TWI581795B - 用於增強類鴉片與鴉片類對手術後疼痛的鎮痛效果以及減弱對其依賴性的σ配子 - Google Patents
用於增強類鴉片與鴉片類對手術後疼痛的鎮痛效果以及減弱對其依賴性的σ配子 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI581795B TWI581795B TW100104116A TW100104116A TWI581795B TW I581795 B TWI581795 B TW I581795B TW 100104116 A TW100104116 A TW 100104116A TW 100104116 A TW100104116 A TW 100104116A TW I581795 B TWI581795 B TW I581795B
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- pain
- opioid
- pyrazol
- yloxy
- opium
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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Description
本發明關於用於增強類鴉片或鴉片類之鎮痛效果及減弱對彼等之依賴性之σ受體配子的用途,並關於用於治療疼痛之σ配子與類鴉片或鴉片類的組合物。尤其是,本發明關於增強類鴉片及鴉片類之與治療及/或預防手術後疼痛有關的鎮痛作用。
治療疼痛病況在醫療中非常重要。目前全世界都需要另外的疼痛療法。最近在施用鎮痛藥之領域中出現的許多科學文獻中均記錄對於疼痛病況之特殊治療的迫切需求。
國際疼痛研究協會(IASP)將疼痛定義為“與實際或潛在之組織損壞有關,或以這類損害術語描述之不愉快的感覺和情緒體驗”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),210)。雖然此為受生理和心理因素影響且經常是主觀之複雜過程,其原因或症候群可被加以分類。最相關之疼痛中有些為神經病變性疼痛、觸覺痛、痛覺過敏及周邊神經病變。
每年進行外科手術程序之患者超過二千萬名。術後疼痛(亦稱為切開後疼痛),或手術或外傷後發生之疼痛為嚴重且往往是棘手的醫療問題。疼痛通常局部位於手術部位附近。手術後疼痛可具有兩種臨床上重要的面向,即:靜息痛,或當患者不動時發生的疼痛以及由動作(咳嗽/噴嚏、起床、物理治療,等)加劇之機械性疼痛。大手術後之手術後疼痛管理的主要問題為目前使用之藥物有各種延緩恢復、延長住院以及使某些弱勢患者群承受嚴重倂發症風險之重要副作用。
用於治療手術後疼痛之三種主要藥物類別為鴉片類鎮痛藥、局部麻醉劑及非類固醇抗發炎藥物(NSAID)。這些藥物類別中有兩種(類鴉片鎮痛藥和NSAID類)在手術過程中通常係經全身性投服,而局部麻醉藥(如:通道阻斷劑)在手術期間則為非全身性投服。
全身性用藥以減輕手術後疼痛往往是不適當的。例如:手術後全身性投服類鴉片可能會導致噁心、抑制腸道功能、尿滯留、抑制肺功能、心血管作用及鎮靜。
“外科手術後疼痛”可與“切開後”或“創傷後”疼痛交換使用旦係指因外部創傷或傷害(諸如由進入個體組織之切割、穿刺、切開、撕裂或傷口)引起或造成之疼痛(包括那些從所有外科手術程序,不論是否為侵入性或非侵入性,產生者)。此處所使用之“外科手術後疼痛”不包括沒有外在身體創傷而發生之疼痛。於一些體系中,外科手術後疼痛為內部或外部疼痛,且該傷口、切割、創傷、撕裂或切開可能是因意外發生(如由創傷傷口造成)或故意發生(如由手術切口造成)。此處所使用之“疼痛”包括疼痛之傷害感受和感覺,且疼痛可使用疼痛評分及其他方法以客觀及主觀之方式評估,例如:以本技藝中所熟知之議定計劃評估。此處所使用之手術後疼痛包括觸覺痛(即,由通常不會引起疼痛之刺激造成的疼痛)和痛覺過敏(即,對通常會感到疼痛之刺激的反應增加),換言之,其性質可為熱性或機械性(觸覺)。因此,該疼痛之特點為熱過敏、機械性過敏及/或靜息痛(如:無外部刺激時持續疼痛)。此外,疼痛可為原發性疼痛(例如:由引起疼痛之事件直接造成)或繼發性疼痛(例如:與引起疼痛之事件有關,但非由其直接導致之疼痛)。
本技藝中報告手術後切口疼痛之不同動物模型及在相同模型上進行之研究(T.J. Brennan et al. Pain 1996,64,493-501;P.K. Zahn et al. Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine 2002,Vol. 27,No 5(September-October),514-516)。
類鴉片及鴉片類為廣泛應用於臨床實踐中之強效鎮痛劑。鴉片類和鴉片類藥物通常係藉由該特定藥物物種對其所結合之作為配子的細胞及分化組織受體的結合選擇性來分類。這些受體包括mu(μ)、delta(δ)、kappa(κ)及傷害性受體。
著名之麻醉性鴉片類(諸如嗎啡及其類似物)對類鴉片μ受體具有選擇性。μ受體介導鎮痛、呼吸抑制並抑制胃腸傳輸。κ受體介導鎮痛及鎮靜。然而,儘管其具有良好之鎮痛活性,類鴉片及鴉片類具有造成依賴性之缺點。
由於σ受體在鎮痛相關過程中的角色,其為藥理學中非常重要之非鎮靜型受體。該σ結合位點對某些鴉片苯並嗎喃類(benzomorphans)之右旋異構體(諸如(+)SKF 10047、(+)環唑辛(cyclazocine)及(+)噴他佐辛(pentazocine))及一些安定劑(narcoleptics)(諸如氟哌啶醇(haloperidol))具有優先親和力。σ受體至少有兩種亞型,此兩種亞型可能藉由這些藥學活性藥物之立體選擇性異構體區分。SKF 10047對sigma 1(σ-1)位點具有奈摩爾(nM)等級親和力且對sigma 2(σ-2)位點具有微摩爾(μM)等級親和力。氟哌啶醇對兩種亞型亦具有類似的親和力。
據報導,一些與類鴉片或鴉片類組合之σ配子可調節彼等之鎮痛效果。已知,例如:氟哌啶醇可增強不同類鴉片及鴉片類(諸如嗎啡DADL或布馬佐辛(bremazocine))之活性[Chichenkov,O. N. et al: Effect of haloperidol on the analgesic activity of intracisternally and intrathecally injected opiate agonists,Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya(Moscow)(1985),48(4),58-61]。Chien C.等人亦提及氟哌啶醇與嗎啡之組合物的協同效果[Selective antagonism of opioid analgesia by a sigma system,J Pharmacol Exp Ther(1994),271,1583-1590 and Sigma antagonists potentiate opioid analgesia in rats,Neurosci Lett(1995),190,137-139],且Marazzo A,等人數示σ配子(+)-MR200調節由κ-類鴉片受體介導之鎮痛作用的能力。Mei J,等人確認σ-1受體作為類鴉片藥物之鎮痛活性的調節系統之重要性[Sigmal receptor modulation of opioid analgesia in the mouse,J Pharmacol Exp Ther(2002),300(3),1070-1074]。儘管如此,所有這些案例中仍然存在由類鴉片及鴉片類所誘發之依賴性問題。
一直以來,解決類鴉片及鴉片類依賴性問題之藥學方法的其中之一係共同投服類鴉片或鴉片類與σ配子。例如:σ-1受體激動劑SA4503已被證明對嗎啡成癮具有調節作用[Nomura,M. et al: Studies on drug dependence(Rept. 322): Attenuation of morphine- and psychostimulants-induced place preference by sigmal receptor agonist SA4503,72nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Pharmacological Society(Sapporo,Japan-March 1999)]。此外,σ-1激動劑DHEA顯示出一些可減弱嗎啡依賴性發展的能力[Noda,Y. et al: A neuroactive steroid,dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate,attenuates the development of morphine dependence: an association with sigmal receptors, 31st Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience(San Diego-Nov 2001)]。EP1130018教示σ配子於治療嗎啡、可卡因及甲基苯丙胺藥物成癮的用途。然而,這些方法中無一顯示出可增強嗎啡之鎮痛作用。
