TWI525123B - A polymer for an organic electroluminescent element, and an organic electroluminescent device using the same - Google Patents
A polymer for an organic electroluminescent element, and an organic electroluminescent device using the same Download PDFInfo
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- TWI525123B TWI525123B TW101122479A TW101122479A TWI525123B TW I525123 B TWI525123 B TW I525123B TW 101122479 A TW101122479 A TW 101122479A TW 101122479 A TW101122479 A TW 101122479A TW I525123 B TWI525123 B TW I525123B
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- polymer
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- organic electroluminescence
- electroluminescence device
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims description 83
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 165
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- -1 NR 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 claims description 51
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 42
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 38
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- VVVPGLRKXQSQSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolo[3,2-c]carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC3=C4C5=CC=CC=C5N=C4C=CC3=C21 VVVPGLRKXQSQSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
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- 125000002102 aryl alkyloxo group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004400 (C1-C12) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005553 heteroaryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004642 (C1-C12) alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004446 heteroarylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003161 (C1-C6) alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005603 alternating copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N nifuroxazide Chemical group C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)N\N=C\C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)O1 YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxine Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- VEPOHXYIFQMVHW-XOZOLZJESA-N 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (2S,3S)-3,4-dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine Chemical compound OC(C(O)C(O)=O)C(O)=O.C[C@H]1[C@@H](OCCN1C)c1ccccc1 VEPOHXYIFQMVHW-XOZOLZJESA-N 0.000 description 6
- FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benz[a]pyrene Chemical compound C1=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=C(C=C3)C2=C2C3=CC=CC2=C1 FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthene Chemical compound C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000005266 diarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylene hexane Natural products CCCCCC=C ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CTPUUDQIXKUAMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-3-iodobenzene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC(I)=C1 CTPUUDQIXKUAMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenoxazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 125000000499 benzofuranyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 4
