TWI476225B - 聚(5,5’-雙(噻吩-2-基)-苯并〔2,1-b;3,4-b’〕二噻吩)及其作為高效能溶液可加工半導體聚合物之用途 - Google Patents
聚(5,5’-雙(噻吩-2-基)-苯并〔2,1-b;3,4-b’〕二噻吩)及其作為高效能溶液可加工半導體聚合物之用途 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI476225B TWI476225B TW098122452A TW98122452A TWI476225B TW I476225 B TWI476225 B TW I476225B TW 098122452 A TW098122452 A TW 098122452A TW 98122452 A TW98122452 A TW 98122452A TW I476225 B TWI476225 B TW I476225B
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- alkyl
- aryl
- thin film
- dithiophene
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 50
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006880 cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002188 cycloheptatrienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=CC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003678 cyclohexadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000596 cyclohexenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002433 cyclopentenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- WMKGGPCROCCUDY-PHEQNACWSA-N dibenzylideneacetone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WMKGGPCROCCUDY-PHEQNACWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940117389 dichlorobenzene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004639 dihydroindenyl group Chemical group C1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004612 furopyridinyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=N2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006038 hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002632 imidazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002636 imidazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003049 inorganic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001867 inorganic solvent Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001977 isobenzofuranyl group Chemical group C=1(OC=C2C=CC=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005956 isoquinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001786 isothiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002757 morpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001715 oxadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010525 oxidative degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003002 pH adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentamethylene Natural products C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002255 pentenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005981 pentynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005561 phenanthryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004193 piperazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005936 piperidyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000307 polymer substrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001291 polyvinyl halide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004368 propenyl group Chemical group C(=CC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002568 propynyl group Chemical group [*]C#CC([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002755 pyrazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000719 pyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005493 quinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001712 tetrahydronaphthyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003507 tetrahydrothiofenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001113 thiadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BRNULMACUQOKMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiomorpholine Chemical compound C1CSCCN1 BRNULMACUQOKMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004568 thiomorpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001947 vapour-phase growth Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/127—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising five-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polypyrroles, polythiophenes
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- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
- H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
- H10K10/464—Lateral top-gate IGFETs comprising only a single gate
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- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
- H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
- H10K10/466—Lateral bottom-gate IGFETs comprising only a single gate
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- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
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Description
本發明係關於聚(5,5'-雙(噻吩-2-基)-苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩),及其作為高效能溶液可加工半導體聚合物之用途。
20世紀下半葉用於開發(微)電子設備之重要構件為基於無機物電極、絕緣體及半導體之場效電晶體(FET)。該等材料經證明為可靠、高效的,且具有根據熟知之莫耳定律(Moore's law)週期性增加之效能。基於分子及聚合材料之有機FET(OFET)與其和習知矽技術競爭,不如可大規模應用於低效能記憶元件以及積體式光電子裝置(諸如主動式矩陣有機發光二極體顯示器中之像素驅動及轉換元件、RFID標籤、智能ID標籤及感應器)中。
作為開發多種導電或半導電有機聚合物之結果,將彼等物用作有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT)中之活性層、由此用作半導體已獲得愈來愈多之關注。
將有機半導體用於OTFT中具有一些優於迄今所用之無機半導體之優勢。其可加工成纖維至膜之任何形式,展現高機械可撓性,可以低成本生產且具有低重量。然而,顯著優勢為能夠在大氣壓下、(例如)藉由印刷技術、經由溶液在聚合物基板上沈積層來製造完整半導體組件,以便獲得低製造成本之FET。
電子裝置之效能基本上視半導體材料中電荷載流子之遷移率及電流在導通狀態與斷開狀態之間的比率(開/關比)而定。因此,理想半導體在斷開狀態時具有最小電導性,且在導通狀態時具有最大電荷載流子遷移率(開/關比高於102
時,遷移率高於10-3
cm2
V-1
s-1
)。此外,半導體材料必須對氧化相對穩定,亦即必須具有足夠高之電離電位,因為其氧化降解使組件效能降低。
EP 1510535 A1描述具有3‧10-3
或1.7‧10-2
cm2
V-1
s-1
之遷移率及約106
