調製され、その典型的な方法は、以下のセクションでより詳細に説明される。
他の分子とコンジュゲートされていてもよい可溶型抗原又はその断片は、抗体を生成するための免疫原として使用され得る。受容体等の膜貫通分子に関して、これらの断片(例えば受容体の細胞外ドメイン)が免疫原として使用され得る。あるいは、膜貫通分子を発現する細胞が免疫原として使用され得る。このような細胞は、天然源に(例えばがん細胞株)に由来し得るか又は、膜貫通分子を発現するために組換え技術によって形質転換した細胞であってもよい。抗体を調製するために有用な他の抗原及びその形態は、当該技術分野で明らかであろう。
ポリクローナル抗体は、好ましくは、関連する抗原とアジュバントを複数回皮下(sc)又は腹腔内(ip)注射することにより動物において産生される。免疫化される種において免疫原性であるタンパク質、例えばキーホールリンペットヘモシアニン、血清アルブミン、ウシサイログロブリン、又は大豆トリプシン阻害剤に、関連抗原を、二官能性又は誘導体化剤、例えばマレイミドベンゾイルスルホスクシンイミドエステル(システイン残基によるコンジュゲーション)、N−ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(リジン残基による)、グルタルアルデヒド、無水コハク酸、SOCl2、又はRとR1が異なったアルキル基であるR1N=C=NRにより結合させることが有用であり得る。
本発明の抗体は、所望の活性(複数可)を有する抗体についてスクリーニングするためにコンビナトリアルライブラリーを使用することによって作製され得る。例えば、様々な方法が、ファージディスプレイライブラリーを生成し、所望の結合特性を有する抗体についてのライブラリーをスクリーニングするために、当該技術分野で知られている。このような方法は、一般的に、Hoogenboom et al.のMethods in Molecular Biology 178:1-37 (O’Brien et al., ed., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 2001)に記載されている。例えば、対象の抗体を生成する一方法は、Lee et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2004), 340(5):1073-93に記載されるファージ抗体ライブラリーの使用による。
非ヒト抗体をヒト化する様々な方法が、当該技術分野で知られている。例えば、ヒト化抗体は、非ヒトであるソースから導入された一又は複数のアミノ酸残基を有する。これらの非ヒトアミノ酸残基は、しばしば「インポート」残基と呼ばれ、典型的には「インポート」可変ドメインから取得される。ヒト化は、基本的には、Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534-1536 (1988))の方法に従って、齧歯動物のCDR又はCDR配列をヒト抗体の対応する配列と置換することにより、実施され得る。したがって、そのような「ヒト化」抗体は、インタクトなヒト可変ドメインより実質的に少ないドメインが、非ヒト種由来の対応する配列により置換されている、キメラ抗体(米国特許第4816567号)である。実際には、ヒト化抗体は、典型的には、いくつかのCDR残基及び可能であればいくつかのFR残基が齧歯動物抗体における相似部位由来の残基により置換されているヒト抗体である。
抗体断片は、酵素消化等の従来の手段によって、又は組換え技術によって生成され得る。特定の状況において、完全な抗体ではなく抗体断片の使用が有利である。より小さいサイズの断片により迅速除去が可能となり、固形腫瘍へのアクセスが改善され得る。所定の抗体断片の総説については、Hudson et al. (2003) Nat. Med. 9: 129-134を参照のこと。
多重特異性抗体は、少なくとも二の異なるエピトープに対して結合特異性を有し、エピトープは通常、異なる抗原に由来する。このような分子は通常二の異なるエピトープのみに結合するが(即ち二重特異性抗体、BsAbs)、更なる特異性を有する抗体、例えば三重特異性抗体は、本明細書中で使用される場合、この表現に包含される。二重特異性抗体は、完全長抗体又は抗体断片(例えばF(ab’)2二重特性抗体)として調製され得る。
いくつかの実施態様において、本発明の抗体は単一ドメイン抗体である。単一ドメイン抗体は、抗体の重鎖可変ドメインの全て又は一部、又は軽鎖可変ドメインの全て又は一部を含むポリペプチド鎖である。所定の実施態様において、単一ドメイン抗体は、ヒト単一ドメイン抗体である(Domantis, Inc., Waltham, Mass;例えば、米国特許第6248516号を参照のこと)。一実施態様において、単一ドメイン抗体は、抗体の重鎖可変ドメインの全部又は一部からなる。
