TWI553659B - 用於印刷導線軌之組合物及製造太陽能電池的方法 - Google Patents
用於印刷導線軌之組合物及製造太陽能電池的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI553659B TWI553659B TW099129939A TW99129939A TWI553659B TW I553659 B TWI553659 B TW I553659B TW 099129939 A TW099129939 A TW 099129939A TW 99129939 A TW99129939 A TW 99129939A TW I553659 B TWI553659 B TW I553659B
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- 239000000025 natural resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005644 polyethylene terephthalate glycol copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002098 polyfluorene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000346 polystyrene-polyisoprene block-polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000909 polytetrahydrofuran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003009 polyurethane dispersion Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001289 polyvinyl ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006316 polyvinylpyrrolidine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXHCOXPZCUFAJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enoic acid;styrene Chemical class OC(=O)C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 HXHCOXPZCUFAJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical class CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- OJLCQGGSMYKWEK-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Ru+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OJLCQGGSMYKWEK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- DFWNPSSZBYZLKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium;2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione Chemical compound [Ru].CC(C)(C)C(=O)CC(=O)C(C)(C)C DFWNPSSZBYZLKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N shellac Chemical compound OCCCCCC(O)C(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O.C1C23[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC2[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H]1C(C(O)=O)=C[C@@H]3O ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VFWRGKJLLYDFBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Ag].[Ag] VFWRGKJLLYDFBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011115 styrene butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- PBCFLUZVCVVTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Ta](=O)O[Ta](=O)=O PBCFLUZVCVVTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940116411 terpineol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O triphenylphosphanium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[PH+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- WLOQLWBIJZDHET-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylsulfonium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[S+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 WLOQLWBIJZDHET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Y+3].[Y+3] RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/24—Electrically-conducting paints
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L21/26—Bombardment with radiation
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
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- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
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Description
本發明係關於一種使用雷射印刷方法將導線軌印刷在基板上,尤其係用於太陽能電池者之組合物。該組合物包含30至90重量%之導電微粒,0至7重量%之玻璃料,0至8重量%之至少一種基質材料,0至8重量%之至少一種有機金屬化合物,0至5重量%之至少一種添加劑及3至50重量%之溶劑。本發明另外關於一種製造太陽能電池之方法,在該方法中藉由雷射輻照使該對應組合物由載體轉移至半導體基板上從而將對應組合物印刷在半導體基板上。
為能藉由雷射印刷方法在基板上印刷該組合物,該組合物必須包含一種雷射輻射之吸收劑,該吸收劑吸收該雷射輻射之能量並將其轉化為熱能。
目前雷射印刷之油墨中所使用的吸收劑為(例如)碳黑或碳奈米管。然而,此類吸收劑具有下列缺點:在太陽能電池燒結期間反應產生二氧化碳,二氧化碳在導線軌中仍呈氣態形式,其將在導線軌中產生孔而可能降低導電性。為防止該情況,目前通常係使用無碳黑之組合物,其係藉由噴墨印刷方法或絲網印刷方法處理的。
例如,在WO 2007/089273中描述一種呈糊狀物形式之組合物,其可用於製造太陽能電池之光接收表面電極。該糊狀物包含銀微粒(其具有0.2至0.6 m2/g之比表面積)、玻璃料、樹脂黏合劑及稀釋劑。
在EP-A 1 775 759中描述一種包含兩種不同平均直徑之銀粉末的組合物,除了銀粉末,該組合物還包含玻璃料及一有機載體。該電極材料中銀之比例係75至95重量%。
在WO 2006/132766中描述另一種用於生產太陽能電池之電極的糊狀物,該糊狀物包含85至99重量%之導電金屬組分及1至15重量%之玻璃組分(在任一實例下以固體材料計)及一有機組分。
所描述之該等組合物中均無法藉由雷射印刷用於印刷中。然而,,雷射印刷方法之使用具有優於噴墨印刷方法及絲網印刷方法可將細線條並因此細電極印刷在太陽能電池上的優勢。