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- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 4
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- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
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- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
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- RDOWQLZANAYVLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthridine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=NC2=C1 RDOWQLZANAYVLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 4
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- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940011671 vitamin b6 Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
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- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 238000000434 field desorption mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
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- CSNIZNHTOVFARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=NSC2=C1 CSNIZNHTOVFARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KTZQTRPPVKQPFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=NOC2=C1 KTZQTRPPVKQPFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000006539 C12 alkyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
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- RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzarone Chemical compound CCC=1OC2=CC=CC=C2C=1C(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003216 pyrazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazol-3-one Chemical class O=C1C=CN=N1 JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003219 pyrazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XZXIBQVLWYWBKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrido[2,3-b][1,8]naphthyridine Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CN=C3N=C21 XZXIBQVLWYWBKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5,6-dione Chemical class C1=CN=C2C(=O)C(=O)N=C21 FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005255 pyrrolopyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinazoline Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001226 reprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SNOOUWRIMMFWNE-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)amino]hexanoate Chemical compound [Na+].COC1=CC(C(=O)NCCCCCC([O-])=O)=CC(OC)=C1OC SNOOUWRIMMFWNE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BIGSSBUECAXJBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N terrylene Chemical group C12=C3C4=CC=C2C(C=25)=CC=CC5=CC=CC=2C1=CC=C3C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC4=C21 BIGSSBUECAXJBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- USFPINLPPFWTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphenylphosphonium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[P+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 USFPINLPPFWTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QKTRRACPJVYJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine Chemical class C1=CN=C2SN=NC2=C1 QKTRRACPJVYJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003451 thiazide diuretic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- JOUDBUYBGJYFFP-FOCLMDBBSA-N thioindigo Chemical