之開/關比的聚噻吩幷(2,3-b)噻吩。WO 2006/094645 A1描述具有一或多個硒吩-2,5二基及一或多個噻吩-2,5-二基之聚合物,而WO 2006/131185揭示聚噻吩幷(3,4-d)噻唑,且US 2005/0082525 A1揭示苯并(1,2-b,4,5-b')二噻吩。
WO 2007/105386揭示經取代之苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩之均聚物及共聚物,其具有以下重複單元:
且具有高達105
g/mol之重量平均分子量。所報導之兩種材料均展示10-5
至10-3
cm2
/Vs範圍內之電荷載流子遷移率。
此外報導與雙噻吩之共聚物,
其僅具有4100g/mol之重量平均分子量。但是此材料在場效電晶體中展示極其不良之效能(遷移率:1.6×10-5
,開/關比:100)。
本發明之一目的為提供用作有機半導體材料、易於合成、具有高遷移率、優良氧化穩定性且可易於加工之新穎化合物。
此目的由聚(5,5'-雙(噻吩-2-基)-苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩)達成,其包含式(I)基團作為重複單元,
其中R 係獨立地選自a)C1-20
烷基、b)C2-20
烯基、c)C2-20
炔基、d)C1-20
烷氧基、e)-Y-C3-10
環烷基、f)-Y-C6-14
芳基、g)-Y-3-12員環雜烷基或h)-Y-5-14員雜芳基,其中該C1-20
烷基、該C2-20
烯基、該C2-20
炔基、該C3-10
環烷基、該C6-14
芳基、該3-12員環雜烷基及該5-14員雜芳基各自視情況經1-4個R1
基團取代,R1
係獨立地選自a)S(O)m
-C1-20
烷基、b)S(O)m
-OC1-20
烷基、c)S(O)m
-OC6-14
芳基、d)C(O)-OC1-20
烷基、e)C(O)-OC6-14
芳基、f)C1-20
烷基、g)C2-20
烯基、h)C2-20
炔基、i)C1-20
烷氧基、j)C3-10
環烷基、k)C6-14
芳基、1)3-12員環雜烷基或m)5-14員雜芳基,Y 係獨立地選自二價C1-6
烷基或共價鍵;且m 係獨立地選自0、1或2,且具有5,000g/mol至200,000g/mol範圍內之數目平均分子量Mn
。
較佳之聚(5,5'-雙(噻吩-2-基)-苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩)為包含式(I)重複單元之彼等物,其中R 如上所定義係獨立地選自a)C1-20
烷基、d)C1-20
烷氧基、f)-Y-C6-14
芳基,其中C1-20
烷基及C6-14
芳基各自視情況經1-4個R1
基團取代,且R1
係獨立地選自d)-C(O)-OC1-20
烷基、e)-C(O)-OC6-14
芳基、f)C1-20
烷基、i)C1-20
烷氧基、k)C6-14
芳基。更佳重複單元為式(I)之彼等重複單元,其中R 如上所定義係獨立地選自a)C1-20
烷基、d)C1-20
烷氧基,其中C1-20
烷基或C1-20
烷氧基各自視情況經1-4個R1
基團取代,且R1
係獨立地選自f)C1-20
烷基、i)C1-20
烷氧基,尤其較佳之重複單元為式(I)之彼等重複單元,其中R 如上所定義係獨立地選自a)C1-20
烷基,且其中C1-20
烷基各自視情況經1-4個R1
基團取代,且R1
係獨立地選自f)C1-20
烷基。
尤其較佳之取代基R為視情況經1-4個R1
基團取代之C6-20
烷基,其中R1
為H或C1
-C6
烷基。
本發明之聚(5,5'-雙(噻吩-2-基)-苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩)之優點為於場效電晶體中顯著增加之電荷載流子遷移率。
數目平均分子量Mn較佳在10.000g/mol至100.000g/mol範圍內。
「烯基」係指具有一或多個碳碳雙鍵之直鏈或支鏈烷基。實例為乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、戊烯基、己烯基、丁二烯基、戊二烯基及己二烯基。該一或多個碳碳雙鍵可在內部(諸如於2-丁烯中)或末端(諸如於1-丁烯中)。在各種實施例中,烯基可具有2至20個碳原子。在一些實施例中,烯基可如本文所揭示經取代。烯基通常不經另一烯基、烷基或炔基取代。
「炔基」係指具有一或多個碳碳參鍵之直鏈或支鏈烷基。實例包括乙炔基、丙炔基、丁炔基、戊炔基。該一或多個碳-碳參鍵可在內部(諸如於2-丁炔中)或末端(諸如於1-丁炔中)。在各種實施例中,炔基可具有2至20個碳原子。在一些實施例中,炔基可如本文所揭示經取代。炔基通常不經另一炔基、烷基或烯基取代。
「環烷基」係指非芳族碳環基,包括環化烷基、烯基及炔基。較佳環烷基可具有3至10個碳原子。環烷基可為單環(例如環己基)或多環(例如含有稠合、橋接及/或螺環系統),其中碳原子位於環系統之內部或外部。環烷基之任何合適環位置可與所定義化學結構共價鍵聯。環烷基之實例包括環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環庚基、環戊烯基、環己烯基、環己二烯基、環庚三烯基、降基、降蒎基、降蒈基、金剛烷基及螺[4.5]癸基以及其同系物、異構物及其類似基團。環烷基可如本文所揭示經取代。
「雜原子」係指除碳或氫以外之任何元素之原子,且包括(例如)氮、氧、矽、硫、磷及硒。
「環雜烷基」係指含有至少一個選自O、S、Se、N、P及Si之環雜原子(例如O、S及N)且視情況含有一或多個雙鍵或參鍵的非芳族環烷基。環雜烷基可具有3至12個環原子。環雜烷基環中之一或多個N、P、S或Se原子(例如N或S)可經氧化(例如嗎啉N-氧化物、硫代嗎啉S-氧化物、硫代嗎啉S,S-二氧化物)。環雜烷基中之氮或磷原子可具有取代基,尤其烷基。環雜烷基亦可含有一或多個側氧基,諸如側氧基哌啶基、側氧基噁唑啶基、二側氧基-(1H,3H)-嘧啶基、側氧基-2(1H)-吡啶基及其類似基團。較佳環雜烷基尤其包括嗎啉基、硫代嗎啉基、哌喃基、咪唑啶基、咪唑啉基、噁唑啶基、吡唑啶基、吡唑啉基、吡咯啶基、吡咯啉基、四氫呋喃基、四氫噻吩基、哌啶基、哌嗪基。環雜烷基亦可經取代或未經取代。