本發明之目的係提供一種用於印刷太陽能電池之電極的組合物,該組合物可藉由雷射印刷而印刷,且在該組合物中,相較於已知組合物,燒結時並不導致導電性降低。
該目標係藉由一種使用雷射印刷方法將導線軌印刷在基板上,尤其係用於太陽能電池者之組合物,該組合物包含30至90重量%之導電微粒,0至7重量%之玻璃料,0至8重量%之至少一種基板材料,0至8重量%之至少一種有機金屬化合物,0至5重量%之至少一種添加劑及3至69重量%之溶劑,其中該組合物另外包含0.5至15重量%之奈米微粒作為雷射輻射之吸收劑,該等奈米微粒係銀、金、鉑、鈀、鎢、鎳、錫、鉍、鐵、銦錫氧化物(ITO)、氧化鎢、碳化鈦,或氮化鈦之微粒,且該組合物包含不多於1重量%之元素碳。
本發明內容中之奈米微粒應理解為顆粒大小在1至800 nm範圍之間的平均微粒,作為吸收劑使用之奈米微粒的顆粒大小通常係在3至800 nm之範圍內。
在該組合物中元素碳之比例不多於1重量%,較佳為不多於0.5重量%,更佳為不多於0.3重量%且最佳為不多於0.1重量%。在一實施例中,該組合物中無元素碳存在。
已發現令人驚奇地係亦可使用銀、金、鉑、鈀、鎢、鎳、錫、鉍、鐵、銦錫氧化物、氧化鎢、碳化鈦,或氮化鈦之奈米微粒作為雷射輻射之吸收劑。依此方式,可(例如)以碳黑,碳奈米管、石墨烯或石墨形式作為雷射輻射之吸收劑或相較於已知組合物顯著減少所需量以省掉元素碳。
使用銀、金、鉑、鈀、鎢、鎳、錫、鉍、鐵、銦錫氧化物或氮化鈦之另一優勢係此等金屬係導電性,基於此原因,該等奈米微粒的使用將印刷導線軌之導電性降低至極低程度或較佳係完全沒有。另外,此等材料在烘烤期間不被氧化,更特別地,其等不產生任何會引起導線軌之孔隙率並因此降低導電性之氣態化合物。碳化鈦作為吸收劑可燃,但所釋放之碳量係遠低於元素碳作為吸收劑的情況下所釋放之量。
特佳的奈米微粒材料為銀。
在一實施例中,該等微粒係球形微粒。本發明內容中之球形微粒意味著該等微粒本質上呈球形形狀,但是實際微粒亦可能與該等理想微粒形狀有偏差。例如,實際微粒亦可能(例如)被截斷或具有液滴形狀。亦可能由於製造而發生其他與理想微粒形狀之偏差。
當該等奈米微粒為球形微粒時,其直徑較佳係在2至100 nm範圍內。尤其係在使用紅外雷射,尤其彼等波長為1050者的情況下,已發現粒子直徑在2至50 nm範圍內之球形微粒尤其合適。該等球形微粒之直徑更佳係在6 nm之區域內。
當使用呈球形微粒形式之奈米微粒時,該等奈米微粒在該組合物中之比例特別係在0.5至12重量%之範圍內。
在另一具體實施例中,該等奈米微粒係邊長在15至1000 nm範圍內且高為3至100 nm之棱柱。該等棱柱之形狀係多變的。例如,該形狀在所有其他因素中係視所使用之雷射輻射而定。該等棱柱之底部可能(例如)呈任何多邊形之形狀,例如三邊形或五邊形。作為奈米微粒使用之棱柱通常係電漿子諧振器,其吸收行為係與所使用之雷射波長相匹配。與所使用之雷射波長相匹配係(例如)藉由棱柱之邊長及截面積的方式進行。例如,不同的截面積及不同的邊長各具有不同的吸收行為。該等棱柱之高亦對該吸收行為產生影響。
當使用棱柱作為奈米微粒時,該組合物中以棱柱形狀存在之奈米微粒的比例較佳係在3至10重量%範圍內。
除了使用球形微粒或棱柱作為雷射輻射之吸收劑之外,另外亦可同時使用球形微粒及棱柱。任何球形微粒與棱柱之所需比例均係可能的。棱柱形狀之奈米微粒的比例越大,該組合物中奈米微粒之比例可能越低。
通常在製造過程期間藉由合適添加劑穩定該等奈米微粒,尤其係為了運輸。在該用於印刷導線軌之組合物的製備過程期間,通常不將該等添加劑去除,以使其等隨後亦存在於該組合物中。用於穩定化之添加劑的比例通常不多於15重量%(基於奈米微粒之質量)。用於穩定該等奈米微粒之添加劑可(例如)為長鏈胺,例如十二胺。其他適合用於穩定該等奈米微粒之添加劑為(例如)辛胺、癸胺、油酸及聚乙烯亞胺。
該組合物中所存在之導電微粒可為由任何導電材料組成的任何幾何形狀之微粒。該組合物中所存在之導電微粒較佳包含銀、金、鋁、鉑、鈀、鎳、錫、鎘、鎵、銦、銅、鋅、鐵、鉍、鈷、錳、鉻、釩、鈦或其混合物或其合金。
所使用之該等微粒之平均微粒大小較佳係在100 nm至100 μm範圍內。該平均微粒大小更佳係在500 nm至50 μm範圍內且最佳係在500 nm至10 μm範圍內。所使用之該等微粒可具有熟習此項技術者所知之任何所需形狀。例如,該等微粒可呈薄層形狀或球形形狀。球形微粒亦可被理解為彼等實際形狀與理想球形有偏差者。例如,球形微粒由於製造亦可能具有液滴形狀或被截斷。可用於製造該組合物之合適的微粒係為熟習此項技術者所知且係商業上可獲得的。最佳係使用球形銀微粒。該等球形微粒之優勢相較於薄層狀之微粒為其經改善之流變行為。例如,包含球形微粒之組合物的黏度係比包含薄層狀微粒之組合物的黏度低。另外,包含球形微粒之組合物在剪切時黏度明顯降低。此亦允許達到高達約90%之高填充程度,在此情況下該組合物仍然保持可印刷。