compound S\1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C/1=C1/C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2S1 JOUDBUYBGJYFFP-FOCLMDBBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- IBBLKSWSCDAPIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiopyran Chemical compound S1C=CC=C=C1 IBBLKSWSCDAPIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006617 triphenylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000404 tripotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019798 tripotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
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Description
本發明關於在主鏈具有含吲哚并咔唑單位的構造之有機電致發光元件用聚合物,及使用其之有機電致發光元件。
一般地於電致發光元件中,有在發光元件使用無機化合物之無機電致發光元件,與使用有機化合物之有機電致發光元件,近年來由於以低電壓且得到高亮度的發光之特徵,積極進行有機電致發光元件之實用化研究。
有機電致發光元件之構造,基本上為在蒸鍍有銦錫氧化物(ITO)等的陽極材料之薄膜的玻璃板上,形成電洞注入層,更且形成發光層等的有機薄膜層,再於其上形成陰極材料之薄膜而製作者,於此基本構造中適宜設置電洞輸送層或電子輸送層之元件。有機電致發光元件之層構成,例如為陽極/電洞注入層/發光層/電子輸送層/陰極,或陽極/電洞注入層/電洞輸送層/發光層/電子輸送層/陰極等。
近年來,已知藉由在發光層與陽極之間併入電洞注入層及電洞輸送層等之電荷輸送層,而改善對發光層的電洞注入性,作為使電荷的平衡最佳化之緩衝層來作用,大幅改善元件的發光效率或壽命。
於有機電致發光元件之電洞輸送層所用的電洞輸送材
料中,若大致分類,則有低分子系電洞輸送材料與高分子系電洞輸送材料。
作為使用低分子系電洞輸送材料的電洞輸送層之製膜方法,主要使用真空蒸鍍法,其特徵為可容易將具有不同機能的各種材料多層化,可形成高性能的有機電致發光元件,但另一方面,面板的大畫面化、高精細化所伴隨的膜厚之均勻控制或區分塗佈係困難,更且由於需要大型的真空裝置,有製造成本變高之問題。
又,作為使用低分子系電洞輸送材料的電洞輸送層之製膜方法,對於低分子系電洞輸送材料之經由溶液塗佈的製膜法,亦有實用化研究,但於此手法中,觀察到低分子化合物之結晶化所伴隨的偏析或相分離,在實用化方面需要改善。
另一方面,作為高分子系電洞輸送材料之製膜方法,由於幾乎都是真空蒸鍍法所無法蒸鍍的材料,故使用旋轉塗佈法、印刷法或噴墨法等之溶液塗佈法。此方法係容易大畫面化,量產化優異,但另一方面,塗膜的積層化係困難,有雜質容易混入之問題點。因此,使用高分子系電洞輸送材料的元件,與低分子系電洞輸送材料比較下,係元件效率或壽命等的元件性能差。因此,要求兼具優異的電洞輸送性能與良好的製膜性之高分子系電洞輸送材料。
作為用以展現如此要求特性之嘗試,例如非專利文獻1中報告聚乙烯咔唑或聚矽烷,專利文獻2或非專利文獻2中報告具有乙烯基三苯基胺或三苯基胺經亞甲基所連結之
構造的高分子。然而,使用此等的有機電致發光元件,其發光效率及元件的安定性差,未達到充分的改善。
又,作為提高有機電致發光元件的發光效率之手法,有揭示在π共軛高分子的主鏈中併入吲哚并咔唑單位之高分子材料及發光元件。即,於專利文獻3中揭示以吲哚并咔唑之周邊位置(peripheral)所鍵結之共軛系高分子,而且於專利文獻4中揭示在聚丙炔主鏈中導入有吲哚并咔唑單位之共軛系高分子。然而,此等皆為吲哚并咔唑骨架以周邊位置所鍵結之π共軛高分子,此等雖然電荷移動性良好,但HOMO能階淺,與主體材料的能階之差異變大,結果電洞注入性變差,發光效率不能說是充分改善。
[專利文獻1]日本特開平5-205377公報
[專利文獻2]日本特開平11-256148公報
[專利文獻3]日本特開2006-193729公報
[專利文獻4]日本特許4019042號公報
[非專利文獻1]Appl. Phys. Lett., 59, 2760(1995)
[非專利文獻2]Synthetic Metals, 55-57, 4163, (1993)
為了將聚合物應用於有機電致發光元件,必須改善元件的發光效率,而且提高膜的安定性、在溶劑中的溶解性或製膜性。
本發明係鑒於上述課題而完成者,目的在於提供高發光效率且可適用於濕製程之有機電致發光元件用的聚合物。又,本發明之目的在於提供使用了於照明裝置、影像顯示裝置、顯示裝置用背光等所用之前述聚合物的有機電致發光元件。
本發明者進行專心致力的檢討,結果發現藉由使用以吲哚并咔唑骨架之N位所鍵結之共軛及非共軛系聚合物,而提高發光性能,終於完成本發明。
本發明關於在高分子主鏈中含有吲哚并咔唑骨架之有機電致發光元件用聚合物,及在基板上所層合的陽極層與陰極層之間具有有機層之有機電致發光元件,其中該有機層中的至少一層係含有該聚合物之層。
本發明關於有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其特徵在為在構成主鏈的重複單位中,具有下述通式(1)所示的重複單位,
通式(1)中,Z係自下述式(1a)~(1e)所示的吲哚并咔唑所衍生之基中選出的1種或2種以上之重複單位,A係與Z不同的重複單位;l及m表示存在莫耳比,當全部重複單位為100莫耳%時,l為5~100莫耳%,m為0~95莫耳
%;n表示平均之重複數,為2~10000;
式(1a)~(1e)中,Ar1獨立地係取代或未取代之C6~C18的伸芳基,或取代或未取代之C3~C18的雜伸芳基;R1各自獨立地係氫、C1~C12的烷基、C1~C12的烷氧基、C6~C18的芳基、C6~C18的芳氧基、C7~C30的芳基烷基、C7~C30的芳基烷氧基、C3~C18的雜芳基、C3~C18的雜芳氧基或C3~C18的環烷基。
本發明關於有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其中在前述通式(1)中,於上述式(1a)~(1e)中,Ar1獨立地係
下述式(2)所示的基,
式(2)中,X各自獨立地係N或C-L中的任一者;L獨立表示氫原子、C6~C18的芳基、C3~C18的雜芳基、C12~C36的二芳基胺基或結合鍵,L中的1個係結合鍵。
又,本發明關於有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其中在通式(1)中,A係下述式(3)所示的重複單位,
此處,Ar2獨立地係取代或未取代之C6~C18的伸芳基,或取代或未取代之C3~C18的雜伸芳基;Y表示C1~C12的伸烷基、O、S、NR2、CO、CO2、SO、SO2、SCO、NR2CO、CONR2CO或單鍵;p及q表示0~3之整數,p及q中的至少1者為1以上之整數,當p或q之1者為0時,Y為單鍵;此處,R2係氫原子、C1~C12的烷基、C3~C18的環烷基、C6~C18的芳基、C7~C30的芳基烷基、C3~C18的雜芳基或C4~C30的雜芳基烷基。