「芳基」係指芳族單環烴環系統或多環系統,其中兩個或兩個以上芳族烴環稠合在一起(亦即具有一共用之鍵)或至少一個芳族單環烴環與一或多個環烷基及/或環雜烷基環稠合。芳基可在其可包括多個稠環的環系統中具有6至14個碳原子。僅具有芳族碳環之較佳芳基包括苯基、1-萘基(雙環)、2-萘基(雙環)、蒽基(三環)、菲基(三環)。其中至少一個芳族碳環與一或多個環烷基及/或環雜烷基環稠合的較佳多環系統尤其包括環戊烷之苯并衍生物(亦即二氫茚基,其為5,6-雙環環烷基/芳族環系統)、環己烷之苯并衍生物(亦即四氫萘基,其為6,6-雙環環烷基/芳族環系統)、咪唑啉之苯并衍生物(亦即苯并咪唑啉基,其為5,6-環雜烷基/芳族環系統)及哌喃之苯并衍生物(亦即烯基,其為6,6-雙環環雜烷基/芳族環系統)。其他較佳芳基包括苯并二噁烷基、苯并間二氧雜戊烯基、基、吲哚啉基及其類似基團。在一些實施例中,芳基可如本文所揭示經取代。在一些實施例中,芳基可具有一或多個鹵素取代基且可稱為「鹵芳基」。全鹵芳基(亦即其中所有氫原子均經鹵素原子置換之芳基,例如-C6
F5
)包括於「鹵芳基」之定義內。在某些實施例中,芳基經另一芳基取代且可稱為聯芳基。聯芳基中之每個芳基可經取代或未經取代。
「雜芳基」係指含有至少一個環雜原子之芳族單環或多環系統。雜原子較佳選自(不限於)氧(O)、氮(N)、硫(S)、矽(Si)及硒(Se)或多環系統。多環雜芳基包括兩個或兩個以上稠合在一起之雜芳基環及與一或多個芳族碳環、非芳族碳環及/或非芳族環雜烷基環稠合之單環雜芳基環。雜芳基可具有5至14個環原子且含有1-5個環雜原子。雜芳基之特定實例包括(例如)如下所示之5員或6員單環及5-6員雙環系統:
其中T為O、S、NH、N-烷基、N-芳基、N-(芳基烷基)(例如N-苯甲基)、SiH2
、SiH-(烷基)、Si(烷基)2
、SiH-(芳基烷基)、Si-(芳基烷基)2
或Si(烷基)(芳基烷基)。該等雜芳基環之實例包括吡咯基、呋喃基、噻吩基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、噠嗪基、吡嗪基、三唑基、四唑基、吡唑基、咪唑基、異噻唑基、噻唑基、噻二唑基、異噁唑基、噁唑基、噁二唑基、吲哚基、異吲哚基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、喹啉基、2-甲基喹啉基、異喹啉基、喹喏啉基、喹唑啉基、苯并三唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并異噻唑基、苯并異噁唑基、苯并噁二唑基、苯并噁唑基、啉基、1H-吲唑基、2H-吲唑基、吲嗪基、異苯并呋喃基、啶基、呔嗪基、喋啶基、嘌呤基、噁唑幷吡啶基、噻唑幷吡啶基、咪唑幷吡啶基、呋喃幷吡啶基、噻吩幷吡啶基、吡啶幷嘧啶基、吡啶幷哌嗪基、吡啶幷噠嗪基、噻吩幷噻唑基、噻吩幷噁唑基、噻吩幷咪唑基及其類似基團。雜芳基之其他實例包括4,5,6,7-四氫吲哚基、四氫喹啉基、苯并噻吩幷吡啶基、苯并呋喃幷吡啶基及其類似基團。在一些實施例中,雜芳基可如本文所揭示經取代。
R尤其較佳為直鏈或支鏈C6
-C20
烷基,例如正己基、正庚基、正辛基、正壬基、正癸基、正十一烷基、正十二烷基、正十三烷基、正十四烷基、正十五烷基、正十六烷基、正十七烷基、正十八烷基、正十九烷基、正二十烷基、1-甲基戊基、1-甲基己基、2-甲基戊基、2-乙基己基及2,7-二甲基辛基。尤其較佳為2,6-二甲基辛基、1-乙基己基、1-甲基己基、2-乙基戊基、2-甲基己基、正癸基、正十二烷基、正十四烷基及2-乙基己基,最佳為正十二烷基。
「遷移率」係指外界刺激(諸如電場)所誘導之電荷載流子(例如在p型半導體材料情況下之電洞(或正電荷單位)及在n型半導體材料情況下之電子)在電場影響下穿過材料之速度的量度。
本發明另外提供本發明之共聚物之用途,係用作尤其光學、電子光學或電子組件中之半導體或電荷輸送材料,用作尤其平面視覺顯示裝置中之薄膜電晶體,或用於射頻鑑別標籤(RFID標籤)或有機發光二極體(OLED)(諸如電致發光顯示器)之半導體組件或液晶顯示器之背光,用於光電組件或感應器中,用作電池中之電極材料,用作光波導,用於電子攝影應用,諸如電子攝影記錄。
本發明另外提供包含本發明之聚合物的光學、電子光學或電子組件。該等組件可為(例如)FET、積體電路(IC)、TFT、OLED或對準層。
本發明之聚合物尤其適用作半導體,因為其具有此用途所需之遷移率。
如由先前技術可知,聚合物可藉由多種基團封端。較佳端基為(不限於)H、經取代或未經取代之苯基或經取代或未經取代之噻吩。
本發明之聚(5,5'-雙(噻吩-2-基)-苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩)可藉由已知方法來製備。下文描述較佳合成路線。
在此流程中,R為C6
-C20
烷基。
自噻吩-3-甲醛製備[2,2']聯噻吩-3,3'-二甲醛描述於M. C. Gallazzi,F. Toscano,D. Paganuzzi,C. Bertarelli,A. Farina,G. Zotti,Macromol. Chem. Phys.2001
,202,2074中。
自[2,2']聯噻吩-3,3'-二甲醛製備苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩描述於S. Yoshida,M. Fujii,Y. Aso,T. Otsubo,F. Ogura,J
. Org. Chem.1994
,59,3077中。
可藉由向無水THF中之苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩中添加正丁基鋰、隨後形成沈澱物來製備5,5'-雙(三甲基錫烷基)苯并-2,2'-二噻吩。向懸浮液中添加固體狀之氯化三甲基錫。
自3-溴噻吩製備3-烷基噻吩描述於C. Van Pham,H. B. Mark,H. Zimrher,Synth. Comm.1986
,16,689中。
自3-烷基噻吩經由4,4'-二烷基二噻吩製備4,4'-二烷基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩描述於J. H. Wan,J. C. Feng,G. A. Wen,W. Wei,Q. L. Fan,C. M. Wang,H. Y. Wang,R. Zhu,X. D. Yuan,C. H. Huang,W. Huang,J. Org. Chem.2006