いくつかの実施態様において、本明細書に記載される抗体のアミノ酸配列改変が企図される。例えば、抗体の結合親和性及び/又は他の生物学的特性を改善することが望まれ得る。抗体のアミノ酸配列変異体は、抗体をコードするヌクレオチド配列に好適な変更を導入することにより、又はペプチド合成によって調製することができる。このような改変は、例えば、抗体のアミノ酸配列内における、残基の欠失、及び/又は挿入及び/又は置換を含む。最終コンストラクトが所望の特性、例えば、抗原結合を有していることを条件として、欠失、挿入、及び置換の任意の組み合わせが、最終構築物に到達させるために作製され得る。アミノ酸改変は、配列が作製されるときに、対象の抗体アミノ酸配列に導入され得る。
本発明の抗体は、当技術分野で知られ、容易に入手されている追加の非タンパク質部分を含むように更に改変され得る。ある実施態様において、抗体の誘導体化に適した成分は、水溶性ポリマーである。水溶性ポリマーの非限定的な例は、限定されないが、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、エチレングリコール/プロピレングリコールの共重合体、カルボキシメチルセルロース、デキストラン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリ−1,3−ジオキソラン、ポリ−1,3,6−トリオキソラン、エチレン/無水マレイン酸共重合体、ポリアミノ酸(単独重合体又はランダム共重合体のいずれか)及びデキストラン又はポリ(n−ビニルピロリドン)ポリエチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール単独重合体、プロピレンオキシド/エチレンオキシド共重合体、ポリオキシエチル化ポリオール(例えばグリセロール)、ポリビニルアルコール及びこれらの混合物を包含する。ポリエチレングリコールプロピオンアルデヒドはその水中での安定性のために製造上の利点を有し得る。ポリマーはいずれかの分子量のものであってよく、そして分枝鎖又は未分枝鎖であってよい。抗体に結合するポリマーの数は様々であってもよく、一以上のポリマーが結合される場合、それらは同一又は異なる分子であり得る。一般的に、誘導体化に使用するポリマーの数及び/又は種類は、限定されないが、向上させるべき抗体の特定の特性又は機能、抗体誘導体が特定の条件下で治療に使用されるのか等を考慮しながら決定することができる。
抗体はまた、組換え法を使用して産生されてもよい。抗抗原抗体の組換え産生のために、抗体をコードする核酸が単離され、更なるクローニング(DNAの増幅)又は発現のために、複製可能なベクター中に挿入される。抗体をコードするDNAは、容易に単離され得、一般的な手順を用いて例えば、抗体の重鎖と軽鎖をコードする遺伝子に特異的に結合できるオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを使用することによって)配列決定され得る。多くのベクターが利用可能である。ベクター成分は、一般に、限定されるものではないが、次のものの一又は複数が含まれる:シグナル配列、複製開始点、一又は複数のマーカー遺伝子、エンハンサーエレメント、プロモーター、及び転写終結配列である。
本発明の抗体は直接的に組換え手法によって生産されるだけではなく、シグナル配列又は成熟タンパク質若しくはポリペプチドのN末端に特異的切断部位を有する他のポリペプチドである異種性ポリペプチドとの融合ペプチドとしても生産される。好ましく選択された異種シグナル配列は、宿主細胞によって認識され加工される(すなわち、シグナルペプチダーゼによって切断される)ものである。天然抗体シグナル配列を認識せずプロセシングしない原核生物宿主細胞に対して、シグナル配列は、例えばアルカリホスファターゼ、ペニシリナーゼ、lpp又は熱安定なエンテロトキシンIIリーダーの群から選択される原核生物シグナル配列により置換される。酵母での分泌に関して、天然シグナル配列は、例えば酵母インベルターゼリーダー、因子リーダー(酵母菌属(Saccharomyces)及びクルイベロマイシス(Kluyveromyces)α因子リーダーを含む)、又は酸ホスフォターゼリーダー、白体(C.albicans)グルコアミラーゼリーダー、又は国際公開第90/13646号に記載されているシグナルにより置換されてもよい。哺乳動物細胞での発現においては、哺乳動物のシグナル配列並びにウイルス分泌リーダー、例えば単純ヘルペスgDシグナルが利用できる。
発現及びクローニングベクターは共に一又は複数の選択された宿主細胞においてベクターの複製を可能にする核酸配列を含む。一般に、クローニングベクターにおいて、この配列は宿主染色体DNAとは独立にベクターが複製することを可能にするものであり、複製起点又は自律的複製配列を含む。そのような配列は多くの細菌、酵母及びウイルスに対してよく知られている。プラスミドpBR322に由来する複製起点は大部分のグラム陰性細菌に好適であり、2μプラスミド起点は酵母に適しており、様々なウイルス起点(SV40、ポリオーマ、アデノウイルス、VSV又はBPV)は哺乳動物細胞におけるクローニングベクターに有用である。一般には、哺乳動物の発現ベクターには複製起点成分は不要である(SV40起点が典型的にはただ初期プロモーターを有しているために用いられる)。