本發明關於有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其中在通式
(1)中,A係下述式(4a)或(4b)所示的重複單位,
此處,Y1係取代或未取代之C1~C6的伸烷基、N-R4基、O、S或單鍵,Y2係C-(R4)2基、N-R4基、O或S;R3各自獨立地係氫原子、C1~C12的烷基、C1~C12的烷氧基、C6~C18的芳基、C6~C18的芳氧基、C7~C30的芳基烷基、C7~C30的芳基烷氧基、C3~C18的雜芳基、C3~C18的雜芳氧基、或C3~C18的環烷基;R4係氫原子、C1~C12的烷基、C3~C18的環烷基、C6~C18的芳基、C7~C30的芳基烷基、C3~C18的雜芳基或C4~C30的雜芳基烷基。
本發明關於有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其中在通式(1)中,重量平均分子量為1000~1000000。又,本發明關於有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其中在通式(1)中,表示存在莫耳比的m為10~90莫耳%。再者,本發明關於有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其係在通式(1)中,重複單位的A及Z交替鍵結的交替共聚物。
本發明關於有機電致發光元件,其係在基板上所層合的陽極層及陰極層之間具有有機層之有機電致發光元件,
其特徵為:在該有機層的至少一層中含有上述有機電致發光元件用聚合物。作為含有前述有機電致發光元件用聚合物的有機層,可舉出電洞輸送層。較佳係電洞輸送層中所含有的有機電致發光元件用聚合物之HOMO能量與含有客體材與主體材之發光層中所含有的主體材料之HOMO能量之差為±0.5eV以內之有機電致發光元件。
以下,詳細說明本發明的實施形態。本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物係通式(1)所示的寡聚物或高分子。此處,本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物係可為均聚物或共聚物。
本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物係在構成主鏈的重複單位中具有能賦予優異的電荷輸送能力,尤其是電洞輸送能力之吲哚并咔唑骨架。此處,構成主鏈的重複單位係不僅為1種,也可為2種以上。而且,含有Z作為必要的重複單位,含有A作為任意的重複單位。
通式(1)中,n為重複數,係由重量平均分子量所決定,但平均(數量平均)的重複數為2~10000,較佳為5~1000。l及m表示重複單位的Z及A之存在比例,當全部重複單位為100莫耳%時,表示Z的存在比例之l為5~100莫耳%,m為0~95莫耳%。較佳為10~90莫耳%,更佳為30~80莫耳%。再者,l亦較佳為100莫耳%。m較佳為10~90莫
耳%,更佳為20~70莫耳%。
又,本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物亦可含有通式(1)所示的重複單位Z及A以外之末端基。重複單位A係重複單位Z以外的重複單位,可由1種或2種以上的重複單位所構成。
通式(1)中,Z係選自由上述式(1a)~(1e)所示的吲哚并咔唑所衍生之基中的1種或2種以上之重複單位,此係具有從在吲哚并咔唑環的2個N上所鍵結的2個Ar1而來的結合鍵之2價基。以下,將此2價基亦稱為以N位鍵結的吲哚并咔唑基。又,此以N位鍵結的吲哚并咔唑基係可在構成吲哚并咔唑環的碳上具有取代基。
此以N位鍵結的吲哚并咔唑基,由於吲哚環與咔唑環之能縮合的位置係存在有複數個,故可採取上述式(1a)~(1e)之5種類的結構異構物之基,但亦可為任一的結構異構物。
通式(1)中的Z所示以N位鍵結之吲哚并咔唑基,係選自由上述式(1a)~(1e)所示之構造所成之群組中的任1個或2個以上之吲哚并咔唑基。當為2個以上時,通式(1)中的Z係由2種類以上的吲哚并咔唑基所構成。
前述式(1a)~(1e)中,Ar1係取代或未取代之C6~C18的伸芳基,或取代或未取代之C3~C18的雜伸芳基。
作為上述未取代的伸芳基及雜伸芳基之具體例,可舉出從由苯、戊塔烯、茚、萘、薁、庚塔烯、辛塔烯、苯并二茚、苊烯、萉、菲、蒽、三茚、螢蒽、乙烯合菲、乙烯
合蒽、聯伸三苯、芘、苯并[a]菲、苯并[a]蒽、稠四苯、七曜烯、苉、苝、異稠五苯、稠五苯、聯伸四苯、膽蒽、螺烯、己芬、玉紅省、暈苯、聯三萘、庚芬、吡蒽、卵苯、克輪烯(corannulene)、苯并[c]苉、蒽垛蒽、雪松烯、毛圈烯(terrylene)、稠四苯并稠四苯、三茚并苯、呋喃、苯并呋喃、異苯并呋喃、呫噸、蒽酚烯、二苯并呋喃、周呫噸并呫噸、噻吩、噻噸、噻蒽、吩噻噁、硫茚、異硫茚、并噻吩、萘并[2,3-b]噻吩、二苯并噻吩、吡咯、吡唑、四唑、硒唑、噻唑、異噻唑、噁唑、呋咱、吡啶、吡嗪、嘧啶、嗒嗪、三嗪、吲哚嗪、吲哚、異吲哚、吲唑、嘌呤、喹嗪、異喹啉、咔唑、咪唑、萘啶、酞嗪、喹唑啉、苯并吖庚因、喹噁啉、噌啉、喹啉、蝶啶、菲啶、吖啶、啶、菲繞啉、啡嗪、咔啉、吩碲嗪、吩硒嗪、啡噻嗪、啡噁嗪、蒽啶(anthyridine)、萘并異喹啉(thebenidine)、喹叨啉、奎寧叨啉(quinindoline)、吖克寧叨啉(acrindoline)、酞吡呤、三吩二噻嗪、三吩二噁嗪、菲嗪、蒽吖嗪、苯并噻唑、苯并咪唑、苯并噁唑、苯并異噁唑或苯并異噻唑中選出的芳香族化合物之芳香環去除2個氫而生成的2價基,但不受此等所限定。較佳為從由苯、萘、吡啶、吡嗪、嘧啶、嗒嗪、三嗪、吲哚、咔唑、二苯并呋喃、二苯并噻吩中選出的芳香族化合物之芳香環去除2個氫而生成的2價基。
又,前述伸芳基或雜伸芳基係可具有取代基。當為取代的伸芳基或雜伸芳基時,取代基之總數為1~10,較佳
為1~6,更佳為1~4。取代基係不受限定,較佳可舉出C1~C12的直鏈、支鏈、環狀的烷基、C6~C12的芳基或C3~C12的雜芳基等。作為取代基的具體例,可舉出甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第三丁基、環戊基、環己基、苯基、萘基、喹啉基、吲哚基、呋喃基、吡咯基、苯硫基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、三嗪基、咔唑基、苯并呋喃基、二苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、二苯并噻吩基等,當取代基為芳基或雜芳基時,可更具有同樣的取代基。當具有2個以上的取代基時,可為相同或相異。再者,Ar1係2價基,但具有複數的芳香環時之2個結合鍵係由同一環或同一縮合環所產生。
又,於前述式(1a)~(1e)中,Ar1更佳為上述式(2)所示的2價基。式(2)中,X各自獨立地為N或C-L中的任一者。較佳係X的0~3個為N。L獨立地表示氫原子、C6~C18的芳基、C3~C18的雜芳基、C12~C36的二芳基胺基或結合鍵,L中的1個係結合鍵。此結合鍵係式(2)中出現的2個結合鍵之內的1個。
此處,作為較佳的芳基、雜芳基或二芳基胺基的芳基,可舉出自苯、戊塔烯、茚、萘、薁、庚塔烯、辛塔烯、苯并二茚、苊烯、萉、菲、蒽、三茚、螢蒽、乙烯合菲、乙烯合蒽、聯伸三苯、芘、苯并[a]菲、苯并[a]蒽、稠四苯、七曜烯、苉、苝、異稠五苯、稠五苯、聯伸四苯、膽蒽、螺烯、己芬、玉紅省、暈苯、聯三萘、庚芬、吡蒽、卵苯、克輪烯、苯并[c]苉、蒽垛蒽、雪松烯、毛圈