因此,有需要提供藉由已知藥物來減少副作用之治療手術後疼痛的新方法。
本發明之發明者發現並證明投服一些特異性σ受體配子加上類鴉片或鴉片類可能令人驚訝地以協同方式增強後者之鎮痛效果,同時減弱其相關依賴性。
因此,本發明之一種觀點係關於一種供同時、分別或依序投服以預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛的組合物,其包含至少一種式(I)之σ配子或其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物,以及至少一種類鴉片或鴉片類,
其中R1係選自氫、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之烯基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳香族或非芳香族雜環基、經取代或未經取代之雜環烷基、-COR8、-C(O)OR8、-C(O)NR8R9、-CH=NR8、-CN、-OR8、-OC(O)R8、-S(O)t-R8、-NR8R9、-NR8C(O)R9、-NO2、-N=CR8R9或鹵素;R2係選自氫、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之烯基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳香族或非芳香族雜環基、經取代或未經取代之雜環烷基、-COR8、-C(O)OR8、-C(O)NR8R9、-CH=NR8、-CN、-OR8、-OC(O)R8、-S(O)t-R8、-NR8R9、-NR8C(O)R9、-NO2、-N=CR8R9或鹵素;R3和R4係各自獨立地選自氫、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之烯基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳香族或非芳香族雜環基、經取代或未經取代之雜環烷基、-COR8、-C(O)OR8、-C(O)NR8R9、-CH=NR8、-CN、-OR8、-OC(O)R8、-S(O)t-R8、-NR8R9、-NR8C(O)R9、-NO2、-N=CR8R9或鹵素,或者R3和R4一起形成可選擇地經取代之稠合的環系統;R5和R6係各自獨立地選自氫、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之烯基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳香族或非芳香族雜環基、經取代或未經取代之雜環烷基、-COR8、-C(O)OR8、-C(O)NR8R9、-CH=NR8、-CN、-OR8、-OC(O)R8、-S(O)t-R8、-NR8R9、-NR8C(O)R9、-NO2、-N=CR8R9或鹵素;或者R5和R6與彼等所連接之氮原子一起形成經取代或未經取代之芳香族或非芳香族雜環基;n係選自1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8;t為1、2或3;R8和R9係各自獨立地選自氫、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之烯基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳香族或非芳香族雜環基、經取代或未經取代之烷氧基、經取代或未經取代之芳氧基或鹵素。
本發明之另一觀點係關於如上述定義之式(I)之σ配子或其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物,當該類鴉片或鴉片類係用於預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛時,其係用於增強該類鴉片或鴉片類之鎮痛效果及/或減弱對該類鴉片或鴉片類之依賴性。
本發明之另一觀點係關於如上述定義之式(I)之σ配子或其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物,當該類鴉片或鴉片類係用於預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛時,其係用於增強該類鴉片或鴉片類之鎮痛效果。
本發明之另一觀點係關於如上述定義之式(I)之σ配子或其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物,當該類鴉片或鴉片類係用於預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛時,其係用於減弱對該類鴉片或鴉片類之依賴性。
本發明之另一觀點係關於一種供同時、分別或依序投服之組合物於製造用於預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛的藥物之用途,其包含至少一種如上述定義之式(I)之σ配子或其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物,以及至少一種類鴉片或鴉片類。
本發明之另一觀點係關於如上述定義之式(I)之σ配子或其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物於製造藥物之用途,該藥物係用於與預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛有關之增強類鴉片或鴉片類之鎮痛效果及/或減弱對該類鴉片或鴉片類之依賴性。
本發明之另一觀點為治療苦於手術後發展出之疼痛之患者或可能苦於手術治療後之疼痛之患者的方法,其包含投予需要這類治療或預防措施之患者治療上有效量之組合物,該組合物包含至少一種如上述定義之式(I)之σ配子或其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物,以及類鴉片或鴉片類。
這些觀點及其較佳體系亦另外定義於申請專利範圍中。
本發明中,下列用語具有以下詳細說明之含義。
“烷基”係指具有1至8個碳原子,由碳及氫原子所組成,不含有不飽和鍵且經由單鍵連接分子之其餘部分的直鏈型或支鏈型烴基,如:甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第三丁基、正戊基,等。烷基可選擇地被一或多個取代基所取代,這些取代基係,諸如芳基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、羧基、氰基、羰基、醯基、烷氧羰基、胺基、硝基、巰基、烷硫基,等。若被芳基所取代,則為“芳烷基”,諸如苄基及苯乙基。若被雜環基所取代,則為“雜環烷基”。
“烯基”係指具有至少2個碳原子且具有一或多個不飽和鍵之烷基。於一特佳體系中,烯基具有2至8個碳原子。於一特殊體系中,該烯基為乙烯基、1-甲基-乙烯、1-丙烯基、2-丙烯基或丁烯基。
“環烷基”係指飽和或部分飽和之穩定的3至10員單環或雙環基,且其僅由碳和氫原子所組成,諸如環己基或金剛基。除非在專利說明書中另外具體指明,該“環烷基”一詞係欲包括可選擇地被一或多個諸如烷基、鹵素、羥基、胺基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、羧基、烷氧羰基,等之取代基所取代的環烷基。
“芳基”係指單及多個環基,包括含有分開及/或稠合芳基之多環基。典型之芳基包含1至3個分開或稠合之環及6至約18個碳環原子,諸如苯基、萘基、茚基、菲基或蒽基。芳基可選擇地被一或多個諸如羥基、巰基、鹵素、烷基、苯基、烷氧基、鹵烷基、硝基、氰基、二烷胺基、胺烷基、醯基、烷氧羰基,等之取代基所取代。
“雜環基”係指由碳原子及1至5個選自氮、氧及硫之雜原子所組成之穩定的3至15員環基,宜為帶有一或多個雜原子之4至8員環,更宜為帶有一或多個雜原子之5或6員環。其可為芳香族或非芳香族。為了施行本發明,該雜環可為單環、雙環或三環形環系,其可包括稠合之環系;且在雜環基中之氮、碳或硫原子可選擇地被氧化;氮原子可選擇地被季銨化;且該雜環基可為部分或完全飽和或為芳香族。這類雜環之實例包括,但不限於:氮雜卓、苯並咪唑、苯並噻唑、呋喃、異噻唑、咪唑、吲哚、六氫吡啶、六氫吡、嘌呤、喹啉、噻二唑、四氫呋喃、香豆素、嗎啉;吡咯、吡唑、唑、異唑、三唑、咪唑,等。