,71,7124中。
在三鄰甲苯基膦及Pd2
(dba)3
(dba=二亞苄基丙酮)存在下自5,5'-雙(三甲基錫烷基)苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩及4,4'-二烷基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩製備聚(5,5'-雙(3-十二烷基噻吩-2-基)-苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩)。
可經由交叉偶合聚合反應(諸如斯迪勒(Stille)或鈴木(Suzuki)反應,其中使芳基二鹵化物與有機錫化合物或酸二酯/酸在鹼及少量金屬催化劑存在下反應)合成共聚物。反應通常在溶劑或溶劑混合物中進行,其中反應溫度在20℃與150℃之間。
合成高分子量聚合物需要高純度且因此需要所用單體之適當純化方法。單體(亦即5,5'-二鹵基-2,2'-二噻吩及5,5'-雙(三烷基)苯并噻吩)之純度通常>99%。可藉由在低溫下自乙腈中反覆再結晶(較佳至少三次)獲得高純度5,5'-雙(三甲基錫烷基)苯并-2,2'-二噻吩。此純化產生無色針狀單體。
可藉由管柱層析(正己烷,二氧化矽)純化、繼而自乙酸乙酯中反覆再結晶獲得極高純度之4,4'-烷基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩單體。
使用純度大大低於99%之單體產生分子量低得多的聚合物。
第二重要因素為調整單體比率。等莫耳混合物產生所需分子量。
藉由調整1:1單體混合物之濃度可重複達成該分子量。為獲得15-20kg/mol之高數目平均分子量,單體之最佳總濃度在10wt%至20wt%範圍內。
本發明包含本發明之聚合物的氧化形式與還原形式。電子缺乏或過量均引起具有高電導性之非定域離子之形成。此可藉由常用摻雜劑摻雜來達成。摻雜劑及摻雜方法為普通知識且已知於例如EP-A 0 528 662、US 5198153或WO 96/21659。合適摻雜方法包含(例如)用摻雜氣體摻雜、於包含摻雜劑之溶液中電化學摻雜、熱擴散及將摻雜劑離子植入半導體材料中。
在使用電子作為電荷載流子的情況下,較佳使用鹵素(例如I2
、Cl2
、Br2
、ICl、ICl3
、IBr及IF)、路易斯酸(Lewis acid)(例如PF5
、AsF5
、SbF5
、BF3
、BCl3
、SbCl5
、BBr3
及SO3
)、無機酸(例如HF、HCl、HNO3
、H2
SO4
、HClO4
、FSO3
H及ClSO3
H)、有機酸或胺基酸、過渡金屬化合物(例如FeCl3
、FeOCl、Fe(ClO4
)3
、Fe(4-CH3
C6
H4
SO3
)3
、TiCl4
、ZrCl4
、HfCl4
、NbF5
、NbCl5
、TaCl5
、MoF5
、MOCl5
、WF5
、WCl6
、UF6
及LnCl3
(其中Ln為系元素))、陰離子(例如Cl-
、Br-
、I-
、I3 -
、HSO4 -
、SO4 2-
、NO3 -
、ClO4 -
、BF4 -
、PF6 -
、AsF6 -
、SbF6 -
、FeCl4 -
、Fe(CN)6 3-
及不同磺酸之陰離子,諸如芳基-SO3 -
)。在使用電洞作為電荷載流子的情況下,摻雜劑(例如)為陽離子(例如H+
、Li+
、Na+
、K+
、Rb+
及Cs+
)、鹼金屬(例如Li、Na、K、Rb及Cs)、鹼土金屬(例如Ca、Sr及Ba)、O2
、XeOF4
、(NO2 +
)(SbF6 -
)、(NO2 +
)(SbCl6 -
)、(NO2 +
)(BF4 -
)、AgClO4
、H2
IrCl6
、La(NO3
)3
、FSO2
OOSO2
F、Eu、乙醯膽鹼、R4
N+
、R4
P+
、R6
As+
及R3
S+
,其中R為烷基。
本發明之共聚物的導電形式可用作(不限於)有機導體,例如有機發光二極體(OLED)中之電荷注入層及ITO平面化層、平面螢幕及觸摸螢幕、抗靜電膜、印刷電路及電容器。
本發明之共聚物可用於製造光學、電子及半導體材料,尤其用作場效電晶體(FET)中之電荷輸送材料,例如用作積體電路(IC)之組件、ID標籤或TFT。或者,其可用於電致發光顯示器之有機發光二極體(OLED)中或用作背光(例如液晶顯示器(LCD)),用於光電應用中或用於感應器,用於電子攝影記錄及其他半導體應用。
因為本發明之共聚物具有優良溶解性,故其可以溶液形式塗覆於基板。因此可用廉價方法(例如旋塗)塗覆層。
合適溶劑或溶劑混合物包含(例如)烷烴、芳族化合物,尤其其氟化衍生物。
包含半導體材料之FET及其他組件(例如二極體)可有利地用於ID標籤或安全標記中以指示真實性及防止偽造有價值之物品,諸如鈔票、信用卡、身分證(諸如ID卡或駕照)或關係到金錢利益之其他證件,諸如橡膠印章、郵票或票據等。
或者,本發明之聚合物可用於(例如)顯示器中之有機發光二極體(OLED)中或用作液晶顯示器(LCD)之背光。通常,OLED具有多層結構。光發射層通常包埋在一或多個電子輸送層與/或電洞輸送層之間。當施加電壓時,電子或電洞可沿發射層之方向遷移,在發射層中電子與電洞再結合而激發且隨後發光化合物在發射層中發光。聚合物、材料及層可根據其電學及光學特性用於輸送層及/或發射層中之一或多者中。當化合物、材料或層為電致發光或具有電致發光基團或化合物時,其尤其適用於發射層。
如用於OLED之合適聚合物之加工,其選擇為普通知識且描述於(例如)Synthetic Materials,111-112(2000),31-34 or J. Appl. Phys.,88(2000)7124-7128中。
各種沈積技術(包括經由各種溶液加工技術沈積)已用於有機半導體。舉例而言,大部分印刷電子學技術集中於噴墨印刷,主要因為此技術對特徵位置及多層對準提供較大控制。噴墨印刷為非接觸法,其提供的好處為無需預成形之母板(與接觸印刷技術相比)以及數位控制噴墨,從而提供按需滴墨印刷(drop-on-demand print)。微分配法(Micro dispensing)為另一非接觸印刷法。然而,接觸印刷技術具有非常適於極快速卷軸式加工之優點。例示性接觸印刷技術包括(但不限於)網版印刷、凹版印刷、平版印刷、彈性凸版印刷、微影印刷、移印及微接觸印刷。如本文所用,「印刷」包括非接觸法,諸如噴墨印刷、微分配法及其類似方法,及接觸法,諸如網版印刷、凹版印刷、平版印刷、彈性凸版印刷、微影印刷、移印、微接觸印刷及其類似方法。其他溶液加工技術包括(例如)旋塗、滴鑄(drop-casting)、分區澆鑄(zone casting)、浸塗、刮塗或噴塗。