烯、稠四苯并稠四苯、三茚并苯、呋喃、苯并呋喃、異苯并呋喃、呫噸、蒽酚烯、二苯并呋喃、周呫噸并呫噸、噻吩、噻噸、噻蒽、吩噻噁、硫茚、異硫茚、并噻吩、萘并[2,3-b]噻吩、二苯并噻吩、吡咯、吡唑、四唑、硒唑、噻唑、異噻唑、噁唑、呋咱、吡啶、吡嗪、嘧啶、嗒嗪、三嗪、吲哚嗪、吲哚、異吲哚、吲唑、嘌呤、喹嗪、異喹啉、咔唑、咪唑、萘啶、酞嗪、喹唑啉、苯并吖庚因、喹噁啉、噌啉、喹啉、蝶啶、菲啶、吖啶、啶、菲繞啉、啡嗪、咔啉、吩碲嗪、吩硒嗪、啡噻嗪、啡噁嗪、蒽啶、萘并異喹啉、喹叨啉、奎寧叨啉、吖克寧叨啉、酞吡呤、三吩二噻嗪、三吩二噁嗪、菲嗪、蒽吖嗪、苯并噻唑、苯并咪唑、苯并噁唑、苯并異噁唑或苯并異噻唑去除氫而生成的基、二苯基胺基、二萘基胺基等。更佳可舉出自苯、萘、吡啶、吡嗪、嘧啶、嗒嗪、三嗪、吲哚、咔唑、二苯并呋喃或二苯并噻吩去除氫而產生的基、二苯基胺基。
又,前述芳基、雜芳基或二芳基胺基的芳基亦可具有取代基,當具有取代基時,取代基的總數為1~10,較佳為1~6,更佳為1~4。作為該取代基,只要不妨礙性能,則沒有特別的限定,較佳為C1~C6的烷基、C5~C10的環烷基、C6~C12的芳基或C3~C12的雜芳基,作為具體例,可舉出甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第三丁基、環戊基、環己基、苯基、萘基、喹啉基、吲哚基、呋喃基、吡咯基、苯硫基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、三嗪基、咔唑基、苯并呋喃基、二苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、二苯并噻
吩基等,當取代基為芳基或雜芳基時,可更具有同樣的取代基。
又,前述式(1a)~(1e)中,R1獨立地為氫原子、C1~C12的烷基、C1~C12的烷氧基、C6~C18的芳基、C6~C18的芳氧基、C7~C30的芳基烷基、C7~C30的芳基烷氧基、C3~C18的雜芳基、C3~C18的雜芳氧基或C3~C18的環烷基,可相同或相異。此等之基中含有烴鏈時,可為直鏈或支鏈,Cl、F等的鹵素亦可取代。較佳為氫原子、C1~C10的烷基、C1~C10的烷氧基、C6~C12的芳基、C6~C12的芳氧基、C7~C22的芳基烷基、C7~C22的芳基烷氧基、C3~C12的雜芳基、C3~C12的雜芳氧基或C3~C12的環烷基,更佳為氫原子、C1~C6的烷基、C6~C12的芳基或C3~C12的雜芳基。又,此等之基可更具有取代基。作為該取代基,只要不妨礙性能,則沒有特別的限定,較佳為C1~C6的烷基、C5~C10的環烷基、C6~C12的芳基或C3~C12的雜芳基,作為具體例,可舉出甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第三丁基、環戊基、環己基、苯基、萘基、喹啉基、吲哚基、呋喃基、吡咯基、苯硫基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、三嗪基、咔唑基、苯并呋喃基、二苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、二苯并噻吩基等,當取代基為芳基或雜芳基時,可更具有同樣的取代基。
通式(1)中,A係與Z不同的重複單位,A只要是由二價基所構成者,則沒有特別的限定,但較佳為電荷輸送性之基,較佳的A為前述式(3)所示的二價基。
式(3)中,Y係C1~C12的伸烷基、O、S、NR2、CO、CO2、SO、SO2、SCO、NR2CO、CONR2CO或單鍵,較佳為C1~C12的伸烷基、O、S、NR2或單鍵。此等之基中含有烴鏈時,可為直鏈或支鏈,Cl、F等的鹵素亦可取代。又,R2較佳為氫原子、C1~C6的烷基、C6~C12的芳基或C3~C12的雜芳基,作為具體例,可舉出甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第三丁基、苯基、萘基、喹啉基、吲哚基、呋喃基、吡咯基、苯硫基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、三嗪基、咔唑基、苯并呋喃基、二苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、二苯并噻吩基等,當取代基為芳基或雜芳基時,可更具有同樣的取代基。又,p及q表示0~3之整數,較佳為0~2。惟,當p及q之1者為0時,Y為單鍵。
又,式(3)中,Ar2各自獨立地係取代或未取代之C6~C18的伸芳基,或取代或未取代之C3~C18的雜伸芳基。較佳的Ar2係與前述式(1a)~(1e)中之在Ar1說明的伸芳基或雜伸芳基同樣。另外,當伸芳基或雜伸芳基具有取代基時,亦與前述式(1a)~(1e)中之在Ar1說明的伸芳基或雜伸芳基之取代基的說明同樣。
作為式(3)所示的二價基,更佳為前述式(4a)及(4b)所示的基。Y1係取代或未取代之C1~C6的伸烷基、N-R4基、O、S或單鍵,Y2係C-(R4)2基、N-R4基、O或S。R3係與前述式(1a)~(1e)中說明的R1同樣。R4係與前述式(3)中說明的R2同樣。Y1係鏈長愈長,則重複單位中的電荷輸送能力愈降低,同時亦成為熱不安定性,故較
佳為C1~C3的伸烷基或O、S或單鍵,Y2較佳為係C-(R4)2基、O或S。
本發明之在主鏈中具有吲哚并咔唑環的有機電致發光元件用聚合物,係可藉由製造能給予重複單位Z、或Z與A之單體,以眾所周知的方法將此單體聚合而容易地製造。
例如,可藉由以下的反應式來製造。聚合方法係可為聚縮合、加成聚合中的任一者,但從通用的觀點來看,宜為鈴木偶合反應的聚縮合。
上述反應例係通式(1)中,於重複單位Z為吲哚并咔唑的2個N,以R3取代之2價基,A為R4,Z-A交替地鍵結之重複單位之例,藉由控制聚合反應的鹵素化合物之種類或莫耳比,可控制通式(1)中的存在比例之l、m。再者,上述反應例中的X係意味鹵素。
本發明的吲哚并咔唑系聚合物之重量平均分子量Mw為1,000~1,000,000,較佳為2,000~300,000。Mw若未達1,000,則難以形成均勻的膜,若大於1,000,000,則在有機溶劑中的溶解性極端變差,溶液塗佈變困難。
以下,顯示本發明之具有吲哚并咔唑骨架的聚合物之一例,惟不受此等所限定。
再者,本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物係可為均聚物或共聚物。共聚物時的聚合形式可為無規或嵌段,也可為交替,較佳可如上述式中所示地交替聚合之形式。
又,藉由在有機EL元件的有機層中含有本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物,而給予優異的有機電致發光元件。較佳可使含於由發光層、電洞輸送層、電子輸送層及電洞阻擋層所選出的至少一個有機層中。更佳可作為電洞輸送層含有。發光層係可為含有主體材料與客體材料之螢光或磷光發光型的發光層,更佳為磷光發光型的發光層。
本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物之HOMO能量,當於電洞輸送層中含有此時,與和電洞輸送層鄰接的發光層中所含有的主體材料之HOMO能量之差較佳為小。又,當鄰接的發光層含有複數的化合物時,與其主成分的化合
物之差較佳為小。有機電致發光元件用聚合物之HOMO能量與發光層中所含有的化合物(含有主體材料與客體材料時,指成為主成分的主體材料之化合物)之HOMO能量之差可為±0.5eV以下,較佳可為±0.3eV以下。有機電致發光元件用聚合物之HOMO能量與發光層中所含有的化合物之HOMO能量之差若超過±0.5eV,則電洞注入性變悪,發光效率降低。
再者,本說明書中所言的LUMO能量及HOMO能量之值,係使用美國Gaussian公司製之分子軌域計算用軟體的Gaussian 03所求得之值,定義為藉由B3LYP/6-31G*水準之構造最合適化計算所算出之值。關於聚合物,由於成為與三聚物以上同樣之值,故藉由三聚物的計算而算出。