“烷氧基”係指式-ORa所示之基,其中Ra為如上述定義之烷基,如:甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基,等。類似地,“芳氧基”係指式-ORc所示之基,其中Rc為如上述定義之芳基,如:苯氧基。
“胺基”係指可選擇地被季銨化之式-NH2、-NHRa或-NRaRb所示之基。於一本發明之體系中,Ra和Rb係各自獨立地選自如上述定義之烷基。
“鹵基(halo)”或“鹵(hal)”係指溴、氯、碘或氟。
此處提及之本發明化合物中的經取代之基團係指可在一或多個可供選擇之位置上被一或多個合適基團所取代的指定部分,該合適之取代基係,如:鹵素(諸如氟、氯、溴及碘);氰基;羥基;硝基;疊氮基;烷醯基,諸如C1-6烷醯基,諸如醯基,等;羧醯胺基;烷基,包括那些具有1至約12個碳原子或1至約6個碳原子,更宜為1-3個碳原子之基團;烯基和炔基,包括具有一或多個不飽和鍵聯及2至約12個碳原子或2至約6個碳原子之基團;具有一或多個氧鍵聯及1至約12個碳原子或1至約6個碳原子之烷氧基;芳氧基,諸如苯氧基;烷硫基,包括那些具有一或多個硫醚鍵聯及1至約12個碳原子,或1至約6個碳原子之部分;烷亞磺醯基,包括那些具有一或多個亞磺醯鍵聯及1至約12個碳原子或1至約6個碳原子之部分;烷磺醯基,包括那些具有一或多個磺醯鍵聯及1至約12個碳原子或1至約6個碳原子之部分;胺烷基,諸如具有一或多個N原子及1至約12個碳原子或1至約6個碳原子之基團;具有6或多個碳之碳環芳基,尤其是苯基或萘基,以及芳烷基,諸如苄基。除非另外指明,可選擇地經取代之基團可在該基團之每一個可取代的位置處具有一取代基,且各取代彼此獨立。
“類鴉片”及“鴉片類”係指結合類鴉片受體之化合物。結合本發明範圍內之類鴉片受體的化合物包括天然鴉片類,諸如嗎啡、可待因及蒂巴因(thebaine);自天然類鴉片衍生之半合成鴉片類,諸如氫化嗎啡酮(hydromorphone)、氫化可待因酮(hydrocodone)、羥考酮、氧化嗎啡酮、二氫去氧嗎啡(desomorphine)、二乙醯嗎啡、尼可嗎啡(nicomorphine)、二丙醯嗎啡、苄基嗎啡及乙基嗎啡;全合成之類鴉片,諸如舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼、哌替啶(pethidine)、美沙酮(methadone)、他噴他多、曲馬多及丙氧芬(propoxyphene);以及在體內自然產生的內源性類鴉片肽類,諸如內啡肽、腦啡肽、强啡肽(dynorphins)和內嗎啡肽及其類似物。
“鹽”一詞必須被理解為根據本發明所使用之任何形式的活性化合物,其中該化合物為離子形式或帶有電荷且與抗衡離子(陽離子或陰離子)耦合,或係在溶液中。此定義亦包括季銨鹽類及該活性分子與其他分子和離子之複合物,尤其是經由離子交互作用形成之複合物。特別是,此定義包括生理上可接受之鹽類;此名詞必須被理解為等同於“藥學上可接受之鹽”。
本發明中,“藥學上可接受之鹽類”一詞係指任何當以適當之方式用於治療(特別是施用或用於人類及/或哺乳動物)時生理上可耐受之鹽(通常這意味其不具毒性,尤其是為抗衡離子之結果)。這些生理上可接受之鹽可以陽離子或鹼形成,且在本發明中,據理解為由至少一種根據本發明使用之化合物-通常為酸(經去質子化的)-諸如陰離子與至少一種生理上可耐受之陽離子(宜為無機的)一起形成之鹽類(尤其是用於人體及/或哺乳動物中時)。以鹼及鹼土金屬形成之鹽類為較佳者,尤其是那些以銨陽離子(NH4 +)形成者。較佳之鹽類為那些以(單)或(二)鈉、(單)或(二)鉀、鎂或鈣形成者。這些生理上可接受之鹽類亦可以陰離子或酸形成,且在本發明中,據理解為由至少一種根據本發明使用之化合物-通常為經質子化的,例如:在氮中-諸如陽離子與至少一種生理上可耐受之陰離子形成之鹽類(尤其是用於人體及/或哺乳動物中時)。本發明中,此定義具體包括由生理上可耐受之酸形成之鹽,即,特定之活性化合物與生理上可耐受之有機或無機酸形成之鹽類(尤其在用於人體及/或哺乳動物中時)。此類型之鹽的實例為那些以下列群組形成之鹽類:鹽酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、甲磺酸、甲酸、醋酸、草酸、琥珀酸、蘋果酸、酒石酸、扁桃酸、順丁烯二酸、乳酸或檸檬酸。
根據本發明,“溶劑化物”一詞應被理解為意指任何根據本發明之活性化合物形式,其中該化合物係經由非共價鍵與另一分子(通常為極性溶劑)結合,尤其是,包括水合物及醇鹽,例如:甲醇鹽。較佳之溶劑化物為水合物。
任何為式(I)之σ配子的先驅藥物之化合物亦在本發明之範圍內。“先驅藥物”一詞係以其最廣泛之意義使用且涵蓋那些在體內轉化成本發明之化合物的衍生物。先驅藥物之實例包括,但不限於包含可生物水解之部分(諸如可生物水解之醯胺類、可生物水解之酯類、可生物水解之胺基甲酸酯類、可生物水解之碳酸酯類、可生物水解之脲類及可生物水解之磷酸酯類似物)的式(I)化合物之衍生物及代謝物。較佳地,具有羧基官能基團之化合物的先驅藥物為該羧酸之較低烷基酯。羧酸酯類可經由酯化存在於該分子上之任何羧酸部分很方便地形成。先驅藥物通常可使用眾所周知的方法製備,諸如Burger“Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery 6th ed.(Donald J. Abraham ed.,2001,Wiley)及“Design and Applications of Prodrugs”(H. Bundgaard ed.,1985,Harwood Academic Publishers)所描述者。
此述所提及之任何化合物係欲代表這類特定化合物以及某些變化或形式。尤其是,此處所提及之化合物可具有不對稱中心,從而以不同之鏡像體或非對映異構體形式存在。因此,此處所提及之任何指定化合物係欲代表任何一種外消旋物、一或多種鏡像體形式,一或多種非對映異構體形式及彼等之混合物。同樣地,雙鍵周圍亦可能有立體異構象或幾何異構象,因此,在某些情況中,該分子可以(E)-異構體或(Z)-異構體形式(反式及順式異構體)形式存在。若該分子含有多個雙鍵,各雙鍵將具有其本身之立體異構象,其可能與該分子之其他雙鍵的立體異構象相同或不同。此外,此處所提及之化合物可能以阻轉異構體之形式存在。所有該立體異構體(包括此處所提及之化合物的鏡像體、非對映異構體、幾何異構體和阻轉異構體)以及彼等之混合物被認為係在本發明之範圍內。
此外,此處提及之任何化合物可以互變異構體之形式存在。具體地說,互變異構體一詞係指平衡存在之化合物的兩種或多種結構異構體之一且可輕易地從一種異構體形式轉換成另一種。常見之互變異構體對為胺-亞胺、醯胺-醯亞胺酸、酮-烯醇、內醯胺-內醯亞胺,等。
除非另外指明,本發明之化合物亦欲包括經同位素標記之形式,即,彼此不同處僅在於是否存有一或多個富集同位素之原子的化合物。例如:具有目前之結構,但至少有一個氫原子被氘或氚所取代,或至少有一個碳被富集13C-或14C之碳所取代,或至少一個氮被富集15N之氮所取代的化合物係在本發明之範圍內。
式(I)之σ配子或其鹽類或溶劑化物宜為藥學上可接受或實質上純質之形式。藥學上可接受之形式係意指,尤其是,排除正常藥物添加劑(諸如稀釋劑及載體)後具有藥學上可接受之純度水平,且在正常劑量水準下不包括被認為是有毒之物質。藥物物質之純度水準宜高於50%,更宜為高於70%,最宜為高於90%。於一較佳體系中,式(I)之化合物,或其鹽類、溶劑化物或先驅藥物之純度水準高於95%。
此處所使用之“治療(treat)”、“治療(treating )”及“治療(treatment)”等詞包括根除、移除、逆轉、減輕、修改或控制由手術引起、手術後發作的疼痛。
此處所使用之“預防(prevention)”、“預防(preventing)”、“預防性(preventive)”、“防止(prevent)”及“預防法(prophylaxis)”等詞在由外科手術引起之疼痛的情況中係指治療劑之避免疾病或病況開始,在疾病或病況開始前將疾病或病況之發展減至最少或令其難以發展的能力。
因此,整體而言,“治療(treating)”或“治療(treatment)”以及“預防(preventing)”或“預防(prevention)”等詞係欲指至少遏止或改善與影響該個體之病況有關的症狀,其中遏止及改善係以廣泛之意義使用,以指至少降低參數(如:與正在接受治療之病況有關的症狀,諸如疼痛)之幅度。因此,本發明之方法亦包括其中該病況之狀況完全被抑制,例如:防止這種病況發生或停止此病況(例如:終止),從而使該個體不再經歷該病況。因此,本方法包括預防及管理由外科手術引起之疼痛,尤其是周邊神經病變性疼痛、觸覺痛、灼痛、痛覺過敏、感覺過敏、疼痛過度、神經痛、神經炎或神經病變。