利用本文所揭示之化合物的各種製品(包括電子裝置、光學裝置及光電子裝置,諸如場效電晶體(例如薄膜電晶體)、光電裝置、有機發光二極體(OLED)、互補金屬氧化物半導體(CMOS)、互補反向器、D正反器、整流器及環形振盪器)以及其製備方法亦屬於本發明教示之範疇內。
因此,本發明之教示另外提供製備半導體材料之方法。該等方法可包括:製備包括一或多種本文所揭示之溶解或分散於液體介質(諸如溶劑或溶劑混合物)中之化合物的組合物,將該組合物沈積於基板上以提供半導體材料前驅物,及加工(例如加熱)該半導體前驅物以提供包括本文所揭示之化合物的半導體材料(例如薄膜半導體)。在各種實施例中,液體介質為有機溶劑、無機溶劑(諸如水)或其組合。在一些實施例中,組合物可另外包括一或多種獨立地選自以下各物之添加劑:清潔劑、分散劑、黏合劑、相容劑、固化劑、引發劑、保濕劑、消泡劑、濕潤劑、pH調節劑、殺生物劑及抑菌劑。舉例而言,可包括界面活性劑及/或其他聚合物(例如聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚-α-甲基苯乙烯、聚異丁烯、聚丙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯及其類似物)作為分散劑、黏合劑、相容劑及/或消泡劑。在一些實施例中,沈積步驟可藉由印刷(包括噴墨印刷及各種接觸印刷技術(例如網版印刷、凹版印刷、平版印刷、移印、微影印刷、彈性凸版印刷及微接觸印刷))進行。在其他實施例中,沈積步驟可藉由旋塗、滴鑄、分區澆鑄、浸塗、刮塗或噴塗進行。
本發明之教示另外提供製品,諸如本文所述之各種裝置,包括具有本發明教示之半導體材料及基板組份及/或介電組份的複合物。基板組份可選自摻雜矽、氧化銦錫(ITO)、塗有ITO之玻璃、塗有ITO之聚醯亞胺或其他塑膠、單獨或塗布於聚合物或其他基板上之鋁或其他金屬、摻雜聚噻吩及其類似物。介電組份可由以下材料製備:無機介電材料(諸如各種氧化物(例如SiO2
、Al2
O3
、HfO2
)、有機介電材料(諸如各種聚合材料(例如聚碳酸酯、聚酯、聚苯乙烯、聚鹵乙烯、聚丙烯酸酯))及自組裝超晶格/自組裝奈米介電(SAS/SAND)材料(例如Yoon,M-H.等人,PNAS
,102(13):4678-4682(2005)中所述,該文獻之全部揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中)以及混合有機/無機介電材料(例如美國專利申請案第11/642,504號中所述,該專利之全部揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中)。在一些實施例中,介電組份可包括美國專利申請案第11/315,076號、第60/816,952號及第60/861,308號中所述之交聯聚合物摻合物,該等專利中每一者之全部揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。該複合物亦可包括一或多個電接點。源極、汲極及閘極之合適材料包括金屬(例如Au、Al、Ni、Cu)、透明導電氧化物(例如ITO、IZO、ZITO、GZO、GIO、GITO)及導電聚合物(例如聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩)聚(苯乙烯磺酸酯)(PEDOT:PSS)、聚苯胺(PANI)、聚吡咯(PPy))。本文所述複合物中之一或多者可包括於各種有機電子、光學及光電子裝置內,該等裝置諸如有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT),尤其有機場效電晶體(OFET)以及感應器、電容器、單極電路、互補電路(例如反向電路)及其類似物。
本發明教示之材料所適用之其他製品為光電池或太陽能電池。本發明教示之組份可展現寬光吸收及/或正偏移很大之還原電位,使得其適用於該等應用。因此,本文所述之物質可在光電設計中用作p型半導體,包括形成p-n接面之相鄰n型半導體材料。該等化合物可呈薄膜半導體之形式,其可沈積於基板上以形成複合物。在該等裝置中利用本發明教示之小分子係屬於熟習此項技術者之學識範疇內。
因此,本發明教示之另一態樣係關於製造合併本發明教示之半導體材料之有機場效電晶體的方法。本發明教示之半導體材料可用於製造各種有機場效電晶體,包括頂閘極頂接觸電容器結構、頂閘極底接觸電容器結構、底閘極頂接觸電容器結構及底閘極底接觸電容器結構。圖1說明四種常見類型之OFET結構:頂接觸底閘極結構(a)、底接觸底閘極結構(b)、底接觸頂閘極結構(c)及頂接觸頂閘極結構(d)。如圖1所示,OFET可包括一介電層(例如在圖1a、1b、1c及1d中分別以8、8'、8"及8'''展示)、一半導體層(例如在圖1a、1b、1c及1d中分別以6、6'、6"及6'''展示)、一閘極接點(例如在圖1a、1b、1c及1d中分別以10、10'、10"及10'''展示)、一基板(例如在圖1a、1b、1c及1d中分別以12、12'、12"及12'''展示)及源極及汲極接點(例如在圖1a、1b、1c及1d中分別以2、2'、2"、2'''、4、4'、4"及4'''展示)。
在某些實施例中,可使用SiO2
作為介電層、以頂接觸幾何結構、使用本發明之化合物在摻雜矽基板上製造OTFT裝置。在特定實施例中,可在室溫或高溫下沈積合併本發明教示之至少一種材料的活性半導體層。在其他實施例中,可藉由旋塗或如本文所述之印刷法塗覆合併本發明教示之至少一種化合物的活性半導體層。對於頂接觸裝置而言,金屬接點可使用遮罩在薄膜頂上圖案化。
除非另作說明,否則所有定量數據(百分比、ppm等)以重量計(以混合物之總重量計)。
本文所引用之所有文獻以引用的方式併入本專利申請案中。除非另作說明,否則所有定量數據(百分比、ppm等)以重量計(以混合物之總重量計)。