其次,對於本發明的有機EL元件之構造,邊參照圖面邊說明,惟本發明的有機EL元件之構造完全不受圖示者所限定。
圖1係示意地顯示本發明中所用的一般有機EL元件之構造例之截面圖,1表示基板,2表示陽極、3表示電洞注入層,4表示電洞輸送層,5表示電子及/或激子阻擋層(EB層),6表示發光層,7表示電子輸送層,8表示陰極。於本發明的有機EL元件中,作為必要的層,具有陽極、電洞輸送層、發光層及陰極。較佳為具有陽極、電洞輸送層、發光層、電子輸送層及陰極。
又,本發明的有機EL元件,係在必要的層以外之層中,亦可具有電子輸送層、電子注入層、EB層、電洞阻擋
層。再者,電洞輸送層亦可為具有電洞注入機能之電洞注入輸送層,電子輸送層亦可為具有電子注入機能之電子注入輸送層。
再者,本發明的有機EL元件亦可為與圖1相反的構造,即於基板1上依順序層合陰極8、電子輸送層7、發光層6、EB層5、電洞輸送層4、陽極2者,此時可按照需要來追加層或省略。
以下,說明各構件及各層。
本發明的有機EL元件較佳為被基板所支持。關於此基板,並沒有特別的限制,只要是以往在有機EL元件中所慣用者即可,例如可使用由玻璃、透明塑膠、石英等所構成者。
發光層係含有發光材料的層,可為螢光發光層、磷光發光層中的任一者,較佳為磷光發光層。
當發光層為螢光發光層時,螢光發光材料也可單獨使用至少1種的螢光發光材料,但較佳為使用螢光發光材料作為螢光發光摻雜劑,含有主體材料。
作為發光層中的螢光發光材料,可使用通式(1)所示的有機電致發光元件用聚合物,但在其它任何的有機層中使用該化合物之情況,係由多數的專利文獻等所可知,
故亦可自彼等中選擇。例如,可舉出苯并噁唑衍生物、苯并咪唑衍生物、苯并噻唑衍生物、苯乙烯基苯衍生物、多苯基衍生物、二苯基丁二烯衍生物、四苯基丁二烯衍生物、萘二甲醯亞胺衍生物、香豆素衍生物、縮合芳香族化合物、芘酮衍生物、噁二唑衍生物、噁嗪衍生物、醛連氮衍生物、吡嗪衍生物、環戊二烯衍生物、雙苯乙烯基蒽衍生物、喹吖啶酮衍生物、吡咯并吡啶衍生物、噻二唑并吡啶衍生物、環戊二烯衍生物、苯乙烯基胺衍生物、二酮基吡咯并吡咯衍生物、芳香族二次甲基化合物、8-羥基喹啉衍生物的金屬錯合物或吡咯亞甲基衍生物的金屬錯合物、稀土類錯合物、過渡金屬錯合物所代表的各種金屬錯合物等、聚噻吩、聚伸苯基、聚伸苯基伸乙烯基等的聚合物化合物、有機矽烷衍生物等。較佳可舉出縮合芳香族化合物、苯乙烯基化合物、二酮基吡咯并吡咯化合物、噁嗪化合物、吡咯亞甲基金屬錯合物、過渡金屬錯合物、鑭系錯合物,更佳可舉出稠四苯、芘、苯并[a]菲、聯伸三苯、苯并[c]菲、苯并[a]蒽、稠五苯、苝、螢蒽、苊基螢蒽、二苯并[a,j]蒽、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[a]稠四苯、稠六苯、蒽垛蒽、萘并[2,1-f]異喹啉、α-萘菲啶、菲并噁唑、喹啉并[6,5-f]喹啉或苯并[2,3-b]噻吩等。此等亦可具有作為取代基的芳基、雜芳基、二芳基胺基、烷基。
使用前述螢光發光材料作為螢光發光摻雜劑,含有主體材料時,螢光發光摻雜劑在發光層中的含量可為0.01~20重量%,較佳可在0.1~10重量%的範圍。
通常,有機EL元件係藉由陽極、陰極的兩電極將電荷注入發光物質,生成激發狀態的發光物質,而使發光。當為電荷注入型的有機EL元件時,在所生成的激子之中,以激發的單重狀態被激發者為25%,剩餘75%係以激發的三重狀態被激發。如Applied Physics Letters 98,83302(2011)中所示,已知特定的螢光發光物質係藉由系間交叉等而往激發的三重狀態進行能量遷移後,藉由三重態-三重態消滅或熱能的吸收,以激發的單重狀態在逆系間交叉,放出螢光,展現熱活性延遲螢光。於使用本發明的化合物之有機EL元件中,也可展現延遲螢光。此時,亦可包含螢光發光及延遲螢光發光這兩者。惟,也可為發光的一部分或部分地來自主體材料之發光。
另一方面,作為磷光發光材料,含有磷光發光摻雜劑與主體材料。作為磷光發光摻雜劑材料,可含有一種有機金屬錯合物,其含有由釕、銠、鈀、銀、錸、鋨、銥、鉑及金中選出的至少一種金屬。該有機金屬錯合物係多數的專利文獻等中所公知,可選擇此等而使用。
作為得到高發光效率用的磷光發光材料,可列舉具有Ir等的貴金屬元素當作中心金屬之Ir(ppy)3等的錯合物類、Ir(bt)2.acac3等的錯合物類、PtOEt3等的錯合物類。以下,具體地例示磷光發光材料,惟不受此等所限定。
藉由改變發光材料的種類,可成為具有各式各樣的發光波長之有機電致發光元件。
使用前述發光材料作為摻雜劑時,在發光層中所含有的量較佳在1~50重量%之範圍,更佳為5~30重量%。
作為發光層中的主體材料,可使用眾所周知的主體材料,亦可使用本發明的聚合物作為主體材料。又,也可併用本發明的聚合物與其它主體材料。
作為可使用的眾所周知之主體化合物,較佳為具有電洞輸送能力、電子輸送能力,而且防止發光的長波長化,更且具有高的玻璃轉移溫度之化合物。
如此以外的主體材料,由於係可由多數的專利文獻等所知曉,故可由彼等中選擇。作為主體材料的具體例,並
沒有特別的限定,可舉出吲哚衍生物、咔唑衍生物、三唑衍生物、噁唑衍生物、噁二唑衍生物、咪唑衍生物、多芳基烷衍生物、吡唑啉衍生物、吡唑啉酮衍生物、苯二胺衍生物、芳基胺衍生物、胺基取代芳基丙烯醯芳烴衍生物、苯乙烯基蒽衍生物、茀酮衍生物、腙衍生物、茋衍生物、矽氮烷衍生物、芳香族三級胺化合物、苯乙烯基胺化合物、芳香族二次甲基系化合物、卟啉系化合物、蒽醌二甲烷衍生物、蒽酮衍生物、二苯基醌衍生物、噻喃二氧化物衍生物、萘苝等的雜環四羧酸酐、酞花青衍生物、8-羥基喹啉衍生物的金屬錯合物或金屬酞花青、苯并噁唑或苯并噻唑衍生物的金屬錯合物為代表的各種金屬錯合物、聚矽烷系化合物、聚(N-乙烯基咔唑)衍生物、苯胺系共聚物、噻吩寡聚物、聚噻吩衍生物、聚伸苯基衍生物、聚伸苯基伸乙烯基衍生物或聚茀衍生物等的高分子化合物等。
作為形成電洞輸送層之電洞輸送性化合物,可有利地使用本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物。按照需要,在不損害本發明目的之範圍內,可例示三級胺的三苯基胺衍生物、咔唑衍生物等。可摻合1種或2種以上的低分子電洞輸送性化合物等作為添加劑,當作組成物使用。以下,具體地例示電洞輸送性化合物,惟不受此等所限定。
電子阻擋層係具有邊輸送電洞邊阻擋電子到達電洞輸送層之任務,因此可提高發光層中的電子與電洞再結合之機率。作為電子阻擋層之材料,可被列舉。
所謂的激子阻擋層,就是阻止發光層內的電洞與電子再結合所產生的激子擴散至電荷輸送層用之層,藉由本層的插入,可有效率地將激子關閉在發光層內,可提高元件的發光效率。激子阻擋層係可插入在與發光層鄰接的陽極側、陰極側中之任一側,也可同時插入兩側。即,當在陽極側具有激子阻擋層時,可在電洞輸送層與發光層之間,與發光層鄰接而插入該層,當在陰極側插入時,可在發光層與陰極之間,與發光層鄰接而插入該層。又,於陽極與在發光層的陽極側所鄰接的激子阻擋層之間,可具有電洞
注入層或電子阻擋層等,於陰極與在發光層的陰極側所鄰接的激子阻擋層之間,可具有電子注入層、電子輸送層、電洞阻擋層等。
作為可使用之眾所周知的激子阻擋層之材料,例如可舉出1,3-二咔唑基苯(mCP)或雙(2-甲基-8-羥基喹啉)-4-苯基酚鋁(III)(BAlq)。
EB層係具有電子阻擋層、激子阻擋層或兩者之機能的層,作為形成EB層之材料,可舉出1,3-二咔唑苯(MCP)等。
作為形成電子輸送層之電子輸送性化合物,可例示噁二唑衍生物、咪唑衍生物、三唑衍生物等。按照需要,在不損害本發明目的之範圍內,可摻合1種或2種以上的低分子電子輸送性化合物等作為添加劑,當作組成物使用。以下,具體地例示電子輸送性化合物,惟不受此等所限定。