假如使用兩種或更多不同類型之導電微粒,此可藉由混合該等類型而完成。該等不同類型之微粒可能為不同材料、不同形狀及/或不同大小。
該組合物中導電微粒之比例係在50至90重量%範圍內,該比例較佳係在70至87重量%範圍內且特別係在75至85重量%範圍內。
除使用大小在100 nm至100 μm範圍內之導電微粒外,亦可使用奈米微粒作為導電微粒。當所使用之導電微粒為奈米微粒時,該等奈米微粒較佳係具有一在1至500 nm範圍內之平均直徑。該等奈米微粒可呈任何所需形狀。例如,該奈米微粒可能同樣為球形微粒或可能以棱柱形狀存在。更特別地,在使用奈米微粒作為導體微粒時,該等奈米微粒同時亦用作雷射輻射之吸收劑。
為能獲得一種可印刷組合物,該組合物另外必要包含一種溶劑,該組合物中溶劑之比例通常係在3至69重量%範圍內。該溶劑之比例較佳為在5至20重量%範圍且特別係在8至15重量%範圍內。
所使用之溶劑可能(例如)係有機溶劑。熟習此項技術者所知之所有溶劑均係合適的有機溶劑。較佳為松油醇、Texanol(2,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇單異丁酸酯、乙二醇、丙二醇及二丙二醇。
除使用有機溶劑之外,亦可能使用水作為溶劑。當使用水作為溶劑時,水之比例較佳係在3至40重量%範圍內,更佳為在5至15重量%範圍內且特別係在6至12重量%範圍內。
因水通常蒸發比較迅速,使用水作為溶劑時,必須添加一種阻留助劑(一種所謂的阻滯劑)以減緩蒸發。該阻留助劑係以0.5至50重量%之比例,較佳係以5至40重量%之比例且特別係以在10至30重量%範圍內之比例存於該組合物中。
合適的阻留助劑係極性保水溶劑。合適之極性保水溶劑係(例如)甘油、乙二醇,例如,乙二醇、丙二醇、聚乙二醇如二乙二醇、聚乙二醇(例如PEG200),聚丙二醇、烷醇胺,例如甲基二乙醇胺,乙基二乙醇胺、N-甲基吡咯啶酮或聚乙烯亞胺、聚乙烯胺或聚乙烯甲醯胺。特佳阻留助劑為甘油或聚乙二醇。此等阻留助劑具有高表面張力,其減少該組合物在待印刷基板表面上流動。因此,較清楚的結構係可印刷的。
為使經該組合物印刷之電極結構在太陽能電池之製造中半導體基板上獲得良好接合,亦稱為晶圓之該半導體基板係與其上所印刷之結構一起燒結。為使該組合物在燒結前黏接該晶圓,較佳係另有一種基質材料存在。當該組合物中有一種基質材料存在時,基質材料之比例較佳係在0.1至8重量%範圍內,更佳係在0.5至5重量%範圍內且特別係在1至3重量%範圍內。
當使用水作為溶劑時,所用之基質材料較佳係水可溶或水可分散之聚合物或聚合物混合物。
偏好在水中形成低黏度溶液之水可溶或水可分散之聚合物或聚合物混合物。此使低黏度之導電微粒可有高填充高度。另外,所用聚合物對待印刷之基板表面,例如製造太陽能電池時所用太陽能晶圓之表面應具有良好黏著力。該等聚合物亦應使印刷導線軌具有足夠完整性。
可作為基質材料使用之合適聚合物係(例如)丙烯酸酯分散液及丙烯酸酯共聚物,例如,苯乙烯丙烯酸酯、鹼性可溶之丙烯酸酯樹脂及其共聚物,馬來酸酐共聚物,例如苯乙烯-馬來酸分散液、醇酸樹脂分散液、苯乙烯-丁二烯分散液、纖維素衍生物,尤其係羥烷基纖維素、羧烷基纖維素、聚酯分散液、聚乙烯醇,尤其係部份或完全水解之聚乙烯醇、水解之乙烯乙酸酯共聚物,例如接枝聚乙二醇-乙烯乙酸酯共聚物、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮及聚乙烯吡咯啶酮共聚物,聚乙烯亞胺、聚乙烯胺、聚乙烯甲醯胺、超分支聚碳酸酯、聚乙二醇、聚胺基甲酸酯分散液、蛋白質,例如酪蛋白。亦可使用兩種或更多聚合物之混合物以形成該基質材料。
當所用之溶劑僅係有機溶劑時,合適的基質材料為(例如)ABS(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯);ASA(丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯);丙烯酸酯化之丙烯酸酯;醇酸樹脂;烷乙烯基乙酸酯、伸烷基-乙烯乙酸酯共聚物,尤其係亞甲基-乙烯乙酸酯、乙烯-乙烯乙酸酯、丁烯乙烯乙酸酯;伸烷基-乙烯氯化物共聚物;胺基樹脂;醛及酮樹脂;纖維素及纖維素衍生物,尤其係羥烷基纖維素、纖維素酯如乙酸酯、丙酸酯、丁酸酯、羧烷基纖維素、纖維素硝酸鹽、環氧基丙烯酸酯;環氧基樹脂;改質之環氧基樹脂,例如雙官能或多官能雙酚A或雙酚F樹脂、多官能環氧基酚醛清漆樹脂、溴化環氧基樹脂、環脂族環氧基樹脂;脂族環氧基樹脂、縮水甘油基醚、乙烯醚、乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物;烴樹脂;MABS(包含丙烯酸酯單元之透明ABS);三聚氰胺樹脂、馬來酸酐共聚物;甲基丙烯酸酯;天然橡膠;合成橡膠;氯代橡膠;天然樹脂;松香;蟲膠;酚樹脂;苯氧基樹脂;聚酯;聚酯樹脂如苯基酯樹脂;聚碸;聚醚碸;聚醯胺;聚醯亞胺;聚苯胺;聚吡咯;聚對苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT);聚碳酸酯(例如購自Bayer