発現及びクローニングベクターは、選択可能マーカーとも称される選択遺伝子を含み得る。典型的な選択遺伝子は、(a)アンピシリン、ネオマイシン、メトトレキサート若しくはテトラサイクリンのような抗生物質又は他の毒素に耐性を与え、(b)栄養要求性欠陥を補い、あるいは(c)例えばバシリに対する遺伝子コードD−アラニンラセマーゼのような、複合培地から得られない重要な栄養素を供給するタンパク質をコードする。
発現及びクローニングベクターは一般に宿主生物体によって認識され抗体核酸に作用可能に連結されたプロモーターを含む。原核生物宿主での使用に好適なプロモーターは、phoAプロモーター、βラクタマーゼ及びラクトースプロモーター系、アルカリホスファターゼ、トリプトファン(trp)プロモーター系、及びハイブリッドプロモーター、例えばtacプロモーターを含む。しかし、他の既知の細菌プロモーターも好適である。細菌系で使用するプロモーターもまた抗体をコードするDNAと作用可能に連結されたシャイン・ダルガノ(S.D.)配列を含むであろう。
より高等の真核生物による本発明の抗体をコードしているDNAの転写は、ベクター中にエンハンサー配列を挿入することによってしばしば増強される。哺乳動物遺伝子由来の多くのエンハンサー配列が現在知られている(グロビン、エラスターゼ、アルブミン、α−フェトプロテイン及びインスリン)。しかしながら、典型的には、真核細胞ウイルス由来のエンハンサーが使用されるであろう。例は、複製起点の後期側のSV40エンハンサー(100−270塩基対)、サイトメガロウイルス初期プロモーターエンハンサー、複製起点の後期側のポリオーマエンハンサー及びアデノウイルスエンハンサーを含む。真核生物プロモーターの活性化のための増強要素については、Yaniv, Nature, 297:17-18 (1982)もまた参照のこと。エンハンサーは、抗体コード配列の5’又は3’位でベクター中にスプライシングされ得るが、好ましくはプロモーターから5’位に位置している。
真核生物宿主細胞(酵母、真菌、昆虫、植物、動物、ヒト、又は他の多細胞生物由来の有核細胞)に使用される発現ベクターは、また転写の終結及びmRNAの安定化に必要な配列を含む。このような配列は、真核生物又はウイルスのDNA又はcDNAの5’、及び時には3’の非翻訳領域から一般に取得できる。これらの領域は、抗体をコードしているmRNAの非翻訳部分にポリアデニル化断片として転写されるヌクレオチドセグメントを含む。一つの有用な転写終結成分はウシ成長ホルモンポリアデニル化領域である。国際公開第94/11026号とそこに開示された発現ベクターを参照のこと。
本明細書中のベクター中のDNAをクローニング又は発現させるために適切な宿主細胞は、上述の原核生物、酵母、又は高等真核生物細胞である。この目的にとって適切な原核生物は、真正細菌、例えばグラム陰性又はグラム陽性生物体、例えばエシェリチアのような腸内菌科、例えば大腸菌、エンテロバクター、エルウィニア、クレブシエラ、プロテウス、サルモネラ、例えばネズミチフス菌、セラチア属、例えばセラチア・マルセスキャンス及び赤痢菌属、並びに桿菌、例えば枯草菌及びバシリ・リチェフォルミス(licheniformis)(例えば、1989年4月12日に公開されたDD266710に開示されたバシリ・リチェニフォルミス41P)、シュードモナス属、例えば緑膿菌及びストレプトマイセス属を含む。一つの好適な大腸菌クローニング宿主は大腸菌294(ATCC31446)であるが、大腸菌B、大腸菌X1776(ATCC31537)及び大腸菌W3110(ATCC27325)のような他の株も好適である。これらの例は限定するものではなく例示的なものである。
この発明の抗体を産生するために使用される宿主細胞は種々の培地において培養され得る。市販の培地、例えばHamのF10(シグマ)、最小必須培地((MEM),(シグマ)、RPMI−1640(シグマ)及びダルベッコの改良イーグル培地((DMEM),シグマ)が宿主細胞の培養に好適である。また、Ham et al., Meth. Enz. 58:44 (1979), Barnes et al., Anal. Biochem. 102:255 (1980)、米国特許第4767704号;同第4657866号;同第4927762号;同第4560655号;又は同第5122469号;国際公開第90/03430号;国際公開第87/00195号;又は米国再発行特許第30985号に記載されたいずれの培地も宿主細胞に対する培地として使用され得る。これらの培地は、いずれもホルモン及び/又は他の増殖因子(例えばインシュリン、トランスフェリン、又は上皮成長因子)、塩類(例えば、塩化ナトリウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム及びリン酸塩)、バッファー(例えばHEPES)、ヌクレオチド(例えばアデノシン及びチミジン)、抗生物質(例えば、GENTAMYCINTM薬)、微量元素(最終濃度がマイクロモル範囲で通常存在する無機化合物として定義される)及びグルコース又は等価なエネルギー源で必要に応じて補充され得る。任意の他の必要な補充物質もまた当業者に知られている適当な濃度で含まれ得る。培養条件、例えば温度、pH等は、発現のために選択された宿主細胞について過去に使用されているものであり、当業者には明らかであろう。