為了提高來自陽極的電洞注入效率,在陽極與電洞輸送層或發光層之間可置入電洞注入層。作為形成電洞注入層之電洞注入材料,可使用聚噻吩衍生物、聚吡咯衍生物等之導電性高分子。其中,從電洞注入效率之點來看,較佳為聚噻吩衍生物的聚(3,4-伸乙二氧基噻吩)/聚苯乙烯磺酸(PEDOT/PSS)。使用電洞注入層時,其厚度較佳為200nm以下,更佳為100nm以下。
陽極係供應電洞至電洞注入層、電洞輸送層或發光層等者,一般形成在玻璃基板上。本發明中所用的陽極材料係沒有特別的限定,具體地可舉出銦錫氧化物(ITO)、錫氧化物等之導電性金屬氧化物或金、銀、鉑等之金屬。又,亦可使用市售之附ITO的玻璃。市售之附ITO的玻璃通常係在洗淨劑水溶液、溶劑洗淨後,藉由UV臭氧照射裝
置或電漿照射裝置來潔淨而使用。
陰極係供應電子至電子輸送層或發光層者,本發明中所用的陽極材料係沒有特別的限定,具體地可舉出Li、Mg、Ca、Al等的金屬或彼等的合金,例如Mg-Ag合金、Mg-Al合金等。
陰極及陽極係可藉由眾所知的方法,即真空蒸鍍法或濺鍍法來形成。陰極的厚度較佳為300nm以下,更佳為200nm以下,另一方面,陽極的厚度較佳為200nm以下,更佳為100nm以下。
以下,藉由實施例來具體說明本發明,惟本發明不受此等實施例所限定。
實施例所合成的化合物係藉由從1H-NMR(溶劑:重氯仿)、FD-MS、GPC、TGA、DSC、UV及IR分析中選出的1種類以上之分析法來鑑定。
依照下述方案,合成化合物(A-2)及化合物(B-4),接著合成聚合物(P-1)。
於氮氣環境下,在500ml茄型燒瓶中,添加化合物(A-1)10.00g(39.1 mmol)、1-溴-3-碘苯12.2g(42.9 mmol)、碘化銅0.24g(1.2 mmol)與磷酸三鉀33.2g(156.3 mmol)、1,4-二噁烷200ml,於室溫下攪拌.溶解。然後,添加反式-1,2-環己烷二胺1.34g(11.7 mmol),在浴溫120℃加熱攪拌2.5小時。降溫至室溫為止後,過濾分離固體成分,減壓餾去濾液。以矽凝膠管柱層析術來精製,得到14.6g(收率91%)白色粉末的化合物(B-1)。
其次,於氮氣環境下,在具備迪姆羅冷卻器(Dimroth condenser)的200ml茄型燒瓶中,添加化合物(B-1)6.00g(14.6 mmol)、1-溴-3-碘苯176g(623 mmol)、碘化銅5.57g(29.2 mmol)及碳酸鉀8.1g(58.6 mmol),於室溫下攪拌.溶解。然後,在浴溫190℃加熱攪拌7.5小時。降溫至室溫為止後,過濾分離固體成分,減壓餾去過剩的1-溴-3-碘苯,得到粗生成物15.1g。以矽凝膠管柱層析術來精製後,在二氯甲烷/己烷中進行2次再結晶,得到3.0g(收率83%)化合物(B-2)。
於氮氣環境下,將所得之化合物(B-2)2.87g(5.07 mmol)加入200ml茄型燒瓶中,接著添加雙頻哪醇二硼3.1g(12.21 mmol)、醋酸鉀1.50g(15.27 mmol)、1,4-二噁烷100ml,在浴溫60℃攪拌30分鐘。投入(1,1’-雙(二苯基膦基二茂鐵))二氯鈀(Ⅱ)二氯甲烷錯合物0.25g(0.31 mmol),在浴溫80℃加熱攪拌6.5小時。再
者,追加添加2次的雙頻哪醇二硼1.55g(6.1mm0l)、(1,1’-雙(二苯基膦基二茂鐵))二氯鈀(Ⅱ)二氯甲烷錯合物0.25g(0.31 mmol),加熱攪拌40小時。降溫至室溫為止後,過濾分離固體成分,減壓餾去1,4-二噁烷,以矽凝膠管柱層析術來精製後,得到3.00g(收率90%)化合物(A-2)。
以下顯示化合物(A-2)的1H-NMR及FD-MS光譜。
1H-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm);8.12-8.17(3H,m),8.077(1H,dt,J=8,2Hz),8.002(1H,brd,J=2Hz),7.949(1H,ddd,J=1,2,7Hz),7.63-7.67(4H,m),7.19-7.33(6H,m),6.766(1H,ddd,J=2,7,8Hz),5.935(1H,d,J=8Hz),1.352(12H,s),1.261(12H,s)
FD-MS光譜:660(M+,base)
另一方面,於氮氣環境下,將化合物(B-3)32.4g(0.31 mmol)加入2000ml茄型燒瓶中,更且添加雙(三氟乙酸)苯基碘75.3g(175 mmol)、碘41.9g(165 mmol)及四氯化碳600ml,在浴溫50℃加熱攪拌2小時。降溫至室溫為止後,減壓餾去四氯化碳,添加EtOH時,固體析出,進行過濾分離。使用EtOH將此再結晶2次,藉由乾燥而得到35.8g(收率48%)化合物(B-4)。
使化合物(A-2)與化合物(B-4)聚合而合成聚合物(P-1)。具體地,將化合物(A-2)0.66g(1.0 mmol)與化合物(B-4)0.44g(1.00 mmol)溶解於甲苯20ml中,添
加作為觸媒的四個三苯基膦鈀(0)10mg、2MNa2CO3水溶液10ml,氮氣置換後,在70℃反應3小時半。降溫至室溫為止後,自反應液中分離水層後,投入苯基硼酸243mg(2 mmol)、溴苯314mg(2 mmol)及四個三苯基膦鈀(0)10mg,在浴溫90℃反應20小時,進行末端封閉。降溫至室溫為止後,使用MeOH,進行再沈澱精製。回收所精製的聚合物分,將其再度投入MeOH中,重複再淤漿化,而得到0.40g聚合物(P-1)。藉由GPC、TGA及DSC來鑑定所得之聚合物。Mw以GPC(四氫呋喃:THF)的聚苯乙烯換算為4,700,分子量分布為1.8。
進行實施例1所得之聚合物(P-1)的元件評價。首先,於經溶劑洗淨、UV臭氧處理的膜厚150nm所成之附ITO的玻璃基板上,以膜厚25nm製作當作電洞注入層的聚(3,4-伸乙二氧基噻吩)/聚苯乙烯磺酸(PEDOT/PSS):(H.C.Starck股份有限公司製,商品名:Clevios PCH8000)之膜。其次,將所合成的聚合物(P-1)溶解於THF中,以調製0.4wt%溶液,藉由旋轉塗佈法製作當作電洞輸送層的20nm之膜。接著,使用真空蒸鍍裝置,使用三(2-(對甲苯基)吡啶)銥(III)當作發光層摻雜劑,使用4,4’-雙(9H-咔唑-9-基)聯苯當作發光層主體,以摻雜劑濃度成為0.6wt%之方式進行共蒸鍍,而製作40nm的發光層之膜。然後,使用真空蒸鍍裝置,製作35nm的三(8-羥
基喹啉))鋁(Alq3)、膜厚170nm的作為陰極之LiF/Al之膜,於手套箱內封閉此元件,而製作有機電致發光元件。
將外部電源連接至所得之有機電致發光元件,施加0~10V的直流電壓時,確認具有如表1的發光特性。此處,亮度、電壓及發光效率係顯示以20mA/cm2的驅動時之值。再者,元件發光光譜的極大波長為550nm,觀測到來自銥錯合物的綠色發光。
除了於使化合物(A-2)與化合物(B-4)聚合時,變更為化合物(A-2)0.66g(1.0 mmol)與化合物(B-4)0.40g(0.9 mmol)以外,與實施例1同樣地,得到聚合物(P-2)。此聚合物的Mw為2,500,分子量分布為1.5。又,元件評價係與實施例2同樣地進行。
依照下述方案,由化合物(A-2)與1,3-二碘苯來合成聚合物(P-3)。
具體地,除了變更為化合物(A-2)0.66g(1.0
mmol)與1,3-二碘苯0.33g(1.0 mmol)以外,與實施例1同樣地,得到聚合物(P-3)。此聚合物的Mw為7,500,分子量分布為2.2。又,元件評價係與實施例2同樣地進行。
依照下述方案來合成化合物(B-5),接著由化合物(A-2)與化合物(B-5)來合成聚合物(P-4)。