此處所使用之“增强類鴉片或鴉片類之鎮痛效果”一詞係指藉由式(I)之σ配子增加對該類鴉片或鴉片類所產生之鎮痛效果的易感性。於本發明之一體系中,該增强效果使類鴉片之鎮痛效果與分開投服之類鴉片或鴉片類,或式(I)之σ配子相較下增加1.2、1.5、2、3、4或更多倍,甚至在某些情況下可增强14或15倍。測量可依照本技藝已知之任何方法進行。於本發明之一體系中,當在機械性觸覺痛之大鼠模型中或熱痛覺過敏之大鼠模型中測量時,式(I)之σ配子可增强類鴉片或鴉片類之鎮痛效果至少1.2倍。於進一步之體系中係增强至少1.5、2、3、4或更高之倍數,甚至在一些情況下係增强14或15倍。
此處所使用之“減弱由類鴉片或鴉片類誘導之依賴性”一詞係指藉由式(I)之σ配子改良、降低或減弱患者對由該類鴉片或鴉片類所產生之依賴性。於本發明之一體系中,當與分開投服之類鴉片或鴉片類相比較時,該減弱效果使患者對類鴉片之依賴性減弱1.2、1.5、2、3、4或更高之倍數,甚至在某些情況下可使依賴性減弱14或15倍。測量可依照本技藝已知之任何方法進行。於本發明之一體系中,當在位置條件性典範模型中測量時,式(I)之σ配子可使患者對類鴉片或鴉片類之依賴性減弱至少1.2倍。於進一步之體系中可減弱至少1.5、2、3、4或更高之倍數,甚至在一些情況下可減弱14或15倍。
於一較佳之體系中,式(I)化合物中之R1係選自下列群組:H、-COR8及經取代或未經取代之烷基。更佳地,R1係選自H、甲基及乙醯基。更佳之體系為R1是H。
於另一較佳之體系中,式(I)化合物中之R2代表H或烷基,更宜為甲基。
再於本發明之另一較佳體系中,式(I)化合物中之R3和R4係位於苯基之鄰及對位中,較佳地,其係獨立地選自鹵素及經取代或未經取代之烷基。
於本發明之特佳體系中,式(I)化合物中,R3和R4二者與苯基一起形成可選擇地經取代之稠合的環系統(例如:經取代或未經取代之芳基,或經取代或未經取代之芳香族或非芳香族雜環基可能為稠合的),更佳為萘環系統。
再者,於本發明之較佳體系中,式(I)之化合物中n係選自2、3、4,更佳地,n為2。
最後,於另一較佳之體系中,式(I)之化合物中R5和R6係各自獨立為C1-6烷基,或者,與彼等所連接之氮原子一起形成經取代或未經取代之雜環基,尤其是選自嗎啉基、六氫吡啶基及吡咯啶基之基團。更佳地,R5和R6一起形成嗎啉-4-基。
於本發明之較佳變體中,式(I)之σ配子係選自下列群組:[1] 4-{2-(1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H吡唑-3-基氧基)乙基}嗎啉,[2] 2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]-N,N-二乙基乙胺,[3] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-3-[2-(吡咯啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[4] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-3-[3-(吡咯啶-1-基)丙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[5] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}六氫吡啶,[6] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}-1H-咪唑,[7] 3-{1-[2-(1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基)乙基]六氫吡啶-4-基}-3H-咪唑並[4,5-b]吡啶,[8] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}-4-甲基六氫吡,[9] 4-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}六氫吡 羧酸乙酯,[10] 1-(4-(2-(1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基)乙基)六氫吡-1-基)乙酮,[11] 4-{2-[1-(4-甲氧苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉,[12] 1-(4-甲氧苯基)-5-甲基-3-[2-(吡咯啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[13] 1-(4-甲氧苯基)-5-甲基-3-[3-(吡咯啶-1-基)丙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[14] 1-[2-(1-(4-甲氧苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基)乙基]六氫吡啶,[15] 1-{2-[1-(4-甲氧苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}-1H-咪唑,[16] 4-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-苯基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉,[17] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-苯基-3-[2-(吡咯啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[18] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-苯基-3-[3-(吡咯啶-1-基)丙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[19] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-苯基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}六氫吡啶,[20] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-苯基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}-1H-咪唑,[21] 2-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-苯基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}-1,2,3,4-四氫異喹啉,[22] 4-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}嗎啉,[23] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-3-[4-(吡咯啶-1-基)丁氧基]-1H-吡唑,[24] 1-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}六氫吡啶,[25] 1-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}-4-甲基六氫吡,[26] 1-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}-1H-咪唑,[27] 4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]-N,N-二乙基丁-1-胺,[28] 1-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}-4-苯基六氫吡啶,[29] 1-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}-6,7-二氫-1H-吲哚-4(5H)-酮,[30] 2-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}-1,2,3,4-四氫異喹啉,[31] 4-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-異丙基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉,[32] 