組換え技術を使用した場合、抗体は、細胞周辺腔内で細胞内に産生されるか又は、培地中に直接分泌され得る。抗体が細胞内に産生される場合、最初の工程として、宿主細胞か又は溶解断片のいずれかである微粒子状破片は、例えば遠心分離又は限外濾過により除去される。Carter et al., Bio/Technology 10: 163-167 (1992)は、大腸菌(E.coli)の細胞周辺腔に分泌される抗体を単離するための手順を記載する。簡潔には、細胞ペーストは、酢酸ナトリウム(pH3.5)、EDTA及びフッ化フェニルメチルスルホニル(PMSF)の存在下で、約30分間にわたって融解される。細胞破片は、遠心分離により除去され得る。抗体が培地中に分泌される場合、一般的に、そのような発現系からの上清は、市販のタンパク質濃縮フィルター、例えばAmicon又はMillipore Pellicon限外濾過ユニットを使用して、最初に濃縮される。PMSF等のプロテアーゼ阻害剤は、タンパク質分解を阻害するように任意の前述の工程に含まれてもよく、抗生物質は、偶発性混入物の成長を妨げるように含まれてもよい。
上記のように生成される抗体は、治療的観点から有利な特性を有する抗体を選択するために、一又は複数の「生物活性」アッセイに課され得る。抗体は、産生された抗原に結合するその能力についてスクリーニングされ得る。例えば抗VEGF抗体については、抗体の抗原結合特性は、VEGFに結合する能力を検出するアッセイにおいて評価され得る。別の例において、抗CD20抗体については、抗体の抗原結合特性は、CD20に結合する能力を検出するアッセイにおいて評価され得る。
対象の抗体の調製後(例えば、本明細書に開示されるように製剤化可能な抗体を生産するための技術は下に詳述され当該技術分野において既知である)、それを含んでなる薬学的製剤が調製される。ある実施態様において、製剤化される抗体は、事前に凍結乾燥処理されておらず、本明細書中の対象の製剤は水性製剤である。ある実施態様において、抗体は完全長抗体である。一実施態様において、製剤中の抗体はF(ab’)2等の抗体断片であり、この場合、完全長抗体に対し生じないであろう問題(Fabへの抗体のクリッピング等)が対処される必要があり得る。製剤中に存在する抗体の治療的有効量は、例えば投与の所望される投与量及び様式(一又は複数)を考慮することによって決定される。約25mg/mLから約100mg/mL、又は約30mg/mLから約100mg/mL又は約45mg/mLから約55mg/mLが、製剤中の例示的抗体濃度である。
製剤は、抗体を用いた治療を必要とする哺乳動物、好ましくはヒトに対して、ボーラス又はある期間にわたる連続的注入による静脈内投与、筋肉内、腹腔内、脳脊髄内、皮下、関節内、滑膜内、髄腔内、口腔内、局所又は吸入経路による投与などの既知の方法に従って投与される。一実施態様において、製剤は静脈内投与によって哺乳動物に投与される。そのような目的のため、製剤は、例えばシリンジを使用して、又はIVラインを介して注射されてもよい。一実施態様において、製剤は皮下投与によって哺乳動物に投与される。
本発明の別の実施態様において、本発明の水性薬学的製剤を収容する容器を含む製造品が提供され、場合によっては使用説明書を提供する。好適な容器は、例えば、瓶、バイアル及びシリンジを含む。容器は、ガラス又はプラスチックなどの種々の材料から形成し得る。例示的容器は3−20ccの使い捨てガラスバイアルである。あるいは、多回投与製剤に関して、容器は3−100ccガラスバイアルであってもよい。容器は製剤を収容し、容器上の又は容器に付随するラベルは使用の方法を示し得る。製造品は、他のバッファー、希釈剤、フィルター、針、シリンジ、及び使用説明書を伴う添付文書を含む、商業的及び使用者の観点から望ましい他の材料を更に含んでもよい。