AG之);聚酯丙烯酸酯;聚醚丙烯酸酯;聚乙烯;聚乙烯噻吩;聚萘二甲酸乙二酯;聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET);聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯乙二醇(PETG);聚丙烯;聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA);聚苯醚(PPO);聚苯乙烯(PS);聚四氟乙烯(PTFE);聚四氫呋喃;聚醚(例如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇),聚乙烯化合物,尤其係之聚氯乙烯(PVC)、PVC共聚物、PVdC、聚乙烯乙酸酯及其共聚物,視需要部份水解之聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯縮醛、聚乙烯乙酸酯、聚乙烯吡咯啶、聚乙烯醚、聚乙烯丙烯酸酯及甲基丙烯酸酯之溶液及分散液,及其共聚物,聚丙烯酸酯樹脂及聚苯乙烯共聚物,例如聚苯乙烯-馬來酸酸酐共聚物;聚苯乙烯(經衝擊改質的或未經衝擊改質的);未與異氰酸酯交聯或與其交聯之聚胺基甲酸酯;聚胺基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯;苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物;苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(例如購自BASF AG之或,購自CPC之K-ResinTM);蛋白質,例如酪蛋白;苯乙烯-異戊二烯嵌段共聚物;三嗪樹脂、雙馬來醯亞胺-三嗪樹脂(BT)、氰酸酯樹脂(CE)、烯丙基化之聚苯醚(APPE)。另外,兩種或更多聚合物之混合物可能形成該基質材料。
為使該組合物對製造太陽能電池時作為基板使用之該半導體材料獲得良好黏著力,一玻璃料係以在0.5至6重量%範圍內之比例存在於該組合物中。該玻璃料之比例較佳係在1.5至4重量%範圍內且特別係在2至3.5重量%範圍內。
偏好使用本質上無鉛之玻璃料。該等玻璃料係(例如)以氧化鉍為主玻璃。適合該組合物之玻璃料特別包含氧化鉍、氧化矽及/或氧化碲。
氧化碲之比例較佳係在0.01至10重量%範圍內。氧化鉍之比例較佳係在40至95重量%範圍內。氧化鉍之比例更佳為在50至80重量%範圍內且特別係在60至75重量%範圍內。氧化矽之比例較佳係在0至30重量%範圍內,特別為在1至4重量%範圍內。
除氧化鉍、氧化矽及氧化碲之外,該玻璃料可另外包含氧化硼。氧化硼之比例較佳係在0.1至10重量%範圍內,特別為在0.5至8重量%範圍內且在特佳實施例中係在1至4重量%範圍內。
除所提氧化物之外,該玻璃料可包含氧化鋅及/或氧化鋁。氧化鋁之比例係在0至15重量%範圍內,且氧化鋁之比例係在0至3重量%範圍內。
在該玻璃料中可能存在之其他金屬氧化物係(例如)氧化銀(Ag2O)、氧化銻(Sb2O3)、氧化鍺(Geo2)、氧化銦(In2O3)、五氧化二磷(P2O5)、五氧化二釩(V2O5)、五氧化二鈮(Nb2O5)及五氧化二鉭(Ta2O5)。在各情況下,該玻璃料中可能存在之Ag2O、P2O5、V2O5、Nb2O5及/或Ta2O5之比例係在約0至8重量%範圍內。在各情況下,該玻璃料中In2O3及/或Sb2O3之比例較佳係在0至5重量%範圍內。此外,該玻璃料可包含一種或多種鹼性金屬氧化物,通常為Na2O、Li2O及/或K2O,在各情況下,該玻璃料中鹼性金屬氧化物之比例係在0至3重量%範圍內。此外,該玻璃料中亦可能有鹼性稀土金屬氧化物存在。一般存在之鹼性稀土金屬氧化物係BaO、CaO、MgO及/或SrO,在各情況下,該玻璃料中鹼性稀土金屬氧化物之比例係在0至8重量%範圍內。
本發明內容中本質上無鉛意味無鉛添加至該玻璃料中及該玻璃料中鉛之比例係小於1000 ppm。
在一較佳實施例中,將至少一部份該等奈米微粒密閉於玻璃料之玻璃中。在此情況下,較佳係該等奈米微粒材料為鉍。當僅一部份該等奈米微粒係密閉在玻璃料之玻璃中時,該所密閉之奈米微粒材料可能同為彼等未被密閉之奈米微粒。然而,亦可使用不同材料之微粒,其中(例如)被密閉於玻璃料之玻璃內的該等奈米微粒包含不同於未被密閉之該等奈米微粒之材料。此外,玻璃料之玻璃中可能密封不同材料之奈米微粒。