2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-異丙基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]-N,N-二乙基乙胺,[33] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-異丙基-3-[2-(吡咯啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[34] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-異丙基-3-[3-(吡咯啶-1-基)丙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[35] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-異丙基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}六氫吡啶,[36] 2-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-異丙基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}-1,2,3,4-四氫異喹啉,[37] 4-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉,[38] 2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基] N,N-二乙基乙胺,[39] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-3-[2-(吡咯啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[40] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}六氫吡啶,[41] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-3-[3-(吡咯啶-1-基)丙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[42] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}六氫吡,[43] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}吡咯啶-3-胺,[44] 4-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-4,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉,[46] 2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-4,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]-N,N-二乙基乙胺,[47] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-4,5-二甲基-3-[2-(吡咯啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[48] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-4,5-二甲基-3-[3-(吡咯啶-1-基)丙氧基]-1H-吡唑,[49] 1-{2-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-4,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}六氫吡啶,[50] 4-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}嗎啉,[51] (2S,6R)-4-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}-2,6二甲基嗎啉,[52] 1-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}六氫吡啶,[53] 1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-3-[4-(吡咯啶-1-基)丁氧基]-1H-吡唑,[55] 4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]-N,N-二乙基丁-1-胺,[56] N-苄基-4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]-N-甲基丁-1-胺,[57] 4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]-N-(2-甲氧基乙基)-N-甲基丁-1-胺,[58] 4-{4-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]丁基}硫代嗎啉,[59] 1-[1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-3-(2-嗎啉乙氧基)-1H-吡唑-4-基]乙酮,[60] 1-{1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-3-[2-(吡咯啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑-4-基}乙酮,[61] 1-{1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基-3-[2-(六氫吡啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑-4-基}乙酮,[62] 1-{1-(3,4-二氯苯基)-3-[2-(二乙胺基)乙氧基]-5-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基}乙酮,[63] 4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉,[64] N,N-二乙基-2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙胺,[65] 1-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}六氫吡啶,[66] 5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-3-[2-(吡咯啶-1-基)乙氧基]-1H-吡唑,或其藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑化物或先驅藥物。
於本發明之較佳變體中,式(I)之σ配子為4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉或其鹽。
較佳地,所使用之式(I)化合物為4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽。
這些特殊化合物在本發明之實例中被定名為化合物63(及其鹽)。
本發明之較佳體系包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽與選自下列群組之類鴉片或鴉片類的組合物之用途:嗎啡、曲馬多、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼、他噴他多、羥考酮及丁丙諾啡。於本發明之較佳體系中,所使用之鴉片類為嗎啡或其類似物。於本發明之另一較佳體系中,所使用之類鴉片為曲馬多或其類似物。於本發明之另一較佳體系中,所使用之類鴉片為舒芬太尼或其類似物。於本發明之另一較佳體系中,所使用之類鴉片為瑞芬太尼或其類似物。於本發明之另一較佳體系中,所使用之類鴉片為芬太尼或其類似物。於本發明之另一較佳體系中,所使用之類鴉片為他噴他多或其類似物。於本發明之另一較佳體系中,所使用之類鴉片為羥考酮或其類似物。於本發明之另一較佳體系中,所使用之類鴉片為丁丙諾啡或其類似物。
這些類鴉片或鴉片類之類似物已為熟習本技藝之人士所知且一般係指結構上源自彼等之任何化合物,包括其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物。因此,“嗎啡類似物”可為結構上源自嗎啡之任何化合物,例如:那些EP0975648中所揭示者。嗎啡之特殊類似物包括氫化嗎啡酮、二氫嗎啡、氧化嗎啡酮、二氫去氧嗎啡、二乙醯嗎啡、尼可嗎啡、二丙醯嗎啡、苄基嗎啡及乙基嗎啡。