約25mg/mL−100mg/mLの範囲のタンパク質濃度でベバシズマブ、25mM又は51mMの濃度でリン酸ナトリウム、及び約40mM−240mMの範囲の濃度でトレハロースを含む様々な製剤を、−20℃又は−40℃の温度で24か月保管した場合の高分子量種(HMWS)の形成に関して、それぞれ試験した。HMWSの測定前に、製剤溶液にストレスを負荷したか否かのいずれかであった。ストレス条件は、トレハロースを結晶化するために加速化凝集条件を受けた製剤のことである。結果は、ベバシズマブの製剤A(「FA」と称する)(25mg/mLベバシズマブ、51mMリン酸ナトリウム、159mMトレハロース、0.04%PS20、pH6.2)は−20℃で保管された場合には凝集を開始したが−40℃では開始しなかったことを実証した(図1)。とりわけ、タンパク質濃度を25mg/mLで一定に保ったときのトレハロースの濃度の減少は、製剤が−20℃で保管された場合、凝集体の形成を減少させた(Fig.1)。タンパク質濃度が増加され、リン酸ナトリウム及びトレハロースの濃度が一定に保たれたか又は減少させられた場合、ベバシズマブ製剤B(「FB」と称する;50mg/mLベバシズマブ、25mMリン酸ナトリウム、60mMトレハロース、0.04%PS20、pH6.2)の場合のように、同様の結果が観察された(図1;空洞の円)。これらの結果は、トレハロースの濃度と比較してより高いタンパク質濃度を有するベバシズマブ製剤がトレイリングエッジダイマー(TED)及び可溶型凝集体を減少させ得ることを実証する。
約35mg/mL−75mg/mLの範囲のタンパク質濃度でオビヌツズマブ、20mMの濃度でL−ヒスチジン、0.02%(w/v)の濃度でポロキサマー188、約40mM−240mMの範囲の濃度でトレハロース、及びpH6.0を含む様々な製剤を、−20℃で52週間まで又は−40℃で52週間まで保管した場合の高分子量種(HMWS)の形成に関して、それぞれ試験した。表3を参照のこと。
Claims (66)
- 安定した水性薬学的製剤であって、モノクローナル抗体、トレハロース及びヒスチジンバッファーを含み、製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65から約4.95であり、製剤が約5.5から約7.0のpHを有し、前記モノクローナル抗体がオビヌツズマブである、製剤。
- 前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65から約3.30である、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.70から約2.91である、請求項1又は2に記載の製剤。
- 前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約2.00から約3.30である、請求項1又は2に記載の製剤。
- 製剤中の前記モノクローナル抗体が約25mg/mLから約100mg/mLである、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 製剤中の前記モノクローナル抗体が約35mg/mLから約75mg/mLである、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 製剤中の前記モノクローナル抗体が約45mg/mLから約55mg/mLである、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースが約40mMから約120mMである、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースが約40mMから約80mMである、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースが約50mMから約70mMである、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記ヒスチジンバッファーが約15mMから約35mMの量である、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 安定した水性薬学的製剤であって、製剤が(a)約25mg/mLから約100mg/mLの量のモノクローナル抗体;(b)約40mMから約120mMの量のトレハロース;及び(c)約15mMから約35mMの量のヒスチジンを含み、前記製剤が約5.5から約7.0のpHを有し、製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65から約4.95であり、前記モノクローナル抗体がオビヌツズマブである、製剤。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65から約3.30の間である、請求項12に記載の製剤。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.70から約2.91の間である、請求項12又は13に記載の製剤。