於具備溫度計、回流管、氮氣導入管的2L四口茄型燒瓶中,加入1-溴-3-碘苯50.0g(177 mmol)、間溴苯基硼酸35.5g(177 mmol)、三苯基膦鈀(0)3.37g(2.92 mmol)、甲苯600ml、EtOH 225ml及溶解。氮氣置換後,於其中添加碳酸鈉112.4g(1.06mol)及純水300ml,在浴溫100℃加熱攪拌6小時。降溫至室溫為止後,移到分液漏斗,進行油水分離。洗淨有機層後,以無水硫酸鎂來脫水,減壓餾去溶劑而得到粗生成物62.1g。藉由將此減壓蒸餾,而得到44.8g(收率81%)化合物(B-5)。
其次,除了使用化合物(A-2)0.66g(1.0 mmol)與
化合物(B-5)0.31g(1.0 mmol)外,與實施例1同樣地,得到聚合物(P-4)。此聚合物的Mw為3,500,分子量分布為1.7。又,元件評價係與實施例2同樣地進行。
依照下述方案,由化合物(A-2)與雙(4-溴苯基)醚來合成聚合物(P-5)。
除了使用化合物(A-2)0.66g(1.0 mmol)與雙(4-溴苯基)醚0.33g(1.0 mmol)以外,與實施例1同樣地聚合及後處理,得到聚合物(P-5)0.10g。此聚合物的Mw為5,200,分子量分布為1.9。又,元件評價係與實施例2同樣地進行。
依照下述方案,由化合物(A-2)與N-丁基苯基-N,N’-雙二溴二苯基胺來合成聚合物(P-6)。
除了使用化合物(A-2)0.66g(1.0 mmol)與N-丁基苯基-N,N’-雙二溴二苯基胺0.46g(1.0 mmol)以外,與實施例1同樣地聚合及後處理,得到聚合物(P-6)0.33g。此聚合物的Mw為15,000,分子量分布為1.9。又,元件評價係與實施例2同樣地進行。
依照下述方案,由化合物(A-3)與化合物(B-4)來合成聚合物(P-7)。
除了將化合物(A-1)變更為化合物(A-3)0.66g(1.0 mmol)以外,與實施例1同樣地聚合及後處理,得到聚合物(P-7)0.32g。此聚合物的Mw為5,200,分子量分布為1.8。又,元件評價係與實施例2同樣地進行。
依照下述方案,使用化合物(B-5),合成聚合物(EP-1)。
於50ml茄型燒瓶中,加入氯化鐵(Ⅲ)0.7g(4.3 mmol)、單氯苯20ml,氮氣置換後,添加預先溶解的化合物(C-1)0.7g(1.1 mmol)之單氯苯10ml溶液,在浴溫50℃下聚合44小時。使用甲醇,將聚合物再沈澱精製。回收已精製的聚合物分,將其移到茄型燒瓶中,投入5%氨水20ml,進行攪拌,過濾沈澱物,以純水50ml兩次、MeOH50ml三次重複洗淨,藉由乾燥而得到聚合物(EP-1)0.67g。此聚合物的Mw為4,200,分子量分布為1.5。又,元件評價係與實施例2同樣地進行。
使用Gaussian 03,藉由B3LYP/6-31G*水準的構造最合適化計算,算出作為主體材料的4,4’-雙(9H-咔唑-9-基)聯苯之HOMO能量值,與聚合物P-1、P-3、P-6、EP-1的三聚物單位之HOMO能量值,計算主體材料與各聚合物之差,各自顯示於表1中。
表2中表示元件評價中使用的聚合物與評價結果。聚合物皆使用於電洞輸送層。再者,元件發光光譜的極大波長為550nm,觀測到來自銥錯合物的綠色發光。
藉由使用本發明的有機電致發光元件用聚合物,而改善有機電致發光元件的電洞注入性,成為發光效率優異者。又,變成能夠容易地藉由塗佈成膜法等來製作大面積
元件。
1‧‧‧基板
2‧‧‧陽極
3‧‧‧電洞注入層
4‧‧‧電洞輸送層
5‧‧‧電子及/或激子阻擋層
6‧‧‧發光層
7‧‧‧電子輸送層
8‧‧‧陰極
圖1係顯示有機EL元件的構造例之截面圖。
1‧‧‧基板
2‧‧‧陽極
3‧‧‧電洞注入層
4‧‧‧電洞輸送層
5‧‧‧電子及/或激子阻擋層
6‧‧‧發光層
7‧‧‧電子輸送層
8‧‧‧陰極
Claims (9)
- 一種有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其特徵在為在構成主鏈的重複單位中,具有以下述通式(1)所示的重複單位,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其中在式(1a)~(1e)中,Ar1係獨立地為以下述式(2)所示的基,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其中在通式(1)中,A係以下述式(4a)或(4b)所示的重複單位,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其重量平均分子量為1,000~1,000,000。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其中在通式(1)中,表示存在莫耳比的m為10~90莫耳%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之有機電致發光元件用聚合物,其係在通式(1)中,重複單位的A及Z交替鍵結的交替共聚物。
- 一種有機電致發光元件,其係在基板上所層合的陽極層及陰極層之間具有至少含有電洞輸送層與發光層及電子輸送層之有機層的有機電致發光元件,其特徵為:在該有機層的至少一層中含有如申請專利範圍第1~6項中任一項之有機電致發光元件用聚合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之有機電致發光元件,其中含有如申請專利範圍第1~6中任一項之有機電致發光元件用聚合物的有機層係電洞輸送層。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項之有機電致發光元件,其中 發光層係含有客體材料與主體材料之發光層,且電洞輸送層中所含有的有機電致發光元件用聚合物之HOMO能量與發光層中所含有的主體材料之HOMO能量之差為±0.5eV以內。
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WO2014166572A1 (de) * | 2013-04-08 | 2014-10-16 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Organische lichtemittierende vorrichtung mit verzögerter fluoreszenz |
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TWI666803B (zh) * | 2014-09-17 | 2019-07-21 | 日商日鐵化學材料股份有限公司 | 有機電場發光元件及其製造方法 |
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JP4564584B1 (ja) * | 2009-08-31 | 2010-10-20 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 有機電界発光素子 |
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EP2725633B1 (en) | 2018-08-01 |
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EP2725633A4 (en) | 2015-07-15 |
JP6031030B2 (ja) | 2016-11-24 |
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