將250mg(1.3mmol)苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩在氬氣下溶解於10ml無水THF中。將溶液冷卻至-78℃,隨後添加2.3ml正丁基鋰(3.9mmol,3當量),之後形成白色沈澱物。在-78℃下再攪拌懸浮液2小時,添加900mg(4.5mmol)固體狀氯化三甲基錫。將溶液緩慢溫至室溫隔夜。將30ml二氯甲烷添加至溶液中,用碳酸氫鈉萃取,乾燥且蒸發溶劑。使殘餘物在4℃下自乙腈中結晶三次以產生無色針狀物(300mg,44%)。Mp=87℃;對於Cl6
H22
S2
Sn2
,MS(FD,8kV)m/z 516.1g/mol-計算值:515.9g/mol;l
H-NMR(250MHz,CD2
Cl2
,RT):δ7.74(s,2H),δ7.53(s,2H),δ0.45(s,18H);13
C-NMR(62.5MHz,CD2
Cl2
,RT):δ138.9,138.8,138.3,133.3,120.1,-8.0。
如J. H. Wan,J. C. Feng,G. A. Wen,W. Wei,Q. L. Fan,C. M. Wang,H. Y. Wang,R. Zhu,X. D. Yuan,C. H. Huang,W. Huang,J. Org. Chem.2006
,71,7124所述,自3-烷基噻吩經由4,4'-二烷基二噻吩製備4,4'-二烷基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩。
為獲得純度>99%之單體,藉由管柱層析(正己烷,二氧化矽)純化4,4'-二烷基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩且自乙酸乙酯中結晶三次以產生結晶產物。
將103.17mg(0.2mmol)5,5'-雙(三甲基錫烷基)苯并-2,2'-二噻吩及132.14mg(0.2mmol)4,4'-二-十二烷基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩在氬氣下溶解於2ml無水1,2-二氯苯中。添加5mg(16μmol)三-鄰甲苯基膦及4mg(4mmol)Pd2
(dba)3
。將所得混合物加熱至140℃歷時三日。用1,2-二氯苯稀釋溶液且在甲醇中沈澱。過濾之後,使聚合物在甲醇中再沈澱兩次且乾燥。獲得120mg紅色固體(87%)。對照聚苯乙烯標準,GPC(1,2,4-三氯苯,135℃)分析得出Mn
=21 000g/mol及Mw
=54 000g/mol。1
H-NMR(500MHz,80℃,1,2,4-三氯苯-d3
)δ7.79(s,2H),δ7.59(s,2H),δ7.29(s,2H),δ3.09(t,J=6.8Hz,4H),δ1.96(五重峰,J=6.7Hz,4H),δ1.65(五重峰,J=6.9Hz,4H),δ1.54(五重峰,J=6.7Hz,4H),δ1.5-1.3(m,28H),δ1.01(t,J=6.8Hz,6H)。
將103.17mg(0.2mmol)5,5'-雙(三甲基錫烷基)苯并-2,2'-二噻吩及120.92mg(0.2mmol)4,4'-二癸基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩在氬氣下溶解於2ml無水1,2-二氯苯中。添加5mg(16μmol)三-鄰甲苯基膦及4mg(4mmol)Pd2
(dba)3
。將所得混合物加熱至140℃歷時三日。用1,2-二氯苯稀釋溶液且在甲醇中沈澱。過濾之後,使聚合物在甲醇中再沈澱兩次且在高真空中乾燥。獲得100mg紅色固體(79%)。對照聚苯乙烯標準,GPC(1,2,4-三氯苯,135℃)分析得出Mn
=13kg/mol及Mw
=29kg/mol。1
H-NMR(500MHz,100℃,1,2-二氯苯-d4
)δ7.65(s,2H),δ7.46(s,2H),δ7.17(s,2H),δ2.93(t,J=7.6Hz,4H),δ1.79(五重峰,J=7.3Hz,4H),δ1.47(五重峰,J=7.2Hz,4H),δ1.37(五重峰,J=6.5Hz,4H),δ1.5-1.3(m,20H),δ0.85(t,J=6.6Hz,6H)。
如上所述使103.17mg(0.2mmol)5,5'-雙(三甲基錫烷基)苯并-2,2'-二噻吩及143.36mg(0.2mmol)4,4'-二-十四基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩與5mg(16μmol)三-鄰甲苯基膦及4mg(4mmol)Pd2
(dba)3
在2ml無水1,2-二氯苯中反應。
如上所述之相同處理程序之後,獲得135mg(91%)紅色固體。對照聚苯乙烯標準,GPC(1,2,4-三氯苯,135℃)分析得出Mn
=20kg/mol及Mw
=44kg/mol。1
H-NMR(500MHz,100℃,1,2-二氯苯-d4
)δ7.66(s,2H),δ7.46(s,2H),δ7.18(s,2H),δ2.93(t,J=6.9Hz,4H),δ1.79(五重峰,J=6.7Hz,4H),δ1.48(五重峰,J=6.5Hz,4H),δ1.38(五重峰,J=6.5Hz,4H),δ1.5-1.3(m,36H),δ0.85(t,J=6.5Hz,6H)。
如上所述使103.17mg(0.2mmol)5,5'-雙(三甲基錫烷基)苯并-2,2'-二噻吩及154.58mg(0.2mmol)4,4'-二-十六基-5,5'-二溴-2,2'-二噻吩與5mg(16μmol)三-鄰甲苯基膦及4mg(4mmol)Pd2
(dba)3
在2ml無水l,2-二氯苯中反應。
如上所述之相同處理程序之後,獲得140mg(87%)紅色固體。對照聚苯乙烯標準,GPC(1,2,4-三氯苯,135℃)分析得出Mn
=16kg/mol及Mw
=34kg/mol。1
H-NMR(500MHz,100℃,1,2-二氯苯-d4
)δ7.66(s,2H),δ7.47(s,2H),δ7.17(s,2H),δ2.94(t,J=7.2Hz,4H),δ1.80(五重峰,J=7.1Hz,4H),δ1.46(五重峰,J=6.8Hz,4H),δ1.38(五重峰,J=6.5Hz,4H),δ1.5-1.3(m,44H),δ0.85(t,J=6.5Hz,6H)。