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が約35mg/mLから約85mg/mLの量である、請求項12から14のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が約35mg/mLから約75mg/mLの量である、請求項12から15のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が約50mg/mLの量である、請求項12から16のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記トレハロースが約40mMから約80mMの量である、請求項12から17のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記トレハロースが約60mM又は約40mMの量である、請求項12から18のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記ヒスチジンが約20mMから約30mMの量である、請求項12から19のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記ヒスチジンが約20mMの量である、請求項12から20のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が約50mg/mLの量であり;前記トレハロースが約40mMの量であり;且つ前記ヒスチジンが約20mMの量である、請求項12から21のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 界面活性剤を更に含む、請求項1から22のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記界面活性剤がポリソルベート又はポロキサマーである、請求項23に記載の製剤。
- 前記ポリソルベートがポリソルベート20である、請求項24に記載の製剤。
- 前記ポロキサマーがポロキサマー188である、請求項24に記載の製剤。
- 前記界面活性剤の濃度が約0.01%から約0.1%である、請求項23から26のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記界面活性剤の濃度が約0.01%から約0.05%である、請求項23から27のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記界面活性剤の濃度が約0.04%又は約0.02%である、請求項23から28のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記製剤が約5.9から約6.5のpHを有する、請求項1から29のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記製剤が約6.2又は約6.0のpHを有する、請求項1から30のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が事前凍結乾燥されていない、請求項1から31のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 製剤が−20℃で少なくとも12月、少なくとも18月又は少なくとも24月の間安定している、請求項1から32のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 無菌である、請求項1から33のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 対象に投与される、請求項1から34のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 静脈内(IV)、皮下(SQ)又は筋肉内(IM)投与のための、請求項1から35のいずれか一項に記載の製剤。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が約50mg/mLの量であり、前記トレハロースが約40mMの量であり、前記ヒスチジンバッファーが約20mMの量であり、約0.02%の量のポロキサマー188をさらに含み、前記製剤が約6.0のpHを有する、請求項1又は12に記載の製剤。
- 請求項1から37のいずれか一項に記載の安定した水性薬学的製剤を保持する容器を含む製造品。
- 治療用モノクローナル抗体の凝集を低減する方法であって、約40mMから約120mMの量のトレハロース及び約15mMから約35mMの量のヒスチジンを含む製剤中に前記モノクローナル抗体を製剤化することを含み、前記製剤が約5.5から約7.0のpHを有し、前記モノクローナル抗体が製剤中約25mg/mLから約100mg/mLの量で製剤化され、製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65から約4.95であり、前記モノクローナル抗体がオビヌツズマブである、方法。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65から約3.30である、請求項39に記載の方法。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.70から約2.91である、請求項39又は40に記載の方法。