本發明組合物另外包含至少一種有機金屬化合物。該組合物中有機金屬化合物之比例係在0至5重量%範圍內,較佳係在1至3重量%範圍內且特別係在1.5至2.5重量%範圍內。
在燒結該基板與其上所印刷之組合物的過程中,分解並從該組合物中移除該有機金屬化合物之有機成分。該金屬仍存留在該組合物中。
可使用之合適的有機金屬化合物係金屬羧酸鹽、金屬丙酸鹽、金屬醇鹽、金屬錯合物或其混合物。該等有機金屬化合物亦可包含芳族或脂族基團。
合適的羧酸鹽係(例如)甲酸鹽、乙酸鹽或丙酸鹽。合適之醇鹽係(例如)甲醇鹽、乙醇鹽、丙醇鹽、丁醇金屬、戊醇鹽、己醇鹽、庚醇鹽、辛醇鹽、壬醇鹽、癸醇鹽、十一醇鹽及十二醇鹽。
該有機金屬化合物之金屬較佳係選自鋁、鉍、鋅及釩組成之群。
此外,該有機金屬化合物可包含硼或矽。
可使用之合適的有機金屬化合物係(例如)乙酸鉍(III)、三苯基鉍、六氟戊烷二酮化鉍(III)、四甲基庚烷二酮化鉍(III)、新癸酸鉍、2-乙基己酸鉍(III)、碳酸鉍氧化物、次五倍子酸鉍水合物、鹼式五倍子酸鉍(III)水合物、次水楊酸鉍(III)、三(2,2,6,6-四甲基-3,5-庚烷二酮化)鉍(III)、碳酸三苯基鉍(III)、三(2-甲氧基苯基)鉍。
特佳有機金屬化合物係乙酸鉍(III)、2-乙基己酸鉍(III)、碳酸鉍氧化物、次五倍子酸鉍水合物、鹼式五倍子酸鉍(III)水合物、次水楊酸鉍(III)。
此外,該組合物可亦包含其他添加劑。該組合物中可能存在之添加劑為(例如)分散劑、觸變劑、增塑劑、消泡劑、乾燥劑、交聯劑、錯合劑及/或導電聚合物微粒。該等添加劑各可單獨使用或以兩種或更多添加劑之混合物使用。
該組合物中該等添加劑之比例通常係在0至5重量%範圍內,較佳為在0.1至3重量%範圍內且特別為在0.1至2重量%範圍內。
當使用分散劑作為添加劑時,可使用僅一種分散劑或一種以上之分散劑。
原則上,熟習此項技術者所知用於分散液中並描述於先前技術中之所有分散劑都合適。較佳分散劑係界面活性劑或界面活性劑混合物,例如陰離子性、陽離子性、兩性或非離子性界面活性劑。例如,在「Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology,J. Wiley & Sons(1966)」,第5冊,816至818頁及在「Emulsion Polymerisation and Emulsion Polymers」,編輯:P. Lovell及M. El-Asser,出版社Wiley & Sons(1997),224至226頁中描述合適的陽離子性及陰離子性界面活性劑。然而,亦可使用含顏料親和性錨定基的聚合物,該等聚合物係如熟習此項技術者已知作為分散劑。
當添加觸變劑作為添加劑時,可(例如)使用有機觸變劑。可使用之增稠劑為(例如)聚丙烯酸、聚胺基甲酸酯或氫化蓖麻油。
可使用之增塑劑、潤濕劑、消泡劑、乾燥劑、交聯劑、錯合劑及導電聚合物微粒係彼等如通常用於分散液中者並為熟習此項技術者所知。
本發明之組合物係(例如)藉由在為熟習此項技術者所知之單元中劇烈混合及分散而製得。此包括(例如)在溶解器或一以相當強度分散之單元中混合該等組分,在大量製造的情況下,在攪拌球磨機中或粉末流化床裝置中分散。
本發明組合物尤其適合藉由雷射印刷方法印刷在基板上。
特定而言,該組合物係適合用於製造太陽能電池。
為此,藉由雷射輻射將該組合物由載體轉移至半導體基板上從而將該組合物印刷在半導體基板上,來自雷射之能量係被該等奈米微粒吸收並轉化為熱能,該熱能使溶劑蒸發並促使該組合物之液滴由該載體流至半導體基板上。
該方法使能夠精確地在半導體基板上製造導線軌。在製造太陽能電池時,該半導體基板通常係一種矽半導體。其亦被稱為太陽能晶圓。
用以將該組合物印刷在半導體基板上之該雷射較佳為紅外雷射,更特定而言,該雷射為波長係1050 nm之紅外雷射。在此可使用熟習此項技術者所知之任何所需紅外雷射。
Claims (15)
- 一種使用雷射印刷方法將導線軌印刷在基板上,尤其係用於太陽能電池者之組合物,該組合物包含30至90重量%之導電微粒、0至7重量%之玻璃料、0至8重量%之至少一種基質材料、0至8重量%之至少一種有機金屬化合物、0至5重量%之至少一種添加劑及3至69重量%之溶劑,其中該組合物包含不多於1重量%之元素碳,且該組合物另外包含0.5至15重量%之奈米微粒作為雷射輻射之吸收劑,該等奈米微粒係銀、金、鉑、鈀、鎢、鎳、錫、鉍、鐵、銦錫氧化物、碳化鈦、氧化鎢或氮化鈦之微粒,其中該等奈米微粒係邊長在15至1000nm範圍內且高為3至100nm之稜柱。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其進一步包含球形微粒之奈米微粒。
- 如請求項2之組合物,其中該等球形微粒之直徑係在2至100nm範圍內。