該式(I)化合物及其鹽類或溶劑化物可依先前申請案WO2006/021462中所揭示之內容製備。
本發明亦關於醫藥組成物之用途,該醫藥組成物包含如上述定義之式(I)之σ配子或其藥學上可接受之鹽、異構體、先驅藥物或溶劑化物以及類鴉片或鴉片類,其共同或分別與至少一種藥學上可接受之載體、添加劑、佐劑或賦形劑組合。
佐劑或添加劑可選自下列群組:載體、賦形劑、支承材料、潤滑劑、充填劑、溶劑、稀釋劑、著色劑、調味劑(諸如糖類)、抗氧化劑及/或凝集劑。於栓劑之情況中,此可能意味供經腸胃道外施用之蠟或脂肪酸酯或防腐劑、乳化劑及/或載體。這些佐劑及/或添加劑,以及欲使用之量將根據施用之醫藥組成物的形式選擇。
根據本發明使用之醫藥組成物可適用於任何投服形式,無論是口服或經腸胃道外投服,例如經由肺、鼻、直腸及/或靜脈內途徑投服。因此,根據本發明之配製劑可適用於局部或全身性投服,特別是可經由皮膚、皮下、肌肉內、關節內、腹膜內、肺、口腔、舌下、鼻、經皮、陰道、口或非經腸胃道途徑施用。較佳之直腸施用形式係藉由栓劑投服。
適合供經口施用之製劑有片劑、丸劑、口香糖、膠囊、顆粒、滴液或糖漿。適合供經腸胃道外施用之製劑有溶液、懸浮液、可重構成之乾燥製劑或噴霧。
本發明之組合物可配製成供經皮施用之溶解形式或在貼片中的沈積物。皮膚施用者包括油膏、凝膠、乳霜、塗劑、懸浮液或乳劑。
本發明已概括描述後,參考以下實例將更容易理解本發明,本發明僅用於說明,而不欲限制本發明。
本發明之組合物可配製成與至少一種藥學上可接受之載體、添加劑、佐劑或載劑同時、分開或依序投服。此暗示該式(I)之σ配子與該類鴉片或鴉片類之組合物可依下述投服:
a)以作為同一藥物調製劑之一部分的組合物形式投服,因而該二者總是同時投服。
b)以兩種單位之組合物的形式投服,每一項均可能與他們其中之一同時、依序或單獨投服。於特殊之體系中,式(I)之σ配子係與類鴉片或鴉片類獨立但同時投服(即,在兩個單位中)。於另一特殊體系中係先投服式(I)之σ配子,再分別或依序投服該類鴉片或鴉片類。再於另一特殊體系中係先投服類鴉片或鴉片類,再依規定分別或依序投服式(I)之σ配子。
於本發明之特定體系中,手術後發展之疼痛為周邊神經病變性疼痛、觸覺痛、灼痛、痛覺過敏、感覺過敏、疼痛過度、神經痛、神經炎或神經病變。更佳地,該疼痛為痛覺過敏或機械性觸覺痛。
IASP對“神經病變性疼痛”之定義為“由神經系統中之原發性損傷或功能障礙起始或造成之疼痛”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),210)。在本發明之目的方面,此一名詞被視為等同於“神經源性疼痛”,IASP將其定義為“由周圍或中樞神經系統中之原發性損傷、功能障礙起或暫時性擾動起始或造成之疼痛”。根據本發明,神經病變性疼痛係限於因手術造成之神經病變性疼痛。
根據IASP,“周邊神經病變性疼痛”之定義為“由周圍神經系統中之原發性損傷或功能障礙起始或造成之疼痛”且“周邊神經源性疼痛”的定義為“由周圍神經系統中之原發性損傷、功能障礙或暫時性擾動起始或造成之疼痛“(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),213)。
根據IASP,“觸覺痛”之定義為“由在正常狀態下不會引發疼痛之刺激造成的疼痛”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),210)。
根據IASP,“灼痛”之定義為“外傷性神經損傷後持續之灼燒疼痛、觸覺痛及疼痛過度的綜合症,其通常合倂血管舒縮和汗腺調節神經功能障礙,以及稍後之營養改變”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),210)。
根據IASP,“痛覺過敏”之定義為“對正常情況下感覺疼痛之刺激的反應增加”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),211)。
根據IASP,“感覺過敏”之定義為“對刺激之敏感性增加,不包括感官”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),211)。
根據IASP,“疼痛過度”之定義為“一種疼痛綜合徵,其特徵為對刺激(特別是重複的刺激)之異常疼痛反應以及閾值增加”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),212)。
IASP歸納出以下“觸覺痛”、“痛覺過敏”及“疼痛過度”間之差異(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),212):
根據IASP,“神經痛”之定義為“在神經分佈中之疼痛”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),212)。
根據IASP,“神經炎”之定義為“神經發炎”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),212)。
根據IASP,“神經病變/神經炎”之定義為“神經中之功能障礙或病理變化:於一條神經之單一神經病變中、於一些神經之多發性單一神經病變中,若擴散且為雙側,則為多神經病變”(IASP,Classification of chronic pain,2nd Edition,IASP Press(2002),212)。
於一些體系中,該手術後疼痛包括下列之一或多種疼痛:由熱引起之疼痛、由機械引起之疼痛或靜息痛。例如:手術後疼痛可包括由機械引起之疼痛及/或靜息痛。於一些情況中,手術後之疼痛包括靜息痛。
於某些體系中係遏制、減輕及/或預防觸覺痛,而於一些體系中係遏制、減輕及/或預防痛覺過敏。於一些情況中,該疼痛為慢性疼痛。於其他情況中,該疼痛係在外部創傷、傷口或切口近端及/或附近之一或多個部位。於某些體系中,該式(I)之σ配子與類鴉片或鴉片類之組合物可在可能造成外傷、傷口或切口(諸如手術)之活動前投服。例如:該式(I)之σ配子與類鴉片或鴉片類之組合物可在可能造成外部創傷、傷口或切口之活動前(諸如手術前)30分鐘、1小時、2小時、5小時、10小時、15小時、24小時,甚至更早前,諸如1天、數天、甚至一週、兩週、三週,或更早前投服。於其他體系中,該式(I)之σ配子與類鴉片或鴉片類之組合物可在手術或可能造成外部創傷、傷口或切口之活動期間及/或之後投服。在某些情況下,該式(I)之σ配子與類鴉片或鴉片類之組合物係在手術後,或造成外部創傷、傷口或切口之活動後1小時、2小時、3小時、4小時、6小時、8小時、12小時、24小時、30小時、36小時,或更久後投服。
於一本發明之體系中,該式(I)之σ配子與類鴉片或鴉片類之組合物之使用量宜為治療上有效量。醫生將決定本治療劑最合適之劑量,此將隨投服形式及所選擇之特定化合物而有所變化,還有,其將隨接受治療之患者、患者的年齡、接受治療之疼痛類型、其嚴重性而有所變化。醫生通常希望以實質上低於該化合物之最佳劑量的小劑量開始進行治療,並經由少量遞增提高劑量,直到取得在該環境下之最佳效果。當該組成物係經由口服時,需要較大劑量之活性劑來產生與經由腸胃道外施用之較小量相同的效果。該化合物可以與其相當之治療劑的相同方式使用,且該劑量水準係與這些其他治療劑通常使用之數量級相同。
根據本發明,當與式(I)之σ配子合倂時,該類鴉片或鴉片類之劑量可減少,因此可以減低之劑量達到相同的鎮痛效果,從而減輕依賴性。式(I)之σ配子可使類鴉片之鎮痛效果增加1.2、1.5、2、3、4或更高之倍數,甚至在某些情況下,為14或15倍。例如:在以嗎啡進行之機械性觸覺痛試驗中,以10毫克化合物63可觀察到從2.7%增加至29.1%(見第1圖)。在相同試驗中,其他劑量可達到從14.7%增加至56.3%、從44.0%增加至83.0%或從41.0%增加至93.8%。
例如:必須投予患者之劑量攝生法將取決於患者之體重、施用之類型、疾病之狀況和嚴重程度。較佳之劑量攝生法包含投服在0.5至100毫克/公斤之範圍內的式(I)之化合物,及在0.15至15毫克/公斤之範圍內的類鴉片或鴉片類。可以一次或多次地進行投藥。
下列實例僅說明本發明之某些實施且不能被視為以任何方式限制本發明。
化合物63可依先前申請案WO2006/021462中所揭示之內容製備。其鹽酸鹽可根據下列程序取得:將化合物63(6.39克)溶於以HCl飽和之乙醇中,然後,將該混合物攪拌數分鐘,並蒸發至乾燥。將殘質從異丙醇中結晶化。將來自第一次結晶化之母液經由濃縮產生第二次結晶化。這兩次結晶化合計取得5.24克(63%)之對應的鹽酸鹽(m.p.=197-199℃)。
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:10,85(bs,1H),7,95(m,4H),7,7(dd,J=2,2,8,8 Hz,1H),7,55(m,2H),5,9(s,1H),4,55(m,2H),3,95(m,2H),3,75(m,2H),3,55-3,4(m,4H),3,2(m,2H),2,35(s,3H)。