- 治療用モノクローナル抗体の凝集を低減する方法であって、トレハロース及びヒスチジンバッファーを含む製剤中に前記モノクローナル抗体を製剤化することを含み、製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65から約4.95であり、製剤が約5.5から約7.0のpHを有し、前記モノクローナル抗体がオビヌツズマブである、方法。
- 前記ヒスチジンが約20mMから約28mMの量である、請求項39から42のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒスチジンが約20mMの量である、請求項39から43のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65、1.70、1.80、2.00、2.08、2.20、2.31、2.38、2.48、2.91、3.00、3.30、3.50、4.00、4.50、及び4.95のいずれかである、請求項39から44のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.65から約3.30である、請求項39から44のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約1.70から約2.91である、請求項39から44、及び46のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 製剤中の前記トレハロースに対する前記モノクローナル抗体の重量比が約2.00から約3.00である、請求項39から44、及び46のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が約35mg/mLから約75mg/mLの量である、請求項39から48のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が約45mg/mLから約55mg/mLの量である、請求項39から49のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が約50mg/mLの量である、請求項39から50のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記トレハロースが約40mMから約80mMの量である、請求項39から51のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記トレハロースが約60mM又は約40mMの量である、請求項39から52のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記製剤が界面活性剤をさらに含む、請求項39から53のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記界面活性剤がポリソルベート又はポロキサマーである、請求項54に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリソルベートがポリソルベート20である、請求項55に記載の方法。
- 前記ポロキサマーがポロキサマー188である、請求項55に記載の方法。
- 前記界面活性剤の濃度が約0.01%から約0.1%である、請求項54から57のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記界面活性剤の濃度が約0.01%から約0.05%である、請求項54から58のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記界面活性剤の濃度が約0.04%又は約0.02%である、請求項54から59のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記製剤が約5.9から約6.5のpHを有する、請求項39から60のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記製剤が約6.2又は約6.0のpHを有する、請求項39から61のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- (a)請求項1から37のいずれか一項に記載の製剤を調製すること;及び
(b)製剤中の抗体の物理的安定性、化学的安定性、又は生物活性を評価すること
を含む、薬学的製剤を作製する方法。 - 対象における疾患又は障害を治療するための医薬であって、疾患又は障害を治療するのに有効な量で請求項1から37のいずれか一項に記載の製剤を含む、医薬。
- 疾患又は障害ががんである、請求項64に記載の医薬。
- がんが、リンパ腫、リンパ性白血病、又は多発性骨髄腫である、請求項65に記載の医薬。
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