- 如請求項2之組合物,其中呈球形微粒形狀之該等奈米微粒的比例係在0.5至12重量%範圍內。
- 如請求項3之組合物,其中呈球形微粒形狀之該等奈米微粒的比例係在0.5至12重量%範圍內。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中作為奈米微粒使用之該等稜柱係電漿子諧振器,其吸收行為係與所使用之雷射波長相匹配。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中以稜柱存在之該等奈米微粒 的比例係在3至10重量%範圍內。
- 如請求項6之組合物,其中以稜柱存在之該等奈米微粒的比例係在3至10重量%範圍內。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等奈米微粒係藉由一種長鏈胺穩定化。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中至少一部份該等奈米微粒係被密閉於玻璃料之玻璃中。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等導電微粒包含銀、金、鋁、鉑、鈀、錫、鎳、鎘、鎵、銦、銅、錫、鐵、鉍、鈷、錳、鉻、釩、鈦或其混合物或其合金,且較佳具有在1nm至100μm範圍內之平均顆粒大小。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中所使用之該玻璃料係以氧化鉍為主之無鉛玻璃,其較佳含有0.01至10重量%之氧化碲。
- 一種用於製造太陽能電池之方法,其中藉由雷射輻射將如請求項1之組合物由載體轉移至半導體基板上,該雷射之能量被該等奈米微粒吸收並被轉化成熱能,其蒸發溶劑並促使該組合物之液滴由載體流至該半導體基板上,從而將該組合物印刷於該半導體基板上。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該雷射係紅外雷射。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該半導體基板係矽半導體。
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- 2010-08-25 KR KR1020127008777A patent/KR101789838B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2010-08-25 SG SG2012014437A patent/SG178932A1/en unknown
- 2010-08-25 WO PCT/EP2010/062404 patent/WO2011026769A1/de active Application Filing
- 2010-08-25 EP EP10745252.6A patent/EP2474003B1/de not_active Not-in-force
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- 2010-08-25 US US13/394,008 patent/US8961836B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102576576A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
SG178932A1 (en) | 2012-04-27 |
EP2474003A1 (de) | 2012-07-11 |
KR101789838B1 (ko) | 2017-10-25 |
TW201124997A (en) | 2011-07-16 |
US20120164777A1 (en) | 2012-06-28 |
JP5709870B2 (ja) | 2015-04-30 |
US8961836B2 (en) | 2015-02-24 |
WO2011026769A1 (de) | 2011-03-10 |
EP2474003B1 (de) | 2013-10-16 |
KR20120051761A (ko) | 2012-05-22 |
CN102576576B (zh) | 2014-08-06 |
ES2438745T3 (es) | 2014-01-20 |
MY157520A (en) | 2016-06-15 |
JP2013504191A (ja) | 2013-02-04 |
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