HPLC純度:99.8%
a)用於評估治療手術後疼痛之鎮痛效果的一般議定計劃
使用歐美達(Ohmeda)蒸發器和麻醉室,以獸醫用之3%異氟醚將大鼠進行吸入麻醉。手術期間藉由一將異氟醚蒸氣指向動物口鼻部的管子將大鼠保持麻醉。大鼠一旦被麻醉後,令其俯臥躺下並以酒精清潔其右後爪。
然後,從距離足跟約5毫米開始,向腳趾延伸,以手術刀在後爪皮膚切開約10毫米之切口。定位筋膜,以曲線剪刀提起肌肉,並切開約5毫米長之切口,如此,肌起源及肌止端均可保持完整。因此,表層(皮膚)和深部(肌肉)組織以及神經均受傷。以帶有編織絲線(3.0)的縫合針縫合爪子的皮膚並以聚維酮清潔傷口。
總是在手術(足底切開)後4小時,投服該產品後30或60分鐘進行評估。進行兩種類型之分析:- 使用von Frey細絲測試機械性觸覺痛:將動物置於在升高之表面上的丙烯酸甲酯錐形體中,該錐形體具有穿孔之金屬網狀底板,以施放細絲。在錐形體中經過約30分鐘之馴化期後,從力量最小的細絲(0.4克)開始刺激兩個後爪(受傷及未受傷之的爪子,後者係作為對照),直到達到為15克之細絲。藉由動物縮回爪子(此為由細絲引起之疼痛刺激造成的後果)證實其對疼痛之反應。記錄引出縮回爪子之壓力(以克計之力量)閾值。
- 使用烏戈巴西萊(Ugo Basile)足底測試進行熱痛覺過敏之測試:將動物安置在該裝置之具有水晶地板的丙烯酸甲酯籠子裡。在籠子內之適應期約10分鐘。將來自在水晶地板下方移動之燈的熱刺激施用於兩個爪子,兩個刺激間之最小間隔為1分鐘,以避免學習行為。當老鼠感覺來自於燈之熱所造成的疼痛時其可自由縮回爪子;然後,將開關關閉並記錄縮爪反應之延遲時間(以秒計)。為了避免傷害動物之爪子,燈在32秒後自動關閉。
b)鴉片類:嗎啡
依下述在大鼠中分別評估嗎啡及化合物63之療效:1)投服0.625毫克/公斤固定劑量之嗎啡及2)投服不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63。二種藥物均在手術後3.5小時投服。
接著,在不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63及保持固定劑量(0.625毫克/公斤)之嗎啡下分析合倂使用嗎啡與化合物63之療效。在手術後3.5小時同時投服二種藥物。
根據上述之機械性觸覺痛及熱痛覺過敏議定計劃測試經治療之受試者。在二種議定計劃下,化合物63增強嗎啡在治療手術後疼痛時之鎮痛效果。見第1、2及5圖。
c)類鴉片:曲馬多
依下述在大鼠中分別評估曲馬多及化合物63之療效:1)投服1.25毫克/公斤固定劑量之曲馬多及2)投服不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63。二種藥物均在手術後3.5小時投服。
接著,在不同劑量(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)之化合物63及保持固定劑量(1.25毫克/公斤)之曲馬多下分析合倂使用曲馬多與化合物63之療效。在手術後3.5小時同時投服二種藥物。
根據上述之機械性觸覺痛及熱痛覺過敏議定計劃測試經治療之受試者。在二種議定計劃下,化合物63增強曲馬多在治療手術後疼痛時之鎮痛效果。見第3、4及6圖。
d)類鴉片:舒芬太尼
依下述在大鼠中分別評估舒芬太尼及化合物63之療效:
1)投服0.003毫克/公斤固定劑量之舒芬太尼及2)投服不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63。二種藥物均在手術後3.5小時投服。
接著,在不同劑量(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)之化合物63及保持固定劑量(0.003毫克/公斤)之舒芬太尼下分析合倂使用舒芬太尼與化合物63之療效。在手術後3.5小時同時投服二種藥物。
根據上述之機械性觸覺痛議定計劃測試經治療之受試者。在該議定計劃下,化合物63增強舒芬太尼在治療手術後疼痛時之鎮痛效果。見第7圖。
e)類鴉片:瑞芬太尼
依下述在大鼠中分別評估瑞芬太尼及化合物63之療效:
1)投服0.01毫克/公斤固定劑量之瑞芬太尼及2)投服不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63。二種藥物均在手術後3.5小時投服。
接著,在不同劑量(2.5、5、10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63及保持固定劑量(0.01毫克/公斤)之瑞芬太尼下分析合倂使用瑞芬太尼與化合物63之療效。在手術後3.5小時同時投服二種藥物。
根據上述之機械性觸覺痛議定計劃測試經治療之受試者。在該議定計劃下,化合物63增強瑞芬太尼在治療手術後疼痛時之鎮痛效果。見第8圖。
f)鴉片類:芬太尼
依下述在大鼠中分別評估芬太尼及化合物63之療效:
1)投服0.01毫克/公斤固定劑量之芬太尼及2)投服不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63。二種藥物均在手術後3.5小時投服。
接著,在不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63及保持固定劑量(0.01毫克/公斤)之芬太尼下分析合倂使用芬太尼與化合物63之療效。在手術後3.5小時同時投服二種藥物。
根據上述之機械性觸覺痛議定計劃測試經治療之受試者。在該議定計劃下,化合物63增強芬太尼在治療手術後疼痛時之鎮痛效果。見第9圖。
g)類鴉片:他噴他多
依下述在大鼠中分別評估他噴他多及化合物63之療效:
1)投服1.25毫克/公斤固定劑量之他噴他多及2)投服不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63。二種藥物均在手術後3.5小時投服。
接著,在不同劑量(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)之化合物63及保持固定劑量(1.25毫克/公斤)之他噴他多下分析合倂使用他噴他多與化合物63之療效。在手術後3.5小時同時投服二種藥物。
根據上述之機械性觸覺痛議定計劃測試經治療之受試者。在該議定計劃下,化合物63增強他噴他多在治療手術後疼痛時之鎮痛效果。見第10圖。
h)類鴉片:羥考酮
依下述在大鼠中分別評估羥考酮及化合物63之療效:
1)投服0.039毫克/公斤固定劑量之羥考酮及2)投服不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63。二種藥物均在手術後3.5小時投服。
接著,在不同劑量(2.5、5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)之化合物63及保持固定劑量(0.039毫克/公斤)之羥考酮下分析合倂使用羥考酮與化合物63之療效。在手術後3.5小時同時投服二種藥物。
根據上述之機械性觸覺痛議定計劃測試經治療之受試者。在該議定計劃下,化合物63增強羥考酮在治療手術後疼痛時之鎮痛效果。見第11圖。
i)類鴉片:丁丙諾啡
依下述在大鼠中分別評估丁丙諾啡及化合物63之療效:
1)投服0.0015毫克/公斤固定劑量之丁丙諾啡及2)投服不同劑量(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)之化合物63。二種藥物均在手術後3.5小時投服。
接著,在不同劑量(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)之化合物63及保持固定劑量(0.0015毫克/公斤)之丁丙諾啡下分析合倂使用了丙諾啡與化合物63之療效。在手術後3.5小時同時投服二種藥物。
根據上述之機械性觸覺痛議定計劃測試經治療之受試者。在該議定計劃下,化合物63增強丁丙諾啡在治療手術後疼痛時之鎮痛效果。見第12圖。
第1圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)增強嗎啡(0.625毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。n=10,#:p<0.05;ns:p>0.05鄧尼特(Dunnett),化合物63+M相對於嗎啡;**:p<0.01;***:p>0.001 t-學生(Student),化合物63+M相對於化合物63。
第2圖:在熱痛覺過敏大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)增強嗎啡(0.625毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。n=10,#:p<0.05;ns:p>0.05鄧尼特,化合物63+M相對於嗎啡;**:p<0.01;***:p>0.001 t-學生,化合物63+M相對於化合物63。