有機場效電晶體(OFET)提供的簡單裝置結構使得可經由評估電流-電壓反應來詳細分析材料之電荷輸送特徵。OFET之功能係在源極與汲極之間隨閘電壓變化調節半導體電導性。此實例使用頂接觸/底閘極組態裝置,其中源極及汲極係汽相沈積於半導體薄膜頂上。選擇OFET結構以獲得聚合物導電能力,但並不限制此材料類型所用之場。
對於此實例中所製造且研究之裝置而言,閘極為高度摻雜矽,而介電層為300nm厚度之SiO2
膜。藉由將根據實例3製備之聚合物於鄰二氯苯中之溶液(1mg/mL)以1000rpm之旋塗速率旋塗於經汽相正辛基三氯矽烷處理之基板上來製備半導體聚合物膜。藉由蔽蔭遮罩將Au(3×10-6
托,0.1/s,厚度約100nm)汽相沈積於半導體薄膜上來製造頂接觸TFT以獲得通道寬度在25-200μm之間且長度為約1至5mm的裝置。用Keithley 2612機器在環境條件下執行電學量測。使用Id
與Vg
之轉移曲線來計算所有裝置之飽和遷移率、臨限電壓及電流開關比。為比較一系列物質之電學特性,針對Vd
計算所有參數,確保裝置在飽和區(Vd
>Vg
)運作。圖2展示在真空中量測之該等裝置之例示性轉移及輸出曲線。在環境條件下,載流子遷移率高達5×10-2
cm2
/Vs,且Ion
/Ioff
>104
。
圖3展示在環境條件下量測之例示性轉移曲線(右曲線,Vsd=-10V、-60V)及輸出曲線(左曲線,Vsg=0V、-10V、-20V、-30V、-40V、-50V、-60V)。
對於所有裝置而言,使用具有200nm厚度熱生長二氧化矽層之重摻雜矽晶圓作為基板。使六甲基二矽氮烷在120℃下自氣相中沈積。藉由將根據實例3-6所製備之聚合物之5mg/ml 1,2-二氯苯溶液旋塗(3000rpm,60s)(約47.5nm厚)來製備半導體聚合物膜。在100℃下使基板退火30min且緩慢冷卻(1℃/min)之後,藉由蔽蔭遮罩將金(3×10-6
巴,1/s,厚度約100nm)汽相沈積於半導體薄膜上來製造源極及汲極以獲得通道長度在25-75μm之間且寬度為約0.5至1.5mm(W/L=20)的裝置。所有制備及使用Keithley 4200半導體參數分析器進行的電學量測均在氮氣氛圍下於黃光中執行。
在晶圓之五個不同位置處量測裝置效能,具有標準偏差之平均結果總結於下表1中。
首先在超音波浴中用丙酮及異丙醇清潔圖案化ITO基板,繼而用氧氣電漿清潔處理10min。隨後,自水溶液旋轉澆鑄(5000rpm)厚度約40nm之聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩)聚(苯乙烯磺酸酯)(PEDOT:PSS)(P von H.C. Starck)導電層。將基板在150℃下於空氣中乾燥10min,且隨後移入手套箱中以便旋轉澆鑄光敏層。隨後將包含聚苯并二噻吩(8mg/mL)及[70][6,6]-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)(16mg/mL)之二氯苯溶液以700rpm旋轉澆鑄於PEDOP:PSS層上。隨後經由蔽蔭遮罩將銀層(約100nm)蒸發於表面上以形成陰極。在手套箱中每兩分鐘以逐步方式進行沈積後退火。裝置之有效面積如藉由經蝕刻ITO與頂電極之間的重疊所界定為約6mm2
。使用顯微鏡測定此等面積之精確值以用於後續計算。入射光經由透鏡聚焦於各裝置之有效面積上。用Keithley 236源極量測單元記錄電流-波長曲線。使用鹵鎢燈作為光源,經由TRIAX 180單色器提供300nm至800nm之單色光。使用經校準矽二極體測定入射光強度。在約600nm下最大強度為1W/m2
。由太陽能模擬器(Lichttechnik,Germany)使用575W金屬鹵化物燈以及光學二向色性過濾器獲得日光以產生接近地球輻射AM1.5G之光譜分布。光強度調整為1000W/m2
。
逐步沈積後退火之後基於作為供體之聚苯并二噻吩及作為受體之[70]PCBM的塊體異質接面太陽能電池在1000W/m2
之AM1.5模擬太陽光照度下展示2.68%之功率轉換效率,其中短路電流Isc=8.53mA/cm2
,開路電壓Voc=0.67V且填充因子FF=0.46。在420nm下達成27%之最高外量子效率(EQE)(圖4)。
圖4a、4b展示在1000W/m2
之AM1.5模擬太陽光照度下之ITO/PEDOT-PSS/D:A/Ag光電裝置之電流密度-電壓曲線(a)及EQE-波長曲線(b)。在圖4a中,相對於電壓(V)對電流密度(mA/cm2
)作圖。在圖4b中,相對於波長(nm)對外量子效率(EQE)(%)作圖。
2、2'、2"、2'''...源極接點
4、4'、4"、4'''...汲極接點
6、6'、6"、6'''...半導體層
8、8'、8"、8'''...介電層
10、10'、10"、10'''...閘極接點
12、12'、12"、12'''...基板
圖1說明四種常見類型之OFET結構。
圖2展示在真空中量測之例示性轉移及輸出曲線。
圖3展示在環境條件下量測之例示性轉移及輸出曲線。
圖4a及4b展示光電裝置之電流密度-電壓曲線及EQE-波長曲線。
(無元件符號說明)
Claims (10)
- 一種聚(5,5'-雙(噻吩-2-基)-苯并[2,1-b;3,4-b']二噻吩),其包含式(I)基團作為重複單元,
- 一種如請求項1之聚合物之用途,係用作半導體或電荷輸送材料,用作薄膜電晶體(TFT)或用於有機發光二極體(OLED)之半導體組件中,用於光電組件或用於感應器中,用作電池之電極材料,用作光波導或用於電子攝影應用。
- 一種組合物,其包含溶解或分散於液體介質中之一或多種如請求項1之聚合物。
- 一種薄膜半導體,其包含一或多種如請求項1之聚合物。
- 一種複合物,其包含一基板及沈積於該基板上之如請求項4之薄膜半導體。
- 一種製備如請求項5之複合物之方法,其包含將如請求項1之聚合物溶解於液體介質中以形成溶液;使該溶液沈積於一基板上,及移除溶劑以在該基板上形成一薄膜半導體。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中該溶液係藉由旋塗、滴鑄、浸塗或印刷法沈積。
- 一種場效電晶體裝置,其包含如請求項4之薄膜半導體或如請求項5之複合物。
- 一種光電裝置,其包含如請求項4之薄膜半導體或如請求項5之複合物。
- 一種有機發光二極體裝置,其包含如請求項4之薄膜半導體或如請求項5之複合物。
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