第3圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)增強曲馬多(tramadol)(1.25毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。n=10,#:p<0.05;ns:p>0.05鄧尼特,化合物63+T相對於曲馬多;**:p<0.01;***:p>0.001 t-學生,化合物63+T相對於化合物63。
第4圖:在熱痛覺過敏大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)增強曲馬多(tramadol)(1.25毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。n=10,#:p<0.05;ns:p>0.05鄧尼特,化合物63+T相對於曲馬多;**:p<0.01;***:p>0.001 t-學生,化合物63+T相對於化合物63。
第5圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)增強嗎啡(0.625毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。*:p<0.05(鄧尼特);ns(無顯著性差異):p>0.05(鄧尼特)。
第6圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)增強曲馬多(1.25毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。*:p<0.05(鄧尼特);ns(無顯著性差異):p>0.05(鄧尼特)。
第7圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)增強舒芬太尼(sufentanil)(0.003毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。*:p<0.05(鄧尼特);ns(無顯著性差異):p>0.05(鄧尼特)。
第8圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(2.5、5、10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)增強瑞芬太尼(remifentanil)(0.01毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。*:p<0.05(鄧尼特);ns(無顯著性差異):p>0.05(鄧尼特)。
第9圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(10、20、40及80毫克/公斤)增強芬太尼(fentanyl)(0.01毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。*:p<0.05(鄧尼特);ns(無顯著性差異):p>0.05(鄧尼特)。
第10圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)增強他噴他多(tapentadol)(1.25毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。*:p<0.05(鄧尼特);ns(無顯著性差異):p>0.05(鄧尼特)。
第11圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(2.5、5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)增強羥考酮(oxycodone)(0.039毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。*:p<0.05(鄧尼特);ns(無顯著性差異):p>0.05(鄧尼特)。
第12圖:在機械性觸覺痛大鼠模型中藉由化合物63(5、10、20及40毫克/公斤)增強丁丙諾啡(buprenorphine)(0.0015毫克/公斤)之鎮痛效果。*:p<0.05(鄧尼特);ns(無顯著性差異):p>0.05(鄧尼特)。
Claims (14)
- 一種用於同時、分別或依序投服的組合物以製造預防及/或治療手術後發展疼痛的藥物之用途,該組合物包含至少4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉或其藥學上可接受之鹽、或異構體,以及至少一種類鴉片或鴉片類,該類鴉片或鴉片類係選自:嗎啡或其結構衍生物、曲馬多(tramadol)、舒芬太尼(sufentanil)、瑞芬太尼(remifentanil)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、他噴他多(tapentadol)、羥考酮(oxycodone)及丁丙諾啡(buprenorphine)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及選自下列群組之類鴉片或鴉片類:嗎啡、曲馬多、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼、他噴他多、羥考酮及丁丙諾啡。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及嗎啡。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及曲馬多。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及舒芬太尼。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及瑞芬太尼。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及芬太尼。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及他噴他多。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及羥考酮。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該組合物包含4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉鹽酸鹽及丁丙諾啡。
- 一種4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉或其藥學上可接受之鹽、或異構體之用途,係當類鴉片或鴉片類係用於預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛時,用於製造增強該類鴉片或鴉片類之鎮痛效果及/或減弱由該類鴉片或鴉片類誘發之依賴性的藥物,其中該類鴉片或鴉片類選自下列群組:嗎啡或其結構衍生物、曲 馬多、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼、他噴他多、羥考酮及丁丙諾啡。
- 一種4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉或其藥學上可接受之鹽、或異構體之用途,係當類鴉片或鴉片類係用於預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛時,用於製造增強該類鴉片或鴉片類之鎮痛效果的藥物,其中該類鴉片或鴉片類選自下列群組:嗎啡或其結構衍生物、曲馬多、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼、他噴他多、羥考酮及丁丙諾啡。
- 一種4-{2-[5-甲基-1-(萘-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基氧基]乙基}嗎啉或其藥學上可接受之鹽、或異構體之用途,係當類鴉片或鴉片類係用於預防及/或治療手術後發展之疼痛時,用於製造減弱由該類鴉片或鴉片類誘發之依賴性的藥物,其中該類鴉片或鴉片類選自下列群組:嗎啡或其結構衍生物、曲馬多、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼、他噴他多、羥考酮及丁丙諾啡。
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